quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis

samecniero-kvleviTi instituti

tariel futkaraZe
istoriuli sacxovrisi

dedaena

qarTvelebi dialeqtebi

nawili I
qristianobamdeli epoqa

2005
 AKAKİ TSERETELİ KUTAİSİ DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ
Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University DİYALEKTOLOJİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA ENSTİTÜSÜ
Dialectology Research Institute

Tariel Putkaradze
Tariel Putkaradze

Gürcüler
Kartveller
The Georgıans
The Kartvels

Historical Home Tarihsel Yerleşim

Mother Tongue Anadili
Dialects Lehçeler

Part I 1. Kısım
Pre-Christian Period
Milattan Önceki Dönem

2005

2005

Kitabın birinci kısmında, Kartvellerin (Gürcülerin)* eski tarihiyle ilgili
konular, dilbilimi, arkeoloji ve etnoloji alanlarındaki araştırmaların ve belge-
sel kaynakların karşılaştırmalı tahlilleri yapılarak
Tarih öncesi Kartveli (Gürcü) kavimlerinin ve Kartvellerin tarihsel yer-
leşim alanları;
Kartvel (Gürcü) edebi dilinin dilbilimsel temeli olarak, ortak Kartvelgil
dil;
Kartvellerin (Gürcülerin) ana dilinin - Kartvelgil edebi dilin ve
lehçelerin ses bilgisi, yapı bilgisi ve cümle bilgisi ile sözcük hazinesi
arasındaki ilişkiler;
Çeşitli Gürcü bölgelerinde oturan Gürcü kavimlerin (Megrel-Lazlar,
Svanlar, Meshler, Acaralılar, Kartlililer v.s) tarihi ortak edebi dilin
oluşmasına, nasıl katkıda bulunduklarına dair kaynaklar;
Kartvelgil halkların kendilerini kime, niçin ve hangi millete ait ettikleri
konular;
Gürcü ulusunu ifade eden terimlerin etimolojisi ve tarihi: Kartvel, Kolh,
Mosok, İber, Virk, Gürcü, Gurgan, Abhaz, Obez, Gruzin gibi terimler;
Özel Kartvelgil kabileler ve toplulukların isimleri;
Bununla birlikte topluluk, kabile, etno, ulus, edebi dil, sözlü dil (yazılı
olmayan dil), lehçe, resmi dil, ulusal dil, anadil, yabancı dil, lehçe gibi
terimler incelenmiştir.
Kartvelgil kavimlerin bir kısmının (Megrel, Svan, Lazlar, Acaralılar,
Meshler v.s.) yazısı olmayan halklar oldukları ileri sürülerek, bu halklar
Kartvellerin atalarının kurduğu büyük yazı kültüründen koparılmak isten-
mektedir. Kitabımızda bu konudaki iddialara ilişkin belgelere dayalı
cevaplar bulunmaktadır.
Gürcüstan’daki Kartveloloji çalışmaları, Gürcistan dışında az bilindiği
için bu kitapta İngilizce ve Türkçe kısa bilgiler sunulmaktadır.
*Etnonimler olan "Kartvel" ve "Gürcü" kelimeleri sinonimlerdir, bu
nedenle metnin esas kısmkında "Kartvel" kelimesi kullanılmıştır.
“KUTAİSİ DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ” Yayınları
© T.Putkaradze
ISBN-99928-79-64-X
wignSi ganxilulia qarTvelTa enobrivi da eTnikuri is-
toriis sakiTxebi, kerZod:
- winareqarTveluri tomebisa da sakuTriv qarTvelebis
istoriuli sacxovrisis sazRvrebi;
- saerToqarTveluri ena, rogorc samwignobro qarTuli
enis sabazo enobrivi struqtura;
- qarTvelTa dedaenis - qarTveluri samwignobro enisa
da qarTveluri kiloebis fonematur-morfologiur-sin-
taqsur-leqsikuri mimarTebebi;
- mravalsaukunovani qarTveluri samwignobro enis qmna-
dobis procesSi sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvelTa (megrel-laz-
Ta, svanTa, mesxTa...) monawileobis amsaxveli masala;
- qarTveluri mosaxleobis TviTaRqma;
- qarTveli eris aRmniSvneli eTnonimebisa (qarTveli,
kolxi, mosoqi, iberi, virqi, gurji, gurgani, georgian, afxa-
zi, obezi, gruzini...) da calkeul qarTvelur tomTa/TemTa
saxelwodebebis istoria-etimologiebi...
saqarTvelos gareT naklebad icnoben saqarTveloSi Seq-
mnil qarTvelologiur kvlevebs, amitomac, qarTulis ar-
mcodneTaTvis wigns axlavs SedarebiT mokle inglisureno-
vani da Turqulenovani variantebi; Sesabamisad, naSromi
bevr siaxles Seicavs misTvis, visac sakmarisi informa-
ciis verflobis gamo hgonia, rom qarTvelTa nawils - me-
grelebs, lazebs, svanebs, mesxebs - ara aqvT istoriuli
samwignobro ena.
gamomcemloba ”quTaisis saxelmwifo universiteti”
© t.futkaraZe
ISBN-99928-79-64-X
 The present book deals with the questions of the linguistic-
ethnic history of the Georgians (/the Kartvels), in particular:
- The boundaries of the historical home of the proto-Kartvelian
tribes and the Georgians proper;
- The common Kartvelian language, as the basic linguistic structure
of the Georgian literary language;
- Phonemic, morphological, syntactic and lexical relations of the inglisuri Targmani - irine kucia;
mother tongue of the Georgians – the Kartvelian literary language Turquli - abdulah zorlu (arCil zoiZe), giga qa-
and the Kartvelian dialects; muSaZe; pativiscemiT aRvniSnavT, agreTve, lela
- The material demonstrating the participation of the Georgians of gaCeCilaZis, iasin msxalaZisa da roin yavreliSvilis
various provinces (Megrels, Laz, Svans, Meskhs, etc.) in the process Rvawls.
of the formation of the centuries-old Kartvelian literary language; naSromis gamoqveynebis procesSi Tanadgomas miwev-
- The identity of the Georgians/Kartvels; dnen: eka dadiani, ia vaSakiZe, levan vaSakiZe, Salva kirTaZe,
buba kudava, Teimuraz futkaraZe, fahredin CiloRlu, em-
- History and etymologies of the ethnonyms denoting the Georgian
zar WanturiZe, xaTuna javaxaZe.
Nation (Kartvel, Colchian, Mosoch, Iberian, Virk, Gurj, Gurgan,
Abkhazian, Obez, Gruzin, etc.) and individual Kartvelian tribes and
communities.
The Kartvelological studies written in Georgia are little
known abroad; therefore, the book is accompanied by comparatively
brief versions in English and Turkish, for persons not speaking
Georgian. The study will hopefully help those who, due to lack of
relevant information, think that the mother tongues of the Megrels,
the Laz and the Svans are unwritten continua.

Press “Kutaisi State University“

© T.Putkaradze
ISBN-99928-79-64-X
 1.2. qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli Zveli da axali saxelebi.. 79-185
sarCevi Old and new names denoting the Georgians........................... 420-443
Contents Kartvelileri tanımlayan eski ve yeni isimler............................ 351-368
İÇİNDEKİLER
1.2.1. winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur)
qarTuli asoniSnebis satransliteracio sqema................. da qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi................ 79-159
transliteration diagram................................................................................. The names denoting proto-Kartvelian (Iberian-Caucasian-
Gürcüce, Inglizce, Almanca, Türkçe, Rusça ve 23-24 Western Asian) and Kartvelian tribes...................................... 420-439
Uluslararası harflar.......................................................................... Proto-Kartvelgil (İberylı-Kafkasyalı-Ön Asyalı) ve Kart-
velgil kavimleri tanımlayan isimler......................................... 351-363
winasityvaoba ….............................................................................. 25-32
Preface …………………………………………............................... 397-403 1.2.2. qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba – qarTveli................. 160-181
Önsöz ................................................................................................... 333-337 The self-designation of the Georgians – Kart- 439-443
veli...................
Kartvelilerin kendilerine verdikleri isim - “Kartveli”.............. 363-366
Tavi I - terminologiuri problemebi …………….............. 33-200
Chapter I - Terminological problems ……........................................... 404-447 1.2.3. qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel eTnonimTa da TemonimTa
I Bölüm - Terminolojik Sorunlar………………….............................. 338-370 lingvisturi mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema....................... 182-185
The diagram of the linguistic relations of the ethnonyms and
1.1. enisa da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxi da eri.................. 33-78 themonyms denoting the Georgians......................................... 443-446
The relation of language and dialect and nation...................... 404-420 Kartvelleri tanımlayan terimlerin dilbilimsel şeması............... 366-368
Dil ile Lehçe arasındaki ilişki ve ulus...................................... 338-350
1.3. sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva
1.1.1. Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri....................................................... 33-41 istoriuli epoqa ….......................................................... 186-200
Community, tribe, ethnos, nation............................................. 404-408 Choronyms of different languages and various historical
Topluluk, kabile, etno, ulus...................................................... 338-341 periods...................................................................................... 447-450
Çeşitli tarihi çağlar ve ülkelerin çeşitli dillerdeki
1.1.2. samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti; saxel- adlandırılmaları........................................................................ 368-370
mwifo ena, erovnuli ena, dedaena, ucxo ena.............. 42-70
Literary language, unwritten language, dialect; state Tavi II - qarTvelebi uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde;
saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelisa da
language, national language, mother tongue, foreign 201-322
language................................................................................... 408-414 daTariRebis sakiTxebi....................................................
Edebi dil, sözlü dil (yazısız), lehçe, resmi dil, ulusal dil, Chapter II - The Georgians from the ancient times to Christianity;
anadil, yabancı dil, lehçe.......................................................... 342-346 towards the theoretical model and dating of the common
Kartvelian language............................................................. 451-486
1.1.3. qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajg- II. Bölüm - Milattan Önce Kartveller; Ortak Kartvelgil dilin
71-78 tarihlendirilmesi ve kuramsal modeli .............................. 371-389
ufebis sakiTxi......................................................................
Towards the grouping of modern linguistic units of the 2.1. kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli
Georgians................................................................................. 415-420 201-259
sacxovrisis sakiTxi..........................................................
Kartvellerin çağdaş dilsel birimlerinin sınıflandırılması.... 346-350
The original home of the Caucasian-Kartvelian ethnos.......... 451-464
Kafkas-Kartvelgil etnonun anayurdu....................................... 371-379
 ti'nin ülkesinin olası resmi dili olan ortak Kartvelgil dilin
2.1.1. bibliuri da miTologiuri TvalTaxedva …............... 201-209 var olduğu dönem ve bu dilin kuramsal modeli...... ........... 380-389
Biblical and mythological viewpoints................................. 451-453
Kitabı Mukaddes’te ve mitolojide görüşler......................... 371-372 2.2.1. kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeolo-
giuri monacemebis mixedviT.......................................... 259-263
2.1.2. mecnieruli mosazrebani............................................... 210-236 The boundaries of the Colchian culture according to
Scholarly views. ................................................................. 453-461 archeological evidence......................................................... 465-466
Bilimsel görüşler................................................................. 372-378 Arkeolojik bulgulara göre Kolh uygarlığının sınırları......... 380-381

2.1.2.1. migraciis Teoria ........................................................... 210-220 2.2.2. kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli eTnosis enis
The theory of migration ..................................................... 453-457 sakiTxi................................................................................ 264-279
Göç kuramı.......................................................................... 372-375 The language of the ethnos creating the Colchian 466-472
culture..................................................................................
2.1.2.2. amierkavkasiaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria ...................... 220-225 Kolh uygarlığını yaratan etnonun dili…….......................... 381-382
The theory of autochthony in Transcaucasia ...................... 457-457
Transkafkasya'da yerli topluluklarla ilgili kuramlar ........... 376-376 2.2.3. saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelis saki-
Txi da misi arsebobis dro........................................... 280-297
2.1.2.3. kavkasia-winaaziaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria …........... 225-236 The question of the theoretical model of the common
Kartvelian language and the time of its existence............... 472-474
The theory of autochthony in Caucasia – western Asia....... 457-461
Kafkasya-Ön Asya'da yerli topluluklarla ilgili kuramlar.... 376-378 Ortak Kartvelgil dilin kurumsal modeli ve var olduğu
dönem.................................................................................. 383-384
2.1.3. winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-
kavkasiuri (iberiul-kavkasiuri) enobrivi veli; 2.3. qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo; 23 saukunis
winaaziur-kavkasiur monaTesave enaTa mimarTebis winandeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena da qar-
sqema.................................................................................... 237-258 Tveluri dialeqtebi; qarTvelTa asomTavr-
uli damwerloba............................................................ 298-322
The cultural world of western Asia and the Kartvelian-
Caucasian (Iberian-Caucasian) linguistic field; the Georgia under Kuji and Parnavaz; the state language of
diagram of the relation of the kindred western Asian – Georgia and the Kartvelian dialects 23 centuries ago; the
461-464 Georgian alphabet................................................................ 474-486
Caucasian languages...........................................................
Ön Asya'nın kültürel dünyası ve Kartvelgil - Kafkasylı Kuci ve Parnavaz döneminde Gürcistan, 23 yüzyıl önce
(İberyalı-Kafkasyalı) dil alanı, Ön Asyalı-Kafkasyalı Gürcistan'ın resmi dili ve Kartveli lehçeler, Gürcü alfab-
378-379 esi......................................................................................... 384-389
akraba dillerin ilişki şeması.................................................

2.2. aietidan farnavazamde: kolxuri kultura; ai- 2.3.1. istoriuli realiebi .................................................... 298-302
etis qveynis SesaZlo oficialuri enis - saer- Historical realia.................................................................... 474-476
ToqarTveluri enis - Teoriuli modeli da ar- Tarihsel olgular.................................................................... 384-385
sebobis dro..................................................................... 259-297
From Aeetes to Parnavaz: the Colchian Culture; the theo- 2.3.2. qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxel-
retical model and time of existence of the probable official mwifo enis fonematuri modelis sakiTxi................ 303-307
language of the country under Aeëtes - the common Kart- The Georgian alphabet and the phonemic
velian language.................................................................... 465-474 model of the 476-478
Aieti'den Parnavaz'a kadar: Büyük Kolh uygarlığı; Aie- state language in the period of Parnavaz
 ............................ References …………..........................................................................
Parnavaz döneminde resmi dilin sesbirimsel Seçilmiş kaynakça…………............................................................... 493-528
modeli ve gürcü alfabesi................................................. 385-386 saZiebeli Index Dizin …………............................................... 529-566

2.3.3. Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibe- a. gaanalizebuli fuZeebi, sityvaformebi da

bis dro.............................................................................. 308-322 terminebi...............................................................................
The problem of dating the formation of the modern Kart- ... 531-544
velian dialects...................................................................... 473-486 Analyzed stems, word forms and terms .....................................
Çağdaş Kartvelgil lehçelerin oluşması ve tarihlen- Kökler, Sözcükler, Terimler.......................................................
dirilmesı............................................................................... 386-389
b. pirTa saxelebi da wyaroebi.......................................
Personal names and sources .................................................... 549-546
daskvnis nacvlad .......................................................................... 323-329 Ad-Soyadlar ve Tarihi Kaynaklar ...........................................
By way of a conclusion ...................................................................... 487-492
Sonuç olarak ......................................................................................... 390-393 g. ena-kiloebi, eTnonimebi/Temonimebi, adgilis
saxelebi...............................................................................
a. naSromSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi debulebebi 323-327 546-569
Languages-dialects, ethnonyms/themonyms, place
Main propositions of the study............................................ 487-491
names.......
Kitapta yer alan genel düşünceler....................................... 390-393
Dil-Lehçeler, Etnonimler, Temonimler ve Yer Adları
.............
b. iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis, saerToqarTveluri
enis, samwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelTa qarTvelTa sxvadasxvaenovani (qarTuli, inglisuri, ru-
Tanamedrove dialeqtebis mimarTebis amsaxve- suli, Turquli, germanuli) eTnonimebi/Temonimebi,
li sqema.......................................................................... 328-329 qoronimebi, ena-kiloebi...........................................................
The diagram of the relationship of the Iberian-Caucasian Ethnonyms, choronyms and languages/dialects of the Georgians in 571-578
languages, the common Kartvelian language, literary various languages (Georgian, English, Russian, Turkish, German)...
Georgian and modern Georgian/Kartvelian dialects........... 491-492
Kartveliler'in çeşitli dilsel ( Gürcüce, Almanca, İngilizce, Rusça,
İberiya-Kafkas dillerin, ortak Kartvelgil dilin, edebi Türkçe...) etnonimleri, koronimleri ve lehçeleri................................
gürcü dilinin ve çağdaş gürcü lehçelerinin ilişki
392-394 I danarTi I Appendix I Ek (Eleştirim yazıları)
şeması...................................................................................
T.gvancelaZe - qarTveluri enebi Tu qarTveluri
mokle Turquli varianti...................................................... dialeqtebi? (gamoxmaureba).......................................................
Brief Turkish version.......................................................................... 331-394 T. Gvantseladze - Kartvelian languages or Kartvelian dialects ? 579-612
Kısatılmış Türkçe Metin.............................................................. (Response).............................................................................................
T.Gvanceladze - Kartvelgil Dilleri mi Kartvelgil Lehçeleri?
mokle inglisuri varianti.................................................... (Görüş yazısı)........................................................................................
Brief English version.......................................................................... 395-492
Kısatılmış İnglizce Metin............................................................. II danarTi II Appendix II Ek (Eleştirim yazıları)
sqematuri rukebi Schematic Maps Haritalar .......................... 613-622
damowmebuli literatura…………........................................
a. xuritul-xaTur-kavkasiuri mosaxleobis ganf-
 enis veli Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi................... T. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos administraciuli
The area of diffusion of the Hurrian-Hattic-Caucasian ruka.....................................................................................
population and the Sumerians in the 3rd millenium BC...... 615 The administrative map of modern Georgia........................ 622
M. Ö. IV-III yüzıllarda Hurit, Hat ve Kafkas halkların Bügünkü Gurcustan´in Bögesel haritası......................
yerleşim alanı.......................................................................
b. kolxuri kultura da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri
tomebi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da
Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi............................... wignis meore nawilis (mzaddeba gamosaqveyneblad) Sinaarsi
Colchian culture and Kartvelian-Caucasian tribes at the Contents of Part Two of the Book (Forthcoming)
end of the 2nd millenium BC and the beginning of the 1st 616
Kitabın II. Kısmı (yayıma hazırlanmaktadır)
millenium BC.......................................................................
M. Ö. II. binyılın sonu ile I. binyılın başlarında Kartvelgil-
İçindekiler
Kafkasyalı kavimler ve Kolh kültürü...................................
qristianobis epoqa
g. qarTveluri da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri tome- Period of Christianity
bi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi................. Milattan Sonraki Dönem
The Kartvelian and other Caucasian tribes in the middle
period of the 1st millenium BC............................................ 617
Tavi III - qarTvelebi I-X saukuneebSi; qarTuli (zogadqarTuli,
M. Ö. I. binyılın ortasında Kartvelgil ve diğer Iberiyalı-
qarTveluri) samwignobro enis ganviTarebis axali etapi -
Kafkasyalı kavimler.............................................................
saeklesio mwerlobis ena
d. qarTveluri saxelmwifoebi welTaRricxvaTa Chapter III - The Georgians in the 1st – 10th centuries; a new stage of the
mijnaze................................................................................ development of the Georgian (common Georgian, Kartvelian)
The Kartvelian states at the turn of our era.......................... 618 literary language – the language of ecclesiastical writing
M. Ö. I. binyılın son döneminde Kartvelgil Prenslikleri..... III. Bölüm - I-IX. yüzyıllarda Gürcüler, Gürcü (Ortak Gürcü, Kartvelgil) edebi
dilinin gelişmesinde yeni aşama-dini yazı dili
e. saqarTvelo da misi ymadnafici (vasali) qvey-
nebi ax.w. XI-XII saukuneebSi....................................
Georgia and her vassal countries in the 11th-12th 3.1. sruliad qarTli (saqarTvelo) I-IV saukuneebSi
centuries............................................................................... 619 All Kartli (Georgia) in the 1st – 4th centuries
XI-XII yüzyıllarda Gürcistan ve Gürcistan'a tabi olan I -IV. yüzyıllarda Bütün Kartli (Gürcistan)
ülkeler...................................................................................
3.1.1. sruliad qarTlis danawevreba
v. Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebis ruka... Division of Kartli
The map of modern Kartvelian dialects............................... Bütün Kartli'nin parçalanması
Çağdaş Kartvelgil lehçelerinin haritası........................ 620
3.1.2. qristianoba - qarTveluri kulturis axali orientiri; kaba-
z. Tanamedrove kavkasiisa da anatoliis ruka........ dokia da oSkis sakaTalikoso; ioane lazi da petre iberi;
The map of modern Caucasia and Anatolia......................... qristianuli literaturis warmoqmna
Çağdaş Kafkasya ve Ön asya haritası........................ 621
Christianity as a new landmark of Kartvelian culture; Cappadocia and
the Catholicosate of Oshki. John the Laz and Peter the Iberian; rise of
 Christian literature
Kartvelgil kültürün yeni simgesi Hıristiyanlık; Kapadokya ve Oşki
piskoposluğu; Laz Iovane ve Petre İberi; Hıristiyan edebiyatın
oluşturulması
3.1.3. saxelmwifo enis sakiTxi saqarTvelos (sruliad qarTlis) te-
ritoriaze I-IV saukuneebSi
The state language on the territory of Georgia (Kartli) in the 1st-4th centu-
ries
I –IV yy. Gürcüstan (Bütün Kartli)'da resmi dil
gorgasalis epoqa - didi qarTlis nawilobrivi aRdgena; sa-
3.2.
mwignobro enaSi asaxuli qarTveluri kiloebi
The period of Vakhtang Gorgasali – revival of Kartli; the Kart-
velian dialects reflected in the archaic literary language
Gorgasali dönemi -Kartli'nin kalkınması; Edebi dilde Kartvelgil
3.3.1. dayofili saqarTvelo; didi xiznoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi;
SiSina dialeqturi wris formirebis dasasruli
Divided Georgia; the influx of refugees into western Georgia; the fo-
rmation of the dialectal circle of the hushing sounds
Gürcüstan'ın parçalanması; Batı Gürcüstan'a büyük göç; Sert
ünsüzlerin kullanıldığı diyalektik alanın oluşumu
3.3.2. qarTuli mesianizmis safuZvlebi; "qeba~ qarTvelTa da qar-
TvelTa enisa~"
Foundations of the Georgian Messianism; “Praise and Glorification of
the Georgian Language”
Kartvelgil Mesih düşüncesinin temelleri; “Kartvellerin ve Gürcü
dilinin methi”
3.3.3. "qarTlad friadi (/mravali) queyana~ aRiracxebis..." - qarTi-
zacia/qarTvelizacia Tu qarTvelTa morigi konsolidacia?

lehçeler Georgia is reckoned to consist of those numerous lands...- Kartization/

Kartvelization or a new stage of the consolidation of the Georgians
3.2.1 sruliad qarTlis sazRvrebi
"Kartli-Gürcüce ayın okunulan bölgeler"- Kartlileşme/Gürcüleşme ya
The boundaries of Kartli
da Kartvellerin birleşmesinde yeni dönem
Bütün Kartli'nin sınırları
3.2.2. qarTuli/qarTveluri originaluri qristianuli litera- Tavi IV - qarTvelebi XI-XVIII saukuneebSi; samwignobro qarTulis
turis ena stiluri variantebi
The language of original Kartvelian Christian literature Chapter IV - The Georgians in the 11th-18th centuries; stylistic varieties of
Gürcü (Kartvelgil) Özgün Hıristiyan edebi dili literary Georgian
IV. Bölüm - XI-XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Kartveller; Gürcü edebi dilinin üsluba
3.2.3. qarTvelTa dialeqtebi
ilişkin çeşitleri
The dialects of the Georgians
Kartvelgil lehçeleri saqarTvelos oqros xana
4.1.
3.3. sruliad qarTli VII-X saukuneebSi; qarTuli mesianizmi da
Georgia’s Golden Age
qarTvelTa dedaena
Gürcistan'da ''Altın Çağ''
Kartli in the 7th -10th centuries; Georgian Messianism and mother
tongue of the Georgians 4.1.1. kulturul-istoriuli foni evraziaSi; didi saqarTvelos
sazRvrebi (ymadnafici qveynebis CaTvliT)
VII-X. yüzyıllarda Bütün Kartli; Kartvelgil Mesih düşüncesinin ortaya
The cultural and historical background in Eurasia; the boundaries of
çıkışı ve anadil
Great Georgia (including the Trebizond Empire)
 Avrasya'da kültürel durum, Büyük Gürcüstan’ın sınırları (Trabzon 4.3.2. qarTveluri kulturuli memkvidreobisa da saxelmwifo
Krallığı ve diğer prenslikler dahil) enis sakiTxi qarTul samefo-samTavroebSi

4.1.2. qarTvelTa kulturuli kerebi The Kartvelian cultural heritage and the state language in the Georgian
principalities
Cultural centers of the Georgians
Gürcü krallıklarında ve prensliklerinde Kartvelgil kültürel miras ve
Kartvellerin kültürel merkezleri
resmi dil
4.1.3. qarTuli samwignobro enis stiluri variantebi
4.3.3. ”iberielTa erTobis traqtati”
Stylistic varieties of the Georgian literary language
“The Treaty on the Unity of the Iberians”
Kartvelgil yazı dilinin çeşitleri
"İberyalıların Birlik Antlaşması"
4.2. monRolobidan Temur-lengamde
From the Mongol Period to Tamerlane Tavi V - qarTvelebi XIX-XX saukuneebSi; samwignobro qarTulis
Moğol'lardan Timur’a kadar olan dönem gavrcelebis velis SezRudva
4.2.1. cotne dadianisa da giorgi brwyinvalis saxelmwifoebrivi Chapter V - The Georgians in the 19th – 20th centuries; limitation of the
azrovneba diffusion area of literary Georgian
V. Bölüm - XIX-XX yüzyıllarda Kartveller, Kartvelgil yazı dilinin
State mentality of Tsotne Dadiani and Giorgi the Brilliant
yayılma alanının daralması
Tsotne Dadiani’nin ve V.Giorgi (Parlak)’ın devlete ilişkin görüşleri
4.2.2. erTiani kulturul-saganmanaTleblo veli orad gayofil 5.1. saqarTvelos aneqsia da okupacia mefis ruseTis mier
saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi
Annexation and occupation of Georgia by Tsarist Russia
The single cultural and educational field in Georgia divided into two Gürcüstan'ın Çarlık Rusya’sınca işgali ve ilhakı
and Caucasia
5.1.1. qarTul samTavroTa orientirebi da mkacri sinamdvile
Kafkasya’da ve ikiye bölünmüş Gürcüstan'da genel kültürel ve
Landmarks of Georgian principalities and the reality
eğitimsel alanlar
Gürcü Prensliklerinin durumu, Siyası eğilimleri ve gerçekler
4.2.3. qarTveluri anbani Crdilo kavkasiaSi
5.1.2. ruseTis imperiis Seteva qarTvelur cnobierebaze: enobrivi
The Kartvelian alphabet in northern Caucasia diversia
Kuzey Kafkasya'da kartvelgil alfabe
The attack of the Empire against the Kartvelian consciousness
4.3. qarTvelebi XV-XVIII saukuneebSi
Kartvelgil bilinç ile dile Rus İmparatorluğu’nun baskısı
The Georgians in the 15th - 18th Centuries
5.1.3. mowinave qarTuli azri ruseTis kulturuli agresiis wina-
XV-XVIII. yüzyıllarda Kartveller (Gürcüler) aRmdeg; 1918 wlis "saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxade-
4.3.1. patar-patara saqarTveloebi bis aqti" da samwignobro qarTulisTvis saxelmwifo enis sta-
Several small Georgian principalities tusis aRdgena

Küçük Gürcü krallıkları Progressive Georgian thought against Russia’s cultural aggression; the
“Act of the Declaration of Independence of Georgia" in 1918 and the re-
 establishment of literary Georgian as the state language
Rusya'nın kültürel baskısı karşısında entelektüel gürcü düşüncesi,
1918 yılında Gürcüstan'ın bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi ve Gürcüce’nin
resmi dil kimliği kazanması
5.2. saqarTvelos aneqsia bolSevikuri ruseTis mier; sabWoTa
imperiis enobrivi politikis ori aspeqti
Annexation of Georgia by Bolshevik Russia; two aspects of the
language policy of the Soviet empire
Bolşevik Rusya’nın Gürcüstan'ı ilhak etmesi, Sovyet
İmparatorluğunun dil politikasının iki yönü
5.2.1. kulturul-istoriuli foni evraziaSi; saqarTvelos okupa-
cia da aneqsia; qveynis teritoriis morigi Semcireba
The cultural and historical background in Eurasia; occupation and
annexation of Georgia; further reduction of the frontiers
Avrasya’nın kültürel ve tarihi durumu, Gürcüstan'ın ilhakı ve işgali,
sınırlarının daralması
5.2.2. imperiis enobrivi diversiis axali etapi; stalinis e.w. "mcire
erebi" da isak Jvanias "yazaxiSi gazeTi"
New attempt of the empire to undermine the Georgian language; Stalin’s
so-called small nations and Isak Zhvania’s “Qadzakhishi Gazeti”
İmparatorluğunun Gürcü Dili’ni yok etmek için yeni teşebbüsü,
Stalin'in sözde küçük ulusları ve İshak Jvania'nın gazetesi (Kadzahişi
Gazeti)
5.2.3. qarTvelTa brZola "internacionaluri" kulturuli aneq-
siis winaaRmdeg (gr. robaqiZe, p. ingoroyva, k. gamsaxurdia...)
The struggle of the Georgians against "international" cultural annexation
(G.Robakidze, P.Ingoroqva, K.Gamsakhurdia...)
Gürcüler’in kültürel işgale karşı savaşı (P. İngorokva, G. Robakidze,
K. Gamsahurdia...)
5.3. 1991 wlis "saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti";
ruseTis imperiis mier organizebuli axali putCi
“The Act of Restoration of Independence of Georgia” in 1991; new
putsch organized by the empire
1991 yılında Gürcüstan'ın bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi, Sovyet
İmparatorluğunun Gürcüstan’da düzenlediği yeni darbe.
5.3.1. politikuri situacia msoflioSi; 1991 wlis "saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti" da maltis SeTanxmeba
Political situation in the world; the Malta deal and the 1991 Act of Inde-
pendence
Dünyada politik durum, Malta antlaşması ve 1991 yılında
Gürcüstan'ın bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi
5.3.2. 1991-93 wlebis imperiul-kriminaluri putCi da qarTvelTa
enobrivi da eTnikuri daSlis mcdelobis axali etapi; e.w.
samenovani gazeTi “gali”
The 1991-1993 putsch and a new attempt to divide the language and
consciousness of the Georgians; the so-called trilingual newspaper
“Gali”
1991 – 1993 yıllarındaki yasadışı emperyal darbe, Gürcülük bilincini
ve gürcü dilini parçalamak için yeni teşebbüs ; sözde üç dilli gazete
“Gali”
5.3.3. qarTvelebi vulgaruli globalizmis winaaRmdeg; qarTve-
lologTa IX simpoziumis memorandumi (quTaisi, 2002
weli)
The struggle of the Georgians against vulgar globalism; the
memorandum of the Ninth Symposium of the Kartvelologists (2002)
Kartvellerin vulgarist, küresel, kültürel işgale karşı mücadelesi,
Kartvelologların IX. sempozyum bildirisi (2002)
ZiriTadi daskvnebi
Main conclusions
Genel Sonuçlar
 o o o o o o o о
qarTuli asoniSnebis saerTaSoriso (laTinuri), inglisuri,
qarTuli anbani saerTa- ingli- german- Turq- rus-
germanuli, Turquli da rusuli Sesatyvisebi
mxedr. asomT. nusx. Soriso suri uli uli uli
(satransliteracio sqema)
anbani anbani anbani anbani anbani anbani anbani
The international (Latin), English, German, Turkish and Russian ú ö ö ö
correspondences of the Georgian letters and graphemes p p p p p p p п
(transliteration diagram) J J J ž dz dsj j ж
Ortak Kartvelgil yazı diline veya Gürcü lehçelerine ait kelime r r r r r r r р
köklerinin analizi sırasında, Gürcüce sesleri (fonemleri) Latin alfabesine s s s s s s s с
dayanarak yazabilmek için aşağıdaki şema kullanılmaktadır. t t t ţ t t t т
Gürcüce, Inglizce, Almanca, Türkçe, Rusça ve Uluslararası harflar. u Q(Â) u u u u u у
qarTuli anbani saerTa- ingli- german- Turq- rus- å ū ū
mxedr. asomT. nusx. Soriso suri uli uli uli O ü ü ü
anbani anbani anbani anbani anbani anbani anbani f f f p p f (v) p ф
a a a a a a a а q q q k k q k
K ā ā
q° k°
@ ä ä R R R ğ gh ğ
b b b b b b b б
R° ğ°
g g g g g g g г y y y q q
d d d d d d d д Ï ¥
e e e e e e e е S S S š sh sch ş ш
L ē ē C C C č ch tsch ç ч
v/E v v v(w) v(w) w v в c c c c ts c ц
z z z z z z z з Z Z Z ĵ dz
T T T t t t t w w w ċ ts
i i i i i i i и W W W ĉ ch ch
k k k ķ k k k к x x x ħ kh ch х
l l l l l l l л B Ã O ĥ
m m m m m m m м j j j j j dsh c
n n n n n n n н h h h h h h h
~ Á U y y H ŭ

winasityvaoba
eris werilobiT wyaroebamdeli warsuli SeuZlebelia
SeviswavloT am xalxis enis istoriis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe;
garda amisa, bibliidan moyolebuli dRemde, eri (eTniuri ga-
gebiT) da ena lamis sinonimur cnebebad iTvleba; magaliTad,
qarTvelur saazrovno sivrceSi, ZvelTaganve, ena, eri da sa-
xelmwifo erTmaneTis ganmsazRvrelad miiCneva:
giorgi merCule: "qarTlad (saqarTvelod) friadi (mrava-
li) queyana~ (mxare) aRiracxebis (iTvleba), romelsaca Sina
qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva~ yoveli aResrule-
bis”;
grigol orbeliani: "ra ena waxdes, eri daeces";
ilia WavWavaZe: "ena istoriaa erisa… pirveli niSani eris
vinaobisa - enaa";
vaJa-fSavela: “eri dedaa enisa";
zviad gamsaxurdia: "…qarTulSi, iseve rogorc sxva Zvel
enebSi, ena mxolod enas ki ar niSnavda, aramed xalxs, erovne-
bas, modgmas"…
Sdr.: v.humboltis, l.vaisgerberis, g.ramiSvilisa da mra-
val sxvaTa mixedviT, eri ganimarteba, rogorc enobrivi er-
Toba; Sdr., agreTve, g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.172: "ena sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara eris msoflxedva".
erisa da enis mimarTebis sakiTxs sxva mxriTac SevxedoT:
rogorc wesi, msoflioSi arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebi
enad Tu kilod iwodeba ara sakuTriv lingvisturi (fonematu-
ri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, leqsikuri, semantikuri) pa-
rametrebis, aramed mocemuli xalxis eTnokulturul-erovnu-
li TviTaRqmis mixedviT; kerZod, Tuki konkretuli sazogadoe-
ba Tavs damoukidebel erad/naciad, an naciis Semadgenel erTe-
ulad Tvlis, misi metyvelebac, Sesabamisad, enad an kilod ga-
nisazRvreba; sazogadoebis TviTaRqmas (meobas, TviTobas) gan-
sazRvravs ara mxolod genetikuri kodi, aramed codna Tavisi
tradiciuli (werilobiTi Tu umwerlobo) kulturis isto-
riisa... Sesabamisad, mocemuli xalxis istoria enisa da kul-
turis istoriasTan SepirispirebiT unda miewodos momaval
Taobas Tu ucxoels, rac sulac ar aris iolad gadasaWreli
probleba.
SeniSvna: Tanamedrove gamokvlevebSi erad iwodeba moce-
muli saxelmwifos mTeli mosaxleoba; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki
gverds ver avuvliT qveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleobisa da sa-
xelmwifo enis istoriis urTierTmimarTebiT ganxilvas.
sakuTari erisa da enis istoriis codna arsebiTia pirovne-
bis TviTaRqmis TvalsazrisiTac:
pirovnebis erovnuli meobis (TviTobis) ganmsazRvrel
faqtorTagan, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadia dedaenis codna; dedae-
nis flobaSi vgulisxmobT an samwignobro enis, an misi romeli-
me kilos (mag., qarTvelis SemTxvevaSi: aWarulis, lazuris, me-
grulis, laSxuris, lentexuris, imerxeulis, samcxur-javaxu-
ris, livanuris da sxv.) bazaze azrovnebasa da, sul mcire, sao-
jaxo komunikacias. dedaenis floba TavisTavadi, imanenturi
codnaa sakuTari erovnulobisa. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic,
rom individis erovnuli meobis ganmsazRvrel waxnagTa (de-
daena, tradiciuli sarwmunoeba, eTnikuri fesvebis codna...)
Zala erTgvarovani ar aris samSobloSi mcxovreb, samSoblos
gareT mcxovreb da sakuTari miwa-wyliTurT sxva saxelmwifos
iurisdiqciaSi moxvedril pirTa TviTaRqmaSi; mag., TurqeTis
respublikis iurisdiqciis velSi mcxovreb SavSel Tu
izmiTel qarTvelTa nawils aRara aqvs arc dedaena (daviwyebu-
li aqvs qarTuli samwignobro enac da mSobliuri kiloc), arc
istoriuli sarwmunoeba, magram Tavs mainc TurqeTis moqalaqe
qarTvelad aRiqvams Tavisi qarTuli warmomavlobis codnis
gamo: dedaenis verflobis pirobebSi sakuTari eT-
nokulturulri fesvebis codna didwilad gansazRvravs erov-
nul TviTmikuTvnebas, Sesabamisad, erovnul meobas. Sdr., qar-
Tvel muhajirTa nawili, mSobliuri miwa-wylisa da dedaenis
daviwyebis pirobebSi, sxvebs emijneba Tundac mxolod Tavisi
cekvis stiliT, ojaxSi SemorCenili qarTuli tradiciuli
kerZebiTa Tu TviTobis ganmsazRvreli sxva niSniT maSin, roca
aWaraSi (saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSi) mcxovrebi aWa-
relisTvis Tavisi qarTvelobis mTavari niSani dedaenis flo-
baa.
yvela adamians ufleba aqvs, icodes sakuTari enobriv-eT-
nikuri istoria, magram sxva eTnosis saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb
individs yovelTvis ara aqvs obieqturi codna sakuTari
fesvebis Sesaxeb (mag., TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazebs).
obieqturi swavlebis process arTulebs isic, rom yoveli
eris istoriis ramdenime varianti iqmneba; kerZod, istorias
qmnian JamTaaRmwerni, mocemuli qveynis saxelisuflebo
struqturebis rogorc obieqturi, ise medrove mematianeni da
sxvadasxva xedvis mqone istorikosebi; agreTve, Soreuli war-
sulic ki aRbeWdilia xalxis mexsierebaSi, vinaidan ambavTa
cikli, gadadis ra Taobidan Taobaze, legendur-fragmentuli
saxiT eZleva STamomavlobas... Tqmulebeb-gadmocemebidan, do-
kumenturi wyaroebidan Tu miwas SemorCenili arqeologiuri
monacemebidan mkvlevarni aRvadgenT savaraudo warsuls, Tum-
ca, Tavisi konkretuli erovnul-enobrivi Tu erTdargobrivi
xedvis gamo, samwuxarod, mecnierTa nawilic Tavs ver aRwevs
mikerZoebas (rac yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daiZlios)...
sinamdvilis kvlevas didad uSlis xels samecniero aspare-
zis politizebac, rac, rogorc wesi, imperiuli saxelmwifoe-
bis nebisamebr xorcieldeba. samwuxarod, bolo 80 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi, roca mecnieruli azri mTel msoflioSi STambeW-
davad ganviTarda, qarTveli eris cxovrebis, kulturis Tu
enis istoria, ZiriTadad, sabWoTa imperiis sqemiT iwereboda;
mag., "ratomRac" naklebperspeqtiulad iTvleboda: qarTvelu-
ri da Zveli winaaziuri kulturebis mimarTebis hipoTeza, iva-
ne javaxiSvilisa da arnold Ciqobavas mier naloliavebi iberi-
ul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Teoria da sxva; samagierod,
metismeti subieqturobiTa da intensivobiT Suqdeboda ru-
seT-saqarTvelos "megobruli" Tanacxovreba; umwerlobo ene-
bad miCneuli qarTveluri dialeqtebis bazaze, ruseTis impe-
riis ideologiuri mrwamsis (dasapyrobi teritoriis mflob-
eli eris daSla-daqucmaceba!) Sesabamisad, kulturuli
qvelmoqmedebis niRbiT, daCagrul "xalxebs" uqmnidnen
"samwignobro enebs" (iwyebdnen mocemul kiloze saxarebis
TargmniT); am gziT cdilobdnen qarTvelTa erTi nawilisTvis
gaeucxoebinaT ara mxolod sakuTari istoriuli
mwignobroba, aramed sxva qarTvelebic:
qarTveloba warmoidgineboda ramdenime damoukidebel
naciad: sakuTriv qarTvelebad, xevsurebad, TuSebad, svanebad,
lazebad, megrelebad, aWarlebad, mesxebad... sabWouri inercia
dResac arsebobs; gareSe Zalebi dResac cdiloben
saqarTveloSi enobriv umciresobad gamoacxadon da am gziT
did samwignobro kulturas mowyviton: lazebi, megrelebi,
svanebi (amgvari enobrivi diversia zogsac uneburad gamosdis
sakmarisi samecniero informaciis verflobis gamo; ix., mag.,
"evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi gamo-
qveynebuli wigni "Europe of the Peoples"); maTi mizani
ucvlelia: qarTvelobis jer enobrivad daSla, Semdeg
eTnikurad, bolos ki - teritoriulad.
mecnierebis politizebis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso msje-
loba aqvs g.meliqiSvils:
“qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba Zlierdeba XIX sauku-
nis bolos; amave periodSi gamoqveynda f.homelis axali samec-
niero Teoria, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelobis winaprebad mi-
iCneoda kavkasiaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropis did nawil-
Si ganfenili winareindoevropuli mosaxleoba - “xalxTa
alarodiuli ojaxi: elamelebi, kasitebi, urartuelebi (maTi
STamomavlebi arian qarTvelebi), pelazgebi, etruskebi, baske-
bi... f.homelis samecniero Teoriam gaaZliera qarTvelTa kon-
solidacia, magram am dros qarTvelobis winaaRmdeg antago-
nisturad ganewyvnen ruseTis imperiis mesveurni da amierkavka-
siaSi arsebuli Zlieri somxuri burJuazia…” (g.meliqiSvili,
narkvevebi, I, gv.329)… qarTvelTa istoriis mimarT Tvisobri-
vad amgvari (“gaTiSe da ibatone”) dapirispireba gagrZelda sa-
bWoTa imperiis periodSi da sazRvargareTul garkveul wreeb-
Si grZeldeba dResac (ix., mag., j.hiuitis, i.zeirekisa da v.foi-
rStainis Semoqmedeba).
sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg saqarTveloSic SesaZle-
beli gaxda mecnieruli azris bunebrivi da Tavisufali ganvi-
Tareba; gaiolda sazRvargareTul (evropul, amerikul, azi-
ur) centrebTan Tavisufali TanamSromloba. gansakuTrebuli
keTilganwyobiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom TurqeTisa da iranis xe-
lisuflebam qarTvel mkvlevrebs ufleba mogvca, dagvewyo maT
saxelmwifoebSi mcxovrebi qarTveluri warmoSobis mosaxleo-
bis metyvelebis, eTnografiisa da folkloris Seswavla; am-
gvari kulturul-samecniero TanamSromloba gadaarCens did
kulturul memkvidreobas da Cveni qveynebis keTilmezobluri
urTierTobebis myari safuZvelic gaxdeba (am mimarTulebiT
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia evropuli orientaciis
TurqeTi)...
ukanaskneli wlebis lingvisturi, kulturologiuri, ar-
qeologiuri, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi, eTnografiuli
da anTropologiuri gamokvlevebis SejerebiT, agreTve, zogi
problemis, cnebisa Tu terminis kritikuli gaazrebiT, sa-
fuZveli momzadda, sabWouri "tradiciisgan" gansxvavebulad -
arapolitizebulad, mecnierul debulebebze dayrdnobiT
- ganvixiloT qarTvelTa enobrivi erTeulebis istoriuli
urTierTmimarTeba da qarTvelTa istoriis zogadi qarga; Se-
sabamisad, naSromSi "qarTvelebi" miznad davisaxeT qarTveli
eris istoriis logikuri sqemis ageba (Sdr., a.toinbi: enis
istoria, eris istoriis konspeqti).
sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom warmodgenili naSromis xasia-
Ti didwilad gansazRvra “quTaisurma saubrebma”:
dialeqtologiuri xasiaTis kvlevebi warmatebuli ver iq-
neba istoria-eTnologiis gareSe da, piriqiT; Sesabamisad, is-
toriuli dialeqtologiis problemebze muSaobisas Tavidan
did sirTuleebs qmnida specialur literaturaSi arsebuli
terminologiuri siWrele da momijnave samecniero dargebs
Soris informaciis gaucvlelobis xelovnuri, sabWouri tra-
dicia; amitomac, Cveni iniciativiTa da reqtoratis aqtiuri
xelSewyobiT 1994 wlidan quTaisis ak.wereTlis saxelobis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvlevi-
Ti instituti organizebas uwevs qarTvelologTa yovelwli-
ur saerTaSoriso (Tematur) simpoziums - “quTaisuri saubre-
bi”, romelzec viwvevT lingvistebs, eTnografebs, folklo-
ristebs, istorikosebs, arqeologebs, kulturologebs, an-
Tropologebs; ramdenime simpoziumi mieZRvna terminologiur
problemebsac (simpoziumebis masalebi yovelwliuradve ibeW-
deba institutis samecniero krebulSi: “qarTveluri memkvid-
reoba”). am STambeWdav samecniero forumebze warmodgenili
diskusiebic aisaxa winamdebare wignSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom,
ramdenadac "qarTvelebi" moicavs momijnave samecniero dar-
gebs, misi zogi monakveTi ufro mimoxilviTi xasiaTisaa, mag.,
zogad StrixebSi warmodgenili winareqarTvelur da qarTve-
lur tomTa istoria ufro gankuTvnilia araistorikosTa-
Tvis, xolo saxeluri da zmnuri ZiriTadi paradigmebi - ara-
lingvistTaTvis.
wignis ZiriTad struqturul modelad Camoyalibda Sem-
degi bibliur-miTologiur-istoriuli qarga:
Zvel mematianeTa warmodgeniT, sxva ZirZvel xalxTa msgav-
sad, qarTvelTa istoriac saTaves RvTaebrivi kalTidan iRebs;
noe-iafet-iavan-TarSiS-Targamosis bibliuri gzis miTologi-
ur saxesxvaobad pirobiTad SeiZleba davsaxoT zevsamdeli
RvTaebis - iafetis Zis - amiran-promeTeosis - protoiberiuli
(winareberZnuli) kulturis periodi; qarTvelTa winareisto-
riul xanad vvaraudobT kavkasiasa da wina aziis did nawilSi
ganfenil mtkvar-araqsis kulturis qmnadobis periods. vaviTa-
rebT azrs, rom kolxuri kultura Seiqmna saerToqarTve-
luri enis mqone xalxisgan da igi moicavda:
pitiuntidan (biWvinTidan) sinopimde SavizRvispireTs,
anatoliis nawilis, rion-yvirilas, Woroxis, mtkvris zemo we-
lis (mcxeTamde) xeobebs, agreTve, cxinvalisa da yobanis regio-
nebs; pirobiTad, am kolxur/saerToqarTvelur saxelmwifos
aietis qveyanas vuwodebT.
qarTveli mematianeni konkretul mefeTa aRricxvas azos,
farnavazisa da qujis istoriiT iwyeben - swored am droidan
berZenTaTvis kargad cnobili "oqromravali aia-kolxeTi" isev
aRorZinda erTian saxelmwifod, oRond ufro mcire teri-
toriaze da ZiriTadi centriT - mcxeTaSi (pirobiTad - far-
navazis saxelmwifo).
welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan ukve iolia qarTvelTa samwig-
nobro enisa da, zogadad, qarTvelobis istoriis konkretul
monakveTebad warmodgena…
uZvelesi periodidan dRemde qarTveli eris savaraudo is-
toriuli jaWvi aseT saxes miiRebs: visTavadobis (erovnuli meobis, TviTobis) SenarCunebisaTvis
winareqarTveluri (iberiul-kavkasiur-axloaRmosav- imeddaukargavi brZolis kargi magaliTia qarTveli eris isto-
luri kulturis) epoqa - Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebi; ria, Tumca qarTvelobam Tavisi teritoriis didi nawili da-
kolxuri (saerToqarTveluri) kulturis epoqa - Zv.w. II karga... kvlevis am etapze qarTvelTa qveyanaSi semitebis, xeTe-
aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua pe- bis, Zveli berZnebis Tu bizantielebis, sparsebis, arabebisa da
riodamde; Turqebis imperiuli enobrivi politikis amsaxvel masalaze me-
sruliad saqarTvelos aRorZineba azos, qujisa da farna- tia is dokumenturi wyaroebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi (kavka-
vazis qarTlad - Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevari; siaSi) imperiuli ruseTis enobriv politikas asaxaven, amde-
gardamavali Jami - welTaRricxvaTa mijna; nad, erT-erT TavSi samagaliTod vrclad ganvixilavT ruseTis
qristianobidan gorgasalis mkvlelobamde - ax.w. IV-V sa- enobriv agresias XIX-XX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
ukuneebi; bolos, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom wina Taobebis mkvlevar-
arabobidan qarTul mesianizmamde - VII-IX saukuneebi; Ta (m.brose, n.mari, iv.javaxiSvili, s.janaSia, arn.Ciqobava, g.ax-
daviT aRmaSenebeli da Tamari - oqros xana; vlediani, a.SaniZe, v.Tofuria, g.meliqiSvili, m.qaldani, g.ra-
miSvili, g.rogava, o.jafariZe, o.lorTqifaniZe, gr.giorgaZe,
dro laSa-giorgidan giorgi brwyinvalemde;
b.jorbenaZe, q.lomTaTiZe, T.gamyreliZe, T.uTurgaiZe, i.zica-
spars-Turqobis didi periodi - patar-patara saqarTve-
ri, h.fenrixi...) didi pativiscemiT, magram, garkveulwilad,
loebad daSla;
maTgan gansxvavebuli xedviT Seqmnili Cveni wignis pirveli
rusobis periodi - mefe giorgi meTormetedan - prezi-
gamocema miznad isaxavs diskusiis gaSlas ganxiluli problem-
dent zviad gamsaxurdias mkvlelobamde.
atikis irgvliv. aqve madlierebas gamovxatavT profesorebis:
warmodgenil istoriul qargasTan mimarTebiT ganxilu- Teimuraz gvancelaZis, qevin TuiTis, manana sanaZis, manana tabi-
li qarTvelTa enobrivi istoria, vfiqrobT, adekvaturad da Zis, giorgi qavTaraZisa da vaxtang jafariZis mimarT, romelTac
argumentirebulad warmoaCens erTiani eTnokulturuli sis- gamoqveynebamde waikiTxes naSromi; maTi rCeviT ganivrco ram-
temisa da mravalsaukunovani samwignobro enis mqone qarTve- denime sakiTxi. wignis meore gamocemisas siamovnebiT gaviTva-
li eris - mravalwaxnagovani eTnografiuli Taviseburebebisa liswinebT axalaRmoCenil wyaroebsa da sxva specialistTa ar-
da mravalferovani dialeqtebis patroni xalxis - mozaikur gumentirebul msjelobebs.
saxes.
  
