Omotere Tope

N.C.E., B.A. (Ed)

GLOBALIZATION AND NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY

A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
GLOBALIZATION AND NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

BY

OMOTERE TOPE
N.C.E., B.A. (Ed).

JULY, 2010

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 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Omotere Tope

Omotere Tope attended Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto-Ijanikin,

Lagos from 2002 to 2006 (N.C.E. in Christian Religious Studies/ History) and holds a
B.A. (Ed) in History and Diplomatic Studies from Tai Solarin University of Education,
Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State. He has undergone training at the United States Institute
of Peace (Online Program) with a certificate of course completion in Peace and Conflict
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 GLOBALIZATION AND NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT
This study examines the impact of globalization on the formulation and
implementation of Nigeria’s foreign policy. It also looks at the evolution,
theories and forces of globalization as it affects the peoples of various
regions and their relationship with others. The development of Nigeria’s
foreign policy under different leaders was also examined. The study looks
at the correlation between globalization and Nigeria’s foreign policy with
emphasis on the determinants of Nigeria’s foreign policy. Historical
research method was adopted for this research. Both primary and
secondary source materials were sourced in carrying out this research
work. The study reveals that Nigeria is yet to benefit from globalization in
the conduct of external relations. This is because the domestic factors that
determine Nigeria’s (i.e. economy, military, demography, leadership,
constitution, etc.,) are not fully developed to give Nigeria the leverage to
assert her influence at the regional level and on the global scene. It was
recommended that the factors that impede Nigeria’s foreign policy (i.e.
poor leadership, corruption, underdeveloped economy, etc.,) should be
looked into and resolved so that the country can benefit from globalization
as other industrialized countries of the world have been doing.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page
Certification ………………………………………....iii
Dedication ………………………………………....iv
Acknowledgement …………………………………….……v
Abstract …………………………………………vii

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Theoretical Framework……………..……………………..….1
Globalization and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy..…………..…….3
Statement of the Problem………….………………….........…5
Objectives of the Study……………………………………….5
Literature Review………………………………………...…...6
Scope of the Study………………………………………...….11
Significance of the Study……………………………………..11
Research Methodology….……………………………………12
Endnotes………………………………………………………13

CHAPTER TWO
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Introduction ……………………………….………………15
Globalization and Its Conceptual Usages……………………15
History of Globalization …………………….……………….21
First Wave of Globalization…………………….……………22
Second Wave of Globalization…………………….……..….23
Third Wave of Globalization…………………….………..…24
Elements of Globalization…………………….…………..….26
Trends in Globalization …………………….……………..…28
Forces of Globalization …………………….………………..30
Technological revolution …….………………….….…….….30
Economic liberalization …….…………………….………….31
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Democratic system of governance …….………….…..............….32
Endnotes…………………………………………………………..34

CHAPTER THREE
NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Concept of Foreign Policy………………………………………….37
Nigeria’s Foreign Policy……………………...……………………40
Development of Nigeria’s foreign policy….……………………….43
Endnotes………………………………………………………...….46

CHAPTER FOUR
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON NIGERIA’S FOREIGN
POLICY
Introduction……………………………………………………….49
Impact of Globalization on the Determinants of
Nigeria’s ForeignPolicy………………………………………..…50
Economy……………………………………………………….....51
Nigeria as Example of a Disadvantaged Country
Under globalization……………………………………………...52
Language ………………………………………………...............54
Politics…………………………………………………………...56
Religion………………………………………………………….57
Military…………………………………………………………..58
Impediments to Nigeria’s Globalization Drive………………...…59
Endnotes…………………………………………………………..61
Bibliography………………………………………………………64

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 GLOBALIZATION AND NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

Theoretical Analysis

Globalization is the growth in international exchange of goods, services,

and capital, and the increasing levels of integration that characterize
economic activity. In this sense, globalization is only another word for
internationalization. Globalization directly affects every facets of a
country’s life including its economy, military, polity, culture, and how
countries relate with each other.