qarTveli eris istoria da awmyo TviTgadarCenisTvis
brZolaa; rogorc wesi, momxdurni agresiis or ZiriTad for-
mas iyeneben: xalxis fizikuri mospobisa Tu gadasaxlebis Sem-
deg imkvidreben cariel teritorias, an TavianTi enisa da re-
ligiis TavsmoxveviT TandaTanobiT imsgavseben adgilobriv
mosaxleobas... dapyrobis orive saxe agresiuli globaliza-
ciis gamovlinebaa. istoria adasturebs, rom xalxis fizikur-
genetikuri mospoba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia: erisTvis yvelaze
did safrTxes agresiis meore saxeoba - enobriv-kulturuli
(cnobieri) asimilacia warmoadgens; erovnul-kulturuli Ta-

Tavi I
terminologiuri problemebi
1.1. enisa da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxi da eri
1.1.1. Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, eTnikuri erTobis,
eTnikuri jgufis, eTnosis, eris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: is-
toriuli dedaena (erTiani enobrivi xedva-aRqma), istoriuli
kultura (tradiciuli religiur-kulturuli Rirebulebani),
istoriuli mexsiereba, istoriuli fsiqikuri wyoba (tradici-
ul garemosTan mimarTebiT formirebuli enobriv-kulturuli
mentaloba) da istoriuli teritoria/saxelmwifo (Sdr.: didi
warsuli - maRali Rirsebis gancda).
mecnierTa erTi nawili terminebSi: eTnosi, eTnikuri jgu-
fi,”eTnografiuli jgufi moiazrebs rogorc ersa da toms, ase-
ve, ama Tu im kuTxis mosaxleobasac; sanimuSod SevexebiT qarTu-
lad Targmnil erT saxelmZRvanelos:
1991 wels gamocemuli "eTnografiis" SesavalSi vkiTxulobT:
"eTnografiuli jgufis qveS igulisxmeba eTnosis garkveuli
nawili, romelic gamoirCeva salaparako enis, kulturisa da yo-
fis lokaluri specifikiT, zogjer gaaCnia TviTsaxeli da rogor-
Rac gaorebuli TviTSegneba... qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufe-
bia: qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, xevsurebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, ingi-
loebi, megrelebi, raWvelebi da sxva"... samecniero literatura-
Si eTnografiuli jgufis paralelurad gamoiyeneba termini -
subeTnosic.
winaswarve SevniSnavT, rom amgvari mcdari kvalifikaciebis sa-
Tave terminologiuri aRrevaa: termini "eTnografiuli jgufi"
rusul samecniero literaturaSic ki "eTnikuri jgufis" parale-
lurad ixmareba; mag., l. tolstovas tajikebisa da uzbekebis gver-
diT gamoyofili aqvs iseTi eTnografiuli jgufebi, rogorebic
arian: Sua aziis boSebi, ironebi, qurTebi, Turqebi, yivCayebi da
sxv. (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.gegeSiZe, 1971, gv.117)... eTnografiis sa-
xelmZRvanelos Sesavlidan gamodis, rom rogorRac gaorebuli
cnobiereba SeiZleba hqondes qarTlels, kaxels, megrels, aWa-
rels, guruls, TuSs... rac TavisTavad gamoricxulia, vinaidan
qarTleli, kaxeli, megreli, guruli, aWareli Tu TuSi imitomaa
qarTveli, rom qarTlelia, kaxelia, megrelia, gurulia, aWarelia,
TuSia! "gaorebuli cnobiereba" SeiZleba hqondes safrangeTSi
axaldamkvidrebul italiels, TurqeTSi - berZens, saqarTvelos
moqalaqe somexs da a.S. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi kompaqturad
mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi CaiTvlebian eTnikur Tu eTnografiul
jgufad, subeTnosad Tu eTnikosad...
terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, winaaRmdegobani gvaqvs TviT
arn. Ciqobavas redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul qarTuli enis gan-
martebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSic (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
calkeul lingvistur, eTnologiur Tu istoriografiul gamo-
kvlevebze), romelic, TavisTavad, metad Zvirfas da akademiur
gamocemas warmoadgens; kerZod, leqsikonSi gurulebi, imerle-
bi, fSavelebi, kaxelebi, megrelebi da sxva ganmartebulia, ro-
gorc "saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis mkvidrni;" xolo aWarlebi,
TuSebi da svanebi - rogorc "erT-erTi qarTveli tomi"...
aq, pirvel rigSi, miuRebelia aWaris, TuSeTisa da svaneTis
Tanamedrove mcxovrebTa mimarT termin tomis gamoyeneba, vinai-
dan eTnologiur literaturaSi am cnebis qveS igulisxmeba pir-
velyofili eTnikuri ujredi; aseve, gaugebaria svanis, TuSisa
da aWarelis gansxvavebuli terminologiuri kvalifikacia xev-
surTan, gurulTan, kaxelTan SedarebiT... samwuxarod, zog enaT-
mecnierul fundamentur gamokvlevaSic ki dasanani uzustobebia;
mag., b.jorbenaZis mier calkeul eTnosebadaa CaTvlili: kaxeli,
guruli, qarTleli da sxva; am "eTnosTa" sacxovrisebi miCneulia
eTnikur kuTxeebad, xolo metyvelebebi - "eTnikur dialeqtebad"
(b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.29, 42).
 ucxour Tu zog qarTul gamocemebSic (sainterneto cnoba-
rebSi, enciklopediebSi, saxelmZRvaneloebSi, calkeul gamokvle-
vebSi), araiSviaTad, saqarTvelo warmodgenilia arabunebrivad
mravalenovan da mravaleTnikur qveynad; zogjer komentarebis sa-
xiT damatebulia isic, rom saqarTveloSi sxva eTnosTa uflebebi
ilaxeba; garda amisa, zogi politizebuli ucxoeli dResac aqti-
urad iRvwis, qarTvelTa nawili, mag., megrel-lazebi, gamocxad-
des sxva xalxad/xalxebad (naciad/naciebad) da, Sesabamisad, aris
mcdeloba, megrul da lazur kiloebze Seiqmnas axali salitera-
turo enebi (ix. j.hiuiti, 2004; v.foirStaini, 2003). xazgasmiT aR-
vniSnavT, rom megrel-lazebs gamorCeulad aqtiuri monawile-
oba aqvT miRebuli saerToqarTvelur enobriv koineze dafuZne-
buli mravalsaukunovani qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro
enis SeqmnaSi; vis sWirdeba laz-megrelTa kiloebis mixedviT, ”ga-
TiSe da ibatones” principiT Seqmnili saliteraturo enebi? vis
aZlevs xels didi qarTveluri kulturis Tanaavtori
sazogadoebebis gamocxadeba damwerlobis armqone enobriv
umciresobebad?
araiSviaTad, laz-megrelebi araqarTvelebadaa CaTvlili zo-
gi evropeli mecnieris mierac. keTilsindisieri ucxoeli avtore-
bis mier qarTvelur sinamdvilesTan mimarTebiT daSvebuli amgva-
ri Secdomebis saTave, zog SemTxvevaSi, laz-megrelTa istoriis
arcodnaa, zogjer ki - qarTvel mecnierTa Sromebi; kerZod, rode-
sac adgilobrivi mecnieris gamokvlevaSi uzustodaa gamoyenebu-
li lingvistur-eTnologiuri terminebi da qarTvelTa calkeu-
li jgufebi - eTnosebad, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvel-
Ta kiloebi damoukidebel umwerlobo enebadaa gamocxadebuli,
saqarTvelos istoriis armcodne ucxour sazogadoebaSi buneb-
rivad Cndeba azri, daexmaro "daCagrul" da "CamorCenil" eTno-
sebs: Seuqmna maT damwerloba, saxelmwifo da a.S. magaliTad, ara-
qarTvel mecnierTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom vinaidan svaneTis,
lazeTisa da samegrelos mcxovrebTa saojaxo-saSinao metyveleba-
ni saliteraturo qarTuli enisagan metad gansxvavebulia, vidre
sxva qarTveluri dialeqtebi, svanebi, lazebi da megrelebi umwer-
lobo enebis mqone damoukidebeli eTnosebia, romelTac kultu-
ris asparezze "gamoyvana" sWirdebaT; Sesabamisad, cdiloben, am
uZvelesi werilobiTi kulturis mqone qarTvelebs (amis Sesaxeb
ix. qvemoT) umwerlobo enebad "monaTluli" kiloebis mixedviT
Seuqmnan anbani, samwignobro ena, uTargmnon saxareba,
klasikosTa Semoqmedeba da sxv.
samwuxarod, asea dResac: zogi Tanamedrove qarTveli
mkvlevaric ver izRvevs Tavs uneblie Secdomebisgan; mag., k.gabuni-
as azriTac, megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi da qarTebi calkeuli qar-
Tveluri eTnikuri jgufebia, xolo zanuri da svanuri - umwer-
lobo enebi (k.gabunia, 2004, gv.172-177).
pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom qarTi xelovnurad Seqmnili
terminia (ix. qvemoT), garda amisa, mocemuli sazogadoebis eTno-
sad Tu Temad saxeldeba gaumarTlebelia erTi romelime niSniT
(genetikuri, eTnografiuli, lingvisturi Tu religiuri Tavise-
burebiT), ramdenadac, eTnosi da eri enobriv-kulturul-fsi-
qikuri istoriuli erTobaa, xolo konkretuli Temi eris, ro-
gorc zogaderovnuli erTobis konkretuli variantia (Semadgene-
li nawilia); Sesabamisad, mocemuli sazogadoebis statusze msje-
lobisas sakiTxs kompleqsurad unda mivudgeT; Cvens SemTxvevaSi,
qarTveli eri, rogorc istoriuli superorganizmi, Camoyalibe-
bulia ramdenime aTeuli monaTesave tomisgan; qarTveluri erov-
nuli meobis, qarTuli kulturis da qarTuli samwignobro enis
CamoyalibebaSi Tav-Tavisi wvlili Setanili aqvs qarTvelur dia-
leqtebze molaparake yvela sazogadoebas - istoriuli Tu Tana-
medrove saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis qarTvels, amdenad, roca vla-
parakobT dRevandeli qarTveli eris eTnostruqturasa da kul-
turaze, TavisTavad moiazreba is zogadqarTveluri fenomeni,
romelic samwignobro enisa da erTiani TviTsaxelwodebis Camo-
yalibebis Semdeg mainc erTian eTnosad unda ganvixiloT...
qarTul sinamdvileSi eTnikur terminTa araswor gamoyenebas
ramdenime naSromi mieZRvna (g.gegeSiZe, v.iToniSvili), sadac aRi-
niSna araqarTvel avtorTa mcdeloba, qarTveli eris Semadgen-
lobidan gamoacalkevon svanebi, megrelebi, gurulebi, kaxelebi
da sxv... eTnologTagan ukanasknelad am problemas sayuradRebo
werili uZRvna r. TofCiSvilma (r.TofCiSvili, 1995; r.TofCiSvi-
li, 2005); qarTveli eris istoriisa da eTnostruqturis safuZ-
vliani analizis Semdeg is samarTlianad askvnis:
"saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris
mosaxleobis _ aWarlebis, gurulebis, megrelebis, imerlebis,
svanebis, TuSebis... moxsenieba ar SeiZleba eTnosad, eTnikur
erTobad, eTnikur jgufad, xalxad, tomad, eTnografiul jgu-
fad, subeTnosad da misT; aseTi aRreva garedanaa Tavs moxveuli.
dasaxelebuli terminebi eTnologiur literaturaSi aRniSnaven
ers, erovnebas, an jer erad Camouyalibebel enobriv-kulturuli
TviTSegnebis mqone erTobliobas; eTnosebia: ingliselebi, germa-
nelebi, frangebi, qarTvelebi da a.S., xolo tomi mxolod winafe-
odaluri gaerTianebebis aRsaniSnavad SeiZleba iyos gamoyene-
buli da ara Tanamedrove mosaxleobis mimarT."
warmodgenili mniSvnelobiT termin tomis gamoyeneba imito-
mac aris gaumarTlebeli, rom Zvel qarTul originalur Tu Tar-
gmnil ZeglebSi saSualo sparsulidan nasesxebi es sityva damou-
kidebel eTnoss aRniSnavda (ix., mag., "SuSanikis wameba", saxarebis
Targmanebi da sxv.; terminis istoriisaTvis ix. d.meliqiSvili,
1998). termini "tomi" unda damkvidrdes, rogorc mxolod pir-
velyofili sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis - winareeTnosis - aR-
mniSvneli sityva.
saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli provinciebis mosaxle-
Ta aRsaniSnavad Tanamedrove avtorebi inerciiT mainc iyeneben
arazust terminebs. magaliTad, v.iToniSvilTan dafiqsirebulia:
eTnografiuli jgufi, eTnolingvisturi jgufi, eTnote-
ritoriuli jgufi... r.TofCiSvili gvTavazobs axal termins -
eTnografiul-dialeqtologiuri erTeuli; Cveni azriT, mis
damkvidrebasac ramdenime garemoeba SeuSlis xels: a) mouxerxebe-
lia samsityviani termini; b) cneba “"eTnografiul-dialeqto-
logiuri" mainc ver gamoricxavs eTnikurobis gagebas...
aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT iseTi erTsityviani termini unda
gamoviyenoT, romelic ufro teqnikuri xasiaTisa iqneba da Tavis-
TavSi ar moiazrebs eTnikurobas; garda amisa, vinaidan, saqarTve-
los ama Tu im mxaris mosaxleoba aris qarTveli eris erTi kerZo
saxe (rogorc, magaliTad, aWaruli kilo aris qarTuli enis erTi
mikrovarianti), terminma xazi unda gausvas swored am aspeqts: Ta-
namedrove qarTveloba ar warmoadgens megrelTa, gurulTa, svan-
Ta, aWarelTa, imerelTa da sxvaTa meqanikur jams; mag., megreli Tu
kaxeli qarTvelis kerZo gamovlinebaa; zogadad, qarTveli, ro-
gorc eTnofsiqikur-enobrivi erTeuli, konkretulad ganxorcie-
lebulia sxvadasxva Taobis svanad, megrelad, aWarelad, guru-
lad, kaxelad, TuSad, imerelad, taoelad... da, amdenad, TiToeu-
li es jgufi iseve miemarTeba qarTvelis cnebas, rogorc saerTo
enas misi regionaluri nairsaxeobani - kiloebi...
am da sxva mizezebis gamo, Cveni azriT, sxvadasxva kuTxis qar-
Tvelebis: aWarlebis, gurulebis, svanebis, kaxelebis da a.S. aRsa-
niSnavad mizanSewonilia, gamoviyenoT istoriuli termini Temi.
Temi berZnulidanaa Semosuli; dasavlur-qarTul dokumen-
tebSi XIII saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxediTaa damowmebuli (T. be-
raZe, 1976, gv.225) ); sabasTan Temi ganmartebulia, rogorc "qveynis
erTi nawili," d.CubinaSvilTan - rogorc "xalxi erTi Temisa"
("народ одной области"); CvenTvis saintereso mniSvnelobiT damowme-
bulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic: "am TveSi guriis
Temi Seiyris Tavs Cvens sofelSi" (e.ninoSvili). saqarTvelos is-
toriul-geografiuli provinciebis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad
Tems iyenebs mixako wereTelic, ivane javaxiSvilic da niko berZe-
niSvilic...
qarTulSi Tems sxva mniSvnelobebic aqvs: is, rogorc teqniku-
ri termini, niSnavs sazogadoebis erT socialur-ekonomikur
mTlianoba; gamoyenebulia "xevis" Tu "erTi gvaris" xalxis aRsa-
niSnavadac da a.S. magaliTad, svaneTSi termini "Temi" gulisxmobs
rogorc dasaxlebul punqts (magaliTad, lenjeris Temi, latalis
Temi) aseve, mTel xeobas: Cube Tem /Cube xeE (qveda Temi /qveda xevi -
igulisxmeba balsqvemo svaneTi), Jibe Tem /Jibe xeE (zeda Temi /ze-
da xevi - igulisxmeba balszemo svaneTi)... al.WinWaraulis cno-
biT, xevsureTSi gamoiyeneba Temwyali: "Cveni Temwylisa aris," e.i.
Cveni xeobis, Cveni Temis kacia (Sdr.: makroTemi - kuTxis, mxaris mo-
saxleoba, mikroTemi - xeobis mosaxleoba).
 amgvarad, eTnikuri terminebiT: "eTnosi", "eTnikuri jgufi",
"subeTnosi" da misT. unda aRiniSnos damoukidebeli eTnostruq-
turisa da enis mqone adamianTa erTobebi; teqnikuri terminiT:
Temi ki - erTi eTnosis SigniT arsebuli lokaluri jgufebi
(Sdr.: eTnosi - Temi - pirovneba ise miemarTeba erTmaneTs, ro-
gorc ena - kilo - idioleqti); mag., eTnologiuri Tu lingvis-
turi aspeqtiT, qarTveli eris calkeuli Temebia: aWarlebi, gu-
rulebi, CaRmaTuSebi, wovaTuSebi, imerlebi, herebi (ingiloebi),
megrelebi, lazebi, mTiulebi, imerxevelebi, maWaxlelebi, samcxe-
lebi, SavSelebi, livanelebi, taoelebi, moxeveebi, svanebi, fere-
idnelebi, javaxebi, xevsurebi, qarTlelebi, fSavelebi, kaxelebi,
raWvelebi, leCxumlebi...
SeniSvna: warmodgenili sityvebis (eri, tomi Temi...) myar terminebad
qcevas garkveulwilad xels uSlis maTi polisemanturoba...
istoriulad qarTveli eris erT-erT Temad moiazreba afxa-
zebic, magram ruseTis imperiis zewoliT maTi erTi nawili Tavs
qarTvelad aRar aRiqvams (metic, maTs gaorebul cnobierebas
dResdReobiT antiqarTuli mimarTuleba aqvs; afxazTa TviTaR-
qmisa da erovnuli meobis gaorebis istoriisaTvis ix.: z.papaskiri,
1994; z.papaskiri, 1998; T.gvancelaZe, 2000; T.gvancelaZe, m.tabiZe,
r.Serozia, r.Wanturia, 2001 da sxv.).
evropul saxelmwifoebSi, eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxeda-
vad, sxva kontinentidan Camosulic ki, Tuki is mocemuli qveynis
moqalaqe gaxdeba, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi (saxelmdebeli) eris
Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba, ramdenadac is ukve flobs saxel-
mwifo enas da emorCileba saxelmwifo kanonebs. saqarTveloSi
Camosaxlebuli eTnikuri jgufebis: osebis, TaTrebis, rusebis,
somxebis (da sxv.) erTi nawili istoriis am etapze qarTveli eris
nawilad ver miiCneva, vinaidan es adamianebi ver floben saqarTve-
los saxelmwifo enas, ar aRiareben saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas
da saxelisuflebo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli politikis
interesebis Sesabamisad urTierToben. damoukidebeli saqarTve-
los Semdgomi ganviTareba swored im mimarTulebiT unda wari-
marTos, rom saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes, eTnikuri warmomav-
lobis miuxedavad, hqondes patriotuli grZnoba Tavisi samSob-
los - saqarTvelos - mimarT, SeeZlos Tavisufali urTierToba
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eniT da gaaCndes moTxovnileba, dae-
morCilos saqarTvelos konstitucias. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi
iqneba is Tavisufali sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri saqar-
TveloSi... mxolod amis Semdeg SegveZleba Cven vTqvaT, rom, msgav-
sad frangi, germaneli, espaneli… erebisa, qarTvel nacias, Ziri-
Tad - qarTul (qarTvelur) eTnosTan erTad qmnian sxva zemoT da-
saxelebuli eTnikuri jgufebic...
bevr seriozul Secdomas udebs saTaves, agreTve, termin eT-
nonimis araswori gamoyeneba; specialur literaturaSi "eTnoni-
mad" CaTvlilia ara mxolod eris/naciis aRmniSvneli sityvebi
(qarTveli, rusi, osi...) aramed, TemTa saxelebic; mag.: kaxeli, qar-
Tleli, megreli, imereli da sxva (v.iarceva, l.tolstova, p.cxa-
daia, n.xazaraZe, T.oCiauri, b.jorbenaZe, g.Tofuria, v.iToniSvili
da mravali sxva); Cven mier zemoT warmodgenili msjelobidan lo-
gikurad gamomdinareobs, rom eTnonimad CaiTvalos mxolod is
istoriuli leqsika, romelic eris, eTnosis, eTnikuri jgufis,
tomis aRmniSvnel sakuTar saxelad damkvidrda (samecniero li-
teraturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa eTnonimis sakuTar saxelad mi-
Cnevis Sesaxebac: zogi mas Tvlis onimad, zogi nomenad).
Temis aRmniSvnel saxels SeiZleba vuwodoT Temonimi; igi
sxva enebSic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (temonym), an axali termini
SevqmnaT inglisuri sityvidan community "Temi", "erToba", "mxa-
ris mosaxleoba". Sdr.: qomiunonimi/komunonimi... Tuki moveride-
biT axali terminis SemoRebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi, umjobesi iqneba,
gamoviyenoT sintagma warmomavlobis saxeli da ara - eTnonimi;
gurulis, mesxis, svanis, kaxelis, qarTlelis... mimarT eTnonimis
gamoyeneba aSkarad gaumarTlebelia.
amgvarad, ramdenadac qarTveli eris Temebad anu qarTveli
eris Semadgenel nawilebad erTnairad ganixilebian: svanebic, me-
grelebic, lazebic, aWarlebic, gurulebic, kaxelebic, qarTle-
lebic, raWvelebic, imerlebic, fSavlebic, xevsurebic, TuSebic,
ingiloebic, taoelebic, SavSelebic, imerxevelebic, fereidnele-

bic… maTi aRmniSvneli saxelebi erTnairad unda CavTvaloT ara
"eTnonimebad", aramed warmomavlobis saxelTa gansakuTrebul
jgufad - Temonimebad.
zog lingvistur leqsikonSi "eTnonimebis" gverdiT ganxilu-
lia aramxolod Temonimebi, aramed - regionebis mcxovrebTa aR-
mniSvneli saxelebic da lokalur jgufTa saxelwodebebic; Sdr.,
magaliTad: "К энтонимам близки названия жителей, образующиеся от разл.
типов топонимов. Это могут быть этнохоронимы - названия от имен обширных
регионов (хоронимов): "Европа - европейцы" и т. п. - или названия жителей
крупных или малых поселений: "Москва - москвичи" и т.п. а также неофициальные,
исторически сложившиеся прозвищные обозначения групп насселения, напр.,
"Казаки", "москали", "чалдоны"... (Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь,
М., 1990, gv.598).
Cveni azriT, aseTi gaudiferencirebeli masala erTi termi-
nis qveS ver gaerTiandeba; dasaxelebuli sityvebis erTi nawili
warmomavlobis saxelia, xolo meore nawili (kazakebi, moskalebi)
ki - Temonimebi.
calke samsjeloa qarTul lingvonimTa (ena-kiloebis saxel-
Ta), eTnonimTa, TemonimTa, qoronimTa da warmomavlobis saxelTa
ucxoenovani dawerilobac; gansakuTrebuli tradiciis arar-
sebobis SemTxvevaSi daculi unda iyos qarTulisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli ZiriTadi mimarTeba eTnonimsa (Temonimsa) da qoronims
Soris; Sdr.: qarTulSic zogjer Temis/tomis saxelia amosava-
li kuTxisTvis (svani - svaneTi), zogjer ki - qoronimisgan iwarmo-
eba sazogadoebis saxeli (aWara - aWareli). garda amisa, geogra-
fiuli saxelebis ucxourad dawerilobisas daculi unda iyos
qarTuli sityvis struqtura (sqema ix. gv. 567-575).
SeniSvna: wignis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenil TemonimTa,
eTnonimTa, qoronimTa da lingvonimTa leqsikinSi zogjer mocemulia
fuZis erTze meti varianti (mag., Бальсземойский / Верхнобальский...),
rac aixsneba imiT, rom Cven miznad ar dagvisaxavs qarTveluri
eTnonimebis, qoronimebis... ucxouri Sesatyvisebis sarekomendacio
variantebis warmodgena: pirvelad vwerT CvenTvis misaReb
variantebs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom wignis SesavalSi mocemuli
satransliteracio sqemis (gv. 23-24) laTinuri variantebi SevarCieT
kompiteruli simboloebis mixedviT.
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
1.1.2. samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti;
saxelmwifo ena, erovnuli ena, dedaena, ucxo ena
Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebsa da enciklopediebSi msof-
lioSi arsebul enaTa raodenoba meryeobs 4000-dan 7000-mde. daax-
loebiT sami aTasi enobrivi erTeulis statusi specialistebis
mier sxvadasxvagvaradaa warmodgenili; Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1952,
gv.119: "msoflioSi ori aTasze met enas iTvlian; es cifri udavod
gadaWarbebulia: bevri dialeqti enadaa miCneuli, radgan bevri
ena Tu dialeqti jerovnad ar aris Seswavlili”…
mravali enobrivi erTeulis statusis gansazRvras dResac
abrkolebs: enisa da kilos gasamijn sakvalifikacio kriteriumTa
sxvadasxvaoba, msjelobisas gamoyenebuli terminebis (cnebebis)
siWrele, eTnosis istoriis sxvadasxvagvari gaazreba da sxv. (saki-
Txis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.tabiZe, 2000).
warmodgenil problemaze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, termine-
bis mkafio ganmartebis Semdeg, arsebiTia, erTmaneTisagan mkveT-
rad gansxvavdes problemis xedvis ori aspeqti:
_ istoriulad (tradiciulad) ra principebis mixedviT mo-
xda ukve arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebis saxeldeba enebad Tu ki-
loebad;
_ Tanamedrove mecnierTagan ra kriteriumebia SemoTavazebu-
li enisa da dialeqtis gasamijnavad.
aseve, sxvadasxva ganzomilebis mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli yu-
radRebiTaa Sesaswavli is enobriv-eTnikuri da istoriul-poli-
tikuri viTareba, sadac mZafri kamaTia lingvisturi erTeulis
enad Tu dialeqtad miCnevis gamo.
msoflios tradiciul enebze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom enad
kvalificireba xdeba "sistemuri igiveoba-sxvaobebis" miuxedavad,
kerZod, eTnikur-politikuri niSniT enebadaa kvalificirebu-
li analogiuri fonematur-gramatikuli sistemis mqone er-
Teulebi (belorusuli da rusuli, ruminuli da moldovuri,
azerbaijanuli da Turquli da sxv.) da piriqiT, fonematur-gra-
- 42 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
matikuli sistemis mixedviT sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli buxaru-
li da alJiruli, prusiuli da bavariuli (da sxv.) erTi enis ki-
loebadaa miCneuli. rogorc wesi, monaTesave enobrivi erTeu-
lebis erTi enis variantebad Tu sxvadasxva enebad CaTvla uSu-
alod ukavSirdeba mocemuli sazogadoebis (sazogadoebebis)
miCnevas erTi istoriuli kulturis mqone eTnosad (Tu naci-
ad). araiSviaTad, enis statusi ganisazRvreba religiuri an poli-
tikur-saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis mixedviTac (sakiTxis mimoxil-
visaTvis ix. m.tabiZe, 1999; m. tabiZe, 2002; m.tabiZe, 2003); es ukanas-
kneli ki mWidro kavSirSia saxelmwifoTa Soris sazRvrebis prob-
lemasTan da qveynebis saSinao Tu sagareo politikur orienta-
ciebTan; kerZod, eTnikur-politikuri konfliqtebi zogjer "en-
obrivi konfliqtebidan" iwyeba (p.h.nelde); Sdr., g.ramiSvili,
2000, gv.172: "gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTa Soris
konfliqtis mizezi, agreTve, lingvisturia". araiSviaTad, agre-
sori qveynebis mesveurni TviTmiznur enobriv politikas ideo-
logiur iaraRad iyeneben (globalizaciis enobrivi aspeqti!):
dasapyrobi teritoriis mcxovrebTa erTiani erovnuli
cnobierebis dasaSlelad dialeqtebs acxadeben enebad; am e.w.
enebisTvis qmnian anbans, saliteraturo enas da aseTi formiT
axal ”erad” Sobil xalxs ubiZgeben kulturul-saxelmwifoebri-
vi damoukideblobisaken; paralelurad, imperia am ”damoukideb-
el” xalxs Tavs axveves imperiul enasa da kulturas. mag., sabWoTa
imperiis mSeneblobis dasawyisSive i.stalinis mier daixvewa mefis
ruseTSi SemuSavebuli imperiuli koncefcia, romelic TiTqosda
emyareboda enebisa da erebis Tanasworobisa da "Cagruli" "erebi-
sadmi", "enebisadmi" daxmarebis ideas; sinamdvileSi, erTi romel-
ime kuTxis mosaxleobis damoukidebel eTnosad, xalxad, xolo mi-
si dialeqtis enad gamocxadebiT imperiis mesveurni miznad isaxav-
dnen istoriuli eris (enis) da axalwarmoqmnili "xalxis" ("enis")
"gaTanasworuflebianobas", Sesabamisad, dasapyrobi qveynebis is-
toriuli mosaxleobis warmodgenas eTnikur-enobriv konglomer-
- 43 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
atad - mcire imperiebad (ruseTis politikis SedegebisaTvis afx-
azeTSi, CeCneT-inguSeTSi, daRestanSi... ix., T. gvancelaZe, m. tabi-
Ze, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, 2001).
sakuTriv qarTul sinamdvileSi i.stalinma Tavisi ”enis" mqo-
ne erovnebebad gamoacxada ara mxolod megrelebi, lazebi da sva-
nebi, aramed - aWarlebic, qobuleTlebic, ingiloebic; misi azriT,
jer unda ayvavebuliyvnen am patara "daCagruli" erebis enebi, Sem-
deg ki yvelas gza unda daeTmo erTi msoflio enisTvis - TavisTa-
vad cxadia, didi rusi eris enisTvis (ix. i.
i.stalinis naSromebi: "marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi",
"nacionaluri sakiTxi da leninizmi"; msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve,
a.nikoleiSvili, 2000, gv.34-35). i.stalinma daiwyo kidec erTa da,
Sesabamisad, enaTa daaxloeba-Serwymis politikis ganxorcieleba,
romelic momavalSi enaTa sruli SerwymiT unda dasrulebuliyo
(T.bolqvaZe, 2003, gv.9). sastiki sabWouri ideologiuri wnexis pi-
robebSi saxelganTqmuli mecnierebic ki veRar bedavdnen am saki-
Txebze profesionaluri azris gamoTqmasa Tu msjelobas...
i.stalinis sabWoTa epoqis suliskveTebis gagrZelebasa da re-
cidivs warmoadgens j.hiuitis, v.foirStainis da sxvaTa msjeloba
(j. hiuiti, 2004; v. foirStaini; 2000; kaCkari, 2003…) lazuri da me-
gruli saliteraturo enebis Seqmnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb; ne-
bsiT Tu uneblieT, es ucxoelebi megrelebsa da lazebs arTme-
ven sakuTar udides werilobiT kulturas - qarTvelur mwig-
nobrobas, romelsac, ax.w. V saukunis moRvawe ioane laziT dawye-
buli dRemde, sxva qarTvelebTan erTad qmnian Woroxisa da rion-
enguris auzebSi mosaxle laz-megrelebic.
monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa SefardebiTi gansazRvra-kva-
lifikacia, rogorc wesi, iolad xerxdeba erTi istoriuli naci-
is/erovnebis farglebSi (sabWoTa periodSi xelovnurad garTul-
da qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi); me-
tic, adrec da Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSic, xan-
grZlivi Tanacxovrebis Sedegad gaCenili msgavsebebis gamo, aramo-
naTesave lingvisturi erTeulic ki mocemuli enis dialeqtad kva-
lificirdeba; kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi aramonaTesave
- 44 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
enobrivi erTeulis dialeqtad qcevis gansasazRvravad SemuSave-
bulia e.w. gadafarvis kriteriumi (ix. i.gosensi, 1977); sanimu-
Sod ganvixilavT prusiuli metyvelebis istorias:
1230-1284 wlebSi germanelebma daipyres litvuri modgmis to-
mebi – prusielebi; droTa ganmavlobaSi prusiis mosaxleoba ga-
germanelda (g.tivaZe, 1970, gv.101-102); me-17 saukunemde arsebuli
Zveli prusiuli enis - litvuris monaTesave baltikuri enis -
"memkvidre" axali prusiuli metyveleba dRes ukve ramdenime ger-
manul (brandenburgul) dialeqtad ganixileba; Sdr., aseve, v.
Jirmunskis pozicia slavTa teritoriaze - saqsoniis miwaze -
Camoyalibebuli aRmosavlur Suagermanuli dialeqtebis Sesaxeb
(v.Jirmunski, 1956, gv.24); Sdr., a.onianis Sefaseba: germanuli eni-
sa da dialeqtebis specialistebi zemogermanul da qvemoger-
manul enebs, erovnul-politikuri interesebidan gamomdina-
re, dialeqtebs uwodeben (ix. a.oniani, 2003, gv.139-140).
mecnierTa mier enisa da dialeqtis problemis araarsebiTad
CaTvla an politikis interesebis sferod miCneva kacobriobisa-
Tvis zianis momtani SeiZleba gaxdes. garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom
enisa da dialeqtis mimarTebis TiTqosda uwyinar lingvistur
problemasTan dakavSirebulia ara mxolod erTi konkretuli
qveynisa da eris bedi, aramed sxvadasxva erTa mSvidobiani Tana-
cxovrebis perspeqtivac.
Cveni azriT, enisa da dialeqtis mimarTebis problema sinqro-
nuladaa gansaxilveli sazogadoebriv-istoriuli, eTnikur-kul-
turuli, religiuri da sakuTriv lingvisturi aspeqtebiT; aseve,
saWiroa mecnierTa kvlevis Sedegebis gasazogadoebrioba, vinai-
dan, aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba mocemuli sazogadoe-
bis mowyveta Tavis kulturul warsulTan: xalxs eqneba gacnobie-
rebuli arCevani TviTidentifikaciisaTvis da, rac mTavaria, da-
culi iqneba adamianis Tu eTnosis ufleba, icodes Tavisi war-
suli; samagaliTod moviyvanT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi lazi gogonas
werils, romelic daibeWda Jurnal mJoraSi (Sdr.: laz. mJo-
ra/bJora, megr. bJa, svan. miJ da samwign. qarT. mze) da 2002 wlis oq-
- 45 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
tomberSi internetiTac gamoqveynda (Lazebura.com); werilis saTa-
uria: "erTi qalaqeli gogonas ”egoisturi" siyvaruli"; moviy-
vanT werilis ZiriTad fragmentebs:
"wlebis manZilze megona, rom me musikis armqone kulturis Svili vi-
yavi, radganac, lazur garemocvas mowyvetili, erTi Soreuli qalaqis
kulturis pirobebSi gavizarde...
rizes findiklis raionis sofeli pizxala Cemi sofelia. me pizxalas
xeobis Svili var. dedaCemic imave raionis sofel derbentidanaa. ese igi,
me orive mxridan lazi var. magram 1972 wels izmiTis goljuqis raionSi
davbadebulvar. Tvramet wlamde iqve, Semdeg ki, universitetis wlebis
gamoklebiT, sul stambolSi vcxovrobdi da vcxovrob.
vxedav, rom lazebi, rogorc eTnikuri koleqtivi, viSlebiT da sada-
caa im wertilze mivalT, roca aRar viarsebebT.
Cemi mSoblebi sakmaod axalgazrdul asakSi, rogorc yvela, realur
sinamdviles gamoeqcnen da movidnen ucxo qalaqSi... deda - saswavleblad,
mama ki - samuSaod.
yovel zafxuls davdiodiT sofelSi. Cemi mSoblebis iq yofna da ga-
CaRebuli keria axlac maxsovs. yvavilian da msxlis xeebian baRs, viwro
arxiT orad gayofil ezosa da ded-mamisagan uCumrad gasaxmobad gafeni-
li Txilis moparvas roca vigoneb, Tvalebi cremlebiT mevseba xolme...
1992 wlis 10 ivliss ded-mama davkarge. ori wlis Semdeg ki 90 wlis
da CemTvis ”mosiarule biblioTekad” miCneuli babuac mivabareT miwas...
maT didi monatrebiT vixseneb...
maTTan gamomSvidobebis Semdeg arc sofeli SemrCa da aRarc saxli.
qalaqma ufleba ar momca, maT davpatronebodi. ukve aRarc moxucebi
myavs, aRarc yanebi da baRebi maqvs da arc sofelSi wasvlis SesaZlebl-
oba. 1997 wlis oqtombris TveSi, roca bolos Cavedi sofelSi, saxlis
Weridan cis kamara moCanda ukve. arada, sityva mqonda micemuli, rom ro-
ca gavizrdebodi, aRvadgendi. diax, gavizarde, magram me saxli aRar dame-
loda. Cavikece Sua oTaxSi da vitire Cveni daqcevis gamo.
yvela es Cemi ubedoba da naRveli cota xniT daviviwyoT da imas mogi-
TxrobT, Tu dRevandel Segnebamde rogor mivedi.
1994 wels Jurnal OGNI-s saSualebiT Sevityve zugaSi berepes musi-
kaluri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. xazis radioTi lazuri programebisa da zo-
gierTi gadacemis, aseve birol TofaloRlus "HEYAMO"-s wyalobiT Seg-
nebam imisa, rom me lazi var, mTlianad momicva.
gudastviris sulSi Camwvdomi xma, lazur enaze siamovnebiT mosmeni-
li nawarmoebebi, maTSi gamoTqmuli arsi da Sinaarsi me TiTqmis Tavs ma-
- 46 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
kargvinebs... mixaria, rom Cvenc gvqonia desTanebi da Setirebebi, musika-
luri kultura; bolo or weliwadSi lazurs kargad daveufle. nawar-
moebebis sityvebis gagebac daviwye da ukve lazurad SemiZlia laparaki.
axla lazuri Jurnali MJORA-c gvaqvs. me mjera, rom, misi wyalobiT,
erTmaneTis Sesaxeb ufro meti informacia gveqneba, erTmaneTs ufro ga-
vuwvdenT daxmarebis xels.
uwinares yovlisa, mimaCnia, rom, iseve rogorc yvela xalxma, lazebmac
TavianTi warsulisa da warmomavlobis Zieba unda daiwyon. amisaTvis Ta-
nadgoma da mxardaWera aucilebelia, radganac Tanadgomis gareSe darCe-
nili koleqtivi TandaTan mcirdeba, degradirdeba da evropis qveynebis
universitetebSi "mkvdar enaTa kaTedrebze" mxolod sakvlevad iyeneben.
Cvenc aseve SeiZleba dagvemarTos, magram, sabednierod, varsebobT da nab-
ij-nabij win mimavali kultura varT.
me, siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT, rwmeniTa da enTuziazmiT savse er-
Ti lazi gogona, uaxloes momavalSi Sexvedris da azrTa gaziarebis sur-
viliT yvelas gesalmebiT". pativiscemiT: refika yadioRlu (Turqu-
lidan Targmna giga qamuSaZem).
aSkaraa, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazTa udidesi nawilisa-
Tvis jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia ara mxolod TavianTi istoriuli
warsulis, samwignobro enis Tu mSobliuri literaturis, ara-
med sakuTriv lazuri folkloris arsebobis codnac. mag., refika
qadioRlum ar icis, rom ioane lazi, stefane sananoisZe, iovane
minCxi, iovane petriwi, giorgi Wyondideli, iovane maruSisZe da
mravali sxva lazi Tu megreli didi qarTveluri werilobiTi
kulturisa da saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis burjni arian; aseve,
mas ara aqvs informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeboda lazTa
dagegmili asimilacia: ra gulmodginebiT cdilobda qemalistu-
ri TurqeTi lazTaTvis sakuTari warsulis daviwyebas - lazTa ga-
Turqebas. am sakiTxs mravali naSromi mieZRvna, mag., davimowmebT wa-
Te bawaSis mimoxilvis vrcel fragments (w.bawaSi, 1988, gv.13-15):
"sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sulTnis "qveSevrdomni" Tavis Tavs mkveT-
rad ganasxvavebdnen eTnikuri gagebiT. bunebrivia, rom qarTvelebi (lazebi),
albanelebi, arabebi da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi arasodes uwodebd-
nen Tavs Turqebs. amasTan erTad, lazeTis mTavrebi, ramdenadac es SesaZ-
lo iyo, inarCunebdnen erTgvar damoukideblobas. amas isini axerxebdnen
XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde, Tumca evalebodaT, omis SemTxvevaSi gamoeyvanaT
- 47 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
laSqari osmaleTis dasaxmareblad, magram lazTa razmebi Turquli jarisa-
gan yovelTvis gancalkevebiT idgnen da masTan arasodes hqondaT urTierTo-
ba" (АКТЫ КАК, t. 3 gv.53)...
miuxedavad didi survilisa, rom waSalon yvelaferi, rac miuTiTebs
lazebis (qarTvelebis) araTurqul warmoSobaze, TurqeTis mmarTveli wree-
bi iZulebulni arian aRiaron, rom lazebi miekuTvnebian kavkasiuri jgufis
xalxebs da warmoadgenen erT-erT qarTvel toms. amasTan, cdiloben, es
problema moaqcion wminda lingvistur CarCoebSi. yvela Turquli leqsiko-
ni erTxmad amtkicebs, rom "lazebi arian lazurad molaparake, patara kavka-
siuri tomis warmomadgenlebi, xolo stambolSi miRebuli azri, aRmosav-
leT SavizRvispireTis yvela mcxovrebs ewodos lazi, mcdaria" (Turquli
enis didi leqsikoni, stamboli, 1977, gv.786; axali Turquli leqsikoni, sta-
mboli, 1980, gv.649; Turqul enaze).
oficialur Turqul istoriografiaSi lazi moRvawis lazad xseneba
miRebuli ar aris da Turqi erisaTvis mavned aris miCneuli. rogorc i.da-
niSmendi wers, "saxelwodeba "laz"-s akuTvnebdnen trapizonelebs. iqauri
mosaxleoba amayad iCemebda lazobas. am cudi Cvevis bevri magaliTi gvaqvs"
(i.daniSmendi, osmaleTis istoriis ganmartebiTi qronologia, IV tomi,
1955, gv.492; Turqul enaze). magram imave istorikoss ratomRac aviwydeba
imis Tqma, Tu ratom iCemebdnen ase amayad lazebi lazobas da ara albanel-
obas, arabobas da a.S.; meore mxriv, islamis enciklopediaSi garkveviT weria,
rom "lazebi" arian samxreT kavkasiuri (qarTuli) tomis warmomadgenlebi
da istoriulad ukaviaT Savi zRvis sanapiros samxreT-aRmosavleTi" (isla-
mis enciklopedia, VII tomi, stamboli, 1955, gv.25; Turqul enaze). doRan av-
jioRlu Tavis "Turqul istoriaSi" pirdapir uTiTebs, rom "XI saukunis da-
sawyisSi Turqmenebis (seljukebis - w.b.) mosvlamde, Crdilo-aRmosavleT
TurqeTSi Warbobdnen qarTvelebi da lazebi, maT enaze laparakobda mosax-
leobis umravlesoba" (d.avjioRlu, Turqebis istoria, wigni I, stamboli,
1979, gv.44, 144; Turqul enaze).
fars TuRlajis enciklopediur leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: "lazuri ena
axloa qarTulTan da warmoadgens megruli enis kilos" (f. TuRlaji, encik-
lopediuri leqsikoni "okeane", IV tomi, me-2 gamocema, gamomcemloba "jemnie-
Ti", 1978, maisi, gv.1776; Turqul enaze). "ena, romelzec laparakoben lazebi,
miekuTvneba kavkasiuri enebis samxreTul jgufs da Zalian axloa qarTulTan"
(i.a.govse, axali leqsikoni da enciklopedia ilustraciebiT, gv.1954; Tur-
qul enaze). qemal qaradenizli Tavis "trapizonis istoriaSi" ambobs: "tra-
pizonis, giresunis, rizes, Torulis da sxva adgilebis mosaxleoba Sedgeba
lazebisagan, romlebic cxovroben qarTuli wes-CveulebebiT da aqvT saerTo
warmoSoba, rjuli da adaTi" (q.qaradenizli, trapizonis istoria, stambo-
- 48 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
li, 1877, gv, 68; Turqul enaze). avtori iZulebulia aRiaros: "es qveyana da-
saxlebuli iyo WanebiT, lazebiT da qarTvelebiT, romlebic, marTalia,
sulTnis qveSevrdomebad iTvlebodnen, magram ar cnobdnen centralur xel-
isuflebas da eqvemdebarebodnen mxolod Tavis begebsa da aRebs"...
Turquli istoriografia ver axerxebs, uaryos lazebisa da qarTvele-
bis naTesaoba da eTnikuri erToba, magram mainc cdilobs, "mecnierulad" da-
amtkicos laz-WanTa Turquli warmoSoba. am sakiTxs garkveul adgils uT-
moben saxelmZRvaneloebsa da popularul gamocemebSi. ewevian imis propagan-
das, TiTqos laz-Wanebi ganekuTvnebian alTauri warmomavlobis Turqul eT-
nikur jgufs".
lazTa sakiTxi ufro da ufro rTuldeba:
sakuTari erovnuli istoriis arcodnis gamo, qarTvelobas
Tavisi nebiT emijneba TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazTa erTi nawili; maT
ar ician, rom qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro enis, kultu-
risa da saxelmwifoebriobis SeqmnaSi arsebiTi wvlili swored
laz-megrelebisaa; rom, gansxvavebiT germanuli, italiuri,
espanuri da sxva enebisgan, qarTvelTa samwignobro ena
saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze Seiqmna (da ara romelime kilos
mixedviT); rom maTi winaprebi saukuneebis manZilze sxva qarTve-
lebTan erTad saerTo enaze qmnidnen samwignobro kulturas...
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi da ganaTlebuli lazebisTvis cnobilia
es istoriuli simarTle; Sdr.: ucxoeTSi myof zog lazs es
sinamdvile e.w. qarTuli imperiuli azrovnebis gamovlineba hgo-
nia. araiSviaTad, lazTa amgvari ganwyoba marTulia romelime im-
periis mesveurTa mierac.
qarTvelur kulturasTan lazTa TviTgaigivebas, TviTident-
ifikacias arTulebs saerTo qarTveluri enis divergenciis is
mcdari qronologiebic, romlebic aqamde iyo damkvidrebuli; sa-
nimuSod moviyvanT germaniaSi moRvawe lazi gubaz Cibarisis msj-
elobis fragments werilidan: "megrel-lazebi da saqarTvelo"
(statia Turqulad gamoqveynda Lazebura.com-is gverdebze 2003
wlis martSi):
"megreli (? - t.f.) arqeologi da istorikosi lorTqifaniZe aRniS-
navs, rom iberiuli kultura da kolxuri kultura erTmaneTisagan sru-
liad gansxvavebuli materialuri kulturis mflobelebi arian. aseTi
- 49 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
viTareba gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi megrel-lazebsa da iberielebs (qar-
Tvelebs) Soris kavSiri an ar arsebobda, anda iseT doneze iyo, rom er-
TmaneTze gavlenas ver axdendnen. kolxuri kultura, megrel-lazTa ga-
qristianebis periodamde, ese igi, Cv. w. aR-is me-4, me-5 saukuneebamde
grZeldeba (afaqiZe). elinuri da romauli kolonizacia da am kulture-
bis gavlenaze damokidebuli megrel-lazebi gaqristianebis Semdeg saber-
ZneTis marTlmadideblur eklesiaze iyvnen damokidebulni da eklesiis
ena berZnuli iyo.
qarTvelebisa da megrel-lazebis SesaZlo pirveli seriozuli kul-
turuli Sexeba megrel-lazTa adreul saukuneebSi qarTul orTodoq-
sul eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT daiwyo...
qarTvelebi da megrel-lazebi daaxloebiT 3000 weli erTmaneTisagan
sruliad damoukideblad viTardebodnen. kolxuri kultura iberiuli
(qarTuli) kulturidan daaxloebiT 700 wliT gvian iwyeba.
gnebavT enobrivi, gnebavT istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, na-
Tlad Cans, rom megrel-lazebi qarTvelebisagan (qorTuebisgan) gansxva-
vebuli eTnikuri jgufia. am ori xalxis fizionomiuri saxeebic ki Tavi-
suflad SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT. mokled rom vTqvaT, megrel-lazTa da
qarTvelebs Soris yvelaze axlo kavSirebi mxolod am ori enis erTi da
imave enaTa ojaxis wevrobaa...
megrel-lazTa, qarTvelTa da svanTa erT xalxad gamocxadeba da "qar-
Tvelianebad" saxeldeba istoriulad da lingvisturad alogikuria.
Tuki yvelani qarTvelebi varT, ese igi, erTi xalxi varT, maSin mecniere-
bisa da literaturis enad qarTulis gamoyeneba faruli asimilaciis
tolfasia. aq arsebuli alogikuroba qarTulis Cv. w. aRricxvamde 4000-
5000 wlebSi daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnili enis verdanaxva, anda, danaxvis
usurvelobaa. lazebi ukve Tavisi nebiT, qarTvelebisa da Turqebis sur-
vilebs ar TanaugrZnoben; maTi asimilaciis msurvelTa umarTebuloba
cxadia" (Turqulidan Targmna giga qamuSaZem).
gubaz Cibarisis msjeloba efuZneba qarTvelur dialeqtTa da-
Slis im mcdar qronologias, romelic pirvelad warmoadgina
g.klimovma. aq mokled vityviT (vrclad ix. qvemoT): dRes bunebaSi
ar arsebobs Tvisobrivad ucvleli arc erTi ena, romelic arseb-
obda 5000 wlis win; raRa svanuri, qarTuli Tu lazur-megruli
SemorCa dedamiwas? bevri wyaro da logikuri argumenti arsebobs
saimisod, rom vTqvaT: saerTo qarTveluri enis kiloebad di-
vergenciis ufro logikuri da realobasTan axlo myofi Tari-
- 50 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
Ria welTaRricxvaTa mijna (t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.98-100);
garda amisa, am dros saerToqarTveluridan iRebs saTaves sa-
mwignobro qarTulic (Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1966, gv.92), megrul-
Wanuric, qarTlur-kaxuric da sxva qarTveluri kiloebic. Se-
sabamisad, qarTuli samwignobro kultura isevea lazebis kuTvni-
leba, rogorc - aWarlebis, qarTlelebis, raWvelebis, svanebis, ka-
xelebisa Tu mesxebisa.
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: eTnikur-erovnuli TviTaRqmis
TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTia codna sakuTari fesvebisa; Sdr.: saqar-
Tvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi Tanamedrove megrel-
lazebis mier kargadaa gacnobierebuli, rom maTi winaprebis
Rvawlis Sedegicaa qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro kul-
tura; TurqeTSi/ruseTSi mcxovrebTaTvis ki ukve gaucxoebulia
ioane lazis, Wyondidlebis, bagrationebis da sxva moRvaweTa mier
naloliavebi samwignobro enac da kulturuli tradiciac (vinai-
dan maTi ganaTlebis ena Turqulia/rusulia); Tumca, gubaz Ciba-
riss kargad rom Seeswavla Tundac TurqeTis moqalaqe lazTa
folkori, is iolad aRmoaCenda, rom lazebisTvis sayvareli
winaparia Tamar mefe (ix., magaliTad, i.yifSiZe, 1917):
XII saukunis erTiani saqarTvelos didi mefe Tamari lazuri
xalxuri Tqmulebebis gamorCeuli gmiria, msgavsad svanuri, meg-
ruli, heruli, taouri, aWaruli, fSav-xevsuruli, qarTl-kaxuri
Tu imerxeuli gadmocemebisa; garda amisa, saqarTvelos sxva ku-
TxeTa msgavsad, lazeTSic Tamaris saxels ukavSirdeba
mravalsaukunovani xidebis, cixesimagreebis, taZrebis mSenebloba
da a.S. aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom sofel makrialis
(amJamindeli xofis raionis sofeli qemalfaSa) mkvidri memd-ali
veziroRli-anCabaZis cnobiT, lazebi Tamar mefes lazad Tvlian;
metic, makrialelTa (qemalfaSelTa) rwmeniT, Tamar mefis
saflavi makrialis taZarSia (bagrationTa lazur
warmomavlobas qarTuli saistorio wyaroebic amowmebs; memd-
ali veziroRli-anCabaZis Canawerebi daibeWdeba "qarTveluri me-
- 51 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
mkvidreobis" IX tomSi; teqstebs da gamokvlevas gamosaqveyneblad
amzadebs mixeil labaZe).
saukuneebis manZilze romeli xalxi inaxavs "sxvaTa" mefis
saxels aseTi didi siyvaruliT? dampyrobel-asimilatorTa me-
fis xotba-dideba imperiis dacemasTan erTad kvdeba... aSkaraa,
rom Tamaris saxe erT-erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia qarTvelTa
saerTo istoriuli mexsierebisa, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa erov-
nuli TviTaRqmisa.
megrul-lazur enobriv velSi samwignobro enis saxis Sesaxeb
uTuod sayuradReboa prokopi kesarielis msjeloba quTaisis sa-
xelis Sesaxeb; kerZod, is wers: lazebma berZnuli ena ar ician,
amitom amaxinjeben da kotiaions quTaTiss/qoTaiss eZaxian (geor-
gika, 1965, gv.195). cnobilia, rom megrul-Wanurad quTaiss quTe-
Si hqvia; gamomdinare aqedan, prokopis dros an lazuri (megrul-
lazuri) metyveleba CvenTvis cnobili saxiT jer Camoyalibebuli
ar aris, an lazTa ZiriTadi saurTierTo-saxelmwifo ena
iyo samwignobro qarTuli; Sdr., bagrati, giorgi I Tu saqar-
Tvelos gamaerTianebeli da qarTuli mwignobrobis amRorZineb-
eli sxva mefeebi, aseve, Wyondidlebi da mravali sxva moRvawe la-
zeT-klarjeT-egrisidan iyvnen (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT).
tradiciulad, erTi eris Svilebs erTi ena aqvT, swored ami-
tomaa, rom, mag., Zveli mematianeni da Cveni didi moRvaweni (gri-
gol xanZTeli, leonti mroveli, vaxuSti, sulxan-saba, ilia WavWa-
vaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, konstantine gamsaxur-
dia...) arasodes saubroben qarTvelTa ramdenime enis arsebobaze;
metic, Cveni mwignobari winaprebi xazgasmiT weren, rom qarTvel-
Ta istoriuli kulturis tradiciuli enaa - dedaenaa - samwig-
nobro qarTuli, xolo odiSuri (megruli), mesxuri, kaxuri, sva-
nuri da qarTvelTa sxva metyvelebani kuTxur-sofluri kiloebia
(sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1948; b.jorbenaZe, 1989,
gv.22-23; a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.58-63, 114-118; ix., agreTve, t.futkaraZe,
2000; t.futkaraZe, n.nakani, 2001; T.gvancelaZe, 2003).
- 52 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
adreul saukuneebSi enis statusis gansazRvrisa da qarTvel-
Ta erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT gansa-
kuTrebiT sainteresoa "iverielTa erTobis traqtati", romel-
sac 1790 wels xeli moaweres qarTl-kaxeTis, samegrelos, imereTi-
sa da guriis mefe-mTavrebma; traqtatSi mkafiodaa naTqvami:
"vinaidan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Si-
na qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT erT
morwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan So-
bilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT mavasxelobiTica ( - ur-
TierTvaldebulebiTi - t.f.) siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTe-
savTa da moyvarobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris.
amisaTvis Cven zemoxsenebulad qveyanaTa iveriisa da mefeni
da mTavarni damamtkicebelni saukunosa amis pirobisa saxeliT
yovlad Zlierisa RvTisaTa aRvsTqvamT mtkicesa amas erTobasa,
romelica TviTeulad SemdgomTa Sina hazrTa cxad iqmnebis..."
sayuradReboa istorikosTa da eTnografTa daskvnac: “da-
qucmacebul saqarTveloSi “marto sakuTriv qarTli ar aris sa-
qarTvelo, sxva samefo-samTavroebic Tavs saqarTveloebad
warmoadgenen. aseTi mravlobiTi Segnebidan ibadeba uCveulo
forma “saqarTveloni anu saqarTveloebi; aseTi saqarTveloe-
bia: mesxeTi, kaxeT-hereTi, qarTli, imereTi, guria, odiS-afxazeTi
(msjelobisa da literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. a.jafariZe, 1996;
r.TofCiSvili, 2002); yvela am mcire samefoSi samefo kancelariis
ena qarTuli, xolo kultura - zogadqarTuli iyo.
naTelia: tradiciulad, qarTvelebi vTvlidiT, rom mxo-
lod erTi enis mqoneni varT.
ra safuZvlis, kriteriumis Tu mecnieruli argumentis mixed-
viT gaCnda mosazrebebi, rom gvaqvs ori Tu sami samwignobro ena
(Zveli, axali, saSuali), sami Tu oTxi qarTveluri ena: qarTuli,
zanuri (megruli, Wanuri) da svanuri da... ramdenad Seesabameba
realur viTarebas amgvari kvalifikaciebi?
qarTvelTa sami sxvadasxva samwignobro enis - Zveli litera-
turuli enis, saSualo saukuneebis literaturis enisa da axali
- 53 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
qarTuli enis - Sesaxeb msjeloba pirvelad warmodgenilia n.maris
naSromSi (n.mari, 1922, gv.5); ak. SaniZem da mecnierTa didma jgufma
ukritikod miiRo amgvari Sefaseba. arn. Ciqobavam aCvena, rom saSu-
ali qarTuli aris "Zveli" da "axali" normebis Sereva, Sesabami-
sad, man ganaviTara mosazreba, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs mxolod
Zveli da axali qarTuli ena. b.jorbenaZis azriT, qarTuli samwig-
nobro enis ganviTarebaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi an eqvsi etapi
(sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe, 1993).
Cveni azriT, gaumarTlebelia samwignobro qarTulis
warmodgena e. w. Zvel, saSual da axal qarTul enebad (an Zvel
da axal enebad) berZnulisa da sxva enaTa msgavsad (Zveli qarTu-
li enisa da axali qarTuli enis arsebobis dausabuTeblobis Se-
saxeb ix.: r.TvaraZe, 1985, gv.19; z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.534; t. futk-
araZe, 1993; t.futkaraZe, 1998; c.bendeliani, 2003...).
Zveli da axali berZnuli marTlac sxvadasxva struqturis
enebia da maT Soris gagebinebac SeuZlebelia; Sdr., qarTvelur
sinamdvileSi Zveli da axali qarTuli enobrivi qvesistemebi er-
TmaneTisagan Tvisobrivad ar gansxvavdeba: "gansxvavebul droTa
Wrilebsa da horizontalur ganStoebebSi qarTuli ena struq-
turul saxes arsebiTad yvela doneze inarCunebs" (T.uTurgaiZe,
2002, gv.19; Sdr., T.uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv.12); garda amisa, saukuneebis
manZilze leqsikuri fondis gasaocari simyaris gamo, arc gagebi-
neba gamxdara problema. samwignobro qarTulis amgvari stabilu-
roba gansazRvra unikalurma situaciam: igi TiTqmis oci sauku-
nis manZilze erTdroulad aris saxelmwifo enac, saeklesio
enac da samwerlobo enac; amdenad, ufro logikuria, vilapara-
koT qarTuli samwignobro enis stilur variantebze; kerZod, sau-
kuneebis manZilze gverdigverd funqcionirebda da dResac arseb-
obs erTi samwignobro enis saeklesio, saliteraturo, sakancela-
rio, samecniero stilebi da xalxuri metyvelebis nairsaxeobani.
ukanasknelad am Temas Seexo g.gogolaSvili (2004, gv.32-37;
TandarTuli SeniSvniT, naSromis saboloo varianti Seqmnilia
2000 wels), romelic Seecada daesabuTebina, rom arsebobs sami sa-
erTo-saxalxo qarTuli ena (Zveli, saSuali da axali) da ori qar-
- 54 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
Tuli saliteraturo ena (Zveli da axali). g.gogolaSvilis msje-
loba aseTia: "Zveli qarTuli ena da axali qarTuli ena Cvens
warmodgenaSi sxvadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebia" (gv.35);
"ar arsebobs erTiani saSuali qarTuli saliteraturo ena,
magram arsebobs saSuali qarTuli ena, rogorc enobrivi rea-
loba Tavisi mravalgvari nairsaxeobiT" (gv.37).
vfiqrobT, qarTuli samwignobro enis stiluri variantebi ar
warmoadgenen "klasikuri gagebiT or saliteraturo enas" (Sdr.,
g.gogolaSvili, 2004, gv.35); isini erTmaneTs arc droSi enacvle-
bian: XI saukuneSi ar wydeba "e.w. Zveli qarTuli"; amave stiliT
iwereba saeklesio xasiaTis Sromebi XII-XVIII saukuneebSic da
XIX s. pirvel naxevarSic ki; garda amisa, qarTuli marTlmadideb-
eli eklesiis RvTismsaxureba amJamadac am eniT mimdinareobs; e.i.
qarTuli samwignobro enis saeklesio da saero-samecniero sti-
lebi dResac Tanaarseboben saeklesio da saero velebis mixedviT;
es stiluri variantebi ar arian sxvadasxva drois enobrivi donee-
bi. garda amisa, Tavisi funqcionirebis yvela periodSi qarTuli
saerTo-erovnuli ena warmodgenilia Tavisi "mravalgvari nairsa-
xeobiT". Sesabamisad, Cven SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli saer-
To-saxalxo erovnuli enis stiluri variantebis funqcionire-
bis periodebze (da ara ramdenime qarTuli samwignobro enis ar-
sebobaze), mag.:
damwerlobamdeli periodi: funqcionirebs zogadqarTuli
enobrivi koine, misi oficialuri (saxelmwifo), sakulto saxes-
xvaobebi da qarTveluri kiloebi;
V-X saukuneebi: funqcionirebs saeklesio ena da qarTvelTa
zepiri metyvelebis oficialuri da xalxuri nairsaxeobebi;
IX-XX saukuneebi: gverdigverd arsebobs samwerlobo enis
normirebuli saeklesio, saliteraturo (saero-sakancelario),
samecniero stilebi, teritoriuli da socialuri dialeqtebi,
Jargonebi da a.S.
saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinare erTiani qarTveluri
erovnuli samwignobro enis uwyvetad arsebobis pirobebSi,
vfiqrobT, naklebargumentirebulia msjeloba sami Tu oTxi qar-
- 55 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
Tveluri enis (qarTulis, zanuris, svanuris) Sesaxebac. dRes am-
gvar daskvnebs akeTeben isini, vinc Tvlis, rom ena-kilos sakvali-
fikaciod sakmarisia gagebineba, rogorc lingvisturi kriteri-
umi (bolo amgvari msjelobis Sesaxeb, ix. T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe…
2003, gv.615).
Tavidanve aRvniSnavT, rom gagebineba ar aris lingvisturi
kriteriumi (vrclad ix.: t.futkaraZe; 2002, T.gvancelaZe, 2003).
garda amisa, sayovelTaodaa cnobili (ix., mag., h.paulis, h.hirtis,
v.Jirmunskis, g.t.Sarbatovis, n.v.iuSmanovis, v.a.Jukovskis da sxva-
Ta gamokvlevebi), rom gagebinebis ararsebobis Tu sakuTriv lin-
gvistur maxasiaTeblebSi didi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arabTa,
germanelTa, sparselTa, CinelTa, espanelTa, italielTa, frang-
Ta, iaponelTa da mraval sxva xalxTa "saSinao metyvelebani" saer-
Toerovnuli samwignobro enis dialeqtebad iTvleba; metic, ara-
iSviaTad, adamianebi ver floben samwignobro enas, magram maT de-
daenad mainc zogaderovnuli ena miiCneva. sanimuSod moviyvanT
n.i.konradis daskvnas: "iaponiasa da CineTSi ara mxolod sofelSi,
aramed qalaqSic mosaxleobis nawili saerTod ver flobs saerTo
saliteraturo enas da zepiri urTierTobebis dros iyenebs Ta-
vis dialeqts" (n.i.konradi, 1960); es sulac ar niSnavs, rom iapo-
nels, romelic ver flobs samwignobro enas da mxolod dialeqt-
ze metyvelebs, dedaena ara aqvs, an misi dedaena misive dialeqtia:
saerTo-samwignobro enis armcodne iaponelisTvisac dedaenaa sa-
literaturo iaponuri. swored msgavsi faqtebis aralogikuri
gansjis gamo zogs gauCnda azri, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes ori
dedaena (ix., mag., a.oniani, 2003, gv.143); iqve, erTmaneTSia aRreuli
dedaenisa da samwignobro enis cnebebi.
dedamiwaze arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebi, rogorc wesi, ene-
bad da dialeqtebad kvalificirebuli ar aris gagebinebis krit-
eriumis mixedviT; Tumca am faqtors arsebiTi mniSvneloba Sei-
Zleba mieniWos werilobiTi tradiciis armqone enobrivi erTeu-
lebis statusis gansazRvrisas: Tu monaTesave sazogadoebebs
ar gaaCniaT winaprebisgan Seqmnili saerTo mwignobroba, aseT
SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs erovnuli meobis CamomZerwavi, gama-
- 56 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
erTianebeli kulturul-enobrivi sistema; Sesabamisad,
saerTo eTnokulturuli erTobis codnis ararsebobisa da
metyvelebis gagebinebis dabali xarisxis pirobebSi, umwer-
lobo monaTesave kontinuumebi am sazogadoebebis mier enebad
SeiZleba iqnen miCneulni.
werilobiTi tradiciis mqone sazogadoebis zepiri (xalxu-
ri) metyvelebis statusis gansazRvrisas gagebinebis kriteriums
ver daveyrdnobiT, vinaidan, logikaSi gagebineba metad pirobiTi
cnebaa da, rac mTavaria, amgvari e.w. araprofesionalur-xalxu-
ri midgomiT, iZulebulni gavxdebiT, werilobiTi tradiciis
mqone TiTqmis yvela ena ramdenime enad davSaloT: msoflioSi
arsebul TiTqmis yvela enas moepoveba iseTi dialeqti, rom-
lis gageba gauWirdeba sxva dialeqtis mflobels; araTu ki-
loebs Soris, aramed kilokavebs Sorisac ki xSirad ara gvaqvs ga-
gebineba.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msoflios sxva enebisa da maTi kiloebis
msgavsad, momijnave qarTvelur kiloebs Soris gagebinebis prob-
lema naklebadaa; mag., qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris abaSis ra-
ionSi arsebuli gardamavali zonis metyveleba SemaerTebel xids
warmoadgens megrulsa da imeruls Soris (Sdr., v.boederi, 2003
da k.gabunia, 2004, gv.171). saqarTveloSi sustadaa Seswavlili
gardamavali sametyvelo zonebi; samwignobro enis normebis da-
woliT amJamad gardamavali zonis metyveleba ufro da ufro ni-
velirdeba, Tumca, qsu dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi in-
stitutis TanamSromlebis mier mainc moxerxda gardamavali me-
tyvelebis saintereso nimuSebis Cawera; ix., agreTve, "qarTul di-
aleqtologiaSi" gamoqveynebuli teqstebi (1961, gv.479-480).
momijnave monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris gagebineba
rTuldeba mTagoriani landSaftis pirobebSi (samegrelo da sva-
neTi, kaxeTi da TuSeTi…): bunebrivi barierebi xels uSlis in-
tensiur komunikacias; Sdr., TiTqmis yvela enaSi mkveTrad gansxva-
vebulia aramomijnave kiloebic.
- 57 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
enisa da kilos gammijnavi kriteriumebis Sesaxeb msjelobis ga-
grZelebamde, ganvmartavT samecniero literaturaSi gamoyene-
bul terminebs - ena, dedaena:
ena. ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - en-
obriv niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic
warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis
da komunikaciis saSualebas; Sdr.: calke aRebuli dialeqtic
(rogorc mocemuli enis qvesistema/mikrosistema) bgeriT niSanTa
bunebrivad mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic warmoadgens sa-
myaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciis saSualebas; Sesaba-
misad, enis am logikuri definiciis mixedviT ver gavmijnavT enasa
da kilos.
enis ganmartebis sxva variantebic ar iZleva saSualebas,
gavmijnoT ena da kilo; Sdr., mag:
"ena aris urTierTgagebinebis saSualebaTa sistema: sistema
pirobiTi bgeriTi niSnebisa, romelic azris gamoxatvisa da urTi-