The world is developing into a globalizing society as a result of

technological advancement, economic development, social interactions and
various developments in the political arena. These changes were more
rapid in some areas such as in Europe through the establishment of the
European Union. In some continents co-operation developed more slowly
as a result of political instability, economic inconsistencies and tribal
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differences, as in the case of Africa. However, all countries in the world
are affected to some extent by the globalization phenomenon. In some
cases it may be through foreign aid, in some instances it may even be
through political/military intervention as in the case of Iraq or Sudan.1 The
co-operation between two or more independent states is formalized by way
of treaties or other agreements. These formal inter-state relations or
supranational or international structures are determined by the domestic
policies or national interest pursued by these countries.2

The existing wide disparities between the developed and the

underdeveloped economies make globalization a tool for stultifying the
industrialization process, and by extension, retarding the growth and
development of underdeveloped economies. Trade liberalization, the
cardinal instrument of globalization ensures that industrialized countries
have access to world markets, which enhances further industrialization of
industrialized countries while incapacitating the industrialization process
of the underdeveloped economies.3

Several questions have been asked regarding the impact of globalization on

Nigeria. These questions include: how can we understand globalization
vis-à-vis development of Nigeria’s foreign policy? In other words, can
globalization bring Nigeria significant socio-political and economic

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benefits in her relations with other world countries? How do we relate
globalization to the foreign policy formulation? Has globalization
transformed the lives and livelihood of the Nigerian people? Is Nigeria
well-prepared to reap the perceived gains of globalization? Whose interest
is the concept protecting in the Nigerian-Western countries nexus? These
are questions that have evoked debates among scholars on international
relations. This research work seeks to examine the impact of globalization
on the historical development of Nigeria’s foreign policy.

Globalization and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy

Globalization has become a commonly used word world-wide. It is no
longer a new concept or phenomenon in the academic and business world
as social scientists, journalists, business analysts, management theorists,
writers and commentators generally have at various times used and will
continue to use the word in particular contexts for declared and undeclared
purposes, with more or less effectiveness in their attempt to explain or
interpret issues in this changing and complex world4

Globalization constitutes a mega trend in Nigerian political economy and

has assumed a new phase in the country’s international relations. Given the
emergent socio-political and economic transformation as well as the
technological advancement in communication, information, transportation

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etc, the process seems to be irreversible. Various institutional actors that is,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, etc,
have indeed consistently intensified efforts towards engaging in socio-
cultural relations with other global actors to develop her domestic scene.5
Thus, Nigeria today is a belongs to the ‘global village’, a new phase that
has sharpened the development of her foreign policy; and inter-
connectedness of political, economic, social and technological forces that
permeate contemporary global system.

Nigeria has made giant strides toward global economic integration through
privatization. It is also liberalizing capital markets with increasing scope of
mergers and acquisitions especially in the financial sector. The country has
continued to relax capital controls which posed a significant obstacle to
foreign direct investment (FDI). More importantly, Nigeria is an active
participant in the New Economic Partnership for African Development
(NEPAD) – a development plan which seeks to liberate Africa from
underdevelopment, poverty, warm and corruption (Soddiq, 2003; Soludo,
2007). These are indicators that Nigeria fully supports and encourages
globalization.

Statement of the Problem

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 Although, much has been written on the globalization, little is
known concerning the impact which globalization has had on the bilateral
and multilateral relations which Nigeria has towards other countries in the
international community. It is on the basis of the above that this research
seeks to fill the vacuum which is yet to receive the attention of scholars of
International Relations.
Objectives of the Study
The purpose of this research work is to:
i. Discuss the concept of globalization and foreign policy
ii. Examine the historical evolution of Nigeria’s foreign policy
iii. Discuss the various determinants of Nigeria’s foreign policy
iv. Analyze the impact of globalization on the development of Nigeria
foreign policy
v. Provide an evaluation of the influence of globalization on Nigeria’s
relations with the United States, European Union, China, India, and
other African states from 1999 to 2009.

Literature Review
The nature of this work demands that literature be reviewed from the
perspectives of experts on globalization and development. Review of
existing literature on globalization shows that there are a plethora or works
that have been done on this contemporary area of academic interest. For

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instance, E.O.C. Ijeoma (2009) Transforming Policies and the Role of the
State7 looked at globalization as a concept that has become fashionable at
local, national and international levels in public leadership and governance.
Ijeoma claim that globalization is widely gaining acceptance in the world
of today to the extent that this emerging global process determines
successes and failures of nation states’ cultural, economic and social lives.
Ijeoma also address some critical policy issues on globalization and gives
an overview on the expected role of the states in pursuit of a better global
public administration. The work identifies a link between public leadership
and governance bringing out some benefits and challenges of globalization
in global policy-making. Some of the basic policy issues such as social,
political, economic and technological were identified as keys towards
transforming policy-making in the present globalization era.8 Although,
this work is valuable to in providing information about the concept of
globalization and the forces of globalization, however, it did little to
examine the evolution of globalization in international affairs.