erTgagebinebisaTvis gamoiyeneba" (a.oniani, 2003, gv.142-143). bevri
qveynis (iaponiis, CineTis, espaneTis, saqarTvelos, arabeTis...)
zog raionSi ZiriTadad dialeqtiT xdeba komunikacia; aseve, ur-
TierTgagebinebis saSualebaTa sistema SeiZleba iyos morzes
anbani, cxovelis bgeriTi ena, raime pirobiTi bgeriTi niSnebi
da sxv. a.onianis ganmartebaSi sakamaToa bgeriTi niSnebis pirobi-
Tobis sakiTxic; saxeldebis motivaciisa da enobrivi niSnis nebis-
mierobis - am uZvelesi problematikis - Sesaxeb vrclad sxvagan
vmsjelobT; aq ki sakiTxs mokled SevexebiT (ix., agreTve, t.futka-
raZe, 1996):
enobrivi niSnis arsze mecnieruli msjeloba saTaves iRebs
C.persisa da f.sosiuris naSromebidan; mag., f.sosiuri, gulis-
xmobs ra aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis mimarTebis pirobiTobas,
wers: "aRmniSvneli motivirebuli ar aris; e.i. pirobiTia aRsaniS-
nis mimarT" (f.sosiuri, 2002, gv.76). ramdenad zustia amgvari mi-
dgoma maSin, roca Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi enobrivi niSnis
cneba moiazrebs: morfemas, damxmare sityvas, damoukidebel si-
tyvas, Sesityvebas, winadadebas; esenia pirobiTi bgeriTi niSne-
- 58 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
bi? aqve moviyvanT g.ramiSvilis mier dasmul kiTxvas (g.ramiSvili,
2000, gv.93):
Tu pirobiTia niSnis kavSiri sityvasa da sagans (warmodgenas)
Soris, maSin rogor SeiZleba ena, rogorc pirobiT niSanTa siste-
ma, gamodges sagnobrivi viTarebis Sesaxeb codnis mopovebis in-
strumentad?
anda:
ras niSnavs f.sosiuriseuli motivirebuloba: bgeriTi xati-
sa da cnebis Sepirobebulobas? zogadad, saxeldebis gamWvirva-
lobas?
saxeldeba motivirebuli SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod xmabaZvi-
Ta da bgerweriT, aramed sagnobrivi mimarTebiTac; mag.:
Seneba: mSenebeli, asaSenebeli, amSenebeli, auSenebeli, aSe-
nebs, uSenebs, gadaSenebuli da a.S.
aSkaraa, rom Tanamedrove aglutinaciur enebSi amgvari si-
tyvebi umravlesobas Seadgens; garda amisa, f.sosiurive gvaf-
rTxilebs, rom uxsovari enobrivi tradicia anu "warsulTan kav-
Siri erTTavad abrkolebs arCevanis Tavisuflebas. vambobT "ada-
miani" da "ZaRli", radgan Cvenamdec ase ambobdnen" (f.sosiuri,
2002, gv.80).
enobrivi niSnis nebismierobis kritikis TvalsazrisiT, sayu-
radRebo daskvna warmoadgina T.gamyreliZem naSromSi:
"damatebiTobis principi" da enobrivi niSnis pirobiTobis
problema" (T.gamyreliZe, 2000, gv. 246): aRsaniSnTa "horizontalu-
ri" mimarTebebi garkveulwilad apirobebs aRmniSvnelT; Sesabami-
sad, amgvari motivirebuloba gasaTvaliswinebelia enobrivi niS-
nis daxasiaTebisas.
vfiqrobT:
morfemebi, frazebi Tu winadadebebi ver miiCneva pirobiT
niSnebad; garda amisa, saxeldebis procesSi sagnobrivi mimarTe-
bis arsebiTi rolis gamo, Tanamedrove enebis sityvaTa didi nawi-
lic motivirebulad unda miviCnioT (ZiriTadad, nawarmoebi si-
tyvebi; mag.: sakace, kacuri, kacoba); Sesabamisad, aRmniSvnelisa da
aRsaniSnis mimarTebis sxvadasxvawaxnagovani Teoriebis arsebobis
- 59 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
pirobebSi, enis (rogorc niSanTa sistemis) ganmartebaSi enobrivi
niSnis ucilobeli pirobiTobis moazreba, rbilad rom vTqvaT,
uzustobaa...
dedaena. dedaena (Muttersprache; Mather tongue, Native language)
aris winaprebis mier Seqmnili kulturis ena, romelic, rogorc
samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistema, mraval Taobas aerTianebs (magram,
Tu mag., romelime afrikeli daibada safrangeTSi da is Tavis ded-
aenad franguls Tvlis, bunebrivia, mis dedaenad franguli miiC-
neva); dedaena mTavari enaa da ara maincdamainc mxolod biologi-
uri dedis ena (Sdr.: dedamiwa, dedaboZi... Sdr., mamazecieri!).
miCneulia, rom erovnuli ena, rogorc konglomerati, aerTi-
anebs saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebs (ix., mag., b.jorbenaZe,
1989, gv.151; Sdr., i. boduen de kurtene, 1963, gv.76: "erovnuli/to-
mobrivi ena warmoadgens garkveuli raodenobis individTa metyve-
lebebis tolqmeds").
qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi konglomerati sqematuri,
pirobiTi enobrivi sistemaa, romelic samwignobro enis mixedviT
igeba; Teoriulad navaraudevi sxvaenobrivi modelebi naklebad
emTxveva arsebul enobriv erTeuls; is, rac ar aris realuri
enobrivi sistema, rogor SeiZleba iyos dedaena? dedaenad ver mi-
viCnevT savaraudo (Teoriul) models. Sdr., amgvarive daSvebiT,
oTxi svanuri da ori zanuri kiloebis mixedviT, Teoriulad
warmosaxaven e.w. zogad svanur da zogad zanur enebs da maT deda-
enebad (a.oniani, m.qurdiani…) Tu erovnul enebad miiCneven (j.hi-
uiti, v.foirStaini…). amave principiT vinmem SeiZleba aRadginos
fxouri "ena" (miT umetes, arsebobs fxouri koine – poeziis ena),
mesxuri ena da a.S.
faqtia:
qarTvelTa saerTo enis - samwignobro qarTulis - fonze ar-
sebobs fxouri xuTi, svanuri xuTi da zanuri ori kilo, magram
bunebaSi ar arsebobs saerTo fxouri, saerTo svanuri da saerTo
zanuri enebi. Tuki, mag., zanuri kiloebis amosaval enobriv siste-
mazea laparaki, aseTad SeiZleba aRdges saerToqarTveluri ena,
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 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
misi zanur-svanuri dialeqti, an sakuTriv zanuri dialeqti
(Sdr., kaxuri kilosgan sam saukuneSi kaxelisTvis Znelad gasagebi
fereidnuli kilo warmoiqmna). qarTvelTa Tanamedrove dialeq-
tebica da saliteraturo enac momdinareoben saerToqarTve-
luri enobrivi koinesgan (ix. qvemoT); amosavali viTareba
ZiriTadad daculi aqvs samwignobro enas, Sesabamisad, qar-
TvelTaTvis zogaderovnuli ena, dedaena da samwignobro qarTu-
li sinonimebad unda davsaxoT:
qarTvelTa samwignobro ena Tvisobrivad erTnairad iqmnebo-
da istoriul lazeTSic, samegreloSic, svaneTSic, mesxeTSic,
imereTSic, saqarTvelos mTianeTSic da kaxeT-hereTSic,
Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelur enobriv koineze aRmocenebu-
li samwignobro qarTuli yvela am kuTxis qarTvelis dedaenaa,
xolo zanuri, svanuri, mesxuri, heruli, fxouri, raWuli, mesxu-
ri da centraluri jgufis dialeqtebi qarTvelTa mSobliuri
kiloebia... Sdr.: iaponiaSi, indoeTsa Tu CineTSi, mravali adamia-
ni ver flobs oficialur saxelmwifo enas, magram maT dedaenad
mainc iTvleba samwignobro ena (iaponuri, Cinuri, induri). zoga-
dad, dedaena SeiZleba iyos umwerlobo enac, Tuki konkretul
sazogadoebas werilobiTi kultura ar Seuqmnia. Sdr.: qarTu-
li enis semantikuri velis mixedviT, sxvaTa enas ucxo ena hqvia
(Sdr.: иностранный язык - sityvasityviT: "sxva qveynis ena").
samecniero kvlevebisas, bunebrivia, hipoTezis saxiT unda da-
vuSvaT zogaderovnuli enis Teoriuli modeli. vfiqrobT,
erovnuli enobrivi modeli arsebobs genetikur kodSic:
z.jafariZis gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom memkvidreobiTia
bavSvis saartikulacio Cvevebi (z.jafariZe, i.strelnikovi, 1981);
aseve, savaraudoa, rom genetikurad kodirebulia mocemuli enis
(kilos) percefciuli bazac... Tanamedrove neirolingvisturi
kvlevebi daadasturebs, rom dedaenac iseTive memkvidreobiTi fe-
nomenia, rogorc adamianis sxva pirovnul-genetikuri maxasiaTeb-
lebi (Sdr., gansxvavebuli midgoma: adamians genetikurad eZleva
- 61 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
"enis niWi" da romel sazogadoebaSic aidgams is enas, im sazogado-
ebis enis mixedviT realizdeba misi enobrivi unari).
mocemuli saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze oficialuri ur-
TierTobebis (saxelisuflebo struqturebis, mecnierebisa da
kulturis) ena saxelmwifo enaa; mocemuli eTnosisTvis saxel-
mwifo ena SeiZleba iyos dedaenac da ucxo enac. araiSviaTad, sa-
xelmwifo enis sinonimad dasturdeba termini erovnuli ena;
erovnuli ena am mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, Tuki ter-
min ers moviazrebT mocemuli qveynis moqalaqeebis aRsaniSnavad;
roca eri erT eTnoss gulisxmobs, maSin erovnuli ena” erTi na-
ciis, erTi modgmis xalxis enas aRniSnavs; aseT SemTxvevaSi erov-
nuli enis sinonimad dedaena ufro gamodgeba (dedaenasa da
erovnul enas sinonimebad miiCnevs cnobili enaTmecnieri g.ra-
miSvili). warmodgenil msjelobaSic da sxvaganac CvenTvis amosava-
lia mimarTebani:
eris (eTnosis) metyveleba - ena
eris Semadgeneli nawilis (Temis) metyveleba - kilo
rogorc wesi, erT ers (eTnikuri gagebiT) erTi dedaena aqvs
(frangebs, qarTvelebs, somxebs…), erT saxelmwifos - erTi an ram-
denime saxelmwifo ena, Sesabamisad, erTi saxelwifos moqalaqeebs
ramdenime oficialuri enac SeiZleba hqondeT (Sveicarielebs, ka-
nadelebs…), xolo erTi ena ramdenime saxelmwifos saxelmwifo
ena SeiZleba iyos (am sakiTxebis garSemo vrclad ix. wignis meore
nawilSi).
civilizebuli sazogadoebis kulturis ena (RvTismsaxure-
bis, mecnierebis, mwerlobis, TviTSemoqmedebis) da saxelmwifo
ena, rogorc wesi, aris tradiciuli damwerlobis mqone ena. kul-
turis an saxelmwifo ena mocemuli xalxisTvis SeiZleba iyos: sa-
kuTari ena - dedaena, sxvisi ena - ucxo ena (mag., ukve ramdenime
aTeuli welia, afxazebis kulturis enaa Tavsmoxveuli rusuli
ena). bunebaSi ori dedaena ar arsebobs, amdenad, e.w. diglosiis
pirobebSi gvaqvs: dedaena da mSobliuri dialeqti; orenovno-
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 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
bis (bilingvizmis) dros ki arsebul or enaTagan erTi dedaenaa,
meore - ucxo ena... zogi mkvlevari iswrafvis, mis mier orenovnad
gamocxadebuli qarTvelTa nawilis (megrelebisa da svanebis) er-
Ti ena CaTvalos dedaenad, meore ena ki - erovnul enad (ix., mag.,
m.qurdiani 1999: "svaneTsa da samegreloSi istoriulad damkvid-
rebulia orenovneba: svanur-qarTuli da megrul-qarTuli…"; aq-
ve, es mimarTebani bilingvur diglosiad cxaddeba). Cveni azriT,
igive mkvlevari winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba maSinac, rodesac saqar-
TveloSi mcxovreb zanTa (qarTvelTa!) metyvelebas (misi termino-
logiiT - "lingvisturad ueWvel enas") ganixilavs qarTulis so-
ciolingvistur dialeqtad, xolo TurqeTSi mcxovreb zanTa me-
tyvelebas - Turquli enis sociolingvistur dialeqtad (ix.
m.qurdiani, 1996, gv.42). Sdr., amgvari midgomiT, saxelmwifo enis
statusis mqone dedaenis mimarT erTnairi rangiT ganixileba:
ucxo ena, ucxo enis erT-erTi kilo da dedaenis organuli kiloe-
bi; mag., TurqeTSi Turqulis mimarT: qarTuli, afxazuri, ubixu-
ri da Cerqezuli enebi, lazuri kilo da Turquli enis kiloebi.
moyvanili aRrevebic cxadyofs, rom gaumarTlebelia enobrivi
erTeulebisadmi enisa Tu kilos statusis miniWeba gansxvavebu-
li (e.w. sakuTriv lingvisturi, e.w. sakuTriv sociolingvistu-
ri, eTnopolitikuri, religiuri, normirebulobis da sxva) kri-
teriumebiT; enobrivi erTeulebis statusis gansazRvrisas sakva-
lifikacio niSnad erTi saxis kriteriumi unda aviRoT; rogorc
wesi, dRes arsebuli ZiriTadi enebis statusi gansazRvrulia eT-
nopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT (Sdr., k.gabunia, 2004); aqve aRvniS-
navT: sxvadasxva ojaxis enebi erTmaneTis kiloebad sociolingvis-
turi aspeqtiTac ki ar unda ganvixiloT; umjobesia sxvagvari mi-
dgoma, mag., lazuri metyveleba TurqeTis respublikaSi Turqu-
lis sociolingvisturi dialeqti ki ara, saojaxo enis funqciis
mqone qarTveluri kiloa (Sdr.: saojaxo enis funqciiT SeiZleba
iyos: samwignobro ena, dedaena, sxvaTa ena, mSobliuri kilo...).
sabWoTa periodSi iyo mcdeloba, agreTve, dedaenis nacvlad
- 63 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
damkvidrebuliyo terminebi: mSobliuri ena da meore mSobliu-
ri ena... "mSobliuri ena" rusulis kalkia da saqarTveloSi mis
damkvidrebas mizanmimarTulad cdilobdnen wlebis ganmavloba-
Si; am kalkis, agreTve, terminebis: "pirveli ena"(first language), "ba-
zisuri ena" miuReblobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix. g.ramiSvili, 2000,
gv.70-71, sadac mimoxilulia germaniaSi gamarTuli diskusiac
termin Muttersprache-s (dedaenis) Sesaxeb.
Cvens Semdgom msjelobebSi gamoyenebuli iqneba naTlad gansa-
zRvruli Semdegi terminebi: saxelmwifo ena, saeklesio ena,
dedaena (eTnosis, anu eTnikuri gagebiT, eris ena), ucxo ena, dia-
leqti (kilo).
warmodgenili zogadi mimoxilvis fonze sainteresoa enisa da
kilos gamijvnis is sxva kriteriumebic, romlebic arsebobs Tana-
medrove samecniero literaturaSi. Cvens xelT arsebul ganmart-
ebebs garkveuli pirobiTobiT vajgufebT debulebaTa msgavsebis
mixedviT (aqve, madlobas movaxsenebT marburgis universitetis
germanuli enis kvlevis institutis direqtors, prof., doqt.
gurgen erix Smidtsa da mis asistents, doqt. stefan rabanuss,
romelTac CemTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxades ara mxolod TavianTi
Sexedulebebi, aramed zog sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebanic); qvemoT
warmodgenili kriteriumebi dadgenilia monaTesave enobrivi er-
TeulebisTvis:
g.e.Smidti, u.amoni, a.baxi, T.levandovski, p.vizingeri, b.sovin-
ski, a.linke da sxv.:
ena - ganfenis xarisxis mravalferovneba (prestiJuloba) -
gamoyenebis maRali xarisxi, kodificirebuli damwerloba, sta-
ndartuloba, samwerlobo statusi, garkveulwilad xelovnuroba.
dialeqti - gamoyenebis dabali xarisxi, arastandartuloba,
zepiri komunikaciis saSualeba, bunebrioba...
p.finke, b.jorbenaZe, g.nebieriZe (dialeqtebis mflobelTa So-
ris gagebineba unda iyos)...
v.Jirmunski, e.koseriu, i.qloupeki, j.hergeni da mravali sxva
(dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba araarsebiTia):
- 64 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
ena - ZiriTadi sistemaa, dialeqti ki aris sistemis (erovnu-
li enis) nairsaxeoba, varianti.
mecnierTa erTi jgufis azriT, monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs
Soris Tuki aris bgeraTSesatyvisoba, maSasadame, isini enebad un-
da kvalificirdes (m.qurdiani)...
g.belmanis, v.konigis da sxvaTa azriT, dialeqtsa da enas So-
ris zRvari Zneli gasavlebia; dialeqtidan enaSi gadasvla Tavi-
suflad xdeba...
h.harmani, p.aueri da sxv. Tvlian, rom enobrivi erTeulis st-
atusi misma mflobelma sazogadoebam unda gansazRvros.
prestiJuloba-standartulobis mixedviT SeiZleba samwig-
nobro enisa da dialeqtis daxasiaTeba, magram, Cveni azriT, Seu-
Zlebelia umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna.
enobrivi sistemis variantulobis mixedviT msjelobac me-
tad pirobiTia, vinaidan, magaliTad, fonematuri, morfologi-
ur-sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT
rusuli, belorusuli, ukrainuli, polonuri enebi erTmaneTTan
mimarTebiT ufro axlomdgomi variantebi arian, vidre, magali-
Tad, germanuli enis dialeqtebi; aqve, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT,
rom xelovnuri da problemis kvlevisaTvis TiTqmis arafris
momcemia enobrivi erTeulebis enebad Tu dialeqtebad kvali-
ficireba, erTi mxriv, sociolingvisturi, meore mxriv ki, "sa-
kuTriv" lingvisturi kriteriumebis mixedviT.
SeniSvna: ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, qarTvelur sinamdvileSi
pirveli amgvari mcdeloba hqonda niko mars i.vostorgovis antiqar-
Tveluri poziciis mxilebisas; ix. n.mari, 1905, gv.7-10 da arn. Ciqobava,
1952, gv.358, sadac warmodgenilia n.maris kritika: "lingvisturad er-
Ti" enis or dialeqts "kulturuli daSorebis" gamo n.mari or enad -
lazur da megrul enebad miiCnevda).
Tu mkvlevris mizania mocemuli enobrivi erTeulis statusis
kvleva sakuTriv lingvisturi Tu sociolingvisturi aspeqtebiT,
Sesabamisad, man jer unda Seiswavlos ukve arsebuli (sayovelTa-
od miRebuli) enebisa da dialeqtebis saxeldebis principebi da
Semdeg, miRebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare, unda ganaviTaros
- 65 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
msjeloba sakamaTo statusis mqone enobrivi erTeulis Sesaxeb;
lingvistikis Tu sociolingvistikis fardobiTi cnebebiT ar un-
da xdebodes saukuneebis manZilze ukve arsebuli tradiciuli
kvalifikaciebis TviTmiznuri gadasinjva, mag., rusuli ramdenime
saukunea damoukidebel enadaa miCneuli da risi momtania Tana-
medrove rusulis CaTvla erT-erT slavur kilod? anda, megruli
(odiSuri) metyveleba mravali saukunis manZilze qarTvelTa
erT-erT dialeqtad iTvleboda (qarTvelTa sxva kiloebis msgav-
sad) da ras moemsaxura, an moemsaxureba XX saukuneSi misi statu-
sis Secvlaze msjeloba? miT umetes, svanTa, megrelTa da lazTa
zepiri metyvelebebisaTvis axali damwerlobebis Seqmna? pasuxi
erTia: amgvari "aqciebiT" dasaxelebul qarTvelT gauucxovdebaT
da, faqtobrivad, daekargebaT qarTul-qarTveluri mwignobr-
obis saxiT arsebuli sakuTari didi kulturuli warsuli,
Tundac is Teqvsmetsaukunovani warsuli, romelic ioane lazisa
(ix.a.jafariZe, 2002) da petre iberis moRvaweobiT iwyebs Tavisi
ganviTarebis axal etaps. warsuldaviwyebul xalxs ki Tavisi inte-
resebisaTvis iolad iyenebs xolme esa Tu is imperia.
sagangebod aRvniSnavT: enisa da dialeqtis gamijvnis problema
ver gadaiWreba mxolod sakuTriv lingvisturi kriteriumebiT; me-
tic, kulturuli tradiciis mqone msoflios arc erTi ena sa-
kuTriv lingvisturi niSnebiT (bgeraTSesatyvisoba, morfo-
logiuri da sintaqsur-semantikuri kategoriebi, leqsika) ar
aris saxeldebuli enad; garda amisa, jer aravis daudgenia enob-
riv cvlilebaTa Tu TaviseburebaTa is zRvari, ris Semdegac mona-
Tesave enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxva-
vebani gadadis TvisobrivSi, Sesabamisad, sistemis varianti iqce-
va damoukidebel sistemad. Cveni es mosazreba adre gamoqveynda
statiis saxiT (t.futkaraZe, 2003); am debulebis sapasuxod da mas-
ze dayrdnobiT k.gabuniam Tavis msjelobaSi gamoiyena e.w. "siste-
murobis kriteriumi" (k.gabunia, 2004); misi azriT, "megrul-lazu-
risa da qarTulis brunebebi sxvadasxva sistemebia, vinaidan rao-
denobrivi cvaleba gadasulia TvisobrivSi; Sesabamisad, isini
sxvadasxva enebia”.
- 66 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
sapolemiko werilSi k.gabunia ver pasuxobs mTavar kiTxvas: ro-
meli kriteriumiT Tu samaniT ganisazRvreba raodenobrivi cva-
lebis gadasvla TvisobrivSi? is sxvaoba, romelic gvaqvs, mag., me-
grulsa da samwignobro qarTuls Soris, sakmarisia enebad misaC-
nevad? Sdr., saliteraturo arabulsa da buxaruls Soris ufro
meti sxvaobaa, magram mainc buxaruli arabulis dialeqtadaa mi-
Cneuli maSin, roca metad axlo mdgomi rusuli da belorusuli
aRiarebuli enebia...
garda amisa: samwignobro qarTulisgan met-naklebad gansxva-
vebulia qarTveluri qvesistemebic (imerulic, xevsurulic, me-
grulic, lazuric, balszemouric...) da sxva enebic: afxazuric,
rusulic, Cinuric... romeli myari kriteriumiT vavlebT zRvars
qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris? megruli fonematuri struq-
tura imerulis analogiuria; saxeluri paradigmac ZiriTadad
imeorebs ara mxolod adrindeli samwignobro enis brunvaTa
sistemas, aramed qarTuli enis xevsuruli dialeqtisac ki; aseve,
Tvisobrivad erTgvaria megrulisa da imerulis mwkrivTa sistema
da sxv. garkveuli sxvaobebic arsebobs, magram sakmarisia isini me-
grulisa da imerulis Tvisobrivi sxvaobis samtkiceblad?
Sdr.: Cveni azriT, sistemuri sxvaobaa, mag., qarTulsa da mis
monaTesave afxazurs Soris, qarTulsa da arabuls Soris, da ara
samwignobro qarTulsa da megruls, an TuSurs Soris.
arsebobs Tu ara enobriv cvlilebaTa Tu TaviseburebaTa
(sistemur sxvaobaTa!) is zRvari, romlis Semdegac monaTesave
enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxvaveba-
ni gadadis TvisobrivSi?
aseTi zRvris dadgena SeuZlebelia:
dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom sxvadasxva enad saxeldebul sist-
emebs Soris arsebul lingvistur sxvaobaTa procentuli maC-
venebeli SeuzRudavad meryeobs.
"wesi" Tu "kanoni" erT sasurvel kerZo SemTxvevas ar unda mo-
vargoT; Tuki Cveni mizani enobrivi situaciis realuri aRweraa,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivis tradici-
ac, monaTesave enobriv erTeulebTan sakuTriv lingvisturi mi-
- 67 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
marTebac da sociolingvisturi statusic; miT umetes, Tu Cveni
kvlevis mizania ara enobriv erTeulTa istoriulad Camoyalibe-
buli statusebis gadasinjva, aramed sadavo statusis mqone ena-ki-
loTa argumentirebuli kvalifikacia.
enisa da kilos gamijvnisTvis lingvistur niSanTagan yvelaze
sando kriteriumad zogs enobriv erTeulebs Soris arsebuli
bgeraTSesatyvisoba miaCnia. bgeraTSesatyvisobis arseboba-
ararsebobis mixedviT, msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi ena Tu dia-
leqti ar aris kvalificirebuli; garda amisa, mraval monaTesave
enas Soris bgeraTSesatyvisoba ar gvaqvs da piriqiT: kanonzomie-
ri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobebi gvaqvs dialeqtebad mi-
Cneul enobriv erTeulebs Soris (germanulSi, CinurSi, iaponur-
Si...), metic, mag., Crdilokavkasiur enebSi bgeraTSesatyvisobebi
dadasturebulia TqmebSic ki...
enisa da dialeqtis statusis gansazRvra Tavad mocemuli en-
obrivi koleqtivis mier adekvatur Sedegebs mogvcems axalSeq-
mnili mwignobrobis mqone an werilobiTi kulturis armqone en-
obrivi erTeulis SemTxvevaSi: werilobiTi kulturis armqone
xalxis TviTaRqma xdeba gagebinebis mixedviT gansazRvruli um-
werlobo enis farglebSi (Sdr., Crdilokavkasiuri enebi). am me-
Tods gadaulaxavi problemebi Seeqmneba xangrZlivi werilobiTi
kulturis mqone sazogadoebis gamokiTxvisas, radganac, sazoga-
doebis ganaTlebuli fenisTvis Tu gasagebi da mSobliuri iqneba
arqauli ena da kultura, sazogadoebis gaunaTlebeli fenisTvis
is ucxo aRmoCndeba; mag., saliteraturo iaponuris an sinhalu-
ris armcodne glexisTvis Tu Tavisi mSobliuri dialeqti aRiqme-
ba dedaenad, igi misdauneburad emijneba sakuTar uZveles kultu-
ras; Sdr., agreTve: istoriulad afxazebic qmnidnen zogad qar-
Tul-afxazur samwignobro kulturas; meoce saukunemde afxazTa
ganaTlebulma nawilma kargad icoda, rom, sxva qarTvelTa darad,
didi qarTveluri kulturis memkvidre iyo. ruseTis imperiis mes-
veurTa mecadineobiT XX saukuneSi aqtiurad ganviTarda afxaz-
Ta jer kulturul-enobrivi separatizmi, Semdeg ki sabWoTa impe-
riis mier afxazTa ganaTlebuli nawilis - aristokratiisa da
- 68 -
 samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
inteligenciis - gaJletiT, am kuTxis mosaxleobam dakarga bune-
brivi kavSiri zogadqarTul kulturul warsulTan. dRes afxaz-
Ta nawili uars ambobs qarTvelebTan saerTo saxelmwifozec ki...
ase rom, ganaTlebis simwiris (erovnuli kulturisa da sa-
mwignobro enis verflobis) pirobebSi, adamianTa jgufma dedae-
nad SeiZleba CaTvalos mSobliuri kilo.
Cveni azriT, enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna arc am e.w. plebisci-
turi meTodiTaa SesaZlebeli da seriozulad arc aravin cdi-
lobs am kriteriumis gamoyenebas; Sdr., rogorc wesi, enobrivi
TviTmikuTvneba Sedegia erovnul-eTnikuri TviTmikuTvnebisa.
SeniSvna: qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dRes mkvidrdeba
ucxouri termini identoba (identity), arada, masze bevrad moxerxe-
bulia tradiciuli TviTobac da m.tabiZiseuli TviTaRqmac; ag-
reTve, rig SemTxvevebSi, identity-s warmatebiT Secvlis Cveneuli
TviTmikuTvnebac.
enisa da kilos gasamijn kriteriumebze msjelobis dasasruls,
kidev erTxel sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom Tu romelime specia-
listi kriteriumad aiRebs bgeraTSesatyvisobas, misTvis monaTe-
save enobriv erTeulTa ena-kiloebad kvalifikacia, bunebrivia,
sxvagvarad moxdeba (mag., germanuli enis bavariuli da meklenbur-
guli kiloebi sxvadasxva enebad CaiTvleba); Tu gagebinebas aiRebs
kriteriumad, bevri enobrivi erTeulis statusi gaxdeba gadasa-
sinji (mag., arabuli kiloebi: alJiruli da buxaruli, qarTvelu-
ri kiloebi: ingilouri da guruli sxvadasxva enebad misaCnevi ga-
xdeba) da a.S. bunebrivia, yvela mkvlevars aqvs ufleba, airCios
romelime kriteriumi, imsjelos, mis mixedviT gadaajgufos enebi
Tu kiloebi (ix., mag., gagebinebis mixedviT, T.gamyreliZe slavuri
enebis mxolod sam zonas gamoyofs; T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe.. 2003,
gv.616) da samsjelod gamoitanos…
Cveni mizani Tavidanve naTlad iyo gansazRvruli:
sasurvelia, dadgindes is zogadi logikuri sqema, romlis mi-
xedviTacaa enebad kvalificirebuli ukve arsebuli erTeulebi
da amis Semdeg moxdes sadavo statusis mqone kontinuumis - enob-
rivi erTeulis - saxeldeba enad Tu kilod.
- 69 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom arsebuli enebis statusi, rogorc
wesi, gansazRvrulia eTnokulturuli da politikur-reli-
giuri niSnis mixedviT.
enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna rTulia umwerlobo sametyvelo
erTeulis SemTxvevaSi. damwerlobis mqone kontinuumi, rogorc we-
si, enadaa kvalificirebuli (Sdr., erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove mol-
davuri ena, meore mxriv ki - italiuri kiloebi); Sesabamisad, pir-
vel rigSi, erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT naTlad unda ganvsazRvroT
umwerlobo ena da dialeqti.
dialeqti unda ganimartos, rogorc mocemuli eris/naciis sa-
erTo-saxalxo (oficialuri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis ter-
itoriis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an romelime socialuri fenis
zepiri (araoficialuri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens.
sxva sityvebiT:
konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis
mqone oficialuri, samwignobro (standartuli) enis dialeqtad
CaiTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas is-
toriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro
enis SeqmnaSi.
Sesabamisad, umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTni-
kuri erTobis mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac saku-
Tar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu
saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignob-
ro enas. umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokave-
bis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs.
msoflios xalxebisa da ena-kiloebis mimarTebebze dakvirveba
gviCvenebs, rom enobrivi variantebis ierarqia TavisTavad reg-
ulirdeba samwignobro enis istoriasTan mimarTebiT; kerZod, aq-
tualuria sqema:
eri _ misi samwignobro ena _ am eris
calkeul TemTa saSinao metyvelebani.
- 70 -
 qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
1.1.3.qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi
erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
msoflioSi cnobili bevri mecnieris mier qarTveluri ena-ki-
loebi Tanamedrove Crdilokavkasiuri da wina aziis Tu evropis
Zveli enebis (Sumeruli, xaTuri, urartuli... agreTve, etrusku-
li, pelazguri, baskuri...) monaTesaved ganixileba. Cveni azriT,
iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTo kontinuumis arsebobis periodi qro-
nologiurad SeiZleba daukavSirdes mtkvar-araqsis arqeologiu-
ri kulturis arsebobis periods, xolo iberiul-kavkasiurisgan
momdinare saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro da gavrcele-
bis areali _ did kolxur kulturas (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT).
saerToqarTvelur enas uSualod agrZelebs qarTvelTa samwig-
nobro ena, romlis dokumenturi nimuSebi uwyvetad arsebobs bo-
lo 16 saukunis ganmavlobaSi; misi fonematuri, morfologiur-
sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebi saerToqar-
Tveluri Teoriuli modelis struqturuli adekvatia. gansxvave-
biT bevri sxva samwignobro enisgan, qarTuli samwignobro ena ar
momdinareobs arc erTi cnobili dialeqtisgan. samwignobro enas
yvela zepiri qarTveluri metyveleba Tvisobrivad erTgvarad mie-
marTeba, ramdenadac yvela erTeuli saerToqarTveluridan mo-
mdinareobs da yvela met-naklebad Secvlilia; amosavali viTareba
metadaa daculi samwignobro enaSi, vidre kiloebSi; dialeqtebSi
cvlilebebi matulobs samwignobro enis velis Sesustebis pirda-
pirproporciulad.
SeniSvna: Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.20, 49: "Tanamedrove qristiano-
bis niadagze aRmocenebuli qarTuli mwerlobis ena qarTluria;
"strabonisa da pliniusis dros saqarTvelos "barad sxvebis garda sa-
mi umTavresi tomi unda yofiliyo: kaxni, qarTlelni, romelTa enac
Semdeg yvela qarTveli modgmis tomebis sazogado da samwerlobo
enad gadaiqca, da iberni, anu imerni/imerelni, romelnic megrul-la-
zur Stos ekuTvnodnen".
sagangebod aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTuli samwignobro enis
SeqmnaSi Tavidanve yvela qarTveluri modgma iRebda monawile-
obas (mag., pirveli qarTuli warwerebi ioane lazisa da petre ib-
- 71 -
qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
eris saxelTan dakavSirebul palestinis monasterSi dasturde-
ba); samwignobro-kulturuli mZlavri kerebi iyo egrisSi, lazeT-
Si, svaneTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, mesxeTSi, afxazeTSi, qarTl-kaxeTsa
da sxv., Sesabamisad, am qarTul kuTxeTa mosaxleobas aqvs istori-
ulad formirebuli erTiani samwignobro ena da Tav-Tavisi kilo-
ebi. aqve, dasamowmebelia, agreTve, arn.Ciqobavas daskvna: qarTuli
samwignobro ena Seiqmna zanuri da svanuri dialeqtebis monawi-
leobiT (arn. Ciqobava, 1948; sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi
megrul-Wanuri leqsikisaTvis ix. k.danelia, 1984; T.bolqvaZe,
2003...); Sdr., agreTve, n.maris mosazreba:
"qarTuli saliteraturo enis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi monawileo-
bas iRebdnen: qarTlelebi, imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, laz-Wanebi,
da sxvani… saRvTo werilis teqstSi Cven vpoulobT wminda Wanur
anu megrul, imerxeul da sxva tomTa sityvebs. am realuris kultu-
rul-istoriulis SexedulebiT, qarTuli saliteratoro ena imde-
naTve svanuria da megruli, imdenaTve gurulia da imeruli, ramdena-
Tac qarTluri. is aris RviZli samwerlo ena yvela saqarTvelos to-
misaTvis…" (n.mari, 1905, gv.9-10).
saerToqarTveluridan zanur-svanuri wris (e. w. SiSina ti-
pis) dialeqtebis Camoyalibebis dasawyisad vvaraudobT Zv. w. pir-
veli aTaswleulis dasasruls (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT); aqve aR-
saniSnavia, rom T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis adrindeli mo-
sazrebiT, amave periodSi emijneba erTmaneTs qarTuli da zanuri
(T.gamyreliZe da g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.14).
saukuneebis manZilze qarTveloba ara mxolod qmnida samwig-
nobro enas, aramed masSi, rogorc dedaenaSi, iwrToboda kidec;
Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa kulturul-erovnul da saxelmwifoe-
briv cnobierebas saukuneebis manZilze gansazRvravs erTiani da
tradiciuli werilobiTi kultura (rogorc, magaliTad,
berZenTa, CinelTa, arabTa da sxva Zvel xalxTa cnobierebas -
TavianTi tradiciuli werilobiTi kultura)...
dRes arsebuli qarTvelTa zepiri Tu saSinao metyvelebani
samwignobro enis (saerToqarTveluri modelis) meoreuli vari-
antebi arian rogorc fonematuri da morfologiur-sintaqsuri,
- 72 -
 qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
aseve, leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT; magaliTad,
qvemoT CamoTvlil qarTvelur dialeqtebs saerTo aqvT ZiriTadi
xmovnebi da maTi refleqsebi (mxolod zog ganapira kiloSi, ker-
Zod, sam svanur, erT zanur, ramdenime mesxur da fxour, agreTve,
herul kiloebSi dasturdeba sxva enaTa gavleniT warmoqmnili pa-
latalizebuli xmovnebi), TiTqmis identuria TanxmovanTa da so-
nantTa raodenoba da xasiaTi; svanuri dialeqtebis gamoklebiT,
erTgvarovania V-XXI saukuneebis samwignobro qarTulisa da yve-
la sxva dialeqtis saxelisa da zmnis paradigmebi (Sdr., T.uTur-
gaiZe, 1966, gv.12; k.gabunia, 2004, gv.170); garkveuli superstratu-
li gavlenebis miuxedavad, svanur kiloTa paradigmebic ZiriTa-
dad qarTvelur modelebs mihyveba (ix. mag., v.Tofuria, 1967; g.ma-
Wavariani, 2002, gv.78-79)...
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTveluri (zogadqarTuli)
samwignobro ena yvela qarTvelis istoriuli dedaenaa da, ramdena-
dac, adamians ar SeiZleba hqondes ori dedaena, qarTvelTa sxva sa-
Sinao metyvelebani CvenTvis dialeqtebad kvalificirdeba.
SeniSvna: Sdr., qarTveluri musikaluri dialeqtebis Sesaxeb n.mai-
suraZe (2002, gv.242) askvnis: svanuri da megruli musikaluri erTeu-
lebi "qarTul musikalur fuZe-enas mxolod musikaluri dialeqte-
bis doneze gamoeyofian".
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa imperiis gabato-
nebamde megrul-Wanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebs kiloebad
Tvlidnen qarTvelTa wina Taobebic da mecnierebic; mag., megruls
kilod, ena-kavad, damaxinjebul anu arastandartul qarTulad
(Sdr.: "mrudi qarTuli", "wamxdari qarTuli") e.i. samwignobro
qarTulis dialeqtad moixseniebdnen: saba, vaxuSti, ilia, akaki,
iakob gogebaSvili, petre Waraia, konstantine gamsaxurdia, besa-
rion niJaraZe, giorgi wereTeli, oTar gigineiSvili, zviad
gamsaxurdia da sxv; Sdr., k. danelia, 1984, gv. 68); ix., mag.:
konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1983, gv. 411: "Cemis azriT, unda
xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT.
unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-
svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSave-
lam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas, miuxedavad imisa,
rom akaki wereTeli enas uwunebda mas".
- 73 -
qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
besarion niJaraZe, 1904 (gazeTi "iveria"): "svanuri namdvi-
lad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq Secvlilia, magram zogierTebi ver
Sehrigebian am azrs da gaiZaxian, svanebi sul sxva xalxiao! netav
vicode, visTvis an risTvisaa saWiro is daJineba da svanebis ga-
sxvistomeba".
sabWoTa imperiis pirobebSi moRvawe mecnierTagan iSviaT
gamonakliss warmoadgenda akad. giorgi wereTeli, romelic me-
grul-lazur-svanurisTvis ufro Sesaferisad miiCnevda termin
qarTvelur dialeqtebs (nacvlad qarTveluri enebisa); cnobi-
li mecnieri oTar gigineiSvilic analogiur pozicias emxroboda,
kerZod, lazuri paramiTefes (1982, gv. 3) winasityvaobaSi is
wers: "lazuri zRaprebi dawerilia qarTuli enis lazur-me-
grul dialeqtze. es dialeqti Seqmnes saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma
qarTvelebma, romlebic antikur samyaroSi kolxebis saxeliTac
iyvnen cnobilni; amitom lazur-megrul dialeqts kolxur dia-
leqtsac uwodeben" (wigni Seadgina naTela quTeliam, leqsikoni
daurTes naTela quTeliam da sergi jiqiam; wignis redaqtoria
zurab Tandilava; n.quTelias cnobiT, am winasityvaobis avtoria
o.gigineiSvili).
SeniSvna: sabWoTa periodis enaTmecnierebaSi aqtiurad damkvidrda
termini qarTveluri enebi; adre gamoqveynebul gamokvlevebSi mas
Cvenc viyenebdiT. qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusisa da
zanur-svanuri dialeqturi teqstebis samwignobro enaze Targmanebis
(da ara - Targmnis!) principebis problema samsjelod warmovadgineT
1994 wels "quTaisur saubrebze" (quTaisSi gamarTul samecniero se-
minarze); 1997 wlis 4-11 aprilis "literaturul saqarTveloSi" da-
beWdil werilSi: "eTnosis, eTnonimisa da sxva terminTa Sesaxeb" qar-
Tveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusi germanuli enis kiloebTan
SepirispirebiT ganvixileT; kerZod, vwerdiT: "qarTul sinamdvileSi
bavarielebisa da saqsonelebis enobrivi mimarTebis xarisxiT SeiZle-
ba ganvixiloT zanebi da svanebi, xolo bavarielebisa da prusielebis
xarisxiT - qarTvelebi, wovaTuSebi, udebi, qistebi da sxva". 1999 wels
me-6 "quTaisur saubrebze" termin "qarTveluri enebis" paralelurad
Cven ukve viyenebT terminebs: "qarTveluri ena" da "qarTveluri saSi-
nao sametyvelo kodebi" (t.futkaraZe, 1999). samwignobro qarTulisa
- 74 -
 qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
(qarTveluri samwignobro enisa) da qarTveluri kiloebis (da ara
qarTveluri enebis) istoriuli mimarTebis amsaxveli axali sqema pir-
velad daibeWda "quTaisuri saubrebi - VII" masalebSi (ix. t.futkara-
Ze, 2000). enisa da kilos cnebebis gaanalizebis fonze qarTvelTa dia-
leqtebis axleburi klasifikacia gamoqveynda 2001 wels (t.futkara-
Ze, 2001). enaTmecnierTa da istorikosTa erTma nawilma gaiziara
Cven mier warmodgenili sqema, meore nawili ki polemikaSi CaerTo.
aq davimowmebT mxolod erT niSandobliv mosazrebas: "qarTul enas
enaTmecnierebi qarTvelur anu iberiul enaTa ojaxs miakuTvneben. am
ojaxSi Sedian qarTuli, megruli, svanuri, lazuri enebi, ufro zus-
tad, dialeqtebi" (T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003, gv. 29). sakiTxis istoriis
ufro sruli mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.gvancelaZis naSromi, romelic
wignis danarTSia warmodgenili. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom enaT-
mecnierTa erTi nawili (r.Serozia, a.lomTaZe, m.tabiZe, T.gvance-
laZe, e.dadiani, t.futkaraZe...) miviCnevT, rom qarTvelTa erTa-
derTi samwignobro enis qmnadobis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-
qarTvelos saxelmwifo enas unda ewodos qarTveluri (samwignob-
ro) ena, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa sxva enobriv erTeulebs - qarTve-
luri dialeqtebi.
Cveni azriT, samwignobro qarTulis gavlenis velis Sesabami-
sad, qarTvelTa Tanamedrove saSinao-sametyvelo erTeulebi unda
daiyos centralur, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli ter-
itoriis gareT arsebul dialeqtebad; Tavis mxriv, ganapira dia-
leqtebs eqvs qvejgufad warmovadgenT, kerZod:
centraluri kiloebi:
kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri, guruli.
ganapira kiloebi:
mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWaxluri, imerxeuli
(SavSuri), taouri, samcxuri, javaxuri (aqve Semova ordus
regionSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa metyveleba);
heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri;
fxouri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSauri, xevsuruli,
moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT wova-
TuSuri, romelSic STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili rogorc qar-
Tveluri, aseve vainaxuri enobrivi Sreebi; CvenTvis sainteresoa,
- 75 -
qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
rom d.meliqiSvili wovaTuSur metyvelebas qarTul Sereul dia-
leqtad miiCnevs (d.meliqiSvili, 2001, gv.16).
raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli;
svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqve-
mouri, balszemouri (Sdr., germanuli enis almenuri metyveleba
iyofa sam dialeqtad: Svaburi, qvemoalmenuri da zemoalmenuri;
v. Jirmunski, 1956, gv.39).
zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabu-
li, aTinuri; muhajir lazTa STamomavlebis metyvelebis nimuSebi
mcire gvaqvs, Sesabamisad, maTi dialeqtebis/kilokavebis
kvalificireba momavlis saqmed rCeba).
saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli
qarTvelTa kiloebi:
fereidnuli (Sua sparseTSi Sah-abasis mier gadasaxlebul
qarTvelTa metyveleba), "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-inego-
lSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da kaizeris midamoebSi
gadasaxlebul muhajirTa qarTuli) da yizlar-mozdokel qar-
TvelTa metyveleba.
qarTvelTa sametyvelo kodebis magaliTze istoriulad erTi
eTnokulturuli sistemis mqone xalxis - eris - ori enobrivi er-
Teulis Tanaarseboba e.w. diglosiad SeiZleba warmovadginoT,
sadac istoriuli samwignobro ena (standartuli ena) dedaenaa,
xolo saSinao metyveleba (mag., balszemouri kilo) - mSobliuri
dialeqti (Sdr., q. TuiTi, 1997, gv. 2-3).
SeniSvna: bolo dros isev gaaqtiurdnen adamianebi, romelTac surT
saqarTveloSic enobriv/eTnikur umciresobebad warmoadginon
lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi... (ix., mag., am mxriv v.foirStainis, j.hiu-
itis da sxvaTa "moRvaweoba"). saqarTveloSi am TvalsazrisiT aqtiu-
roben saqarTvelos garedan dafinansebuli politikuri Zalebi; mag.,
i.Jvanias, g.siWinavas, m.ZaZamiasa da sxvaTa dausabuTebel mosazrebebze
dayrdnobiT, (pro)rusi politikosi a.WaWia wers: "faqtia, rom wle-
bis ganmavlobaSi ena, romelzec qarTvelTa erTi mesamedi nawili la-
parakobs, uZvelesi ena, romlis leqsikuri maragi erT-erTi umdidre-
sia msoflioSi, qarTvelebis mier xan kiloTi, xan dialeqtiT, xan da-
maxinjebuli qarTuliT iwodeboda" (a. WaWia, 2002, gv.264)... aqve, a.Wa-
- 76 -
 qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi

Wia acxadebs, rom arsebobs megrelebis TviTmyofadi ena da kultura hqondes yovel enobriv erTeuls, xolo prosodiuli - idio-
(gazeT „galis" 2004 wlis 16-31 agvistos nomerSi analogiurad msje- leqtsac ki (warmodgenil cxrils ara aqvs srulyofilebis
lobs j.hiuitic)... am problematikas wignis meore nakveTSi SevexebiT; pretenzia).
aq mokled vityviT: specialistebs ar dasWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom
megrelTa da sxva qarTvelTa TviTmyofadi ena da kultura maTi winap-
rebis mier saukuneebis manZilze Seqmnili zogadqarTuli ena da kul-
turaa, xolo metad Zvirfas megrul kilos - udides ganZs da dauS-
retel mravalsaukunovan wyaros qarTveluri samwignobro enisas,
mofrTxileba da Seswavla sWirdeba (amJamad megruli masalis uwyve-
ti programuli Cawera-damuSaveba, ZiriTadad, quTaisis saxelmwifo
universitetis dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi
xdeba, rac sulac ar aris sakmarisi; qarTvelur kiloTa Seswavlisa da
SenarCunebisTvis specialuri saxelmwifo programa unda SemuSav-
des). sagangebod aRvniSnavT imasac, rom isak Jvaniasa da mis mimdevarTa
faruli miznebi Tavis droze amxiles didma sazogado moRvaweebma:
konstantine da zviad gamsaxurdiebma (ix., mag., z.gamsaxurdia, 1989).
vfiqrobT, svanTa, megrelTa, lazTa da qarTvelTa sxva calke-
uli jgufebis saSinao metyvelebis aRsaniSnavad aseve araadekva-
turi da aralogikuria samecniero literaturaSi gamoyenebuli
terminebi: erovnuli ena da eTnikuri ena, vinaidan warmodgeni-
li Sesityvebebi uSualod gulisxmoben damoukidebel eTnokul-
turul erTobas - ers: eTnikuri ena damoukidebeli eTnosis
enaa (eTnosi - Tavdapirveli teritoriis, enisa da kulturis er-
Tobis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli adamianTa istoriuli jgufi,
sazogadoeba); Sdr.:
eri (erovneba) _ Temi (eris regionaluri saxe) _ pirovneba
dedaena _ kilo (enis regionaluri saxeoba) _ idioleqti
sxvagvari mimarTebani myardeba aramonaTesave enobriv-eTniku-
ri sistemebis SereviT warmoqmnili pijinis, kreolisa da postkre-
oli kontinuumis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve, maSin, roca sazogadoeba
iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. SesaZlo mimarTebani
Semdegi sqemis saxiT SeiZleba gamoixatos (yoveli sqema garkveulwi-
lad pirobiTad asaxavs SesaZlo sinamdviles; Sdr.: t.futkaraZe,
2002, gv.73 da T.bolqvaZe, 2003, gv.7):
SeniSvna: qvemoT warmodgenil sqemaSi socialur dialeqtSi
moviazrebT: pijinsac, Jargonsac da argosac (pijini met Tavise-
burebebs avlens, amitom bolo grafaSi moTavsebuli meore
niSnebi mas miemarTeba). intonaciuri Taviseburebani SeiZleba

- 77 - - 78 -
 qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi

enobrivi erTeulebi
samwignobro umwerlobo ena dialeqti
formob- ena 1.2. qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli Zveli da axali sa-
riv-funqciuri postkre- adgil- socialu-
maxasiaTeblebi
istori-uli
oli
istori-uli kreo-li
obrivi ri xelebi
sakuTriv gansxvaveb. fo-no-
+ + + + + _ +
lingvisturi taqt. wesebi
maxasiaT- morfologiur-sin- 1.2.1. winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur)
+ + + + + _ +
eblebi taqs. Tavis. da qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi
leqsik. Tavis. + + + + + +
weril.normebi + + _ _ _ _ samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom uZvelesi
normatiuli
maxasiaTeb- zepiri normebi + + + + + _ droidanve (mag., Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan, zogis mixedviT ki - V
lebi bunebrivi me- aTaswleulidan!) arsebobda sami qarTveluri tomi sami gansxvave-
+ + + + + +_
tyveleba
buli eniT: qarTebi, zanebi (megrel-Wanebi) da svanebi; varaudo-
eTnosis, eris, na-
+ + + + _ _ ben, rom Semdgom periodSi qarTebisgan moxda sxva tomTa asimila-
eTnikur- ciis ena
sazogadoebri- cia-qarTizacia... gaCnda saocrad araadekvaturi frazac: qarTi -
Temis ena + + + + + _
vi maxasia- tomiylapia (n.berZeniSvili). arada, arc erTi wyaros mixedviT
Teblebi socialuri
+ + + + + + ar Cans qarTis tomis arsebobis kvalic ki; am fonze sruliad
fenis ena
eTnosis kul-turas- usafuZvloa e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis Teoria; miT umetes,
kulturul- Tan uwy-veti + _ + _ + _ ara mxolod Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi, aramed I aTaswleulis da-
istoriuli ma- kavSiri
xasiaTeblebi praenasTan uSu-
sasrulsac ki ocamde qarTveluri tomis arseboba dokumenturad
+ _ + _ + _ dasturdeba (Sdr., pontos qalaq amasiaSi dabadebuli strabonis
alo kavSiri
werilobiTi tra- cnobiT, dioskuriaSi Tavs iyris sul mcire 70 tomi, romlebic
+ _ _ _ _ _
dicia
Tav-TavianT enebze saubroben; T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv.123); ro-
pirveladi msof-
SemecnebiT- laRqm. ena + + + + + + gorc wesi, TiToeul toms sakuTari sacxovrisi da gansxvavebuli
Semoqmede- xalxuri Semoq- metyveleba (ena Tu kilo) hqonda, mag., qsenofonte sagangebod la-
biTi maxasia- medebis ena _ _ + + + _ parakobs adgilobriv tomebTan salaparako enebis (kiloebis) Se-
Teblebi profesionalu-ri
msoflaRqma + + _ _ _ _
saxeb; kerZod, makronebTan mimarTebiT is wers:
saero funq- saxelmwifo ena + + _ _ _ _ makronebTan urTierToba gaWirda; bedad, aTenSi tyvedmox-
ciuri maxasia- regionaluri mety- vedril molaSqres gaaxsenda bavSvobisdroindeli ena da qseno-
+ + + + + _
Teblebi veleba fontes Tarjimnoba gauwia (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.86); Sdr., qseno-
saSinao ena + + + + + +
sasuliero fun- wm. werilis ena + + _ _ _ _
fontem (435-355) mtkvris saTaveebidan ordumde teritoriaze na-
qciuri samRvdel. ena + + + + + _ xa: karduxebi, kolxebi, xaldebi, xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosinoike-
maxasiaTebl. bi, fasianebi, taoxebi...
mrevlis ena + + + + + +
Tu Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi 20-mde qarTveluri tomi arsebobs,