Giovanni E. Reyes, (2001) Theory of Globalization: Fundamental

Basis9 examines globalization from a theoretical angle. According to
Giovanni , Globalization is a theory whose aim includes the interpretation
of the current events on the international sphere in terms of development,
economic conditions, social scenarios, and political and cultural influences.
Globalization, as a set of theoretical claims, underlines especially two main
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increasing trends: (a) worldwide active communication systems; and (b)
fluent economic conditions, especially high mobility of financial resources
and trade.10 Giovanni went on to identify the main aspects of the theory of
globalization which are:

a) Global communications systems are gaining an increasing importance

every day, and through this process all nations are interacting much more
frequently and easily, not only at the governmental level, but also within
the citizenry;

b) Even though the main communications systems are operating among the
more developed nations, these mechanisms are also spreading in their use
to less developed nations. This fact will increase the possibility that
marginal groups in poor nations can communicate and interact within a
global context using the new technology, and therefore can integrate
themselves with the "global village", which represents the current scenario
in worldwide communications and transactions;

c) In terms of economic activities, the new technological advances in

communication are becoming more accessible to local and small
businesses. This situation is creating a completely new environment for
carrying out economic transactions, utilizing productive resources,
equipment, trading products, and taking advantage of "virtual monetary

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mechanisms." From a cultural perspective, the new communication
products are unifying patterns of communications around the world, at
least in terms of economic transactions under current conditions;

d) The concept of minorities within particular nations is being affected by

these new patterns of communication. Even though these minorities are not
completely integrated into the new world system of communications, the
powerful business and political elites in each country are a part of this
interaction around the world. Ultimately, the business and political elite
continue to be the decision makers in developing nations;

e) Social and economic elements under the influence of the current

phenomenon of globalization are determinant circumstances which affect
the standards of living of every particular nation11

In essence, Giovanni’s work helps to unravel the developmental theories of

globalization. Just like E.O.C. Ijeoma, Giovanni did not attempt to look
into how globalization affects the foreign policies of countries.

N.U. Augonus (2000) Globalization and National Information Policy in

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Nigeria, draws a relationship between globalization and national
information policy. Dr. Augonus Nnamdi Uhegbu argues that
globalization talks of one world with shared universal values in terms of
easy movement of goods and services and science and technology,
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stressing the interconnectedness among the peoples of the world. Augonus
noted that Nigeria has made giant strides toward global economic
integration through privatization. To Augonus, the country has continued
to relax capital controls which posed a significant obstacle to foreign direct
investment (FDI). More importantly, Nigeria is an active participant in the
New Economic Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) – a
development plan which seeks to liberate Africa from underdevelopment,
poverty, and corruption. Augonus concludes that Globalization and
national information policy complement each other. While globalization
encourages commerce and industry without borders, so that goods and
services move freely, national information policy facilitates order and
minimizes the side effects of globalization. Augonus work is instrumental
to this study in the areas of integrating globalization into national policy.
However, this was limited to the library section and not on domestic
policies that directly affect the conduct of foreign policy.

C. O. Emmanuel and A. Eguavoen (2007) Globalization and Economic

Development: The Nigerian Experience13 both identified main driving
forces of globalization in Nigeria which are technology, national policy
and competition in domestic economies which are subjected to global
market conditions and practices. C. O. Emmanuel and A. Eguavoen
argues that developed nations are the beneficiaries of globalization as their

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share of world trade and finance has been expanded at the expense of
developing countries such as Nigeria. Thus, the process exacerbates
inequality between the world’s regions and poverty in the developing
world. O them, Nigeria has not benefited from globalization due to
monocultural export, inability to attract increased foreign investments and
huge indebtedness. C. O. Emmanuel and A. Eguavoen suggested that
globalization can be domesticated in the country through diversification of
exports, debt reduction and expanded development cooperation with other
countries. The Nigerian state also needs to be strengthened as a bulwark
against the dictates of foreign capital. All this accomplished, Nigeria could
join the League of Nations enjoying the benefits of globalization.14 The
research carried out by C. O. Emmanuel and A. Eguavoen is useful to this
study because it analyzed the basic feature of globalization and how it
affects developmental process in Nigeria. In fact, since the economy of any
nation determines to a large extent her foreign policy, it means that the
research on Globalization and Economic Development: The Nigerian
Experience by C. O. Emmanuel and A. Eguavoen qualifies to be studied
in the realm of international relations. Nevertheless, as the title suggests,
the work did not cover the impact of globalization on such areas as politics,
culture, external relations etc, which this work sets out to examine.