- 79 - - 79 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
rogor unda virwmunoT Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi mxolod im sami to-
mis arseboba, romlebic ar Canan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis
wyaroebSic ki, da romlebic dRes arseboben? aseT SemTxvevaSi da-
ismeba upasuxo kiTxva:
saidan, rogor gaCndnen da maleve sad gaqrnen danarCeni tome-
bi? an: e.w. qarTebi, zanebi da svanebi Tuki iyvnen 5000 wlis win (da
SemTxveviT ar aisaxnen wyaroebSi), ram ganapiroba mxolod am sami
tomis uprecedento unikaluroba - 5000 wlis manZilze arseboba
Tvisobrivi cvalebis ganucdelad maSin, roca aseT xangrZliv pe-
riods udidesma kulturebmac ki ver gauZles?
Cveni xedviT:
termini qarTveluri tomebi (aseve: Cerqezuli/afxazur-
adiRuri, vainaxuri, lekuri/daRestnuri...)SeuZlebelia gamo-
viyenoT Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis kavkasiis da mcire aziis sazoga-
doebrivi jgufebis aRsaniSnavad; rogorc Cans, am periodSi arse-
bobda winareqarTveluri, pirobiTad, iberiul-kavkasiuri mo-
saxleoba, romlis divergenciiTa da sxva xalxebTan met-nakle-
bi konvergenciiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi CamoiZerwnen - Crdilo-
kavkasiuri tomebic da maSindel kavkasiaSi dominanti saerTo-
qarTveluri eTnosic, romelmac Seqmna STambeWdavi "kolxuri
kultura" (t.futkaraZe, 1999, gv.11-13); Semdeg, mravalricxovani
omebisa Tu migraciis Sedegad, es xalxic daiqsaqsa 20-ze met qar-
Tvelur tomad. am tomTagan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevar-
Si isev Seikra qarTveli eri, aRdga qarTvelTa saxelmwifoc,
romelic Semdeg periodebSi drodadro calkeul TemTa kuTxur
samTavroebad iSleboda da isev erTiandeboda...
SeniSvna: aqve aRvniSnavT: kavkasia (teritoria Sav da kaspiis zRvebs
Soris) aerTebs dasavleT evropas, aRmosavleT evropas, mcire aziasa
da Sua azias; Sesabamisad, mas ver ganvixilavT verc oden evropis da
verc aziis nawilad; gaumarTlebelia, agreTve, kavkasiis moazreba ax-
lo aRmosavleTis cnebaSic. Tavisi evro-aziuri enobriv-
kulturuli da geografiul-klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis gamo,
kavkasia evraziis centralur/gardamaval, Sesabamisad, TavisTavad
regionad unda miviCnioT.
kidev erTi kiTxva:
- 80 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ramdenad logikuria 4000-5000 wlis winandeli da amJaminde-
li sazogadoebebis (maTi enebis Tu eTnonimebis) gaigiveba? mag.,
zogi mecnieri xaTebs afxazebTan akavSirebs, zogic - qarTveleb-
Tan... uZvelesi kulturebis werilobiT ZeglebSive dadastur-
ebuli zogi sxva eTnonimic specialistTa erTi nawilis mier qar-
TvelTa aRmniSvnelad miiCneva, meore nawils isini sxva iberiul-
kavkasiuri (araindoevropeli da arasemiti) xalxebis, mesames ki in-
doevropelebis aRmniSvnelad warmoudgenia da a.S.
winaswarve vityviT, rom Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulSi mcxovrebi
Sumerebis, subarelebis (xuritebis) da xaTebis, Zv.w. II aTas-
wleulSi mcxovrebi abeSlaelebisa Tu Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasa-
wyisis xubuSqielebis enis (/xalxis) gaigiveba Tanamedrove qar-
Tvelebis (CeCnebis, inguSebis, afxazebis, adiRelebis... qurTebis,
somxebis... miT umetes, Turqebis, arabebis...) romelime enobriv
erTeulTan, rbilad rom vTqvaT, gaWirdeba; 4000-5000-wliani in-
tervali Zalian didia amgvari identifikaciisaTvis; sakiTxze
msjelobisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia enaTa da eTnosTa isto-
riis tipologiac; kerZod:
Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli yvela eris (eTnosis) enam,
fsiqikurma wyobam, xasiaTma Tu kuTvnilma teritoriam bolo 10
saukuneSic ki seriozuli cvlileba ganicada; miT umetes, arsebi-
Tad Seicvleboda 40-60 saukunis manZilze; mag., Zv.w. IV-III aTas-
wleulebSi mcxovrebi didi tradiciebis damwerlobebis mqone
xalxebic ki (Sumerebi, egviptelebi...) gaqrnen istoriis asparezi-
dan da, warmoudgenelia, damwerlobis armqone, gacilebiT mcire-
ricxovan eTnikur jgufebs dRemde Tvisobrivad ucvlelad Semo-
enaxaT TavianTi ena/dialeqti, kultura (rogorc zemoT vnaxeT,
am mxriv, garkveulwilad, iSviaTi gamonaklisia qarTuli samwig-
nobro ena: qarTulis unikaluroba ki gansazRvra sruliad gansa-
kuTrebulma garemoebam: sul mcire, 15 saukunis manZilze qarTu-
li uwyvetad aris saeklesio, saxelmwifo da saliteraturo ena).
ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom Zv.w. VI-II aTaswleulebSi
qarTvelur-Crdilokavkasiur-winaaziuri modgmis bevri tomi ar-
- 81 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
sebobda, romelTa nawili saerTod daikarga, mezoblebTan airia,
nawili ki, xangrZlivi konvergenciis procesiT, met-naklebad "ai-
saxa" Tanamedrove iberiul-kavkasiur eTnosebSi; uZvelesi droi-
dan vidre "did kolxur kulturamde" arsebuli tomebi, pirobi-
Tad, saerTokavkasiur-axloaRmosavlur modgmad SeiZleba mi-
viCnioT, xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan ukve SegviZ-
lia vilaparakoT sakuTriv qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur
tomebze. am naSromSi miznad ar visaxavT qarTvelur-kavkasiur-
winaaziur tomTa istoriis kvlevas; mxolod gvsurs, cxadliv
vaCvenoT, rom Zv.w. III-I aTaswleulebSi aTobiT qarTveluri tomi
arsebobda (da ara mxolod sami!); Sesabamisad, qvemoT zogad
StrixebSi warmovadgenT qarTvelur Tu winareqarTvelur (ibe-
riul-kavkasiur-winaaziur) im eTnonimebs, romelTa didi nawili
qarTvelTa winaprebis aRmniSvneli Cans (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis
ix.: f.homeli, 1889; iv.javaxiSvili, 1908; a.svaniZe, 1937; s.yauxCiSvi-
li, 1964; T.yauxCiSvili, 1967; gr.giorgaZe, 2002; S.gabeskiria, 2003;
g.qavTaraZe, 2004 da sxv.):
xuritebi, miTanelebi, matienebi (miTani/miTanis mosaxle-
oba), urartuelebi - Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi xuris enaze mo-
laparake tomebi binadrobdnen mdinare evfratis Suawels zemoT
CrdiloeTiT gadaWimul olqebSi (Crdilo mesopotamiaSi); am qve-
yanas Sumerebi - subirs, aqadelebi da asurelebi subarTus eZax-
dnen (Sdr., subarTu - geografiuli cneba). Zv.w. XVI saukunidan
maT Seqmnes miTanis didi saxelmwifo. specialistTa daskvniT, xu-
ritebis/miTanis ena aglutinaciuri tipis da ergatiuli kon-
struqciisa iyo; mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT (arn.Ciqobava,
i.diakonovi, s.starostini, n.nozaZe), igi enaTesaveba iberiul-kav-
kasiur enebs:
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi (maT Soris
qarTulic - t.f.) enaTesaveba axlo aRmosavleTis Zveli kultur-
is mkvdar enebs: xeTurs, haruls/xurituls, mitani-enas, urar-
tuls, elamurs... qarTuli ena aris xeTur-iberiuli wris co-
cxali ena; arsebuli gansxvavebani meoreulia (arn. Ciqobava, 1950,
- 82 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
gv. 006). Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.19:
"xuris ena da masTan dakavSirebuli eTnikuri elementi meore
aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde metad farTo teritoriazea gavrce-
lebuli, Tumca am xalxis umTavres keras, politikuri da saxel-
mwifoebrivi cxovrebis centrs, am dros zemo mesopotamia da va-
nis tbis sanaxebi warmoadgenen; zemo mesopotamiaSia miTanis same-
fo, vanis tbis sanaxebSi ki - xuris samefo (adre, xuris nacvlad,
kiTxulobdnen xaris). "Tavisi fizikuri tipiTa da eniT xuri-mi-
tanis (Semdgomi urartus) mosaxleobasTan dRes mcxovreb xal-
xTagan yvelaze axlos qarTveluri, kavkasiuri modgmis xalxebi
dganan".
xuritebis gansaxlebis sazRvari ZiriTadad emTxveva mtkvar-
araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis arealis nawils (specialuri li-
teraturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: o.jafariZe, 1976; g.avaliSvili,
1994; gr.giorgaZe, 2002). miTani daemxo Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi. savara-
udoa, rom amis Semdeg gaZlierdnen daiani/daiaene, kolxa, urar-
tu da e.w. nairis sxva qveynebi. iTvleba, rom xuritulis uSualo
memkvidrea urartuli, romelic TvalsaCinodaa Secvlili, rac
sxva monaTesave Tu ucxo enebTan intensiuri interferenciiT aix-
sneba: Zvel msoflioSi tomTa dapyrobiTi omebi Serevis did per-
speqtivebs qmnidnen; Sdr., mag.: "eniT semiti asurelebi anTropo-
logiurad narev xalxs - semituri elementisa da xuritebis Sere-
vis produqts warmoadgenen" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv. 29).
logikuria mosazreba, rom xuritul-urartul enaze/enebze
(abruptivebisa da ergatiuli konstruqciis mqone enaze) molapa-
rake xalxis erTi nawili monawileobda qarTveli eris formire-
baSi, meore nawili asaxulia sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, mesame
nawili ki asimilirda mosuli indoevropeli armenebis mier (swo-
red urartuli an qarTveluris monaTesave sxva romelime enis
substratiT unda aixsnas somxurSi abruptivebis arseboba). Sdr.:
hekata~os miletelis (Zv.w. 549-472), herodotes (Zv.w. 484-425) da
sxvaTa cnobebiT, matienebi cxovrobdnen mcire aziis Crdilo-
aRmosavleTiT, mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT mosxebis, saspe~rebi-
sa da alarodielebis mezoblad (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.42, 144;
- 83 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
herodote, 1975, gv.61, 111, 332).
Sdr.: s.janaSias mtkicebiT, "qarTlis moqcevis" arian-qarTli
warmoadgens mogonebas hari-qveynis, rogorc qarTvelTa uZvele-
si sacxovrisis Sesaxeb. realurad, aq SesaZlebelia, igulisxmebo-
des rogorc mitani, ise urartuc - vanis tbis midamoebi, radgan
hari-qveyana Seicavda erTsac da meoresac" (s.janaSia, 1952, gv.70);
es mosazreba gaziarebulia Tanamedrove zog samecniero litera-
turaSic (ix., mag., k.z. gamsaxurdia, 1997, gv.66; e.TayaiSvilis da-
kvirvebiT, arian-qarTli aris hari-qveyana - xuritebis adgilsam-
yofeli).
SeniSvna: garkveuli albaTobiT, xurit- fuZeSi SesaZloa gamoi-
yos xur- Ziri, romelic har-/hal-/*xar-/*xal- variantebis saxiT
SeiZleba veZioT hal-is-, xal-ib-, xal-d-, qal-d-, qar-T- formeb-
Si, xolo xmovnis labializebuli variantiT - kol-/kul-x-
(<*qol-/*qul-<*xul-/hur-); sakiTxi sagangebo kvlevas moi-
Txovs; Tumca, am mimarTulebiT formobriv analizs Seaferxebs -
it- (-et-/eT?), -T- (/eT?), -d- (/-ed-?) da -ib- (-eb-?) segmentebis kva-
lifikaciis sirTule (ix., agreTve, qvemoT).
Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiisa da dRevandeli
iran-TurqeTis momijnave teritoriaze arsebobda im droisaTvis
erT-erTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo - urartu; Tavad urartuelebi
TavianT qveyanas biainilis uwodebdnen (Zveli aRmosavleTis
xalxTa istoria, 1971, gv.407), xolo TavianT Tavs - xaldebs (i.me-
SCaninovi, 1927, gv.3; Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.28-29: TviTsaxel-
wodebaa bia/bianili);
Sdr., urartuelTa RmerTi iyo xaldi.
asurul wyaroebSi urartus saxelad dadasturebulia uru-
atri; Sdr., agreTve: bibliuri ararati da berZnuli alarud.
sayuradReboa, rom movses xorenaci ar imowmebs am toponims
da irCevs aSkarad Zvel, armenielebis mosvlamdel saxelwodebas -
masis mTa. urartuli ena uaxlovdeba xurituls. miiCneven, rom
urartuelebi arian herodotes mier matienebisa da saspe~rebis
gverdiT moxseniebuli alarodielebi/alarodebi (herodote,
1976, gv.226), romlebic armenielTa mosvlamde cxovrobdnen sa-
- 84 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
mxreT amierkavkasiaSi - araratis sanaxebSi.
iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, alarodeb/urartuelebSic unda vigu-
lisxmoT qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960,
gv.437). misive azriT, ramdenadac qsenofonte am regionSi alaro-
debis nacvlad ukve armenielebs asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia, vimsje-
loT armenebis kavkasiaSi mosvlis SedarebiT zust TariRzec;
Sdr., armenebs ar axsenebs hekata~os mileteli.
qsenofontesave cnobiT, armenebs didi brZolebi aqvT xal-
debTan; rac metyvelebs imazec, rom urartuelTa mezoblad mo-
suli armenebis damxvduria urartuelTa moZme tomi - xaldebi;
yovel SemTxvevaSi, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos eTnonim xaldisa da
urartuelTa RmerTis saxelis - xaldis fonetikuri damTxveva;
Sdr., mkvlevarTa yvela Taobis mier xaldebi qarTvelur tomad
miiCneva.
SeniSvna: urartuelebi eomebodnen diaoxsac, kolxasac, magram arc
erTi maTganis saxeli ar uqceviaT zogadad mtris saxelad; g.meliqiS-
vilis cnobiT, maT mtris sinonimad aqcies mteri qveynis mosaxleobis
saxeli - lulu (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.21); savaraudoa, rom eTnonimi
lulu miemarTeboda mosul indoevropuli enis mqone tomebs.
xaTebi - Zv.w. XXIII saukunidan aTasi wlis manZilze centra-
lur anatoliaSi (kabadokiisa da pontos teritoriaze) arsebobda
Zlieri xaTis saxelmwifo (specialuri literaturis mimoxilvisa-
Tvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002).
Sumerulisa da xuritulis msgavsad, xaTuri ena iTvleba er-
gatiuli konstruqciisa da aglutinaciuri tipis enad; specia-
listTa varaudiT, igi enaTesaveba Tanamedrove qarTvelur da
afxazur-adiRur enebs (qr. girbali, i.dunaevskaia, v. ivanovi). lo-
gikuria, vifiqroT, rom xaTuri, rogorc oficialuri ena, Secva-
la mosuli indoevropuli eTnosis enam - xeTurma, magram xaTuri
tomebis ena-kiloebi darCa yoveldRiur gamoyenebaSi da garkveu-
li transformaciebiT Semogvenaxa qarTvelur da sxva iberiul-
kavkasiur enebSi siRrmiseuli dafenebis saxiT.
- 85 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
SeniSvna: qarTvelurisa da xuritulis msgavsad, qarTvelur-xaTuri
naTesauri mimarTebis kvlevas seriozuli perspeqtiva uCans (ix.: arn.
Ciqobava, 1948; arn.Ciqobava, 1950; S.gabeskiria, 2003; Sdr., gr.giorgaZe,
2002, gv.90)...
qasqebi/qaSqebi da abeSlaelebi - Zv.w. XVII-XIII saukuneebis
xeTur lursmul wyaroebSi, aseve, asurul, egviptur ugaritul
teqstebSi moxseniebulia xalxi, romelTa aRmniSvneli saxeli
iyo: qasqa, qaSqa, gaSga, kaSka, kaSqa, qaSka; kaSkaS (egvipt.), kaSkaia,
kaSka, kaSku (asur.); Ktkym (ugarit.)... isini cxovrobdnen xeTebis-
gan CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mogviano xanis ana-
toliaSi (pontoSi).
mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (g.meliqiSvili, i.dunaevskaia, i.dia-
konovi, a.kamenxuberi, v.arZinba, g.Cirikba) azriT, qasqebis ena
erT-erTi afxazur-adiRuri enaa (terminis fonetikuri variante-
bisa da literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2000, gv.9-
17). asuruli da xeTuri wyaroebis qaSqeb/qasqebis erT-erT saxe-
lad (sinonimad) miCneulia asurul lursmul teqstebSi moxseni-
ebuli abeSlaelebi. miuxedavad imisa, abeSla da qasqa sinonime-
bad gamocxaddeba, Tu monaTesave tomebad (msjelobisaTvis ix.:
g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.125; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.113-121), xazgasmiT
aRvniSnavT, rom SeuZlebelia 30-40 saukunis winandeli da Tana-
medrove enebis igiveobaze laparaki; Sdr., agreTve, mag., m.qurdia-
nis azriT, daaxloebiT 30 saukunis win arsebobdnen zanurenovani
xubuSqielebi; avtoris varaudiT, paralelurad iyvnen qarTu-
lenovani abaSebic, romelTa saxelic Semonaxulia toponim aba-
Sas saxiT (arada, swored dRevandeli Tu istoriuli abaSelebi
metyveleben erT-erT zanur dialeqtze - t.f.); misive varaudiT,
xubuSqielebi abaSidan erT-erTi samxedro eqspediciis dros ami-
erkavkasiidan gadasaxldnen vanis tbis midamoebSi; salmanasar III-
sTan damarcxebis Semdeg maTgan mxolod "qveynis saxeli da samefo
dinastia darCa" (m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.130-131)... m.qurdiani am da-
skvnebs akeTebs xubuSqias saTuo etimologiis mixedviT; kerZod,
- 86 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
misi azriT, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qarTuli) abaS- formisgan
warmoiqmna abeSal- da zanuri xubuSq- varianti; aq logikuri
Cans abaS- fuZis dakavSireba abaz- da abeSal- formebTan (ix. qve-
moT). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom specialistTa daskvniT, xubuSqias mo-
saxleoba ZiriTadad xuritulenovani iyo...
iv.javaxiSvilis, p.uSakovis da sxvaTa azriT, qaSqebi merminde-
li kolxebis winaprebi arian; gr.giorgaZis varaudiT, tomTa gaer-
Tianebani qasqebi da abeSlaelebi megrul-lazuri warmoSobisa-
ni SeiZleba iyvnen, ramdenadac, eTnonim muSqSic da sxva toponi-
mebSic xSiria sq/sg/Sq TanxmovanTkompleqsebi, romlebic zanur-
svanuri rigis kompleqsebia (gr.giorgaZe, 2000, gv.16; gr.giorgaZe,
2002, gv.121).
pirvel rigSi, savaraudoa, rom mosx-/muSq- fuZeSi gamoiyofa
-x- ( > q krebiTobis gamomxatavi sufiqsi. SesaZloa, qasq- fuZeSic
veZioT Sexorcebuli uZvelesi -x/-q morfema; Sesabamisad, s-q (S-q)
xom ar aris morfemaTa zRvari (Sdr.: qaSagi "tyve" saba; yabardo-
eli - m.andronikaSvili)?; meorec, sq/Sq kompleqsi ar ikrZaleba
arc saerToqarTveluris, arc samwignobro qarTulis da arc sxva
qarTveluri dialeqtebis fonematuri struqturiT; amdenad,
mxolod am kompleqsis mixedviT msjeloba gaWirdeba.
ufro logikuria, vTqvaT, rom xaTebisa da xuritebis mona-
Tesave qasqebi, abeSlaelebi, xubuSqielebi, urartuelebi...
winareqarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebia; am da
sxva tomebisgan Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi CamoiZerwnen qarTve-
lebic, Cerqezebic, vainaxebic da lekebic... sxvagvarad ver aix-
sneba is faqti, rom Zveli winaaziuri enebis kvali STambeWda-
via qarTvelurSic da sxva iberiul-kavkasiur (afxazur-adiR-
ur, vainaxur, daRestnur) enebSic; aseve, Zvel eTnonimebTan ma-
salobrivad axlos myofi terminebi dasturdeba rogorc qarTve-
luri, aseve Crdilokavkasiuri sazogadoebebis mimarTebiT (qaSa-
gi, abaza/ebze...).
muSqebi, muSqa/muSqi, mosxebi, mosoxi/meSexi, mosxikes
- 87 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
mcxovreblebi - samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli azris
Tanaxmad, Zv.w. XII-VII saukuneebis asurul lursmul wyaroebSi
moxseniebuli muSqebi, bibliuri mosoq-/mosox-meSex- saxelwo-
debebi (Sesaqme, X 2, 22-32), berZnul-romauli teqstebis mosoxe-
bi, Zv. w. IV saukuneSi arsebuli saxelmwifo mosxike (iv.javaxiSvi-
li, 1908, gv.22; iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18; n.xazaraZe, 1998, gv.177;
n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.273; Sdr., i.diakonovi, 1984) - mosxebis/mesxebis
qveyana, "qarTlis cxovrebis" arian qarTli da qarTvelTa erTi
jgufis aRmniSvneli Temonimi mesxi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
cnebebia; kerZod, isini miemarTeba qarTvelur modgmas, romlis
gansaxlebis (Tu moZraobis) ZiriTadi teritoriaa zemo evfr-
atispireTi (Zv.w. XII s.)-kabadokia-halisis Sua dinebis samxre-
Ti (Zv.w. VIII s.)-pontos teritoris nawili da, bolos, samxreT-
dasavleTi amierkavkasia.
Sdr.: "feodaluri xanis nomenklaturiT, mosxebis qveyana mo-
icavda: samcxes, javaxeTs, klarjeTs, aWaras, egriss, SavSeTs, kola-
artaans, amier da imier taos, basians, spers, anu mTel samxreT-da-
savleT saqarTvelos" (msjelobisa da vrceli samecniero litera-
turis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.36-70; gr.giorgaZe,
1985; gr.giorgaZe, 2002).
Zv.w. XII saukuneSi (1165 wels) zemo mesopotamiaSi gamoCenili
muSqebi e.kaveniakma istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT
olqebidan Camosulebad miiCnia (g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.22); n.xa-
zaraZis azriTac, "muSqebi, abeSlaelebis msgavsad, CrdiloeTi-
dan unda gavrcelebuliyvnen samxreTisaken xeTebis samefos dace-
mis Semdeg (n.xazaraZe, 2002, gv.124); mkvlevris varaudi efuZneba
imas, rom xeTur lursmul teqstebSi muSqebi saerTod ar arian
moxseniebuli.
Cveni azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom muSqTa winaprebad movi-
azroT xaTebisa da xuritebis monaTesave da maTi gansaxlebis
velSi mcxovrebi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgma; logikuri Cans
muSqebisa da qaSqebis monaTesaveobis daSvebac (qaSqi da muSqu
eTnonimebis mimarTebis Sesaxeb gr.giorgaZisa da e.fon Suleris
- 88 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
mosazrebebis analizi ix. n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.283); Sdr.: xeTebi qas-
qebTan debdnen sxvadasxva xasiaTis xelSekrulebas, qasqebi da xa-
Tebi ki monaTesave tomebad iTvlebian. ramdenadac, araindoevro-
peli xaTebis teritoriaze indoevropeli xeTebi mosulebi arian,
logikuria varaudi, rom xaTebis SesaZlo memkvidre qasqebsa da
xeTebs Soris daZabuli urTierToba iyo; Sesabamisad, sxvagvarad
dadgeba qarTvelur tomTa migraciis mimarTulebis sakiTxic.
SeniSvna: k.f.leman-haupti fiqrobda, rom qarTvelebi saqarTvelos
teritoriaze Camoyalibdnen Crdilo mesopotamiidan mosuli kardu-
xebis (istoriuli gorduenes - korduqis mkvidrebis) da mcire azii-
dan mosuli mesxebis Serwymis Sedegad (vimowmebT g.meliqiSvilis mi-
xedviT; g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv. 19-20).
berZnul wyaroebSi mosxebis tomi pirvelad naxsenebia Zv.w.
VI s. berZeni mwerlis - hekata~os miletelis mier; misi mowmobiT,
mosxebi kolxuri tomia (Cveni azriT, aq kolxuri qarTveluris
sinonimia - t.f.); isini cxovrobdnen matienebis (miTanis) mezob-
lad - mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT, anda mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmo-
savleTiT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43-44).
herodotes (Zv.w. V s.) mixedviT, mosxebi kolxebTan (aq ukve
kolxebi mxolod erT-erTi qarTveluri tomis saxelia - t.f.), sa-
speirebTan, xalibebTan (qalibebTan), makronebTan, tibarenebTan,
mosinoikebTan da marebTan erTad cxovrobdnen mcire aziis Crdi-
loeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT Tu samxreT sanapiroze sparseTis
mefe darios I (Zv.w. 524-485) dros (ix. herodote, 1976, gv.634; T.ya-
uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.47, 660).
strabonis (Zv.w. 64 - ax.w. 24) mixedviT, mosxebi cxovroben am-
Jamindel dasavleT saqarTveloSi - Savi zRvis sanapiroze kolxe-
bis gverdiT, henioxebisa da kerketebis samxreTiT (sakiTxis mimo-
xilvisaTvis ix., g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 82-86); strabonisve cnobiT,
adrindeli mosxuri qveynis (ivaraudeba Zv.w. IV saukuneSi arse-
buli mosxike? albaT, ufro Zveli muSqebis sacxovrisi - t.f.)
erTi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore - iberebs da mesame - armenie-
lebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.140-145).
- 89 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ioseb flaviusis azriT (37-95), mosoxenebi dafuZnebulni
arian mosoxis mier da "axla maT kabadokielebi ewodaT; kabadoki-
elTa es Zveli saxeli SemorCenilia maTi dedaqalaqis saxelad,
romelic aris mazaxa" (ioseb flaviusi, 1987, gv.103).
evstaTi antioqelTan (280-360) kabadokielTa winaprebad da-
saxelebulia mesxenebi, maT eTnarqad ki - osoxi (georgika, 1961,
gv.34). ori saukunis Semdeg ki prokopi kesarieli mesxTa (mesxoi)
sacxovrisad miiCnevs iberiis gaswvriv arsebul mTebs (georgika,
1965, gv.127).
stefane bizantielTan (IV-VII s.s.) dadasturebulia eTnonimi
mosxi; igi, mihyveba ra strabons, mosxebs asaxelebs kerketebis ze-
moT (e.i. samxreTiT - t.f.). XI saukunis moRvawe leon gramatikosi
ucvlelad imeorebs wina Taobebis mosazrebebs da iafetis Svilad
miCneul mesxosisgan momdinared miiCnevs mesxebs, romelTac ax-
la kabadokielebi ewodebaTo...(georgika, 1963, gv.3-4).
mosx-/mesex-/mesx- terminTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa Crdi-
lokavkasiur enaTa monacemebi:
p.uslarisa da a.diris cnobebiT, daRestnur enaTa samyaroSi
qarTvelebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben termins - mosoqi/museqi; igi
miemarTeba, agreTve, wovaTuSebsac (g.burWulaZe, b.SavxeliSvili,
1993, gv.325).
logikuria, davuSvaT, rom qarTlis mosaxleoba muSq-mesxebis
uSualo memkvidrea; toponim mcxeTisa da qoronim samcxis mimar-
Teba amis kidev erTi argumenti Cans: sa-mesx-e > *samsxe > samcxe;
mesx-eT-a > *msxeTa > mcxeTa (literaturis mimoxilvisa da gan-
sxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. g.bedoSvili, 1981).
Sdr.: i.zicaris azriT (i.zicari, 1998): mes-x- > vesk > bask-;
bask- fuZis amgvari etimologia damatebiT argumentebs moiTxovs.
varaudoben, rom mesx-, mosx- musx- fuZeebi qarTveluri di-
aleqturi variantebia; maTTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos *mas- Zi-
ri (Sdr.: masisi - maRali mTa istoriul mesxeTSi - parxalis
axlos; masis mTa - araratis Zveli saxeli), xolo -x- iyos xuri-
tul-urartul-kavkasiuri sufiqsi (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.
- 90 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
r.abaSia, 2001), romelic krebiToba-warmomavlobas gamoxatavs:
*mas-x-; fuZisaTvis Sdr.: mas-is-i, fas-is-i da bas-ian-i.
Cveni azriT, *mas-x- marTlac SeiZleba iyos amosavali forma,
magram warmodgenili formebi (mosx-/musx-) iseve ver miiCneva qar-
Tvelur dialeqtur (zanur-svanur-) variantebad, rogorc, mag.,
sxvadasxva Zvel enaSi dadasturebuli Targamosi/Togarma/Tor-
goma/Tegerama/Tilgarimu, ararati/urartu da sxva paralelu-
ri formebi; am rigis masala ise Zvelia, rom saTave (mizezi) wina-
reqarTvelur-kavkasiur periodsa da sxvadasxva msesxebeli enis
fonematur TaviseburebebSi unda veZioT (Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili,
1960, gv.401-402; g.Tofuria, 1970, gv.120; m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.189;
n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.285 da sxv.).
SeniSvna: mesxi/masxi eTnonims saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsa-
xelwodebad aRadgens m. qurdiani (m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.188); mesx-/mosx-
termini qarTvelTa erTi jgufis aRmniSvneli romaa, es ueWvelia, mag-
ram iyo Tu ara is saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxeli, saTana-
dod argumentirebuli ar aris; am mosazrebis kritikisaTvis ix.: gr.
giorgaZe, n.xazaraZe 2002, gv.191)...
sadavo ar unda iyos, rom mosxebi/mesxebi erT-erTi Zveli
qarTveluri tomis saxelia, romelic mezobel Tu aramezobel
xalxTagan istoriis erT monakveTSi ganzogadebuli iyo "yo-
velTa qarTvelTa" saxelad.
daianelebi, diauxelebi, taoxebi - Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis
asurul da urartul lursmul teqstebSi damowmebulia daiae-
nis qveyana; mkvlevrebi am saxelwodebas ukavSireben urartuli
lursmuli teqstebis diauxs, berZnuli wyaroebis taoxois, Zve-
li somxuri wyaroebis taiqs da istoriuli saqarTvelos erT ku-
Txes - taos (literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002);
varaudoben, rom es iyo Zlieri qarTveluri tomi (Sdr.: g.meli-
qiSvili, i.diakonovi da sxv. diaoxis mosaxleobas xuritulenov-
nad miiCneven), romlis mefe senze gamarjvebiTac sagangebod tr-
abaxobda asureTis mefe tiglaTfileser I (1115-1077).
- 91 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
daianelebi/taoxebi/taoelebi cxovrobdnen TorTumis, ev-
fratisa da mtkvris saTaveebSi; sarwmuno Cans, diaoxis dedaqala-
qi SaSilu (SaSilo/sasiro) mdebareobda cnobili TorTumis ci-
xis mimdebare teritoriaze - amJamindeli esendurakis adgilas
(g.qavTaraZe, 2005, gv. 13-18).
berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi taoxebi pirvelad gvxvdebian
qsenofontesTan (Zv. w. V_IV s.s.): taoxebi, romlebic cxovroben
mermindel olTisis olqSi, sparseTis mefes ar emorCilebian da
xalibebTan erTad sparseli satrapis - tiribaZis - moqiravneebi
arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.52). mogvianebiTac, mag., stefane bi-
zantielic (IV-VII s.s.) taoxebs Sida pontoSi mosaxle tomad
Tvlis; misi cnobiT, "zogierTebi maT taoelebsac eZaxian, ro-
gorc ambobs sofainete Tavis "anabazisSi" (georgika, 1936, gv.284).
Zveli berZnebis cnobiT, aia igive kolxeTia; ix., mag., hero-
dote: argonavtebi "micuravdnen a~aSi, kolxidaSi, sawmisisa-
Tvis"; "movida es kitisorosi a~a-kolxididan da gaaTavisuf-
la igi"... (herodote, 1975, gv.472-473); amave azrs imeorebs apolo-
nios rodoselic Tavis "argonavtikaSi". Sesabamisad, logikuria
T.miqelaZis azri, rom daiaeni SeiZleba iyos igive aia; Sdr., aia
da xaiasa (Semdgomi suxmis qveyana) gaigivebuli aqvs g.hiusings (sa-
kiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 161, 163; g.qavTaraZe,
2005). dentalur da velarul TanxmovanTa monacvleobis, agreTve,
maTi dakargvis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa sxva kavkasiur-aRmo-
savleTanatoliur toponimTa variantebic: xalibi/alibi, xaba-
reni/obareni, xarimati/arimati, qaRzevani/aRzevani, tapi-
ri/apiri, toreti/oreti, Tuni/uni (magaliTebi moiZia g.qavTa-
raZem; ix. 1985, gv. 53-58); Sdr., agreTve: aia, daia-en-i da xeTuri
wyaroebis xaia-sa (-sa da qarTv. -is-: Sind-is-i)... d > x, q > 0, x >
0, t > 0 procesebi Znelad dasaSvebia, Sesabamisad, gardamaval fo-
rmebad savaraudoa s/h fonemebis Semcveli fuZeebi, ramdenadac,
bunebrivia s > h > 0 procesi (winaenismieri yru Tanxmovnis h-d
qcevisaTvis Sdr.: saerToqarTv. w > svan. W > h); Sdr., mag., SesaZlo
transformaciebi: *daia > *taia > (*waia/*Waia, an *saia >) *haia,
- 92 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
romelsac SeeZlo moeca, erTi mxriv, aia (< *haia), meore mxriv -
*xaia (< *haia). aia SeiZleba gamoiyos aiet- fuZeSic: -et- sufiqsi
berZnulSi warmomavloba-kuTvnilebiTobis mawarmoebelia, Sesa-
bamisad, mefe aietis saxeli miRebulia aia-sgan: aia-eti > aieti;
Sdr. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.32: "argonavtebis uZveles versieb-
Si, qveyana, sadac argonavtebma ilaSqres, iyo aia; ufro gvian am
qveyanas kolxidad moixsenieben".
SeniSvna: diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.), romelic qsenofontes teq-
sts mihyveba, taoxebis nacvlad axsenebs xaebs: karduxebi, armenielebi,
xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, skotinebi, makronebi, kolxebi,
motvinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124); Sdr., heka-
ta~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472) mosxebsa da beqe~rebs Soris asaxelebs
xo~ebs; rizes maxloblad mcxovreb xo~ebs Cveulebriv taoxo~s Se-
ryvnil formad miiCneven, magram s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, maTi sacxov-
risi imdenadaa daSorebuli taoxebis sacxovriss, rom xo~ebisa da ta-
oxebis identifikacia gaWirdeba (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.44).
kolxebi - Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul
lursmul teqstebSi dadasturebulia kilxi da kulxa/kolxa ge-
ografiuli terminebi, romlebic gaigivebulia berZnul-romau-
li wyaroebis kolxoi da kolxis saxelwodebebTan; iv.javaxiSvi-
lis azriT, kolxebi asuruli wyaroebis kaskebi arian (iv.javaxiS-
vili, 1908, gv.30).
samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebulia n.maris azri, rom
kolxTa politikuri gaerTianeba Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasruls
da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (Zv.w. VII s. 20-ian wlebamde) iyo sa-
mxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, centriT Woroxis xeobaSi;
VII saukunidan misi centri gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi - ri-
onispireTSi (g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe, n.lomouri, m.inaZe; msje-
lobisaTvis ix., agreTve: o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.68-69).
Sdr., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.4: "argonavtebis oqros sawmi-
sisaTvis laSqrobis Sesaxeb berZnuli Tqmuleba mWidrodaa dakav-
Sirebuli Cvens qveyanasTan - Zvel kolxeTTan, romelic dRevan-
del dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyals moicavda..."(adreul gamo-
- 93 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
kvlevaSi o.lorTqifaniZes sakamaTod ar miaCnda g.meliqiSvilisa
da T.miqelaZis mtkicebulebani "argonavtikaSi" warmodgenili
qarTveluri saxelebis Woroxis xeobasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb; ix.,
o.lorTqifaniZe, 1966, gv. 21, I SeniSvna).
ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, berZnebi
kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen (ak.uruSa-
Ze, 1964, gv.6). urartuli warwerebica da Tanamedrove arqeolo-
giuri monacemebic cxadyofs am azris siswores (ix. qvemoT, II Ta-
vi); aSkaraa, rom Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dRevandel dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos ar moicavda; kolxeTis gacilebiT didi teritoria
(mtkvris zemo welisa da Woroxis xeobebi) dRes TurqeTis res-
publikis SemadgenlobaSia moqceuli; Sdr.: kolxa/aia/tao.
varaudoben, rom werilobiT ZeglebSi kolxida formis pir-
veli damowmeba gvaqvs Zv. w. XIV saukunis B-xazovan teqstebSi ko-
kida/kokide~o variantebis saxiT (l. gordeziani, 2004, gv. 226-
228). berZnul wyaroebSi termini "kolxida gaia" ueWvelad das-
turdeba Zv. w. VIII saukunis poetTan - evmile korinTelTan; sava-
raudoa, rom kolxidis paralelurad berZnebi iyenebdnen termin
aiasac (arsebuli mdidari literaturis mimoxilva ix.: m. inaZe,
1955; g. meliqiSvili, 1965; n. lomouri, 1962; S. asaTiani, 1993; m.
inaZe, 1993).
fsevdo-skilaqsis azriT, kolxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria
vrceldeba dioskuriidan mdinare afsarosamde e.i. soxumidan Wo-
roxamde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84)... fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebs
imeorebs skilaqs kariandeli (Zv.w. VI-V s.).
herodote amtkicebda, rom kolxebi egviptidan iyvnen wamosu-
li; misi azriT, samxreTis (mewamuli) zRvidan CrdiloeTis
(pontos) zRvamde cxovrobda oTxi tomi: sparselebi, midie-
lebi, sasperebi da kolxebi (herodote, 1975, gv.156, 262); aSkaraa,
rom aq kolxebic da sasperebic ufro tomTa gaerTianebebis aR-
mniSvnelia, vidre calkeuli tomebisa (kolxebis Sesaxeb ix. iv.ja-
vaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12). amas adasturebs qsenofontes mogzaurobis
dRiurebisa da fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebis Sedareba; kerZod:
- 94 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
fsevdo-skilaqsi trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi asa-
xelebs biZerebs, ekeqe~riebs, beqe~rebs, makrokefalebs da mosi-
no~kebs; amave periodSive qsenofonte trapezunt-kerasuntis re-
gionSi asaxelebs mxolod kolxTa toms (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97);
Sdr., apolonios rodoseli (III s.): "qedmaRal mefes ver uSvelian
kolxTa tomebi" (argonavtika, 1975, gv.113).
miTridate-pompeusis brZolebTan dakavSirebiT kolxebs ax-
senebs II saukunis moRvawe apiane (apiane, 1959, gv.198); savaraudoa,
rom kolxebad igi miiCnevs tomTa did gaerTianebas, romlebic Sa-
vi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen; Sdr., aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi am dros iberebi saxeldebian.
arianes mixedviT, trapezuntelebis mosazRvreni arian kolxe-
bi; amaT gverdiT arian sanebi (qsenofontes mixedviT, igive dri-
lebi), makronebi da henioxebi (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158).
dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ariane (II s.)
ukve lazebis saxeliT ixseniebs: "lazikas Camoudis mdinare, saxe-
lad reoni, sadac kolxebs Zvelad cixe augiaT"...(berZeni mwerle-
bi... 1983, gv.188). am periodidan erTmaneTs xSirad enacvleba ter-
minebi: kolxi da lazi; mag., V saukunis anonimi avtori wers: "di-
oskuriidan vidre afsaris wylamde winaT cxovrobda is xalxi,
romlebsac kolxebi ewodebodaT da mere gadaerqvaT lazebi" (ge-
orgika, 1965, gv.6)...
ipolite romaeli (III s.), amiane marceline (IV s.), epifane
kvipreli (314-403 ) da mravali sxva mogvianebiTac termin kolxebs
irCeven, sxvebi ki lazebs iyeneben (ix. qvemoT); mag., ioane lide
(VII s.) wers: "kolxikes amJamad lazikes eZaxian lazebis hegemono-
bis gamo" (georgika, 1970, gv.3; s.yauxCiSvilis komentari); agaTia
sqolastikosi (VI s.): "lazebs rom Zvelad kolxebi ewodebodaT
da swored isini arian, amaSi eWvi ar Seepareba aravis, Tuki is ga-
ecnoba fazisis, kavkasiisa da maT garSemo mdebare qveynebis mosax-
leobas... lazebi amayoben kolxTa Zveli saxeliT" (georgika, 1936,
gv.27, 50)...
Sdr., ioane cece (1110-1180 ): "kolxebi indoeli skviTebi ari-
- 95 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
an, maT lazebic ewodebaT da cxovroben abazgebis, winandeli masa-
geTebis maxloblad"; "kvitaia kolxeTis qalaqia, xolo kolxebi
lazuri tomia, cxovroben abazgebis maxloblad"; kolxebs azieli
skviTebic da levkosirebic hqviaT; isini cxovroben aziis mxareSi
mdinare fazisis irgvliv"... (georgika, 1967, gv.32, 36-37)...
Sdr.: II saukunis aleqsandrieli moRvawis - dinisios periege-
tis "dedamiwis aRwerilobis" mixedviT, kolxebi evropidan mo-
sulni arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.93); am cnobaSi SeiZleba asa-
xuli iyos evropidan pontos zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze ibe-
rielTa mosvlis legenda.
SeniSvna: hekata~osis "dedamiwis aRwera" cxadyofs, rom Zv.w. VI s.
berZenTaTvis cnobili iyvnen Semdegi tomebi: melanqla~nebi, koraqse-
bi, kolebi, mosxebi, xo~ebi, beqe~rebi, diZerebi, makronebi, marebi, mo-
sino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi. fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV) "perip-
lusSi" ki Savi zRvis sanapiroze md. donidan Tanamedrove TermeCai-
mde dasaxelebulia Semdegi tomebi: savromatebi, ma~otebi, sindebi,
kerketebi, toretebi, aqa~ebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melan-
qla~nebi, gelonebi, kolxebi, biZerebi, ekeqe~rebi, beqe~rebi, makroke-
falebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43,
81-82). T.yauxCiSvilis azriT, herodotesTan qarTvel tomebad misaC-
nevia: kolxebi, saspe~rebi, xalibebi, makronebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi,
mosino~kebi, marebi; maTi monaTesave tomebi arian: alarodielebi, ma-
tienebi. mosxebi da tibarenebi omSi erT meTaurs emorCilebodnen;
makronebi da mosino~kebi - meores; marebi da kolxebi - mesames, xolo,
alarodiebi da saspe~rebi - meoTxes (herodote, 1975, gv.27-28; ix. ag-
reTve, T.yauxCiSvili, 1955).
kolxa unda momdinareobdes Zveli qarTuli provinciis ko-
las saxelisgan (i.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12):
kola/kol-i - kol-x-i; qarTul wyaroebSi fuZe kola adri-
danve dasturdeba, xolo qoronimis meoreuli varianti kolxeTi
qarTulSi berZnulis analogiiT gvian iqmneba. Sdr., patriarq ni-
konis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli erT-erTi terminia
kolxekia (g. paiWaZe, 1993). p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolxisganaa na-
warmoebi qluxori (kolxori > kluxori > qluxori; Sdr., koda >
kod-or-i; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.143).
- 96 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua pe-
riodidan kerasuntis regionSi, halisisa (kizil-irmakis) da
Woroxis auzebSi, Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelosa da
mtkvris zemowelis mxareebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri politiku-
ri gaerTianeba, romlis Tavdapirveli berZnuli (?) saxeli Se-
iZleboda yofiliyo aia (Sdr.: aieti; Sdr., agreTve: daiaeni,
tao); Semdeg am saxels Caenacvla kolxa/kolxida.
Zv.w. XII-VIII saukuneebSi am gaerTianebaSi hegemonobda
kolxebis Zlieri tomi, romlis saxelis mixedviT aisaxa es sa-
xelmwifo mezobeli saxelmwifoebis dokumentebSi Tu berZeni
mwerlebisa da mogzaurobis mexsierebaSi; igi am periodSi ukve
moicavda Savi zRvis mTel aRmosavleT sanapiros aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos nawilis CaTvliT (Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954,
gv.412)... metic, rogorc zogi berZnuli wyaro, aseve, Tanamedrove
arqeologiuri gaTxrebi cxadyofen, rom e.w. "didi kolxuri kul-
tura" moicavda dRevandel qarTlsac da Crdilo kavkasiis did
nawilsac.
kolebi - kolebi pirvelad dasturdebian hekata~os mile-
telTan (Zv.w. 549-472); fsevdo-sqilaksis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mi-
xedviT, koraqsebi da kolebi daaxloebiT bzifis SesarTavis rai-
onSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83). axali wel-
TaRricxvis V saukunis anonimuri periplusis avtori kolebis
qveyanas - kolikes asaxelebs, erTi mxriv, henioxebis, koraqsebisa
da, meore mxriv, melanqlainebis, maqelonebis, kolxebis mezoblad
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.105); Sdr., stefane bizantieli: kolebi -
tomi kavkasionTan; kavkasionis qveda ferdebs ewodeba kolebis
mTebi, qveyanas ki kolike hqvia (georgika, 1936, gv.281).
logikuria davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos istoriuli provin-
cia kola, eTnonimi kol-x-i/kol-x-a da kolebi/kolike saerTo fu-
Zisgan warmomavali sityvebi iyos (Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138:
kolxi da kolaelebi sinonimebia); aseve, SesaZlebelia, vivarau-
doT, rom trapizonisa da biWvinTis regionebSi erTsa da imave
dros dafiqsirebuli kolxebi da kolebi monaTesave tomebi ari-
- 97 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
an. p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolasganaa nawarmoebi klarji: kol-ar-i >
kolarji (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138); mas axsnili ara aqvs j-s warmo-
mavloba, magram dakavSireba swori Cans:
SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom *kolar- da dialeqturi kolaj- (za-
nurSi bunebrivia r > j procesi sityvis bolos: xari > xoji, qmari >
qomonji...) formebis kontaminaciiT miviReT kolaraj- forma, ro-
melmac mogvca klarj- fuZe; aseve, araa gamoricxuli, -r fonetikur
CanarTad miviCnioT: kolar- > kolaj- > klaj- > klarj- (sakiTxi Se-
mdgom kvlevas iTxovs).
koraqsebi - Zv.w. VI saukuneSi moRvawe hekata~os miletelis
cnobiT, koraqsebi kolxuri tomia (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43).
skilaqs kariandeli (Zv. w. VI-V s.) koraqsebs asaxelebs henio-
xebis Semdeg (T. yauxCiSvili, 1967, gv. 47). koraqsebs axsenebs fsev-
do-sklaqsic (Zv. w. IV s.); misi azriT, koraqsebi cxovroben henio-
xebze samxreTiT da kolebze CrdiloeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapiroze. amaTze kidev ufro samxreTiT aris tomi kolxebisa da
mis teritoriazea dioskurisi. ase rom, am avtoris Tanaxmad, ko-
raqsebis tomi Tanamedrove soxumze ufro CrdiloeTiT aris nava-
raudevi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.10). koraqsebi da kolebi daax-
loebiT dRevandeli bzifis (klavdios ptolema~osis mixedviT,
mdinare koraqsis) SesarTavis raionSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yaux-
CiSvili, 1976, gv. 83; ix. agreTve n. lomouri, 1963, gv. 22).
Sdr., aristoteles (Zv. w. 384-322) "meteorologiaSi" vkiTxu-
lobT:
"kavkasionis qvemoT aris tba (kaspiis tba), romelsac adgi-
lobrivi mcxovreblebi zRvas uwodeben. radgan am tbas mravali
da didi mdinare erTvis da cxadi gamosavali ki ara aqvs, igi miwis
qveS miedineba koraqsebisken da gamodis pontos e.w. siRrmeebTan
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.36); aristotele ar sazRvravs maTs sa-
cxovriss da arc maT eTnikurobas, vinaidan, Cans, rom mis mkiTxvel
Tu msmenel sazogadoebas amisi sagangebo axsna ar sWirdeboda"
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.10). stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.) Tavis
"geografiul leqsikonSi", hekates "aziis" kvalad, koraqsebs miiC-
- 98 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
nevs kolxur tomad (Sdr., misTvis lazebi skviTuri tomia; geor-
gika, 1936, gv.280-281); amave avtoris mixedviT, "kerketebis zemoT
cxovroben mosxebi da qarimatebi, xolo qvemoT henioxebi da ko-
raqsebi..." (georgika, 1936, gv.289).
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, koraqs- fuZe daiSleba kor- Zirad da
-qs- sufiqsad, sadac, -qs- igive "sakveci" -x- aris, rac gvaqvs kol-x-
formaSi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.411).
logikuria kol-, kor- fuZeebis, aseve, kolxebis, kolaele-
bis, koraqsebis, gviandeli klarjebis saerTo warmomavlobis sa-
kiTxis dasma; xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom ukve hekata~osis dros
koraqsebi, kolebi da kolxebi monaTesave, magram sxvadasxva to-
mebi arian; Sdr.: sxva SemTxvevebSic monaTesave qarTvelur tomebs
erTi fuZidan nawarmoebi msgavsi saxelebi aqvT (ix.: sani, zani, Wa-
ni... xalibi, qaldi, xaldi, karduxi...).
karduxebi - qsenofontes cnobiT, es meomari da ubatono to-
mi ebrZvis rogorc berZnebs, aseve sparselebsa da armenebs; maTi
sacxovrisi am dros miuval mTebSia: "molaSqreebma tyveebisgan ga-
iges, rom Tu isini SeZleben karduxebis mTebis gadalaxvas da mdi-
nare tigrosis saTaveebze gadasvlas, mivlen armeniaSi" (qseno-
fonte, 1976, gv. 63-66, 74-75).
karduxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriis sazRvrebia: Crdiloe-
TiT - Tanamedrove botan-Cai, dasavleTiT - tigrosi, samxreTiT -
Tanamedrove qurTistanis mTianeTis dasavleTi nawili.
berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi karduxebis saxelis variantebia:
gordueno~ da Cordueni (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 52). tomi kar-
duenebi amave teritoriaze dasturdeba mogvianebiTac; ix., mag.,
petre patrikiosi (VI s.): romaelebsa da sparselebs Soris mola-
parakebis erT-erTi sadavo sagani iyo qveyana karduene (mas romae-
lebi iTxovdnen), romelic tigrosis saTaveebTan mdebareobda
(georgika, 1936, gv.193)...
kardu/kardu-x- fuZesTan akavSirebda qarTu(-el-) fuZes iv.
javaxiSvili (1960, gv.411-412); kardu- formas xald- fuZisgan mo-
- 99 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
mdinared Tvlis a.svaniZe (a.svanaZe, 1937, gv.14); Sdr., ufro adre,
qarTu-el- formas qald-e (qaldea) saxelTan akavSirebda ilia
WavWavaZe: "Zalian WkuasTan axloa da advilad safiqrebeli, rom
lursmul warwerebSi moxseniebuli "qaldi", "qaldisi" igive
"qarTlisi" iyos..." (i. WavWavaZe, 1941, gv.376).
qsenofontes mier dadasturebuli karduxebi mecnierTa erTi
jgufis mier qurTTa winaprebad miiCneva; amgvar dakavSirebas sxvebi
usafuZvlod Tvlian da karduxebs qarTvelTa winaprebad miiCne-
ven (msjelobisaTvis ix. a.svanaZe, 1937, gv.14; S.gabeskiria, 2003). vfiq-
robT, ufro logikuria, indoevropel tomebTan mebrZoli kar-
duxebi da maTi mezobeli xaldebi monaTesave tomebad ganvixi-
loT: Zvel berZnul wyaroebSive xaldebi qarTvelur tomad iT-
vleba (ix. qvemoT), xolo Zvel somxurSi kordu-k qarTvelTa aRmniS-
vneli eTnonimia (ix. S.gabeskiria, 2003). problema Semdgom kvlevas
iTxovs.
Tabalebi, Tobelebi - Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebis asuruli wya-
roebis Tabalis qveyanas (Ta-ba-lu) mkvlevarTa umravlesoba an-
tikuri xanis did kabadokiaSi aTavsebs; mag., b.landsbergeris va-
raudiT, Tabali mdebareobda Zveli mazakas, dRevandeli kaiseris
raionSi - samxreT-dasavleT kabadokiaSi; miCneulia, rom Tabale-
bis saxeli asaxulia bibliuri eTnarqis - Tubal-/Tobelis sa-
xelSi (Sesaqme, IV,22; X,2; XI, 28).
istoriul wyaroebsa da samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs
mtkicebulebani, rom Tubal/Tobalis Camomavalni arian tibare-
nebi, tibarebi, iberebi anu qarTvelebi (ioseb flaviusi, vivian de
sen marteni, n.mari, i.javaxiSvili, p.ingoroyva... msjelobisaTvis
ix.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.22-23; s.janaSia, 1959).
Tabalebsa da tibarenebs sxvadasxva xalxebad miiCnevs n.xaza-
raZe (Sdr.: Tabali - gviandeli xeTuri politikuri gaerTianeba
mcire aziaSi); misi azriT, asuruli Tabal-, Zvelebrauli Tu-
bal- da Zvel berZnulad naTargmn bibliaSi damowmebuli Tobel-
SeuZlebelia qarTveluri dialeqturi (Sesabamisad, qarTul-sva-
- 100 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
nur-megruli) variantebi iyon, vinaidan identur saxelTa msgavsi
variantuloba xSiria asurul, xeTur, ieroglifur-luviur,
Zvel ebraul da Zvel berZnul enebSi; mag., Sdr.: asuruli gamir-,
muSqu da ZvelberZnuli gomer-, meSeh-; xeTuri kummani da asuru-
li kammanu; xeTuri Tegerma da ZvelberZnuli Togorma...
n.xazaraZis logikuri daskvniT, "TabalisaTvis navaraudevi
teritoria ZvelTaganve xeTur-luviuri tomebis gavrcelebis
arealSi Sedioda" (n.xazaraZe, 1978, gv.64, 82; n.xazaraZe, 2001; aqve
ix. sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria). sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom
Tu bibliuri meSehi da Tobeli sxvadasxva xalxebis winaprebad
ivaraudebian: bibliis ganmmartebelni Tobelis STamomavalT ibe-
rebTan aigiveben, im iberebTan, romlebic, amave dros, mkvlevarTa
azriT, tibarenebis Camomavlebi arian. sainteresoa isic, rom qa-
laqi mazaxa/mazaka, romelic muSqTa/mosxTa dedaqalaqad moiaz-
reba, masalobrivad aSkarad uaxlovdeba *masx-/masax-/mesx- fuZes;
n.xazaraZis daskvniT ki, swored am qalaqis siaxloves cxovrob-
dnen Tobalebic.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroe-
bis Tobelebi/Teobelebi da qarTuli Targanebis Tovilebi sa-
xeldebian mxolod bibliur konteqstSi; kerZod: ioseb flaviusi
(I s.): "... Tobelma daafuZna Tobelebi, romlebsac axla iberebi
ewodebaT" (georgika, 1961, gv.34; Sdr., XII saukunis qarTuli Tar-
gmani: "daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilissa TovilTasa, romelni aw ivi-
rad iwodebian"); evstaTi antioqeli (280-360 ): obelisgan warmo-
iSven Teobelebi, dRes rom iberebi ewodebaT (georgika, 1961,
gv.34); leon gramatikosi (XI): "... Tobelisgan - Tobelebi, axlan-
deli iberebi, mesoxisgan - mesxenebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi"
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1983, gv.49)... Sdr., giorgi singelozi (VIII-IX):
Tobelisagan warmodgnen Tetalielebi, xolo mosoxisgan - iliri-
elebi (georgika, 1941, 61-62)... Cveni azriT, kvlevis am etapze upa-
suxoa kiTxva: Tabalebi indoevropuli tomia Tu qarTvelur-kav-
kasiuri?
- 101 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
tibarenebi/tibareni - hekata~os miletelis (Zv.w. 549-472) mi-
xedviT, tibarebi cxovrobdnen Tanamedrove ordus midamoebSi
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1978, gv.44). herodotes (Zv.w. 484 -425 ) cnobiT, me-
fe dariosisgan (524-485) "mosxebs, tibarenebs, makronebs, mosi-
no~kebsa da marebs Sewerili hqondaT 300 talanti" (herodote,
1975, gv.226).
qsenofontem (Zv.w. IV s.) tibarenebi naxa mosinoikebs damorCi-
lebuli xaldebis mezoblad, Savi zRvis sanapiroze; misi rwmune-
biTac tibarenebis qveyanaSi iyo elinTa axalSeni kotiora/ordu
(T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.106-107). fsevdo-skilaqsi tibarenebs mosini-
kebis mezoblad asaxelebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 84-85).
apoloniosi (Zv.w. 295-215) tibarenTa qveyanas aTavsebs xalibe-
bis (/xaldebis) CrdiloeTiT (a.rodoseli, 1975, gv.107).
strabonis mixedviT, tibarenebi trapezuntisa da farnakiis
zemoT cxovroben, xald-xalibebsa da sanebTan erTad (aqvea mosxu-
ri mTebi, romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdebareoben (T.yauxCiSvili,
1976, gv. 146).
diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.) tibarenebs asaxelebs mosvino-
ikebis Semdeg: karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi - T.yaux-
CiSvili), fasianebi, xaldebi, skitinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mo-
svinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124).
macxovris wyalobiT velurobidan gamosul tomTa Soris
asaxeleben tibarenebs evsevi kesarieli (260-340 ) da Teodorite
kvireli (393-457 ).