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The various works examines are relevant to the present study in varying
degrees, however, they have not adequately addressed the issues raised in
the objectives of the study which are associated with globalization and
Nigeria’s foreign policy: A historical analysis. It is against this background
that this study become of topical interest.

Scope of the Study

The study touches on the concepts of globalization and Nigeria forign
policy. it examines the evolution of Nigeria’s foreign policy viz a viz the
impact of globalization on the conduct of external relations of Nigeria with
other countries of the world with reference to United States, European
Union, China, India, and other African states from 1999 to 2009. Another
important area that this study will look into is the influence of
globalization on the determinants of Nigeria’s foreign policy.

Significance of the Study

The significant of this research work are enormous. First, the work
addresses one of the key issues of contemporary Nigeria. It touches areas
that affect the conduct of foreign relations in Nigerian polity. Hence, the
study is of benefit to students of international relations, politics,
development studies, history, and even those in the social sciences.
Secondly, this study will contribute to the growing body of knowledge in

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globalization as it looks at the concept from a different angle. Thirdly, this
study will aid other researchers who might want to carry out research in
related areas.
Research Methodology
This study makes use of historical research method. Hence, findings from
both primary and secondary sources are sourced to complement each other.
The primary sources include written documents such as Government
publications, letters, correspondence, documentaries and newspapers.
Added to these are descriptive accounts of experts on the impact of
globalization on Nigeria’s foreign policy. Interviews will also be
conducted with those considered authorities in the field of History,
Political Science and International Relations to complement the other
sources.
Furthermore, this research work depends largely on archival
materials both online and offline- visiting embassies of countries that were
regarded as actors on the global scene i.e. U.S embassy to gather relevant
materials on the study. Official publications published on the websites will
also be used in interpreting the events and actions of countries that are
engaged in the process of globalization.
Books, journal articles, conference proceedings, seminar papers and
other related publications will be used in gathering secondary information
for this research.

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 End Notes

1. C. Thornhill, “Globalization: Administrative Effetcs for Africa”,

African Journal of public Affairs, Volume 1, No. 1 December 2007.
P.14
2. E.O.C Ijeoma, “Globalizing Public Ethnics and Interest: Policy
Alternatives for Developing Countries,” African Journal of public
Affairs, Volume 1 No. 1 December 2007
3. M.J. Ibrahim, The Effects of Globalization on the Development of
Underdeveloped Economies,
http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/cjeconf/delegates/ibrahim.pdf.
Accessed: 03/06/2010, p 1
4. Ibid, p. 2
5. Solomon O. Akinboye, Globalization and the challenge for
Nigeria’s Development in the 21st
Century,http://globalization.icaap.org
6. Augonus Nnamdi Uhegbu, Globalization and National Information
Policy in Nigeria, Library Philosophy and Practice 2008, p. 1
7. E.O.C. Ijeoma, Transforming Policies and the Role of the
State7Journal of Public Administration • Vol 44 no 1 • March 2009.
Pp 1-10
8. Ibid, p. 1

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9. E. R., Giovanni , “Theory of Globalization: Fundamental Basis”,
Sincronía Primavera/Spring 2001 University College; University
of Pittsburgh, http://sincronia.cucsh.udg.mx/globaliz.htm. Accessed
7/06/2010
10.Ibid
11.Ibid
12.N.U. Augonus Globalization and National Information Policy in
Nigeria, Library Philosophy and Practice 2008, pp 1-5
13.Emmanuel C. O. and A. Eguavoen, Globalization and Economic
Development: The Nigerian Experience, Kamla-Raj, J. Soc. Sci.,
14(1): 45-51 (2007), p. 1
14.Ibid p. 7

22
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