Savi zRvis sanapiroebis aRweris dros amiane marceline
(IV s.) wers: mdinare halisis auzSi cxovroben: xalibebi (strabo-
nis azriT, igive qaldeebi, romlebmac pirvelad moipoves da daa-
muSaves rkina), bizerebi, sapirebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi, makro-
nebi... "romlebic CvenTvis sruliad ucnobni arian" (georgika,
1961, gv.110-111). stefane bizantielis mixedviT, qveyana tibarenia
aris pontoSi, xalibebisa da mosinikebis mezoblad (georgika,
1936, gv.285)...
berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi arsadaa miTiTebuli, rom tiba-
- 102 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
renebi da iberebi erTi da igive xalxia; i. javaxiSvilisa da s. jana-
Sias kvlevebis Semdeg tibarebisa da iberebis igiveoba qarTul
samecniero literaturaSi sayovelTaod miRebulia; Cven SesaZ-
leblad migvaCnia tiber-en-/tibar- da iber- fuZeebis saerTo
warmomavlobis daSvebac (tiber-/hiber-/iber-?) da am tomTa naTes-
aobac (da ara igiveoba): aSkaraa, rom tibarenebic da iberebic
qarTvelur tomTa gansaxlebis velSi cxovroben da isini qarTve-
lur tomebad unda miviCnioT.
saspe~rebi, svispiritebi, iberebi (iberia/kavkasiis ibe-
ria) - herodotes mixedviT, saspe~rebi cxovrobdnen kolxidasa
da midias Soris:
"kolxididan midiaSi gadasasvleli didi araa, mxolod erTi
tomia am qveynebs Soris, esaa saspeirebis tomi" (herodote, 1975,
gv.76). ramdenadac herodotesTan saerTod araa naxsenebi iberebi,
specialistebi varaudoben, rom saspe~rebi igive hiberebi/ibere-
bi arian (i.javaxiSvili, s.janaSia...). herodotesTanve saspeirebi,
matienebi (miTanelebi) da alarodielebi (urartuelebi) gver-
digverd moixsenieba; Sdr., tomTa meore jgufi: mosxebi, tibarene-
bi, makronebi, mosino~kebi da marebi (ix. iqve, gv.227)... es cnobebi
xels SeuSlis hiberebis, tibarenebisa da saspeirebis identifika-
cias; tibarenebi da saspeirebi aSkarad sxvadasxva qarTveluri
tomia, xolo saspe~rebisa da iberebis igiveobis daSveba SesaZ-
lebelia; ix., mag., s.janaSia:
saspe~rebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria romaul xanaSi sispi-
ritad iwodeboda; igi moicavda iberia-qarTlis samefos teri-
toriasac; mxolod, misi politikuri centri mcxeTa-armazis rai-
onis samxreTiT aris saZiebeli. saspe~r-iberebi cxovrobdnen
araqsis xeobaSi, Woroxis xeobis zemoTa nawilSic da evfratis sa-
TaveebSic (s. janaSia, 1952, gv.21, 101; msjeloba ix., agreTve, qvemoT).
Sdr., qsenofontes mier dasaxelebul hesperitebsa da stra-
bonis svispiritebs saspeirebTan akavSirebda p.ingoroyva (p.ingo-
royva, 1957, gv.506-507; ix., agreTve, T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.145-146;
- 103 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.133-134).
g.meliqiSvilis azriT, saspe~rebi igive taoxebi arian (g.me-
liqiSvili, 1959, gv.268), T.miqelaZisa da v.liCelis azriT ki, da-
savlur-qarTuli, kerZod, megrul-Wanuri enis mqone eTnikuri
jgufia (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.129; v.liCeli, 2001, gv.23); aqve aRvniS-
navT, rom v.liCelis azriT, saspe~ritebs unda SeeqmnaT "proto-
qarTuli aso-niSnebi", romlebic Zv.w. IV saukuneSi Sevida
kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (iqve, gv.19-25).
istoriuli dokumentebidan aSkarad Cans, rom saspe~re-
bi/svispiritebi karduxebisa da taoxebis mezoblad cxovroben;
Sdr., qsenofontes cnobiT, hesperitebi/esperitebi fasianTa me-
zoblebi arian da orives erTi mmarTveli - tibarizi hyavT (T. mi-
qelaZe, 1955, gv. 24-27); hesperitebi berZnuli Hespera-s mixedviT
warmoqmnili warmomavlobis saxeli Cans da dasavleT armeniis
mosaxleobas aRniSnavs (g. qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 132).
vfiqrobT, istoriuli toponimebic (tao da speri/ispiri)
cxadyofen taoxebisa da sperebis cal-calke arsebobas; SeuZ-
lebelia sperebis metyvelebis gamocxadeba lazur-megrulad,
ramdenadac, pirvel rigSi, dasasabuTebelia, saerTod iyo Tu
ara am dros megrul-Wanuri; meorec, Tuki kolxuri tomebi
mxolod megrul-Wanurad molaparake mosaxleobis winaprebia
da herodotes mier dasaxelebuli meore didi xalxic - saspei-
rebic megrul-Wanurad metyveleben, kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi
sxva qarTveluri tomebis adgili saerTod aRar gvrCeba (hero-
dote: zRvidan zRvamde cxovroben: sparselebi, midielebi, sa-
spe~rebi, kolxebi)...
saspeirebis gviandel saxelad, savaraudoa, ganzogadda
termini iberebi, romelic adre erTi patara tomis saxeli un-
da yofiliyo.
Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis istorikos megasTenes "indikas" mixed-
viT, nabuqodonosor II (Zv.w. 605-562) iberebi pirineidan ayara da
pontos marjvniv daasaxla; savaraudoa, am SemTxvevaSic "iberebSi"
kolxebic igulisxmebian. strabonis cnobiT (XI,2,18), iberebi
- 104 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
cxovroben kavkasionidan vidre armeniamde da kolxidamde (ibere-
bis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT); iberiaSi aris patara qalaqi friqsipolo-
si, gviandeli idesa anu oZrxe.
sayuradReboa termin iberias sparsuli variantebi:
Zv.w. III saukuneSi Zvel sparsulad (parTulad) saqarTvelo
(iveria) ixsenieba rogorc virSan/virCan, xolo saSual sparsul-
Si - v.ruCKn; Sdr., Sapur I samenovan warweraSi sparsulis parale-
lur berZnul teqstSi gvaqvs - iberias (g.wereTeli, 1993, gv.98).
strabonis azriT, iberebis monaTesaveni arian aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidri sarmatebi da skviTebi (T.yauxCiS-
vili, 1976, gv.145-149); Sdr., amave periodSi berZnebi werdnen, rom
mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili aqvs iberebs.
strabonis (da miTridates istorikosebis) Semdeg ucxouri
wyaroebi dRevandel aRmosavleT da istoriul samxreT-aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos, ZiriTadad, iberiis/iveriis saxeliT (an misi
fonetikuri variantebiT) moixsenieben; amave periodidan dasav-
leTi da istoriul samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo lazikad
iwodeba. istoriuli, Tundac farnavazisdroindeli qarTlis
amgvari danawevrebis safuZvelia sparseTisa da romis mier sa-
qarTvelos ganawileba da ara sakuTriv qarTuli realoba.
Cveni azriT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan terminebi: iberia/ibe-
rebi da lazika/lazebi bizantiur wyaroebSi politikuri viTa-
rebis amsaxveli iyo da ara eTnikuri sinamdvilisa; Sdr.:
ioseb flaviusisTvis bibliuri Tobelis (Tovilis) kuTvni-
li teritoria aris iberia/iviri; klavdios ptolemaiosi (100-178
) ki iberiis sazRvrebs ase warmoadgens:
CrdiloeTiT sarmartia, dasavleTiT - kolxida (suramis qe-
di), samxreTiT - didi armenia, aRmosavleTiT - albania (T.yauxCiS-
vili, 1976, gv.149).
apianes (90-170) cnobiT, iberebma 70 000 kaci daaxvedres pompe-
uss mtkvarTan (apiane, 1959, gv.199). dionisios periegetis (II s.)
"msoflios aRwerilobaSi" Tanamedrove Woroxis Crdilo-aRmo-
savleTiT kaspiisa da Sav zRvebs Soris arsebul yelSi cxovroben
- 105 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
aRmosavleTis iberebi; Sdr., misi rwmeniT, henioxebi da Zigiebi pe-
lazgebis Camomavlebi arian, xolo kolxebi - egviptelebis (T.ya-
uxCiSvili, 1967, gv.149-151). Sdr., sokrate sqolastikosi (380-440):
"es iberebi cxovroben evqsinis pontosTan; eseni gamosulebi ari-
an ispaniis iberTagan" (georgika, 1961, gv.229-230); Sdr., agreTve,
stefane bizantieli: "iberia oria, erTi herakles svetebTan, mdi-
nare iberisagan atarebs saxels; mas ixseniebs apolodore... meore
iberia sparselebis gverdiTaa. eTnikuria iberebi, rogorc piere-
bi, bizerebi" (georgika, 1936, gv.278-279).
ipolite romaeli (III s.) iberebs aTavsebs kabadokielTa gada-
Rma, marjvena mxares:
"marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberebi da berane-
bi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi, skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi"
(georgika, 1961, gv.19). Sdr., gelasi kesarieli (IV s.): "imave xaneb-
Si RmerTis cneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze
mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma, romelTac RmerTi ar swamdaT"
(georgika, 1961, gv.186). iberiis amgvar mdebareobas adasturebs
epifane kvipreli (314-403 ), Temistiosi (317-338 ), evsevi kesarieli
(260-340 ), armenieli agaTangelosi (IV s.), amiane marceline (IV s.),
eremia sozomene (V s.), rufinusi (V s.), Teodorite kvireli (393-
458 ), menandre protiqtori (VI ), giorgi amartoli (IX s.).
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa nikifore qsanTopulosis (XIII-
XIV s.) cnoba, romelic iberiad miiCnevs dasavleT saqarTvelos
nawilsac:
"im mxareSi, sadac aris didi sebastopolisi, afsaris cixe, pi-
sis navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, mosaxleoben iberielebi, suse-
bi, fustelebi da alanebi"; Sdr., agreTve: "xolo igi andria wamo-
vida amisodan da movida trapezuntSi, lazikas qalaqSi... iqidan
wamovida da SeCerda iberiaSi; mas Semdeg, rac man zRvis piras
mcxovrebni mravalni gananaTla, is Cavida ierusalimSi" (georgika,
1967, gv.113-114); aqvea s.yauxCiSvilis Semdegi komentari:
"amrigad, dadgenilad unda CaiTvalos, rom uaRresad Semcda-
ria dRemde moqmedi Teoria dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnikuri Se-
madgenlobis Sesaxeb: dasavleT saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo ara
- 106 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
marto megrul-Wanuri tomebiT, aramed iberebiTac (gv.117). Sdr.,
agreTve, laonike xalkokondile (XV s.): iberia gadaWimulia eg-
reTwodebul baTumidan da mdinare fazisidan vidre axalcixe-
mde; istorikosis azriT, iberiaSi Sedis samegreloc, guriac...
(georgika, 1970, gv.91).
sayuradReboa kidev ori cnobac: strabonTan damowmebuli
gadmocemiT (straboni, 1964, gv. 473: XI, II, 19; T.yauxCiSvili, 1957,
gv. 126; Sdr., miuSenkos Targmani: straboni, 1879, gv. 507), oqros
sawmisi aRmosavleTis iberTa qveyanaSi, kerZod, svanTa
mxareSia; xolo dedis mxridan abazguri (megrul-Wanuri? - t.f.)
warmomavlobis iovane ceces azriT, iberebis tomisani arian
abazgebic (georgika, 1967, gv.23).
Tuki verwmunebiT samecniero literaturaSi arsebul mtki-
cebebs (ix.: i. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.23; i. javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18; s.ja-
naSia, 1959, gv.48) da davuSvebT, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi mo-
xseniebuli qarTuli provincia speri/ispiri (Sdr., "qarTlis
cxovreba": mdinare speri - Woroxi; speris zRva - Savi zRva), hero-
dotes mier naxsenebi Temonimi saspe~rebi, qoronimi iberia da sa-
qarTvelos sparsuli saxelwodeba virSan/virCan saerTo warmo-
mavlobis fuZeebia, maSin iberiis qarTul variantad da, saerTod,
warmodgenil variantTa amosaval saxed unda davsaxoT swored
speri (Sdr., speri/ispiri Woroxis erT-erTi saxelia; s.janaSia,
1952, gv.274). SesaZloa, drois garkveul monakveTSi, mezoblebma
speri - erTi qarTuli mxaris/tomis saxeli - ganazogades qar-
TvelTa zogad saxelad.
warmodgenil analizs mxars dauWers sper-, iber- ber-, ver-...
formebis fonetikur variantebad miCnevis SesaZleblobac; ker-
Zod: logikuri sqemis mixedviT, sper- fuZisgan kanonzomierad
qarTulSive SeiZleboda migveRo, erTi mxriv:
sper > ~per > ~ber/iber (s > ~ > i, s > ~s/~h da s > h > 0 proce-
sebi bunebrivia qarTveluri dialeqtebisaTvis), meore mxriv:
sper > hper > hber > ber/Eer/ver/vir;
Sdr.: sparsul-somxuri variantebi: veria/virqi/vrkan/vir-
- 107 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
qan/EaruCan, gurgan, gurC/gurj (aqedan ki, aziuri Tu evropuli
sxva variantebi: georgia, jeorjia, gurjistan, gruzia; Sdr., agreT-
ve: arabuli wyaroebis jurzaani/jurjaani da saqarTvelos erTi
qalaqis, raionis saxeli - gurjaani).
Sdr., g.wereTlis (1993) mixedviT, qarTvelTa sparsul-somxu-
ri saxeli momdinareobs saerToindoevropuli fuZidan, romel-
sac Zvel sparsulSi Seesabameboda vrka > virSan > varuC > gurCan
> gurgan > gurj; aqedanaa nawarmoebi arabuli, siriuli, rusuli,
inglisuri da sxva variantebic).
sper- > ber- > ver-/vir- gzis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi naTeli ga-
xdeba somxur vir-q formaSi -q segmentis arsi:
somxuri -q momdinare Cans kavkasiur-winaaziuri enobriv vel-
Si gavrcelebuli -x- morfemidan, romelic krebiToba-warmomav-
loba-mravlobiTobas gamoxatavda; Sesabamisad, vir-q-i, Sdr.: ib-
er-n-i, iber-eb-i. somxuri formis amgvar warmomavlobas cxadyofs
somxurSive dadasturebuli veria formac, romelic jer kidev
fsevdo movses xorenecis geografiis mokle redaqciaSi dastur-
deba.
SeniSvna: patriarq nikonis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRsaniSnavad er-
Tdroulad sxva sami terminia gamoyenebuli: kolexkia/kolox, iveri
da gurzi (g.paiWaZe, 1993). sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom evropaSi
saqarTvelos saxelad adridanve icodnen berZnul-laTinuri (dasav-
luri) warmomavlobis kolxidac, mosoxic, iberia (ix., mag., g.zedgini-
Ze, 1993), magram, saboloo jamSi, evropaSic da ruseTSic saqarTvelos
saxelwodebad damkvidrda sparsul-arabuli (aRmosavluri) varianti
gurj/jurj/georg- fuZis saxiT.
sapirebi - sapirebs/sabirebs Suagul pontos mcxovreblebad
Tvlis stefane bizantieli (georgika, 1936, gv.284); Sdr., apoloni-
os rodoselis mixedviT, sapirebsa da kolxebs Soris mosaxle
tomia biZerebi (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.91); sapirebic igive sa-
spe~rebis modgmisani Canan.
quTebi, koitebi/kvitebi - "anabasisis" dasasruls qsenofon-
te CamoTvlis im qveynebis mmarTvelebs, romlebic berZenma molaS-
- 108 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
qreebma gaiares; aqve asaxelebs im xalxebsac, romlebic Tavisu-
falni arian; maT Sorisaa ko~tebi:
"karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinike-
bi, ko~tebi da tibarenebi damoukidebelni arian" (qsenofonte,
1967, gv.115).
pliniusi ko~tebis toms savromatebis siaxloves asaxelebs.
m.maqsimova ki maT mcireaziel xalxad Tvlis.
T.yauxCiSvili am xalxs qarTuli modgmisad miiCnevs da mis sa-
xelad aRadgens quT-/kvit- fuZes, romlisganac miRebulad miaCnia
quTaisis saxelic (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.58-59).
sayuradReboa, rom mogzaurobis aRwerisas qsenofonte
ko~tebis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs, magram mosinoikebsa da tiba-
renebs Soris asaxelebs erT toms, romelic berZnebisadmi megob-
rulad ganwyobilia; maTac xalibebs uwodebs (Sdr.: manamde qse-
nofontes jarma gamoiara berZenTa mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili,
taoxebis mezobeli xalibebis qveyana). SesaZloa, qsenofontes (an
mis romelime redaqtors) morCil-megobruli "xalibebi" da
ko~tebi erTmaneTSi aeria...
aseve, ver gamoiricxeba, rom ko~tebis aRmniSvnel saxelTan
iyos dakavSirebuli amave teritoriaze arsebuli qalaqi kotio-
ra (gviandeli ordu). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom quTaisis saxelis yve-
la variantis morfologiuri analizi (gansakuTrebiT svanuri
quT@S << *quTa-Si << *quTa-iS-i) mxars uWers toponimis fuZed
quTa-s (berZnuli formiT: kota/ko~ta) ganxilvas (ix. qvemoT).
p.ingoroyvas azriT, SemTxveviTad ar unda CaiTvalos is gare-
moeba, rom erTmaneTs emTxveva jiqeTSi mdebare "Zveli lazikis"
Temis saxelwodeba (quTasi/qoTaSi) da amJamindeli qalaqis - qu-
Taisis - saxeli.
vfiqrobT, ko~tebi formisTvis amosavalia *quTebi; Sdr.: VI
saukunis moRvawis - prokopi kesarielis - cnobiT, Zvelad quTaiss
ko~taioni erqva); Sdr.: m.inaZis mixedviT, quT- fuZiani saxeli
kolxTa miwas, mxares aRniSnavda (m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64).
warmodgenili quT- fuZe SeiZleba gacilebiT Zveli droidan
- 109 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
momdinareobdes, kerZod, Seusabamoba ar iqneba, Tuki davuSvebT
varauds, rom quT- fuZe Zveli xaTebis aRmniSvneli saxelis fone-
tikuri varianti iyos: xaT-/qaT- > quT- (Sdr.: *mas-x- /mosx-/musx-...)
sakiTxs Semdgomi kvleva esaWiroeba.
marebi - hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472) dasturdeba ma-
rebis tomi; marebi cxovroben makronebsa da mosino~kebs Soris
trapizon-kerasuntis regionSi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1972, gv.44); Sdr.,
g. meliqiSvili: "marebi cxovrobdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT Savi-
zRvispireTSi, CrdiloeT anatoliis mTebSi" (g.meliqiSvili,
1970, gv.414). herodotes mixedviT, marebsa da kolxebs erTi meTau-
ri hyavdaT (herodote, 1975, gv.435).
beqe~rebi - pirvelad hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472)
vxvdebiT beqe~rebsac; beqe~rebi saxloben xoiebs (taoxebs?) da
diZerebs Soris rizes raionSi; beqeirebs icnobs fsevdo-skilaq-
sic (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43-44, 81-86), dionisios periegetic
(III s.) da mravali sxva.
haliZonebi, xalibebi da xaldebi/qaldebi - haliZonebis
tomi dasturdeba homerosTan; maTi qveyana alibe Savi zRvis sa-
mxreT-aRmosavleT sanapirozea sagulvebeli. strabonis azriT,
homerosis haliZonebi, xalibebi da qaldebi (romlebic cxovro-
ben trapizontisa da farnakiis zemoT), erTi da igive xalxia (XII,
3,19-24). es azri gaziarebulia Tanamedrove mecnierebaSic (ix.,
mag., T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.34-35).
antikur wyaroebSi xalibebi kolxur tomadaa miCneuli
(sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., r.gordeziani, 1966, gv.267); aRsaniS-
navia isic, rom xalibebi/haliZonebi gaigivebuli aqvs stefane bi-
zantielsac (georgika, 1936, gv.288); es tomebi rkinis (liTonis)
damuSavebis pionerebad miiCnevian.
varaudoben, rom urartul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli didi ga-
erTianeba xalitu xalibTa tomebis saxelmwifo iyo (i.diakonovi,
1952, gv.111; T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.109). xalibebi gaigivebulni arian
xaldebTan; xalibebs mogvianebiT Wanebad ixsenieben; mivyveT is-
toriul cnobebs qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT:
- 110 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
homerosi (Zv.w. VIII s.): "haliZonebi epistrofoss, odios mo-
hyvnen vercxlis Soreul sabadodan - alibes mxridan" (homerosi,
1975, gv.95). tibarenebis mezoblad asaxeleben xalibebs hekata~os
mileteli (Zv.w. VI s.) da fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.). herodotes
mixedviT, xalibebi cxovroben mcire aziis Crdilo sanapiroze mi-
siebs, mariandinebsa da paflagonelebs Soris (herodote, 1975,
gv.45, 660).
qsenofonte (Zv.w. IV), strabonisgan gansxvavebiT, xalibebsa
da xaldebs sxvadasxva tomebad miiCnevs, kerZod: berZenma moqirav-
neebma jer mZime brZolebiT gaiares karduxebis qveyana, Semdeg maT
vanis tbis mezoblad mcxovrebi xaldebi Sexvdnen, Semdeg aseve
mZime brZolebiT gaiares taoxebisa da xalibebis qveynebi da Sem-
deg, kerasuntsa da ordus Soris isev Sexvdnen mosino~kebs da-
morCilebul da berZnebisadmi keTilganwyobil xalibebs (wyaro-
ebisa da msjelobisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1967).
Sdr., straboni: "xaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen"
XI, 14,12; XII, 3,12).
qsenofonte, rogorc TviTmxilveli, bevrad sarwmuno cno-
bebs unda gvawvdides; amdenad, terminebis: xalibebisa da xalde-
bis sinonimebad miCneva gaWirdeba (Sdr.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1960,
gv.419; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.147), miuxedavad imisa, rom konstan-
tine porfirogeneti (912-959 ) xaldiis Temis dedaqalaqad trape-
zunts asaxelebs (georgika, 1952, gv.300).
ufro logikuri Cans, vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi da xaldebi
ukve qsenofontes dros ori sxvadasxva, magram monaTesave qarTve-
luri tomia; ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maTi saxelebi erTi si-
tyvis variantebi iyos; amosavali fuZe xal-/hal- sagulvebelia
toponim xanZTaSi (< xald-Ta) da mdinare halisis saxelSic; xal-
d-, hal-is- da xal-ib- formebSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros
gareT sakvlevi darCeba mxolod -ib- sufiqsis sakiTxi, Tuki gamo-
iricxeba, rom -ib ar momdinareobs qarTveluri -eb- krebiToba-
mravlobiTobis sufiqsisgan (*xal-eb-i > xalibi); Sdr.: xal-d-
/qal-d- fuZeSi -d-/-ad- warmomavloba-kuTvnilebiToba-krebiTo-
bis iseTive mawarmoebeli SeiZleba iyos, rogorc -l-/-al-/-el-, -n-
- 111 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
/-an-/-en-, -s-/-is-/-es- da sxv. Sdr., agreTve: xar- (xari) fuZe da xal-
di/qarTu - mamrobiTi RvTaeba (fuZeTa mimarTeba sakvlevia).
xaldebi/qaldebi cxovrobdnen vanis tbis midamoebSic; urar-
tus dacemis Semdeg am teritoriis nawili daipyres mosulma arme-
nebma. rogorc Cans, am periodidan xalibTa centri gadmodis Savi-
zRvispireTSi.
xalibebs iafetis STamomaval tomad miiCnevs berZnuli tradi-
cia (ix., mag., georgika, 1961, gv.13). xalibebs meomar da rkinis dama-
muSavebel xalxad Tvlian apolonios rodoseli, straboni, dioni-
sios periegeti (II s.), amiane marceline (IV s.) da mravali sxva.
sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba:
ioane ceces azriT, skviTuri warmoSobis xalibebis tomi
cxovrobs trapizuntTan Zalian axlos; maTTan moipoveba saukeTe-
so rkina (georgika, 1976, gv.27-37). aSkaraa, rom termini skviTebi
am SemTxvevaSi an qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomebs miemarTeba, an ucxo
tomTa zogadi saxelia (Sdr.: barbarosi); ramdenadac romaul-bi-
zantiur wyaroebSi skviTebad ixseniebian kolxebic, monRolebic,
TaTrebic, xvarazmelebic. logikuria samecniero literaturaSi
gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom skviTebi zogadi terminia, magram gamoi-
yeneba ara saerTod araberZenTa, aramed, mocemul konteqstSi,
ucnob tomTa aRsaniSnavad.
Cans, mogvianebiT, zog ucxour wyaroSi terminebi: xaldebi
da xaldia ganzogadda qarTvelur tomTa erTi jgufis aRsaniSna-
vad; ix., mag., ioseb genesiosi (X s.): "Semdeg Seqmna saxelganTqmuli
saerTo jari agarianTa, indTa, egviptelTa, asirielTa, midielTa,
abazgTa, jiqTa, iberTa, kabirTa, slavTa, hunTa, vandalTa da get-
Tagan da yvela imaTgan, vinc manis mwvaleblobas iziarebda, ag-
reTve lazTa da alanTagan, xaldTa da armenielTagan da yovel-
gvar sxva tomTagan Seqmna jari da mTel aRmosavleTSi gabatonda".
Sdr., iovane sabanisZe: afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi)
Sedis SavizRvispireTi qaldiis qalaq trapizuntidan nikofsia-
mde: "...sazRvar ars zRva~ igi ponto~sa~, samkAdrebeli yovladve
qristianeTa~, misazRvramde qaldia~sa, trapezuntia~ mun ars,
sayofeli igi afsarea~sa~ da nafsa~s (e.i. nikofsiis) navTsadgu-
- 112 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ri..." (qarTuli proza, I, gv.128-129); ix., agreTve: georgika, 1952,
gv.232 da georgika, 1966, gv.111 (s.yauxCiSvilis komentari anna kom-
nenes cnobaze, sadac gaziarebulia azri, rom xaldebi lazur-Wa-
nuri tomia).
SeniSvna: Zv.w. VIII saukunis epikosis - evmelos korinTelis "korinTia-
kaSi" naTqvamia, rom heliosisa da antiopes vaJi aieti/aietesi iyo pe-
lazguri korinTos (imave efires) patroni; mas ar moswonda korin-
To, amitom wavida kolxeTSi (Sdr., berZnuli TqmulebiT, iazonTan
konfliqtis Semdeg Tavis mamiseul samemkvidreoSi - korinToSi -
brundeba medea). kolxeTis mefe aietis pelazgur warmomavlobas
adasturebs epimenidec; kolxebisa da pelazgebis naTesaobis sakiTxs
specialistebic ndobiT ekidebian (ix.: ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.21-26; g.
qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.31...). antikur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ak. uruSaZe
askvnis: berZnuli (indoevropuli) tomebis samxreT evropaSi Camosax-
lebis periodSi pelazgi makriselebi-makronebi, sxva pelazguri tome-
bis msgavsad, egeosis zRvis raionidan ayrilan da aRmosavleTiT jer
marmarilos zRvis, Semdeg ki Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken gamoxiznulan
da iq ZvelTaganve damkvidrebuli naTesavi tomebis mezoblad dabina-
vebulan (ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.135); Sdr., ap. rodoseli: makriebi - to-
mi pelazguri (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.70); Sdr., makrisi (evbei) kunZu-
lia egeosis zRvaSi. ix., agreTve, r.gordeziani: haliZon-xalibebic, pe-
lazgebis msgavsad, egeosis zRvis auzidan unda iyvnen gadmosaxlebul-
ni. maT erTianobas troasTan, etyoba, haliZonTa da egeosur tomTa
Soris arsebuli xangrZlivi kavSiri gansazRvravda (r. gordeziani,
1970, gv.168). makriselebi-makronebi, haliZon-xalibebi, henioxebi
(Sdr., dionios periegeti: henioxebi da zigiebi - pelasgidebis qveynis
Svilebi) da sxva qarTveluri tomebi odiTganve mkvidrad Canan mcire
aziaSi (ara mxolod Savi zRvis gaswvriv!), amdenad, Cveni azriT, pelaz-
gur tomebTan erTianoba-siaxlove Sepirobebulia ara egeosis zRvi-
dan qarTvelur tomTa gadmosaxlebiT (Tumca tomTa erTi nawilis mi-
gracia, SesaZloa, marTlac moxda!), aramed pelazgur da qarTvelur
tomTa saerTo warmomavlobiT. am konteqstSi ufro logikuri gaxde-
ba s. yauxCiSvilis mier aRniSnuli faqtis komentireba: kolxur-kavka-
siuri xalxebis monaTesave troelebma elene moitaces adre gatacebu-
li kolxi medeas sanacvlod (Sdr., r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.168).
mosino~kebi, massini/mossinebi/mossvini, heptakometebi - he-
kata~os miletelis Tanaxmad, mosino~kebi cxovroben kerasuntisa
- 113 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
da farnakiis midamoebSi; qsenofontes cnobiT, mosino~kebis qve-
yana iyo mTagoriani, magram maT zRvac hqondaT; mosino~kebis me-
zoblebi aRmosavleTiT iyvnen kolxebi da drilebi, dasavleTiT -
maTive qveSevrdomebi, xalibebi (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97, 103-105;
T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 58). mosino~kebs asaxelebs herodote
(Zv.w. V s.), fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.), evdoqse rodoseli (Zv.w.
III s.), apoloniosi (Zv.w. III s.), fsevdo skimnos qioseli (Zv.w. II s.),
diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.), dionios periegeti (II s.), epi-
fane kvipreli (314-403), amiane marceline (IV s.), stefane bizan-
tieli (IV-VII s.)...
mosino~kebze vrclad msjelobs straboni; misi azriT, xalibe-
bis mezoblebi - heptakometebi cxovroben xis koSkebSi, amitom
maT Zvelad mossvinikebs eZaxdnen (msjelobisaTvis ix.: iv.javaxiSvi-
li, 1960, gv.419; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.146).
berZeni da romaeli avtorebis rwmeniT, mosino~kebis saxeli
momdinareobs berZnuli mossun "xis koSki" da oikos "saxli" saxe-
lebisgan.
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, "mossviniki" aris qarTveluri warmo-
mavlobis sityva: mo-/ma- TavsarTia, ssvin- igivea, rac Wan- (WaneTi)
fuZe, xolo -i-k- aris mravlobiTobis -x- sufiqsis refleqsi (iv.
javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.25; iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.405; ix., agreTve, T.
yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 56, 133, 146; aqve ix. msjeloba muSvan- da mo-
svin- fuZeebis SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb). iv.javaxiSvilis msjelo-
bas agrZelebs s.janaSia (1959, gv. 31, 60); misi azriT, sanig- fuZe
amosavalia mosinik- fuZisaTvis; am ukanasknelSi gamoiyofa ma-/me-
/mo-/mu- saerToqarTveluri prefiqsi (Srd. svanuri dialeqtebis
mu-/mH-), sin-/san- Ziri da -ik- sufiqsi. q. lomTaTiZe, iziarebs ra
amgvar analizs, damatebiT argumentad warmoadgens qarTvelur
enobriv arealSi s-s gavleniT g-s k-d gamkveTrebis logikurobas
(q. lomTaTiZe, 2000).
saxelwodebis fuZis (san-) qarTulobis garda, niSandobli-
via, rom mosino~kebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis xaldebsa da
kolxebs Soris mtrobis gareSe cxovroben (Sdr. karduxebisa da
armenebis mZime Tanaarseboba). sayuradReboa isic, rom strabonis
- 114 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
dros am adgilebSi xalibebi Canan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.419).
sakmarisi safuZveli gvaqvs, vivaraudoT: mosinikebic qarTve-
lur-kavkasiuri modgmis tomia.
diZerebi, biZerebi/bizerebi, buzerebi - hekata~os mile-
telTan (549-472) dadasturebuli diZerebi cxovroben mdinare
Woroxis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT mdinare orxofidan mdinare ar-
xavemde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.44). qsenofonte biZerebs saerTod
ar axsenebs, xolo iq, sadac man kolxebi naxa (trapezunt-kerasun-
tis midamoebi), 50 wlis Semdeg fsevdo-skilaqsi aRwers biZerebis
toms, romlebic kolxTa uSualo mezoblebi arian; T.yauxCiSvi-
lis azriT, am cnobaTa gansxvavebuloba Sepirobebulia imiT, rom
qsenofontes dros kolxebis saxeli aerTianebda iq mcxovreb
wvril-wvril tomebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81-84).
apolonios rodoseli biZerebs sapirebsa da kolxebs Soris
mosaxle tomad miiCnevs (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.91); straboni maT
heptakomebi-mosinikebis gverdiT aTavsebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976,
gv.146); dionios periegetTan (II s.) biZerebi beqirebisa da makro-
nebis mezoblebi arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.92). V saukunis ano-
nimi avtori bizerebs aTavsebs afsaris wylidan vidre arqabamde
(georgika, 1965, gv.3).
T.yauxCiSvilis sayuradRebo SeniSvniT, biZerebis saxelTan
SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli toponimi viwe; Sdr., g. meliqiSvi-
ls am terminis danaSTad miaCnia saqarTvelos erT-erTi istoriu-
li olqis saxeli oZrxe (g. meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.382). Cven
SesaZleblad migvaCnia viw- da biZ- fuZeebis kavSiri: biZ-er-; -er-/-
ar- qarTveluri krebiTobis sufiqsia; Semdgom dakvirvebas
saWiroebs biz-/biZ-, bas-/fas- (fas-ian-i) fuZeTa mimarTeba.
biZerebis qarTvelur-kolxuri warmomavloba sadavo ar
Cans. Cveni azriT, am da sxva SemTxvevebSic sakamaToa drois mo-
cemul monakveTSi arsebuli yvela tomis (xalibebis, tibarene-
bis, mosvinikebis, drilebis...) metyvelebis miCneva sakuTriv la-
zur-Wanurad (Sdr., mag., iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.423). vfiqrobT,
ufro marTebuli iqneba iTqvas, rom es tomebi laparakob-
- 115 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
dnen Zvel qarTvelur dialeqtebze, romelTa didi nawili
saerTod daikarga, nawili ki sxvadasxva plastebis saxiT Semo-
rCenilia Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtebSi (megrul-Wa-
nurSi, svanurSi, mesxurSi, maWaxlurSi, taourSi da a.S.).
Zidritebi - arianes mixedviT, "makronebisa da henioxebis me-
zoblebi Zidritebi arian, eseni farsmanis qveSevrdomebi arian"
(berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158). Zidritebi pritanididan (fur-
tun-su) afsarosamde cxovrobdnen (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100);
n.lomouris azriT, Zidritebs eWiraT dRevandeli aWaris teri-
toria (n.lomouri, 1968, gv.10).
arianes TxrobaSi farsmanis samflobelos Sav zRvamde ga-
vrcobis aRiareba metyvelebs, rom farsmanis mier aRdgenili qar-
Tli moicavda SavizRvispireTsac.
makrokefalebi, makronebi - hekata~os mileteli (549-472)
makronebs asaxelebs diZerebsa da marebs Soris; misi azriT, makro-
nebi cxovrobdnen trapezuntis raionSi.
herodotes (Zv.w. V) cnobiT, makronebi sirielebis mezoblebi
arian. hipokratesTvis (460-356) cnobili makrokefalebi, igive mak-
ronebi, cxovroben trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi (T.ya-
uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.63, 84).
qsenofonte (435-355) makronebs asaxelebs skviTinebsa da kol-
xebs Soris; makronebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva xalxia: makronebi qse-
nofontes berZen molaSqreebs exmarebian, kolxebi ki - ebrZvian;
qsenofontesve cnobiT, termini makroni am tomis TviTsaxelwo-
debaa (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.86-87).
herodotes cnobiT, makronebma kolxebisgan iswavles wina-
dacveTa (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 52, 63; herodote, 1975, gv.156);
Sdr., makronebi igive sanebi/Wanebi arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976,
gv.100); Sdr., agreTve, makronebs aigiveben Tanamedrove megreleb-
Tan. egr- ZirTan akavSireben ptolemaiosis mier dadasturebul
ekritike fuZesac (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T. yauxCiSvili,
1976, gv.55, 100)...
- 116 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
SeuZlebelia, makron- da ekritik- fuZeebiT nawarmoebi saxe-
lebi erTsa da imave qarTvelur toms miemarTebodes erTsa da ima-
ve enasa da droSi, miT umetes, makronebi trapizonSi cxovrob-
dnen, imdroindeli egrisi/ekritikes qveyana ki rionsa da RaliZ-
gas Suaa; Tumca, dasaSvebia am fuZeTa saerTo warmomavloba
(oRond, ara rogorc e.w. qarTuli da zanuri variantebisa!). Tum-
ca, TiTqosda, winaaRmdegobas qmnis is, rom sxva wyaroebis mixed-
viT, Wanebi aSkarad kolxTa memkvidreni arian, aq ki makronebi, sa-
nebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomia; faqti axsnadia: kolxi viwro ga-
gebiT mxolod erT qarTvelur toms aRniSnavda, farTo gagebiT
ki bevr qarTvelur toms aerTianebda.
Sdr., fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.): trapezunti makronebis
elinuri qalaqia;
apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. III s.): "filirebs zemoT makrone-
bia, makronebs iqeT beqirTa gvari, Semdeg sapirTa tomi, maT gver-
diT - biZerebi da zemoT - meomar kolxTa tomebi" (1975, gv.90-91).
arianec sxvadasxva tomebad Tvlis makronebs, sanebs, kolxebs,
sanigebs... (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99).
dionios periegeti (II s.) makronebs e.w. pontoel tomebSi asa-
xelebs: biZerebi, begirebi, makronebi, filirebi, mosinikebi, tiba-
renebi, xalibebi; eseni cxovroben "evqsinis pontos sanapiroze,
fasisidan dasavleTisken, vidre Trakiis srutemde"; T.yauxCiSvi-
lis SeniSvniT, dionios periegetis azri efuZneba Zvel cnobebs
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.92).
makronebs asaxelebs amiane marcelinec (IV s.): "Savi zRvis na-
pirze xalibebis Semdeg vrceli miwebi uWiravT... tibarenebs, mo-
sinikebs, makronebs... xalxebs, romlebic CvenTvis sruliad ucnob-
ni arian" (georgika, 1961, gv.111).
miuxedavad imisa, rom memnonsa da strabons makronebis gvian-
del saxelad sanebi miaCniaT, ariane maT mainc gverdigverd asaxe-
lebs, rogorc sxvadasxva tomebs:
trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde) cxovrobdnen:
kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsile-
bi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi (ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); Tavad
- 117 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ariane sanebsa da Wanebs miiCnevs sinonimebad... es winaaRmdegobri-
vi cnobebi, erTi mxriv, saTuos xdis makronebisa da san-Wanebis
igiveobas, magram, meore mxriv, cxadyofs am tomTa naTesaobas.
V saukunis anonimi avtori, romelic arianes eyrdnoba, mak-
ronebis nacvlad asaxelebs maqelonebs (georgika, 1965, gv.7-8):
"Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da mdinare aqeuntamde (soWis mida-
moebSi) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi,
melanxlenebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben
zixebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130; aqve ix. agreTve: maxeron- da
manral- fuZeebi); m.inaZis azriT, maxelonebi igive makronebia
(m.inaZe, 1953, gv.231-233).
maxelon-/maqelon- da makron- fuZeebs Soris didi msgavsebaa
da, Sesabamisad, mosalodnelia maTi meqanikuri damTxveva/aRre-
vac, Tumca, SeiZleba vilaparakoT saxelTa fonetikur variantu-
lobazec:
*ma-qar-on- _ ma-xel-on- _ ma-qr-on/ma-kr-on-:
sayrdeni fuZea *kar-/qar-/kr-/xel- (Sdr.: qar-T-/kar-d-); ma- da
-on- qarTveluri afiqsebia; Sdr., agreTve, makrielebi: ma-kr-iel-
(sqoliastis ganmartebiT, makrielebi makronebi arian; ap. rodo-
seli, 1975, gv.70, 231).
fasianebi - amgvari saxelwodebis toms axsenebs qsenofonte
(Zv. w. V_IV s.):
"...[strategosebi] movidnen qsenofontTan da uTxres, rom
isini inanieben [yovelives]. amasTan, gamoTqves azri, rom umjobe-
sia fasisisaken gacurva, raki xomaldebi aris, da fasianTa qveynis
dapyroba. iq maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda" (T.miqelaZe, 1967,
gv.113); teqstis TargmanisTvis Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili: paflagoniaSi
myofi moqiravneebi amboben: "Cven gvaqvs xomaldebi, amitomac um-
jobesia gavcuroT fasisisken da davipyroT fasianTa qveyana. iq ma-
Sin aietis Camomavali mefobda" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1983, gv.125).
mdinaris saxelis mixedviT xalxis saxeldeba (an piriqiT!)
ucxo ar aris berZnuli samyarosTvis. qsenofontesTan fasisi
- 118 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
araqsia (sxvagan fasisi Woroxicaa, rionicaa)...
Sdr., esqile "ganTavisuflebul promeTeosSi" evropisa da
aziis sazRvrad fasiss Tvlis, xolo fasianebi taoxebis, xalibe-
bis da hesperitebis (svispiritebis, saspeirebis) mezoblebi arian.
fasianebs amave teritoriaze asaxelebs diodore sicilieli (Zv.w.
I s.): karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xal-
debi, skotinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosvinoikebi, tibarenebi
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124).
konstantine porfirogenetis (X s.) cnobebis mixedviT, araqsi
fasisia, aqvea qarTuli (iberTa) provincia fasiani/basiani (geor-
gika, 1952, gv.271-272).
logikuri Cans varaudi, rom araqs-fasisis regionSi arsebu-
li Zveli termini fasianebi Semonaxuli iyos toponim basianis sa-
xiT. T. miqelaZis azriT, fasiani eTnikur-geografiuli termi-
nia; misi mtkicebiT, erTi xalxi - fasianebi - cxovrobdnen araqsis
saTaveebidan kavkasionamde (T. miqelaZe, 1955, gv. 35). fas- Ziri Cans
amosavali -fsa (< fas-) morfologiuri erTeulisaTvis: su-fsa.
Tuki fasianebs monaTesave tomTa ganzogadebul saxelad ar
CavTvliT, fasianTa sazRvrebis amgvari gansazRvra gaWirdeba (ama-
ve periodSi araqsidan kavkasionamde aTze meti sxva tomi ivarau-
deba!), magram sayuradReboa T.miqelaZis dakvirveba berZnul mi-
TologiaSi kolxebis eTnarqosis - kolxis Sesaxeb; kerZod, eTnar-
qi kolxi fasisis Svilad aris miCneuli, fasisi ki wylis RvTae-
baa (T. miqelaZe, 1955, gv. 33-34). aq sainteresoa is, rom berZenTa
cnobierebaSi wylis RvTaeba (Sesabamisad, mdinareebis aRmniSvne-
li sityva) fasisi da kolxida (mxare mdinareebuxvi?) faqtobriv
sinonimebadaa miCneuli, rac logikuria, magram, amis miuxedavad,
ara gvaqvs safuZveli, rom Tundac qsenofontes dros araqsidan
kavkasionamde arsebuli teritoria erTi qarTuli tomis - fasi-
an-kolxebis - sacxovrisad gamovacxadoT; rogorc aRvniSneT, am
regionSi gacilebiT meti qarTveluri tomi cxovrobs; mag., fsev-
do-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) mixedviT: biZerebi, kolxebi, gelonebi,
melanqla~nebi, kolebi, koraqsebi, henioxebi, aqa~ebi, toretebi,
- 119 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
kerketebi... Tavad qsenofonte mxolod araqsisa da Woroxis xeo-
baSi asaxelebs: taoxebs, xalibebs, skviTinebs; Sdr., araqsidan kav-
kasionamde ariane (ax.w. II s): henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsi-
lebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi...
erTi ram faqtia: fasianebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva qarTvelur
tomTa saxelebia, romlebic drois garkveul monakveTebSi, sxva
TemonimTa msgavsad, ganzogadebuli iyo qarTveluri modgmis xal-
xis aRsaniSnavad.
melanqlainebi da gelonebi - melanqlainebis tomi pirvelad
saxeldeba hekata~os miletelTan; fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.) me-
lanqlainebisa da gelonebis tomebs aTavsebs koraqsebs, kolebsa
da kolxebs Soris; melanqlainebis qveyanaSi aris mdinareebi meta-
sosisi da a~giposi.
T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, melanqlainebi da gelonebi cxov-
robdnen koraqssa (bzifs) da dioskurias Soris (T.yauxCiSvili,
1976, gv.81-82; Sdr., n.lomouri, 1963, gv.22; Sdr., agreTve: miule-
ris, tomaSekis, hermanis da kislingis pozicia; isini am tomTa sa-
cxovriss dRevandel oCamCireSi aTavseben, T.yauxCiSvili, 1976,
gv.86). herodotec (Zv.w. V s.) icnobs melanqlainebsa da gelonebs;
misi azriT, melanqlainebi arian araskviTuri modgmis xalxi; isi-
ni Sav tanisamoss atareben, amitomac hqviaT maT es saxeli (hero-
dote, 1975, gv.262-286).
ramdenadac, es ori tomi cxovrobda saqarTvelos istoriul
teritoriaze kolebsa da kolxebs Soris, bunebrivia msjeloba ma-
Ti qarTveluri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas
iTxovs; Sdr.: herodotes "skviTeTSi" miCneulia, rom gelonebi
warmoSobiT elinebi arian; Sdr.: olbieli berZnebi gelonebs bu-
dinebs (cxovrobdnen donis Suawelze, savromatebis mezoblad)
miakuTvneben (qse, t. III, gv.39).
ekeqe~rebi/ekxirielebi, ekriktike/ekreqtike - fsevdo-ski-
laqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, ekeqe~rebi cxovrobdnen
mdinareebs: arqabissa da ofiunts Soris; maTi sacxovrisi ivarau-
- 120 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
deba aTinas (fazaris) regionSi; g.meliqiSvili amaT saxelwodebas
ukavSirebda -egr- (egrisi) Zirs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84). Sdr.,
V saukunis periplusSi daculi cnoba: "mdinare arqabidan moki-
debuli vidre ofiuntis wylamde winaT cxovrobda egreT wode-
buli ekxirielebis tomi (xolo amJamad cxovroben maqelonebi
da henioxebi). afsaris wylidan vidre mdinare arqabemde winaT
cxovrobdnen egreT wodebuli bizirebi; amJamad cxovroben zid-
ritebi" (georgika, 1965, gv.3).
aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs dawerilobis mcdar wakiTxvasTan: ek-
xirielebi da ekeqe~rebi erTi da igive xalxia; aqve gansaxilve-
lia termini ekriktike, Tumca, ptolemaiosis mier damowmebuli
ekriktikes qveyana aris rionis midamoebSi (amave termins imowme-
ben pomponius mela, pliniusi...). warmodgenil sityvaTa, agreTve,
makron-, maxeron- manral-, kerket-, kegritike- fuZeTa amosaval
formad ganixileba egr- Ziri (literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis
ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.233, 257); eger-/egir- fuZe marTlac Se-
iZleba davsaxoT ekeqe~rebi /ekxirielebi /ekriktike /ekreqti-
ke sityvebis amosavlad, magram makron-, maxeron- da manral- fuZe-
TaTvis amosavlad misi miCneva gaWirdeba.
henioxebi/henioqebi - Zveli wyaroebis mixedviT, henioxebi Sa-
vi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirze cxovroben, xolo Sedare-
biT axali, I-II saukuneebis cnobebis mixedviT ki, isini Savi zRvis
samxreT-aRmosavleT napirze - rize-afsarosis regionSi Canan;
kerZod:
fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, aqa~ebi da he-
nioqebi Tanamedrove tuafsesa da gagras Soris unda vivaraudoT,
saidanac, Semdgom, jiqebis dawolis gamo, isini samxreTiT gadaad-
gildnen (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83; T.yauxCiSvili, 1980); Sdr.: m.
inaZe, 1955, gv.13-17, sadac gatarebulia azri, rom kolxTa gabato-
nebamde, Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebSi, henioxebi flobdnen samxreT-
aRmosavleT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros centralur da sa-
mxreT raionebs, kerZod, Cildiris tbisa da Woroxis mimdebare
teritorias; m.inaZisve azriT, argonavtebi swored henioxTa
- 121 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
saxelmwifoSi movidnen; maT saxels eTnonimi kolxebi gvian Ca-
enacvla... kolxebis dawoliT, henioxebi gadaadgildnen Crdi-
loeTiT.
aristoteles azriT (384-322), "fasisSi Tavdapirvelad henio-
xebi cxovrobdnen, kaciWamia da adamianTa tyavisgamxdeli tomi, Sem-
deg ki miletelebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.19, 57, 73).
pliniusi (Zv.w. I s.): "am mxareSi mTebs iqiT mdebareobs iberia,
xolo sanapiroze cxovroben henioxebi, lazebi...".
straboni vrclad msjelobs henioxTa Sesaxeb; misi rwmeniT,
kavkasieli henioxebi arian berZeni (lakoneli) henioxebis STamo-
mavlebi, romlebic pontos Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze
gadmosaxldnen iasonis laSqrobis Semdeg da romlebic zRvaze me-
kobreobiT cxovroben; maT hyavT 4 basilevsi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976,
gv.137).
kolxTa mezoblad asaxelebs henioxebs ioseb flaviusi (I s.).
afsarosamde (goniomde) naxa henioxebi arianem (II s.); misi
cnobiT, henioxebsa da makronebs erTi mefe anqiale hyavT (T.yaux-
CiSvili, 1976, gv.101).
apiane (II s.) henioxebs asaxelebs miTridates mokavSireebSi
tavrebis, aqeelebis, levkosirebis, xalibebis, skviTebisa da arme-
nielebis gverdiT (apiane, 1959, gv.23, 25, 144, 196).
V saukunis anonimi avtori, romelic arianes mihyveba, heniox-
Ta toms narevad acxadebs da maT asaxelebs sakuTriv kolxebis (ag-
reTve, sanebad CaTvlili drilebis) da maqelonebis Semdeg, zid-
ritebamde da lazebamde, e.i. Savi zRvispireTis samxreT-aRmosav-
leT nawilSi (georgika, 1965, gv.7-8). Savi zRvis sanapiroze asaxe-
leben henioxebs ufro gvianac; II saukuneSi isini makron-maxelo-
nebTan erTad rize-afsaross Soris qmnian erTian saxelmwifos;
IV-V saukuneebSi ki Savi zRvis sanapiroze henioxebi aRar Canan
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1980, gv.68-71).
samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom henioxi aris vari-
anti satomo saxelisa - "sanigi"; mag., i.orbeli da n.mari heniox-
formas ganixilavdnen san-/sanig- fuZeebis paralelurad da maT
svanebad miiCnevdnen; Sdr., sanebs, sanigebs da henioxebs p.ingoroy-
- 122 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
va da s.janaSia megrel-Wanebad miiCnevdnen; ix., mag., p.ingoroyva,
1954, gv.124, 135).
kislingi henioxebs sanebisa da lazebis monaTesaved Tvlis da
maT qarTvelur tomad miiCnevs; rac metad sayuradReboa, igi sa-
nebsa da lazebs kerketebTan (CerqezebTan!) akavSirebs, miiCnevs ra
maT erTi warmoSobis xalxad (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili,
1980, sadac gaziarebulia kislingis mosazreba).
lingvistur gamokvlevebSic heniox- fuZe dakavSirebulia
Wan- ZirTanac: Wan-/Wen- > hen-; hen- fuZe Wan-is svanur variantad
miiCneva; amosaval saerToqarTvelur formad ivaraudeba *wen-
(b.gigineiSvili, 1975).
warmodgenil saxelTa dakavSireba logikuri lingvisturi
wesebiT xdeba, magram rTuli warmosadgenia Wanebis svanuri sa-
xelwodebis urartuli sufiqsiT gaformeba; aseve, aralogikuria
dasaxelebul tomTa gaigiveba, vinaidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze
arianec, strabonic da sxvebic gverdigverd da sxvadasxva tomebad
adastureben Wanebs/sanebs, sanigebs, henioxebs da svanebs. aqve aR-
vniSnavT, rom Wan- da hen- Zirebs Soris Wan- formis ZiriTadobas
xeli SeiZleba SeuSalos im faqtmac, rom berZnul wyaroebSi heni-
ox- Ziri TiTqmis 500 wliT adre fiqsirdeba, vidre Wan-; hen- da
Wan- fuZeTa saerTo warmomavloba SesaZlebelia, magram foneti-
kuri procesebis sxva gza unda davuSvaT (ix. qvemoT).
Cveni azriT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze cal-calke tomebad Tu
Temebad arsebobdnen henioxebic, sanebic, sanigebic, Wanebic... maT
konkretuli sacxovrisi da TavianTi sametyvelo ena/dialeqti
hqondaT. cxadia, droTa ganmavlobaSi zogi maTgani qreba.
sanebi, Wanebi - memnonisa (I s.) da strabonis (I s.) mtkicebiT,
"isini, vinc winaT makronebi iyvnen, axla sanebi arian" (T.yauxCiS-
vili, 1987, gv.22; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.94, 146, 233).
Wanebi pirvelad moixseniebian arianesTan (II s.):
kolxebis mezoblebi arian Wanebi, igive sanebi; T.yauxCiSvilis
daskvniT, ramdenadac ariane iyenebs oTx paralelur formas (san-
- 123 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
noi, tsannoi, Tiannoi/tiannoi, tuannoi), cxadia, rom berZens
uWirs qarTuli W-s warmoTqma (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99-100).
arianes azrs exmianeba dinisios periegetis (II s.) komentato-
ris - evstaTi episkoposis (XII s.) komentaric:
"Zvel makronebs axla sanebi ewodebaT, rac adgilobrivi gamo-
TqmiT "Wanebs" niSnavs (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.94); Sdr., prokopi
kesarieli: lazebi kolxebi arian" (georgika, 1965, gv.120).
Cven ufleba ara gvaqvs, ar vendoT TviTmxilvelsa da mkvle-
vars - prokopi kesariels: lazebisa da Wanebis gaigiveba marTlac
SeuZlebelia, isini ufro monaTesave qarTveluri tomebi arian.
Wanebisa da sanebis saxelTa dakavSireba albaT realuria; SesaZ-
loa maTi saerTo warmomavlobis mtkicebac. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
somxuri Waniv-/WaneT- formis damowmebiT Wan- da san- fuZeebis
sinonimuroba naTladaa dasabuTebuli b.gigineiSvilis mier (b.gi-
gineiSvili, 1975).
arn. Ciqobavas varaudiT, sani igivea, rac zani (arn.Ciqobava,
1936, gv.3). s. janaSias azriT, amosavalia san- Ziri, romlis Tavki-
duri bgeridan CrdiloeT samegreloSi warmoiqmna zan-/wan-, xolo
samxreT samegreloSi (WaneTSi) - Wan- (s.janaSia, 59, gv.27-34).
amiane marcelines "istoriaSi", erTi mxriv, Wanebis qveyana, me-
ore mxriv ki - lazika armenebis mezobladaa; mematianis cnobiT,
sparselebTan brZolaSi daiRupa Wanebis legionis meTauri vet-
ranioni. Zveli komentatorebi - anri valua da lindenbrogi aR-
niSnaven: am konteqstSi moxsenebuli Zianni, igive Zanni, Tzanni,
Sanni da Thanni, lazebisa da somxebis mosazRvre xalxia (georgika
I, 1961, gv.89, 124, 128, 161, 173); aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom
qsenofontes mier nanaxi xaldebic karduxebis mezoblad (igive
armenebis mier dapyrobili miwebis!), mTebSi cxovroben, Sesabami-
sad, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom xaldebic da Wanebic karduxebis mo-
naTesave Tu Semadgeneli tomebi arian.
Sdr.: "xaldebi, romlebic Cveulebriv erT-erT Wanur tomad
aris miCneuli, aseve ganTavisuflebulan sparsTagan da am droi-
- 124 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
saTvis armenielebTan da mardebTan erTad sparseli satrapis,
orontas da misi sardlis - artuxas moqiravneebi arian..." (T. ya-
uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.53).
am TvalsazrisiT, metad faseulia m. xorenacis cnoba keisar
takites mkvlelobis Sesaxeb: "takitusi Tavisianebma mokles pon-
toelTa WaneTSi, ese igi xaldeTSi" (movses xorenaci, 1984, gv.162,
277); Sdr., s.yauxCiSvilis Targmani: "takite moklul iqna pontos
provincia WaniukSi, ese igi xaltikSi (georgika, 1936, gv.262, Se-
niSvna). Wanikes qveyanas pontoSi moiazrebs ioane malalac (491-
578): "imave takites mefobis dros moxda omi pontoSi da TviT me-
fe gaemarTa iq saomrad da is mokluli iqna pontos erT qveyanaSi
WanikeSi..." (georgika, 1936, gv.262).
prokopi kesarieli vrclad msjelobs Wanebis Sesaxeb; igi
Tvlis, rom Wanebi ar arian trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni; Wanebi -
arazRvispira xalxi - cxovroben mTebSi, SuaxmeleTze, armenie-
lebis gverdiT:
"...im adgilebis marjvniv aRmarTulia WaneTis mTebi, romelTa
gadaRma romaelTa qveSevrdomebi, armenielebi cxovroben. am Wane-
Tis mTebidan Camodis mdinare, saxelad - boasi, romelic mas Sem-
deg, rac gamoivlis mraval Walas, lazikis soflebis maxloblad
gaswevs da erTvis e.w. evqsinis pontos, magram ukve aRar ewodeba
boasi, vinaidan, rodesac zRvis maxloblad midis, icvlis am sa-
xels... mas, sxvaTa Soris, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi akamfsis
uwodeben..." (georgika, 1965, gv.120-122).
Sdr., agreTve: "armeniis adgilebidan pers-armeniaSi rom mi-
dixar, marjvniv aris tavri, mimavali iberiaSi da iq mosaxle xalxe-
bamde, xolo marcxniv metad daqanebuli, did manZilze gaWimuli
gza aris da aRmarTulia metad cicabo da mudam nisliTa da Tov-
liT dafaruli mTebi, saidanac gamodis mdinare fazisi da midis
kolxeTis qveynisaken. aq mosaxleobs Wanebis tomi, Tavidanve bar-
barosebi, romelnic aravis qveSevrdomebi ar arian, wina xanebSi
sanebad wodebuli, irgvliv mosaxle romaelebis mZarcvelni" (ge-
orgika, 1965, gv.53).
- 125 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
Sdr., agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.): "am dros WanTa tomi gaxda
sazrunavi. Wanebi cxovroben evqsinis pontos samxreTiT q. trape-
zuntis qvemoT; Tumca es Wanebi ZveliTganve romaelebTan dazave-
bulni da maTi qveSevrdomni iyvnen, magram maSin maTi erTi nawili
winandel mSvidobian wesebs icavda... umetesi maTgani ki Seqmnili
mdgomareobiT sargeblobda da yaCaRobas misdevda... Tavs esxmoda
armeniasac... amitom maT winaaRmdeg igzavneba Teodore, maTive
Tvistomi" (georgika, 1936, gv.181-182).
lazebi da Wanebi sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomia mogvianebiTac;
kerZod, termin lazikas gverdiT bizantiur wyaroebSi (ix. IX sa-
ukunis moRvawe konstantine porfirogeneti; georgika, 1952, gv
292) arsebobs Wanaria (Wanaris erisTavebi).
ix., agreTve, nikifore grigorasi (XIVs.):
XIV saukunis I naxevarSi trapizonis imperiaSi mefe basilis
qaliSvilsa da cols Soris dawyebuli Sina brZolebis dros la-
zebi, Wanebi da yvela sxva adgilobrivni TavianT mSobliur, kom-
nenosTa ojaxidan gamosul, dedofal ana xuTlus aZlevdnen upi-
ratesobas, paleologosTa gvaridan gamosul irinesTan Sedare-
biT (georgika III, 1967, gv.146).
Sdr.:
laonike xalkokondile (XV s.): "...Wanidebs uWiravT kolxi-
dis adgilebi vidre qalaq amastriamde..." (georgika, 1970, gv.107).
s.yauxCiSvili: "erT-erTi SesaZlebeli axsna (imisa, Tu ratom
ver moaxerxa bizantiis imperiam, iseve SeeerTebina trapezonis sa-
mefos teritoria, rogorc bizantiis imperiis danarCeni teri-
toriebi) is iqneba, rom Cven vaRiaroT: "trapizonis samefos" mo-
saxleobis udidesi nawili qarTuli tomisagan - Wanebisagan - Se-
dgeboda" (georgika, 1967, gv.164).
SeniSvna: V saukunis anonimi avtori imeorebs arianes azrs da qseno-
fontes drilebs xazgasmiT sanebad ixseniebs; Semdeg maT kolxebSi
aerTianebs (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158; georgika, 1965, gv.7).
sanigebi/sanixebi/sanikebi - memnonis mixedviT (I s.) sanigebi
Canan dioskuriis midamoebSi lazebTan erTad. aqve adasturebs
- 126 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
maT pliniusic da arianec; mag., ix. ariane:
"trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde) cxovroben
kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsile-
bi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi".
Sdr., ariane: lazebi cxovroben Woroxidan kodoramde; ko-
doris xeobaSi cxovroben afsilebi; afsilebis sacxovrisis (ko-
doris xeobis) Semdeg mdinare Saxemde - sanigebi; sanigebis teri-
toriazea qalaqi sebastopolisi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.23, 99,
171-172). mecnierTa nawili sanigebs zanebad miiCnevs, nawili -
svanebad (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1974).
Cveni azriT, sulac ar aris aucilebeli sanigebis gaigiveba
zanebTan Tu svanebTan; sxvadasxva avtorTan sanigebi sanebis, la-
zebis da svanebis paralelurad saxeldebian da, bunebrivia, isini
im erT-erT qarTvelur tomad CavTvaloT, romelic an saerTod
gaqra asparezidan, an sxva qarTvelur tomebs Seerwya, an afsua-
afxazebis mier asimilirda.
ipolite romaelis (III s.) cnobiT, kapadukielTa gadaRma, mar-
jvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi,
xolo marcxena mxareebSi - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosforelebi.
"sanebi, egreTwodebuli sanigebi, romlebic gadaWimuli arian
vidre pontomde, im adgilamde, sadac aris parembole afsarosi
[da sebastopolisi], hisos navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, vidre
trapezuntamde cxovroben da gadaWimuli arian es tomebi" (geor-
gika, 1961, gv.20).
Sdr., evsevi kesarieli (260-340):
"kabadokiis gadaRma marjvniT arian armenielebi, iberebi da
beranebi, xolo marcxniT - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporanebi, ag-
reTve [sannebi], romelTac sannigebi ewodebaT da romlebic
vrceldebian pontomde, sadac aris banaki afsarosi, sebastopoli
[kausilimani], da mdinare fazisi. vidre trapezuntamde gadaWimu-
li arian es tomebi" (georgika, 1961, gv 31-32).
afsilebTan, beqe~rebTan da lazebTan erTad abazgiis mezoblad
mcxovrebi sanigebi skviTur tomadaa CaTvlili stefane bizantielis
- 127 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
(IV_VII) mier. Sdr., agreTve, basili sofeneli (IX s.):
"...romaelTa TviTmpyrobel traianes dros iq, vidre lazebis
da sanigebis qveynamde, dafuZnebul iqna romael jariskacTa razme-
bi..." (georgika, 1952, gv.201).
samecniero literaturaSi sanigi/sanixi, erTi mxriv, miCneu-
lia henioxis fonetikur variantad, Sesabamisad, henioxTa meore
satomo saxelad (marTlac, henioxebic da sanigebic erT sacxov-
risSi moiazrebian), meore mxriv ki, sanigebi da sanebi erTmaneTTa-
naa gaigivebuli.
ramdenadac sanigebi, henioxebi da sanebi arianesTan erTdro-
ulad saxeldebian, Tanac, sanigebi da sanebi sxvadasxva adgilze
cxovroben, ufro logikuria, davuSvaT, rom es samive qarTvelu-
ri tomi drois raRac monakveTSi damoukideblad arsebobda. maTi
naTesaobis samtkiceblad sakmarisi Cans ara mxolod maTi sacxov-
risis saerTo qarTveluri veli, aramed maT aRmniSvnel saxelTa
saerTo warmomavlobac; Sdr.:
san-/*han- > hen-: san-i, san-i-x-i, san-i-g-i/saniki da *hen-i, hen-i-
o-x-i; x-/-g- krebiTobis sufiqsia.
niSandoblivia:
sanebis, sanigebis da henioxebis gaigivebisa Tu erTmaneTSi aR-
revis romaul-bizantiuri tradicia am tomTa saerTo warmomav-
lobiTa da axlo naTesaobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
lazebi - berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi lazebs pirvelad axse-
nebs miTridates istorikosi memnoni (I s.) Tavis "herakles isto-
riaSi" (da ara pliniusi, rogorc zogi avtori wers); memnoni
lazTa sacxovrisad mkafiod gansazRvravs dioskuriis midamoebs
(soxumi-anakofiis regions); lazebTan erTad memnoni asaxelebs
sanegebs/sanigebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.24; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976,
gv.171-172).
arianes (95-175) cnobiT, arsebobda qalaqi Zveli lazike, ro-
melic man Tavisi TvaliT naxa; mogvianebiT am qalaqs nikofsiad mo-
ixsenieben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); aSkaraa, rom axal welTaR-
ricxvamde lazebi dioskuriis CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen.
- 128 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
arianesTan lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarseboben da sxvadasxva
tomebi arian (Zveli berZnebi... 1983, gv.159). ariane (II s.) Tavis "pe-
riplusSi" wers: "amJamad lazebs uWiravT teritoria Zidritebi-
dan abaskebamde"; e.i. daaxloebiT Woroxidan kodoramde (T.yaux-
CiSvili, 1987, gv.23; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). "lazebs iqiT
cxovroben afsilebi, afsilebis mosazRvreebi arian abazgebi,
abazgebis mezoblad arian sanigebi, romelTa qveyanaSi mdebareobs
sebastopolisi"; maSasadame, sebastopolisi-cxumi abazgebis te-
ritoriaze ki ar yofila, aramed sanigebis qveyanaSi..." (georgika,
1952, gv.235; s.yauxCiSvilis SeniSvna).
Sdr., V saukunis "periplusis" anonimi avtori:
"Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da md. aqeuntamde (es ki aris
soWidan daaxloebiT 30 km.-iT daSorebuli - T. y.) uwin cxovrob-
dnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlenebi, maxe-
lonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi. am ukanas-
knel SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mo-
saxleobad Canan maxelonebi (kolxebi da lazebi Cveulebriv uf-
ro samxreTiT igulisxmebodnen xolme), magram aq yvela tomi er-
Tad aris xsenebuli am nakveTze; ase rom, aq sagangebo viTarebaa (T,
yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130). periplusis (V s.) anonimuri avtori aq-
ve wers: "dioskuriidan anu sebastopolisidan md. afsarosamde
winaT cxovrobda xalxi, kolxebad wodebuli, axla lazebad saxe-
Secvlili" - e.i. anonimma icis lazTa da kolxTa mimarTeba, kol-
xuri da lazuri saxelmwifoebis gavrcelebis are (T. yauxCiSvi-
li, 1976, gv.105).
Sdr., ariane: trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde, am-
Jamindel novomixa~lovska~amde) cxovroben Semdegi tomebi: kol-
xebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi,
abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi. sakuTriv lazebi cxovrobdnen afsaro-
sidan (gonio Tu sarfi) daaxloebiT md. kodoris (Zveli hoposi)
SesarTavamde.
Sdr., stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.): lazebi - skviTuri tomi,
aris [pontoSi], aqvea sofeli "Zveli lazike", rogorc ambobs ari-
ane... (georgika, 1936, gv.281).
- 129 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
astronomiisa da geografiis fuZemdebeli klavdios ptole-
ma~osi (100-178) kolxidas uwodebs teritorias md. koraqsidan
(bzifidan) md. fasisamde (rionamde), sadac cxovroben tomebi:
lazebi, manralebi da ekriktikis (egrisis) qveynis mcxovrebni;
am kolxidis CrdiloeTiT - sarmatiaSi - cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerke-
tebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100, 160).
Semdgom periodSi lazebi ufro aqtiurad ixseniebian; ter-
mini lazika ukve politikuri erTeulis saxelad zogaddeba, ro-
melsac zog wyaroSi afxazeTic enacvleba; mag., amiane marceline
(IV s.) wers: imperatori valenti "daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise,
rom sazRvrad SuaSi md. kirosi (mtkvari) dadebuliyo da savro-
maks armeniisa da lazebis mosazRvre (mxare) rgeboda"; Saburis
"mosvliT SeSinebulma papam da aseve kilakem ...scades Seefarebi-
naT Tavi maRal mTebSi, romlebic Cvenebs [e.i. Cvens miwebs] la-
zikisagan hyofen" (georgika, 1961, gv.90, 128).
Sdr., agreTve, agaTangelosi (IV s.): "wminda grigoli... zog
[mRvdels] gzavnida iberTa qveyanaSi, zogs lazTa qveyanaSi." sa-
interesoa arabuli Targmani, sadac iberiis nacvlad aris misist ad
Georgian, xolo lazikis nacvlad - ad regionem Abchazorum (georgi-
ka, 1961, gv.71)...
sayuradReboa, rom epifane kvipreli (314-403) lazebs semis
STamomavlad Tvlis (semisa: kabadokielebi, finikebi, pontoele-
bi, marmaridebi... xalibebi, lazebi, mosinikebi, iberebi, frigie-
lebi...), xolo kolxebs - iafetisad (iafetisa: midielebi, armenie-
lebi, amazonebi, kolebi, kabadokielebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi, mo-
sinikebi, kolxebi, skviTebi...); semis teritoriaSi Sedis: palesti-
na, siria, evropa, lazia, iberia, kaspia... (georgika, 1961, gv.39-41).
ix., agreTve, priske panioneli (V s.): "mis Semdeg, rodesac ro-
maelebi mividnen kolxidaSi da omi awarmoes lazebis winaaRmdeg,
romaelTa jari Tavis qveyanaSi gamobrunda..." (georgika 1961,
gv.254); priske panioneli: "didi uTanxmoeba hqondaT svanTa tom-
Tan romaelebsa da lazebs, svanebma sastiki brZola gaaCaRes sema-
- 130 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
tis (?) - lazTa sardlis winaaRmdeg" (georgika, 1961, gv.261-262).
nikifore konstantinopoleli (IX s.) lazikis samxreT-da-
savleT sazRvrad miiCnevs trapezunts; kerZod, irakli keisris
laSqrobis aRwerisas is wers: "iraklim scada, lazikis gziT Se-
Wriliyo sparseTSi; rodesac moaRwia trapezuntamde - lazikis
sazRvramde, misma colma Sva Ze"; 1042 wels qarTulad gadmoRe-
bul am teqstSi lazika Targmnilia samegrelod: "da mo~wia ra
trapezunted - sanaxebTa samegrelo~saTa..." (georgika, 1952,
gv.207-208). Sdr., agreTve: niketa xoniates (XII s.) bizantiis keis-
ris - manuelis titulebSi Seaqvs: lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa,
serbTa... RvTivmmarTveli (georgika, 1966, gv.131).
Sdr., Tamaris istorikosi: 1204 wels Tamarma berZenTa mefes
waarTva: lazia, trapizoni, limoni, samisoni, sinopi, kerasundi,
kitiora, amastria, araklia... (qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv.141-142).
aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTvel mefeebs lazeTi/lazia araso-
des ucvniaT TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi (p.ingoroyva, 2003, gv.40).
romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi miRebulia azri kolxebisa da
lazebis igiveobisa; Sdr., mag., ioane lide: "kolxike, romelsac ax-
la lazikes eZaxian..." (georgika, 1965, gv.242); ioane cece: "kolxebi
skviTebi arian, maT lazebic ewodebaT da cxovroben abazgebis, wi-
nandeli masagetebis maxloblad (georgika, 1952, gv.7; T.yauxCiSvi-
li, 1987, gv.132)... miuxedavad amisa, aralogikuria, vilaparakoT am
terminTa sinonimurobaze, ramdenadac orive gamoyenebulia ro-
gorc viwro eTnikuri, aseve, farTo politikuri mniSvnelobiT;
miT umetes, SeuZlebelia, identuri iyos maTi zogadi Sinaarsi,
vinaidan Zveli kolxeTi gacilebiT farTo areals moicavda; erTi
ki udavoa:
lazebisa da Wanebis winaprebic, saspeirebic, xalibebic, xal-
debic, muSqebic da bevri sxva tomic Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua peri-
odis kolxur Tu mosxur modgmad SegviZlia miviCnioT. am tomTa
gaerTianebas sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxeli erqva (amis Sesaxeb
ix. qvemoT).
laz- fuZes fonetikuri variantebi ar uCans; Tumca, gansa-
- 131 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
xilvelia misi kavSiri, erTi mxriv - laS-x-, meore mxriv ki - riz-e
formebTan; ix., agreTve, iv. javaxiSvili (1960, gv. 405): la-zan-ik-a >
lazika, sadac la- svanuri mawarmoebelia. dasaSvebia, rom laz-
fuZe ucxouri warmomavlobisa iyos (Sdr., qarTveluri warmomav-
lobis eTnonimebs fonetikuri variantebi udasturdebaT).
abazebi, afxazebi, ebzeebi/obezebi, abazgebi/abaskebi, abaZa-
xebi/abazaxebi
afxaz- fuZesa da masTan formobriv-semantikurad dakavSire-
bul leqsemebs, afxaz da abaza tomTa istorias mravali mecnieri
ikvlevda; bolo periodis Semajamebeli xasiaTis gamokvlevebi
ekuTvnis T.gvancelaZes (T. gvancelaZe, 1993; T. gvancelaZe, 1998;
T. gvancelaZe, 2004); afxazur enaSi superstratuli fenebis gamo-
wvlilviTi Seswavlis Semdeg igi askvnis:
"dRevandel afxazTa winaprebs Savi zRvis sanapiroze ar
ucxovriaT ax.w. V saukunemde; afxazTa Tavdapirveli samSoblo
afsni mdebareobda kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT, mdinare yuba-
nis auzSi. misi ZiriTadi masa aqve binadrobda 1561 wlis axlo xa-
nebamde... Tanamedrove afxazuri eTnosis saboloo saxis Camoya-
libebaSi mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis amJamindeli afxazeTis
teritoriaze afxazTa (TviTsaxelwodebiT – afsuaTa; t.f.) mo-
svlamde mcxovreb kolxur mosaxleobas" (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.60,
2004, gv. 58-63). misive varaudiT, afxazur-abazur da Cerqezul eneb-
ze afxazur-abazur tomTa erTobis Tavdapirveli saxeli unda yo-
filiyo ~a-abaz-a > abaza; amosavali formaa *~a-fas-a, romlisga-
nac -Ea sufiqsiTaa nawarmoebi afsua < *~a-fas-Ea (T.gvancelaZe,
1998, gv.38-39).
warmodgenil sayuradRebo naSromebSi CvenTvis sakamaToa
mxolod qarTuli afxaz- fuZis warmoqmnis gza; kerZod, T.gvance-
laZis azriT, afxaz- fuZe momdinareobs Cerqezuli abaza xa kom-
pozitisgan: abaza xa "qvemouri abaza" (Cerqez. "xa" iTargmneba, ro-
gorc qvemouri, qvemoTa): Cerqez. abaza-xa/abzaxa > megr. abxaza >
qarT. afxazi (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.38); vfiqrobT, ufro naklebw-
- 132 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
inaaRmdegobrivia abaz-x-i > afxaz-i gzis daSveba, sadac -x- krebi-
Tobis sufiqsia. jer mivyveT wyaroebis Cvenebas:
ariane (II s.): trapizonidan Zvel aqaiamde Semdegi tomebi gavi-
areT: kolxebi, sanebi (qsenofontes drilebi), makronebi, henioxe-
bi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi; "la-
zebis mezoblebi afsilebi arian; maTma mefem - iulianem mefoba
Seni mamisgan miiRo. afsilebis mezoblebi abaskebi arian. abaskTa
mefe resmagaa. abaskTa mezoblebi sanigebi arian" (berZeni mwerle-
bi... 1983, gv.158-159). abaskebi sanigebs zemoT, mTebSi saxloben
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100-101); amave konteqstSi abazgebs axsene-
ben V s. moRvawe Teodorite kvirieli (georgika, 1961, gv.227), V s.
anonimi avtori (georgika, 1965, gv.8), stefane bizantieli (geor-
gika, 1936, gv.284) da sxvebi. Sdr. agaTangelosis teqstis arabul
TargmanSi lazTa qveyana Abchazorum-ad iTargmneba (georgika,
1961, gv. 71).
mogvianebiT farTovdeba termin abazgiiT moazrebuli teri-
toria; mag., bizantiis keisari konstantine porfirogeneti (912-
959), Tavis Svils acnobs ra bizantiis mezobel Tu dapyrobil
tomebs, abazgiis Sesaxeb ambobs:
"jiqeTis sazRvrebis Semdeg, ese igi, mdinare nikofsiidan moki-
debuli zRvis napiri vidre soteriupolisamde, 300 milis manZilze
uWiravs abazgiis qveyanas" (georgika, 1952, gv.233). nikofsiis loka-
lizeba ar Wirs, magram sakamaToa soteriupolisis sakiTxi; zogi
mas biWvinTad miiCnevs, zogi - soxumad (sakiTxis mimoxilvisTvis ix.
s. yauxCiSvilis msjeloba, iqve, gv.231-235).
Cveni azriT, ramdenadac, X saukuneSi abazgiis saxeliT, ara-
iSviaTad, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo moixseneba, abazgiis sa-
mxreT sazRvrad naTqvami qalaqi soteriupolisi Tanamedrove
TurqeTis teritoriaze unda veZioT nikofsiidan daaxloebiT 300
milis manZilze. X saukunis Sua wlebSi qarTuli wyaroebis afxa-
zeTis samefo (gaerTianebuli dasavleT saqarTvelo, centriT qu-
TaisSi) faqtobrivad damoukidebeli politikuri subieqtia; igi-
ve keisari konstantine porfirogeneti, roca Tavis Svils aswav-
lis ucxoelTaTvis mimarTvis wesebs, iberiis (tao-klarjeTis!)
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 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
kuropalatsa da abazgiis mTavars erT rangSi ganixilavs (georgi-
ka, 1952, gv.293); aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am periodis qarTuli wya-
roebi afxazeTs saqarTvelos erT-erT qveyanad - "Cuens queyanad"
Tvlis.
s. janaSias redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul saxelmZRvaneloSi
iyo aseTi fraza: "afxazTa erisTavma advilad daipyro egrisi da
argveTi..."; pavle ingoroyvam Semdegi marTebuli komentari gaake-
Ta: pirvelwyaro "matiane qarTlisa~Si" pirdapir aRniSnulia,
rom afxazTa erisTavi leon ganudga berZenebs da "daipyra afxaze-
Ti da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxazTa"; e. i. afxaz-
Ta erisTavma afxazeTidan ki ar daipyro egrisi, aramed, ganudga
ra dampyrobels, oriveSi gabatonda da dedaqalaqad quTaisi air-
Cia...(p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.115-116); swored am droidan dasavleT
saqarTvelos saxelad damkvidrda afxazeTi.
saerTod, istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom, iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda (aseTi gamonaklisebi yvela qarTul samTav-
ros hyavda), afxazeTis mefe-mTavrebi zogadqarTveluri erov-
nul-kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi saqmis moTaveebi iyvnen;
maTi moRvaweobiTac Cans, rom ruseTis imperiis kavkasiaSi gaaqti-
urebamde afxazebi sxva qarTveluri Temebisgan Tvisobrivad ar
gansxvavdebodnen.
afxazeTi da egrisi - "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT cnobili
es ori qarTuli kuTxe - gorgaslis mefobis dasawyisSi dasavleT
saqarTvelos im nawils moicavda, romelic dapyrobili ar hqonda
bizantias; Cans, afxazeTi iyo cixegojamde, egrisi ki - cixegojidan
lixamde; Sdr.: "masve Jamsa gamovidnen berZenni afxazeTad... da da-
ipyres egriswylidan vidre cixegojamde" (q.c., 1955, gv.146,4-5);
Sdr., iqve, gv.157, 19: dapyrobil afxazeTSi bizantielebis mier
mmarTvelad dasmuli iyo leon, romelic "ucalo iyo brZolisa-
gan sparsTasa, da verSemZlebel iyo spaTa gamogzavnad afxazeTs;
da [vaxtang gorgasalma] sam wel wartyuenna yovelni cixeni afxa-
zeTisani vidre cixe-gojamde". e.i. gorgasalma Semoimtkica berZen-
Tagan axaldapyrobili qarTuli qveyana - afxazeTi.
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
aqve aRvniSnavT:
farnavazisa da qujis ambebis Txrobis dros mematiane xazgas-
miT aRniSnavs, rom egriswyals marjvnivac qarTvelebi cxovrob-
dnen: egross ergo teritoria lixidan vidre mdinare xazareTis-
wylis (yubanis) SesarTavamde (qarTlis cxovreba, gv.5,12-15), mag-
ram berZnebTan omis Semdeg "egris wyals quemoTa darCa berZenTa,
rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa"
(iqve, gv.24, 1-2).
logikuria, vTqvaT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi, Tavdapirvelad,
egrisi moicavda afxazeTsac; momdevno periodSi orive saxeli re-
alurad Tanaarsebobda - mezobel mxareebs aRniSnavda, Semdeg sa-
erTo saxelad afxazeTi ganzogadda; istoriuli egrisis aRsaniS-
navad odiSi da samegrelo SedarebiT gvian damkvidrda.
afxazeTis bizantiuri varianti iyo abazgia:
Sdr.: saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde arsebobda abazgiis epar-
qia, romelic eqvemdebareboda konstantinepolis sapatriarqos
(georgika, 1952, gv.129, 137-138)...
keisar konstantines dros afxazeTis mefeebi iyvnen giorgi II
(912-957), leon III (957-967); Semdeg iyo Teodos III (975-978). Teod-
osis taxtidan gadayenebis Semdeg 978 wels daviT III bagrationi
(kuropalati) afxazeTSi amefebs mcirewlovan bagrats. swored
am periodSi eyreba safuZveli dasavleT, samxreT-dasavleT da
aRmosavleT saqarTveloebis (!) gaerTianebas; didi saqarTvelos
aRorZinebis gamorCeuli organizatori iyo afxazeTis erisTavi
iovane maruSisZe.
Sdr.: 1008 wels aRdgenil-gaerTianebuli didi saqarTvelos
pirveli monarqi xdeba afxazTa mefe bagrati, SemdgomSi bagrat
mesamed wodebuli (romlis Svili giorgi I Tavisi samSoblos da-
mpyrobeli bizantiis dauZinebeli mteri iyo). Sdr., agreTve, ioa-
ne zonaras (XI-XII) "msoflio qronikaSi" moTxrobili ambavi (ge-
orgika, 1966, gv.233-239; teqsts vimowmebT s.yauxCiSvilis Tar-
gmanisa da komentarebis mixedviT):
barda fokasa da barda skliarosis damarcxebis Semdeg bizan-
tiis mefe basili gaemarTa iberiaSi, sadac moawesriga is sadavo
- 135 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
sakiTxebi, romlebic gaCnda iberiis kuropalat daviTis garda-
cvalebis gamo da wavida finikiisken... Semdeg mobrunda da gailaS-
qra abazgiis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan misma mpyrobelma giorgi I daar-
Rvia bizantiasTan dadebuli xelSekruleba... ficxel omSi damar-
cxda abazgiis mTavari giorgi, Sida iberiisken gaiqca da zavi
iTxova; man mZevlad misca Tavisi Ze bagrati (SemdgomSi bagrat
IV)...
Zveli qarTveli mwignobarnic kargad icnoben termin abazgi-
as, mas dasavleT saqarTvelod Tvlian da afxazeTad Targmnian;
ix., mag., "mimoslvasa Sina wmidaTa mociqulTasa andria pirvelwo-
debulisa mier qadageba~ Soris avazgia~sa, romel ars afxazeTi"
(georgika, 1991, gv.214; ix., agreTve, aqve, gv.219).
aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom X-XII saukuneebis sxva ucxouri
wyaroebiT, afxazi ukve qarTvelis sinonimadaa qceuli; mag., ioane
italosi ioane petriws abazg gramatikoss uwodebs, rac am kon-
teqstSi qarTvel gramatikoss niSnavs.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ioane petriwi ara mxolod di-
di filosofosi, aramed Seudarebeli moqarTule da sityvaTSe-
moqmedi iyo; garda amisa, is sityvebs qarTveluri dialeqtebida-
nac amkvidrebda; mag., samxmiani galobis meore xmis aRsaniSnavad
man SemoiRo termini Jiri, romlis megruli warmomavloba uda-
voa; logikuria davuSvaT, rom es didi qarTveli moRvawe egrisis
mkvidri iyo (Sdr.: n.maris azriT, ioane petriwi tomiT afxazi
iyo). sayuradReboa agreTve e.xinTibiZis dakvirveba: eqvTime mTaw-
mindelma qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna "varlam da ioasafis"
romani, romelic berZnulidan gadaiTargmna laTinurad. laTinu-
rad mTargmnelis komentariT, "berZnuli Targmani Seasrula to-
miT abazgma berma efTvimem" (e.xinTibiZe, 1998, gv.15). e.i. qarTveli
eqvTime mTawmindeli, laTinTa azriT, tomiT abazgia. amave pe-
riodSi afxazeTi sruliad saqarTvelos niSnavs sparsul wyaro-
ebSic (k.tabataZe, 1993, gv.222-226); Sdr.: asureli istorikosi za-
qaria ritori afxazTa/qarTvelTa qveyanas baz-g-on-Ta qveyanas
uwodebs; msjelobisaTvis ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv. 402.
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
sayuradReboa kidev erTi faqti: dediT qarTveluri
(abazguri) warmomavlobis iovane ceces (1110-1180) azriT,
abazgebi iberTa tomisani arian (georgika, 1976, gv. 20-25); Sdr.,
aqve, erTgan miTiTebulia iovanes dedis abazgoba (gv.23), meoregan
ki - iberieloba (gv. 25); amave dokumentis mixedviT, iovanes abazgi
bebia amalaSi axlda iberiis mefis asuls - marTas.
Cans, afxazeTis mosaxleoba qarTvelebad iTvleboda mezobe-
li xalxebisaTvisac: yaraCaelebis, balyarelebisa da rusebis-
Tvis; kerZod:
SemTxveviTi ar Cans is faqti, rom termini abaza/obezi/ebze
Crdilo kavkasiis zog xalxSi da evropul Tu Zvel rusul wyaro-
ebSi qarTvelis sinonimia; mag.: pap inokent IV elCi ioane de pla-
no karpini, romelmac monRoleTSi imogzaura 1246 wels, saqar-
Tvelos georgiania-s eZaxis, qarTvelebs ki - georgian-eb-s anu ob-
ez-eb-s (s.janaSia, 1959, gv.53).
XIV-XVI saukuneebis rusuli wyaros mixedviT, obezi saqar-
Tvelos aRniSnavda. faqtis axsna iolad SeiZleba: maSindeli sla-
vebis enaSic qarTvelTa saxelad ganzogadda mezobeli tomis saxe-
li - abaza, ramdenadac slavebisTvis abaza, egriseli, svani, kaxeli
Tu mesxi erTi odenoba iyo; Sdr., agreTve: kavkasiaSi gvian mosuli
yaraCaelebisa da balyarelebisTvisac qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli
terminia ebze ( < abaza). amave dros, ebze sakuTriv svanebs, zog
SemTxvevaSi ki raWvelebsac aRniSnavs (T. gvancelaZe, 1993); Sdr.,
abaZa jiqTa TviTsaxelwodebacaa da dRevandel abazaTac (abazebi
ramdenime saukunis win gaemijnen afsuebs).
vfiqrobT, aSkaraa, rom Zveli droidan moyolebuli, vidre
XVI-XVII saukuneebamde, jiqebisgan gansxvavebiT, abazebi/abazge-
bi/afxazebi evropaSic da aziaSic qarTvelur (iberiul/kolxur)
samyarosTan asocirdeba; samarTlianadac: Sua saukuneebSi sxva
qarTveluri modgmis TemebTan erTad afxazebic qmnidnen erTian
qarTvelur saxelmwifosa da samwignobro kulturas. gaerTiane-
bulma saqarTvelomac didxans SeinarCuna "samefo afxazeTis" sa-
xeli (g.alasania, 2004, gv.9). Sdr., agreTve, T.gvancelaZis daskvna:
"sxvadasxva periodisa da sxvadasxva enaze Sedgenili werilobiTi
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 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
Tu kartografiuli masala cxadyofs: uZvelesi droidan gvian
Sua saukuneebamde cxumis mosaxleoba qarTveluri iyo"
(T.gvancelaZe, 1997, gv. 25).
erTiani saqarTvelos aRorZinebis paralelurad, afxazeTis
xelisufalni iRvwodnen qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis aRsadge-
nadac; mag., "afxazi" mefe-mTavrebis (leon II, Teodos II, demetre
II, giorgi I, konstantine III, giorgi II, leon III... agreTve: cxumis
erisTavi oTaRo ServaSiZe (XII s.), mxedarTmTavari dardin Serva-
SiZe (XIII s.) da sxv.) erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi politikis Ziri-
Tadi mimarTulebebi iyo:
_ dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis gamosvla konstantinepo-
lis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebidan da qarTul avtokefalur
eklesiasTan SeerTeba;
_ qarTulenovani saeklesio centrebis mSenebloba;
_ brZola qarTuli samyaros politikuri gaerTianebisaTvis;
_ Crdilokavkasiuri moZme xalxebis gaqristianebisaTvis
brZola da am gziT qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis uzrunvel-
yofa (l.axalaZe, 2004, gv.12)...
logikuri Cans, gverdigverd ganvixiloT: abaz-/abaza/abaZ-
/abas-... fuZeebi; garda amisa, tao - tao-x-i, kola - kol-x-i... mimar-
Tebebis paralelurad, dasaSvebia abaz- - abaz-x-, abaza - abaza-x-...
wyvilebis daSvebac: abaz-x-/*amas-x- fuZeSi warmomavlobiToba-
krebiTobis -x- sufiqsis gamoyofa logikuri Cans, rogorc amas
adrec varaudobdnen (n. maris, s. janaSias, q. lomTaTiZis mosazre-
baTa Sesaxeb ix., o. kaxaZe, 1993). abaz-x- fuZisgan x-s metaTezisiT
unda warmoqmniliyo afxaz- fuZe (Sdr., msgavsi fonetikuri pro-
cesi qarTulSi: waTx-/wyaT-, balR-/ bRar-, barty-/ bRart-, be-
rty-/bRert- da sxv..). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Cerqezulma aba-
zaxa formam, formobrivi msgavsebis gamo, gvian SeiZina "qvemo aba-
zas" Sinaarsi (Sdr., T. gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.37).
adrindeli qarTveluri *abaz-x- fuZis adaptirebuli varian-
tebia berZnuli abasx-, abazg- da abask- formebic (gansxvavebuli
msjelobisaTvis ix. T. gvancelaZe, 1998, gv. 36). afxazis sxvadasxvag-
vari etimologiis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve: n. mari, 1912, gv. 697; iv. java-
- 138 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
xiSvili, 1960, gv. 401; T. gvancelaZe, 1989; o. kaxaZe, 1993; e. osiZe,
1993; T. gvancelaZe, 1993; T. gamyreliZe, 1993; d.musxeliSvili,
2000... ix., agreTve, a.lomTaZe, r.Serozia, 2002, sadac afxaz- fuZis
amosavlad miCneulia svanuri metyvelebis msazRvrel-sazRvruli
*afxaS zani "mTis zani".
SeniSvna: bolo periodSi momravlda arakompetentur pirTa (m.Za-
Zamias, z.qafianiZis, i.zeirekis, v.foirStainis, v.rcxilaZis, b.gogi-
as...) "enaTmecnierul-kulturologiuri aRmoCenebis" publikacie-
bi; samagaliTod moviyvanT b.gogias tipur msjelobas (b.gogia, 2005,
gv.91): megruli sityvebis safuZvelze afxaz- fuZes ramdenime para-
leluri etimologia eZebneba: I. afxa-Ji > afxaza; Sdr.: afxa - beWi;
Ji - maRali; Sesabamisad: afxa-Ji - beW-maRali. II. afxa(m)-zani > afxa-
za; Sdr.: afxa - mxar-beWi; zani - zani; Sesabamisad: afxa-za - mxarbeWi-
ani zani; III. maTxozai ("Txis gamrekavi") > aTxazai > afxazi; IV. buzi
> abasko~; Sdr.: Wanji > Wani; V. mesxi-sani > medicina... aralingvist
etimologTa amgvari urapatriotuli "sibrZne" ar aris mxolod
pirovnuli axirebis erTjeradi gamovlena; mavanTagan msgavsi publ-
ikaciebis stimulireba sazogadoebaSi samecniero azris nivelire-
ba-diskreditacias emsaxureba.
savaraudoa, agreTve, a-baz- da *baz-g- fuZeTa saerTo warmomav-
lobis daSvebac: afxazuri ~a- da qarTveluri a-/sa- prefiqsebi ma-
salobrivad msgavsia; a-baz- formis a- SeiZleba daniSnulebis sa-
/a- prefiqsi iyos: *a-bazi/*a-masi - bazebis/masebis qveyana/adgili;
Sdr.: speri - sa-speri, qarTveli - saqarTvelo; Sdr.: dgas - a-dg-
il-i, bans - a-ban-o; civi - sa-civi, qari - sa-qari, wers - sa-weri... sa-
erToqarTvelurSi sa- prefiqsis paralelur variantad a-s daSve-
bas mxars dauWers zanurSi mosalodneli *so-s nacvlad o-s arseb-
oba; ramdenadac saerToqarTvelur a-s zanurSi kanonzomierad o
Seesabameba, logikuria, saerToqarTvelurSi daniSnulebis su-
fiqsad a- prefiqsic davuSvaT; Sdr.: qaTami - saqaTme da qoTomi -
o-qoTum-e; Sdr., agreTve: zan. o-xvam-e, o-yuj-e, o-fS-a... da svan. a-
ha-, a-yb-a, a-kuad-... mosalodnelia, rom saerToqarTveluri a-/*ha-
sa- da afxazuri ~a (/*ha-? dasaSvebia s/h/~ monacvleobani) saerTo
warmomavlobis prefiqsebi iyos. Sdr., n. maris mixedviT: *masxi >
bazgi > a-bazgi... warmodgenil sqemebs damatebiTi argumen-
tebi esaWiroeba.
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 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
samecniero literaturaSi afSil-/abazg- formebi dakavSire-
bulia asurul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul abeSlasTanac (z. anCaba-
Ze, 1976; S. inalifa, 1976) da xubuSqiasTanac (m. qurdiani, 2001,
gv.126-130; m. qurdiani, 2002, gv.80); -l-/-il- sufiqsTa kvalifikaci-
is sirTulis miuxedavad, logikuri Cans asuruli wyaroebis ab-
eSla, saerToqarTveluri abesa/abaza ( abaSa; Sdr. zanuri oba-
Sa > abaSa; m. Cuxua, 2003, gv. 73) da abSili/afsili formebs Soris
kavSiri. Sdr., z.WumburiZe, 2002: abaSa unda modiodes ebraul sa-
xel abasgan: aba-Sa "abas kuTvnili".
SeniSvna: ioane ceces (X s.) cnobiT, abazgebs adre masagetebi erqvaT
(georgika, 1967, gv 25); Sesabamisad, *mas- Ziris arseboba SeiZleboda
dagveSva mas-ag-et- eTnonimSic; Tumca, aqac bevri winaaRmdegoba
gvaqvs: ver xerxdeba -ag- da -et- segmentTa damajerebeli kvalifikacia;
garda amisa, sadavoa masagetebis kavkasiurobac: herodotes mixedviT,
masagetebi momTabare da meomari tomia (maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa
aqemenidTa damaarsebeli - kirosi). straboni maT xvarazmelebad
Tvlida (qse, t. VI, gv.497); farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixed-
viT, masagetebi arian Suaazieli skviTebi; Sdr., Teofane bizantieli
(VI s.): Zvel masagetebs axla Turqebi hqviaT; maTve sparselebi kermixi-
onebs uwodeben (georgika, III, gv.253). zogi mkvlevari masagetebs qar-
Tvelur-kavkasiur samyarosTan akavSirebs; Sdr., stefane bizantielis
mtkicebiT, misgetebi iberTa tomia (georgika, 1936, gv.282).
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT:
warmodgenili lingvisturi sqemebi met argumentebs, xolo
sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas saWiroebs. aq udavo SeiZleba iyos mxo-
lod is, rom ori sxvadasxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi afsil-
afsarebi da abazg-afxazebi saukuneebis manZilze, sakuTriv qar-
Tvelur tomTa msgavsad, erTian qarTvelur kulturul-istori-
ul Tu saxelmwifoebriv velSi cxovrobda... faqtia isic, rom is-
toriul Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSic (kodoridan Sav
zRvasTan yubanis Zvel SesarTavamde) odiTganve cxovrobdnen qar-
Tvelur-kavkasiuri modgmis tomebi (zanebi, sanigebi, svanebi, afsa-
rebi, abazebi...). SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom am tomTa sa-
cxovrisebi da politikuri gavlenebi erTmaneTis teritoriebze
- 140 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
monacvleobda (masalis mimoxilvisTvis ix., d.leTodiani, 1971).
evlia Celebis cnobiT, ukve 1641 wels abazas qveynis mosaxleo-
ba abazur da qarTul (mis megrul dialeqtze) enebze laparakobs
(evlia Celebi, 1971, gv. 100; Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.133).
T.gvancelaZis lingvisturi da istoriografiuli ZiebebiT
naTladaa naCvenebi, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebSi istoriuli
afxazeTis teritoriaze Crdilo kavkasiidan - yubanis xeobidan -
TandaTanobiT gadmodis da amJamindeli afxazeTis avtonomiuri
respublikis ramdenime xeobaSi kompaqturad saxldeba erT-erTi
abazuri tomi, TviTsaxelwodebiT - afsua.
vfiqrobT, ramdenadac es sazogadoeba moZme qarTveluri
mosaxleobis - afxazebis - sacxovrisSi nel-nela mkvidrdeba,
mezobelTaTvis Camosulebzec gadadis damxvdurTa Temonimi
afxazi. droTa manZilze, adgilobriv afxazTa nawili iTqvifeba
megrelebSi, nawili - afsuebSi; Sesabamisad, qarTveluri Temonimi
afxazi/afxaza qarTvelur enobriv velSi afsuebis aRmniSvnelad
gadaazrianda da aqedanve Sevida sxva enebSic (Sdr., amgvari
transformaciiT somxiTi/somexi iqca mosuli armenebis
aRmniSvnelad). bolo dromde, afsua-afxazebic Tavs Tvlidnen
zogadqarTuli kulturis Tanaavtorebad...
qarTveluri enobriv-kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi sivrci-
dan Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovreb sxva iberiul-kavkasiur tomTa
mkveTri ganmxoloeba iwyeba kavkasiaSi TurqeTis gaZlierebis Sem-
deg, xolo afsua-afxazi xalxis identoba (erovnuli meoba - t.
f.) "polarulad Secvala caristul-sabWouri ideologiis
mZlavrma zegavlenam 1864 wlidan dRemde" (T. gvancelaZe, 2004,
gv.19); kavkasiis sruli dapyrobis mizniT, ruseTis xelisuflebam
daiwyo aqauri mosaxleobis gasaxleba an sruli gaucxoeba tradi-
ciuli qarTvelur-kavkasiuri sivrcidan; mag., saqarTvelos Zir-
Zveli kuTxidan - egrosis wili qveynis nawilidan - adler-soWi-
tuafses regionidan ruseTis imperiam 1864 da 1878 wlebSi gaasax-
la qarTvelTa monaTesave xalxebi: ubixebi, Cerqezebi, afsua-afxa-
zebi (ufro adre da amave periodSic, rusul-Turquli mzakvru-
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 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
li garigebiT, qarTvelobisgan icleba samxreTi da samxreT-dasav-
leTi saqarTveloc)...
qarTvelTa da afxazTa (CerqezTa, vainaxTa, lekTa...) gasamijna-
vad/dasapirispireblad sabWoTa imperiam ufro efeqturad gamoi-
yena kulturuli gaucxoebis meTodi, vidre mefis ruseTma; qar-
Tuli (afxazuri) mowinave azris aqtiurobis miuxedavad (ix. Ser-
vaSiZeebis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba), ufro swrafad da xelovnurad
gagrZelda gadarCenili afxazebis gamijvna erTiani qarTveluri
(afxazur-egrisul-qarTlur-kaxur-mesxuri) istoriidan, kul-
turidan Tu eTnosidan; procesma piks miaRwia 1991-93 wlebSi gan-
xorcielebuli putCis dros, rodesac afxazeTidan - ZirZveli
qarTveluri kuTxidan - ruseTis imperiam gamodevna erTian qar-
Tvelur cnobierebaze orientirebuli qarTvelebica da afxaze-
bic, xolo darCenili afxazur-qarTul-somxur-rusuli mosaxle-
obiTurT faqtobrivad miitaca afxazeTis teritoria. Sdr., ru-
seTma iolad ganaxorciela qarTvelTa monaTesave sxva eTnosebis -
Cerqezebisa da vainaxebis - daSla patar-patara xalxebad: abaze-
bad, abazaxebad, SafsuRebad, adiRelebad, yabardoelebad... CeCne-
bad, inguSebad; Semdeg ki maTi teritoriebic miiTvisa (Tumca aqac
dasWirda mosaxleobis didi nawilis deportacia TurqeTsa da Sua
aziaSi).
afsilebi/afSilebi, afsarebi, afsuebi. afsilebi pirvelad
dasturdeba arianesTan; misi cnobebis mixedviT, afsilebi cxov-
robdnen kodoris xeobaSi; z.anCabaZe maT Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad
Tanamedrove galis raions miiCnevs (z.anCabaZe, 1964). mecnierTa er-
Ti nawilis azriT, abazgTa msgavsad, afsilebic qarTveluri tomi
iyo (s.janaSia, s.yauxCiSvili, d.musxeliSvili da sxv..), xolo, zogis
azriT, maTi memkvidreebi Tanamedrove afxazebi (afsuebi) arian
(g.meliqiSvili, z.anCabaZe, n.lomouri...).
agaTia sqolastikosis (VI) mixedviT, afsarebi kolxebisa da
misimielebis/svanebis monaTesaveni arian.
gviandeli avtorebi da komentatorebi afsilebs skviTur
- 142 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
toms uwodeben (mag., stefane bizantioneli IV-VII s.); Sdr., kol-
xi a~etesi skviTTa mefea, medea - skviTTa mefis asuli (libaniosi,
ax.w. IVs.); makronebi skviTuri tomia (apolonios rodoselis sqo-
liasti, ax. w. I-II s.); kolxebi azieli skviTebi arian (ioane cece
XII s.); skviTebi egviptelTa kolonistebi arian (herodotes cno-
ba kolxebis Sesaxeb pindares sqoliastTan) da a.S. e. i. am koncef-
ciiT, abasgi da afsilic isevea skviTi, rogorc kolxi da makro-
ni... (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.102).
aSkaraa, rom arianes dros abazgebi da afsilebi sxvadasxva
qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi iyo; Sdr., d.musxeliSvili, 2000,
gv.17-34: "afSils" arc geografiulad (sacxovrisis mixedviT -
t.f.), arc formalur-lingvisturad araferi aqvs saerTo "afsu-
asTan"... gvaqvs safuZveli, afSilebi erT-erT dasavlur-qarTul
tomad CavTvaloT, romlis nawili gvian saukuneebSi Seerwya me-
grelebs, nawili ki - gaafsuvda" (iqve, Sdr.: n.lomouris azriT,
afSilebi ueWvelad afsuebi arian).
logikuri Cans mosazreba, rom afs- Zirisgan qarTveluri
sufiqsebiTaa miRebuli qarTveluri: *afS-el-i, afs-il-i, afs-
ar-i eTnonimebi (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.34, 39); aSkaraa afs- Ziris
povniereba afs-ua fuZeSic. faqtia isic, rom afsua cxovrobda
yubanis xeobaSi, afsilebi/afsarebi - kodoris xeobaSi svanebis
sacxovrisamde (e.i. kodoris xeobis kavkasionis gadasasvlelebi
svanebs eWiraT, rac gamoricxavs am gziT afsuaTa gadmosvlas).
aseve, ueWveli Cans qoronim afxazeTi/abazgia-s warmomavloba
afxaz-/abazg- fuZisgan da ara - afsua/afsilisgan; maSasadame, lo-
gikuri iqneba davaskvnaT: erTi fuZisgan sxvadasxva sufiqsiT
warmoqmnili ramdenime TemonimiT sxvadasxva monaTesave
qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomebi aRiniSneboda (abaza, afxazi,
afSili, afsari, afsua...); Sesabamisad, oTxi eTnonimiT (abaza,
afsari, afsua da afxazi) erTi sazogadoebis aRniSvna gviandeli
movlenaa.
svanebi, misimielebi - svanebi pirvelad strabonTan moixseni-
- 143 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ebian (soanas/Soanas); maSinac isini kavkasiis mTebSi cxovrobdnen;
varaudoben, rom svanebi adridanve gansaxlebulni iyvnen agreTve
Crdilo kavkasiaSic - Tergsa da yubans Soris arsebul terito-
riaze; Sdr., mag., memandre protiqtori (VI s.), romelic, aRwers
ra bizantiisa da sparseTis davas svaneTis gamo, vrclad iZleva
svanTa daxasiaTebas (georgika, 1936, gv.213-233); misi cnobiT, svane-
bi kavkasiis mTebis garSemo cxovroben (georgika, 1936, gv.231); ix.,
agreTve, T.mibCuani, 1993; z.ratiani, 1995, gv.57-61.
Cans, svanebs kavkasionis strategiuli gadasasvlelebi eWi-
raT, vinaidan bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris didxans grZeldebo-
da winaaRmdegoba svaneTis danarCunebis gamo (ix. georgika, 1936,
gv.213-233). pliniusis mixedviT, svanebi dRevandeli samegrelos
teritoriazec cxovrobdnen: "mdinare xobi kavkasiis mTebidan
Camomdinareobs da svaneTis miwaze dis”; amasve amtkicebs sageog-
rafio saxelebis dakvirvebac, mag., leCxumi, lebaCile da sxva.
”Semdeg svanebis miwebi kolxebs anu megrelebs daupyriaT..." (iv.ja-
vaxiSvili, 1908, gv.46-47). Cveni azriT, pliniusis cnobis sxvagvari
ganmartebac SeiZleba:
am periodis wyaroebSi, araiSviaTad, erTmaneTs faravs termi-
nebi: suani, sani, zani, suanokolxi, egrsvani... Cans, strabonisa da
pliniusis dros termini svani im ramdenime qarTveluri tomis
(egrisis nawilis, dvaleTis, skvimiis, sakuTriv svaneTis mosaxle-
obis...) gamaerTianebeli, krebiTi saxelia, romelTac romaelebi
ver akontrolebdnen (Sdr.: lazika - romaelTa gavlenis sfero):
yuradRebis centrSi svanebis moqceva, Cans, ganapiroba kavkasiis
uReltexilebis strategiulobam.
Cveni azriT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls jer kidev dauS-
lelia zanur-svanuri enobrivi erToba; swored es adreuli za-
nur-svanuri (da ara megruli an svanuri) dialeqturi fena unda
vivaraudoT osur-alanuri enis substratad (masalisaTvis ix.
v.abaevi, 1949, 324-329); Sdr.: gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom osurSi
zanuri/afsiluri substrati gaCnda kodoris xeobaSi osebis eq-
spansiis dros (n. afxazava, 1998). rogorc cnobilia, substratis
arseboba miuTiTebs damxvduri da mosuli eTnosebis xangrZliv
- 144 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
urTierTobas; vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia, osTa metyvelebaSi zanu-
ri substratis warmoqmna davuSvaT kodoris xeobaSi alanTa mo-
klevadiani eqspansiis periodSi. rac Seexeba osurSi sakuTriv
svanuri leqsikis arsebobas: CrdilokavkasiaSi mcxovrebi osebis
metyvelebaSi svanuri da afxazuri leqsika (rogorc adstratu-
li fena) Sevida svanTa, afxazTa da osTa mezoblobis pirobebSi.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, Cveni azriT, zanur-svanuri kontinuumis ba-
zaze sakuTriv svanuri metyvelebis Camoyalibeba swored welTaR-
ricxvaTa mijnidan xdeba qarTvelur (zanur) metyvelebaze Crdi-
lokavkasiur tomTa metyvelebis dafenebiT (msjelobisaTvis ix. t.
futkaraZe, 1998); aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ara mxolod svanuri, ara-
med araizolirebuli nebismieri mosaxleobis metyveleba
(ena/kilo) warmoqmnilia divergenciuli da konvergenciuli
procesebis Sedegad.
strabonis mixedviT, svanebi gamoirCeodnen simamaciT da didi
fizikuri ZaliT. strabonis cnobiTve, svanebs hyavT basilevsi da
300 mamakacisgan Semdgari sabWo; saWiroebis Jams gamohyavT 200000-
kaciani laSqari. straboni svanebis sacxovrisSi arsebul mdinare-
ebTan akavSirebs oqros sawmisis miTs; strabonTanvea Zveli
cnoba, rom oqros sabadoebis gamo (romlisganac warmoiSva miTi
oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb), dasavleTis iberebis analogiiT, svanebs
zogi aRmosavleTis iberebsac uwodebs, ramdenadac oqros
sabadoebi aris orive iberiaSi (rusuli TargmanisaTvis ix., stra-
boni, 1964, gv. 473, XI, II,14-19); Sdr., T.yauxCiSvilis Targmani:
svanebis qveyanaSi "zamTris niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo
barbarosebi agroveben oqros daxvretili varclebiT da
banjgvliani tyavebiT: aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian
verZze... (dazianebuli teqsti)... Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels
dasavleTelebisas, romelTac aqvT oqros sabadoebi orive mxares:
es adgili SeiZleba gavigoT ornairad: a)espaneTis iberebs
orive mxares aqvT oqros sabaduri; b) oqros sabadoebi aqvT,
rogorc espaneTis iberebs, ise saqarTvelos iberebs"
(T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.139-144).
svanebi sxva wyaroebSic Canan:
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 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
priske panioneli (V s.): "didi uTanxmoeba hqondaT svanTa
tomTan romaelebsa da lazebs; svanebma sastiki brZola gaaCaRes
sematis (?lazTa sardlis) winaaRmdeg" (georgika, 1961, gv.261);
prokopi kesarieli (VI s.): "marto es lazike ki ar Caigdes
xelT sparselebma, aramed svimniaca da svaniac da, amrigad, moxi-
risidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali gamoecalaT xelidan romae-
lebsa da lazTa mefes” (georgika, 1965, gv.202).
agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.) vrclad msjelobs misimielTa Se-
saxeb; misi cnobiT, es xalxi kolxTa mefis qveSevrdomia, msgavsad
afsilebisa, oRond gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs. isini afsilTa
tomze ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTiT; aga-
Tias misimielebi miaCnia kolxTa da afsilTa naTesavad; s. yaux-
CiSvilis logikuri varaudiT, misimielebi/misimianebi svanuri
tomia (georgika, 1936, gv.86, 161-162, 172, 347-348). misim- fuZe SeiZ-
leba davakavSiroT svanTa TviTsaxelwodebasTan; SesaZloa,
warmodgenili berZnuli forma muSuan- fuZis damaxinjebuli va-
rianti iyos: muSuan- > *muSun- > miSin-/misim-; Sdr.: qvemosvanu-
ri - muSEan, balszemouri - muSan, balsqvemouri - muSni, latalu-
ri - muSEan/mHSan; mHSan formisTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos mo-
San-: mo-San/mo-san; Sdr.: mo-frang-e, mo-xev-e.
Sdr., p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.144: "*mH-simi-an-i Tavisi gramati-
kuli gaformebiT wminda qarTul tips warmoadgens: m- Tavkiduri
prefiqsia, romelic erTvis eTnikur saxelebs, xolo -an-, aseve,
eTnikuri saxelebis determinanti sufiqsia. aqve SevniSnavT, rom
p. ingoroyvas sayuradRebo varaudiT, misimianeTis Zveli saxelia
kolaeTi, ramdenadac antikur wyaroebSi kodoris xeobaSi mosax-
le toms ewodeba kolike (p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.142).
samecniero literaturaSi naTladaa garkveuli svan- fuZis-
gan warmoqmnili variantebis fonetikuri safuZvlebi:
saerToqarTv. svan-  zan.-svan.  SEan ( TviTsaxelwodeba:
mo-Suan-)  zan. Soni;
saerToqarTv. svan- zan.-svan.  SEan  afxaz. a-SEan-ua...
vfiqrobT, Temonimi svani momdinareobs *san- fuZis labialize-
- 146 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
buli *sºan- variantisgan, romelic, Cans, saerToqarTvelurSive
arsebobda; swored am labializebuli bgeris mezoblobas unda Se-
ewyo xeli *San-/Svan- > Son- procesisTvis.
SeniSvna: Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri a xmovani interkonsonan-
tur poziciaSi im SemTxvevebSi gvaZlevs zanur o refleqss, rodesac
winamavali Tanxmovani labialuria, an arabagismieri labializebulia
(labiovelarizebulia): winaenismieri an ukanaenismieri Tanxmovnebis
labiovelarizebuli alofonebi warmoadgenen bazas zanuris a > o
procesisTvis; Sdr.: qarTv. kaci > zan. koCi, magram: qarTv. laviwi >
zan. laberji/laberwi; qarTv. sadave "avSara" > zan. sadio; qarTv. ga-
cnoba > zan. gaCinefa; qarTv. adarebinebs > zan. odarebafuans; qarTv.
amzadebs > zan. zaduns; qarTv. zadi > zan. zandi "Cirqi"; qarTv. kakala-
mi > zan. kakliani; qarTv. kakani > zan. kakafi; qarTv. kavi/kakvi > zan. kak-
vi; qarTv. kalo > zan. kale; qarTv. kani > zan. kani; qarTv. kari > zan. ka-
re; qarTv. kalTa > zan. karTe da mravali sxva. amgvari sityvebi zanuri
leqsikuri maragis udides nawils Seadgens, amdenad, ulogiko iqneba,
isini qarTuli saliteraturo enidan "nasesxobad" CaiTvalos; am
rigis formebi saerToqarTveluridanaa momdinare (am sakiTxis Sesa-
xeb vrclad sxvagan gvaqvs msjeloba).
suanokolxebi - Temonimi souannokolxoi dasturdeba mxo-
lod klavdios ptolema~osTan (100-178 ); suanokolxebi cxovro-
ben henioxebsa da mdinare koraqss (bzifs) Soris; daaxloebiT am
adgilebSi ariane da sxva avtorebi sanigebs asaxeleben (T.yauxCiS-
vili, 1976, gv.160-162). ramdenadac ptolema~osi suanokolxebs
kolxeTs gareT aTavsebs, gaWirdeba im azris gaziareba, rom isini
is svanebi arian, romlebic kolxeTSi cxovroben (Sdr., T.yauxCiS-
vili, 1976, gv.161).
ptolema~osis saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadad mihyveba fsevdo-
skilaqss, arianesa da pliniuss (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.164); buneb-
rivia, is icnobs strabonsac; gamomdinare aqedan, unda davuSvaT,
rom igi eTnonim sanigebs gaazrebulad cvlis suanokolxebiT,
romliTac, Cans, igi aRniSnavs Zveli kolxebis memkvidre erT-erT
toms; amgvari xazgasma imitom gaxda saWiro, rom, ptolema~osis mi-
xedviT, suanokolxebi cxovroben miseuli kolxeTis gareT - sarma-
- 147 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
tiaSi. sayuradReboa isic, rom hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472)
dRevandeli mdinare bzifis raionSi asaxelebs kolxur toms -
koraqsebs (Sdr., misi azriT, kolebi bzifis auzsa da dioskurias
Soris arian). suano-kolxebs svanebisa da megrelebis SereviT
warmoqmnil tomad miiCnevs iv.javaxiSvili (1960, gv.429).
p. ingoroyvas azriT, svano-kolxebis aRmniSvneli unda iyos
termini eger-svanic, romelic gvxvdeba somex istorikos favstos
bizantielTan (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.145).
amarantebi - stefane bizantielis (IV-VII s.) cnobiT, amaran-
tebi kolxuri tomia; maTi qveynidan modis fazisi (georgika, 1936,
gv. 275); aqve: kolxeTSi arsebobs mTa amarantioni; Sdr.: mkvlevre-
bi am toponimSi amiranis mTas xedaven.
dvalebi - antikur wyaroebSi dvalebi ax.w. I saukunidan ixse-
nebian Talis, valis da ualis saxelwodebiT (r. TofCiSvili,
2002, gv. 62). Zveli qarTuli wyaroebisa Tu Tanamedrove mkvlevar-
Ta didi nawilis mixedviT, dvalebi qarTvelebi arian (zogi maT
naxebad Tvlis); dvaleTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iyo 1859
wlamde, vidre ruseTis imperiam es qarTveluri mxare saqarTve-
los sabolood ar CamoaWra.
tuskebi - klavdios ptolema~osi aRmosavleT sarmatiaSi asa-
xelebs tuskebs, didurebsa da sanarebs. T.yauxCiSvilis azriT
(1976, gv.167), eseni unda iyvnen wovaTuSebi, didoelebi da wanare-
bi. gaumarTlebeli Cans adreul periodSi wovaTuSebisa da CaR-
maTuSebis daSoriSoreba; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas,
rom CvenTvis cnobili TuSebis didi nawili erT-erT qarTvelur
kiloze metyvelebs, xolo ufro mcire nawilis - wova-TuSebis -
metyveleba emsgavseba rogorc vainaxurs, aseve - Zvel qarTuls,
logikuri iqneba, davuSvaT tuskebis/TuSebis qarTveloba:
TuSebis vainaxuri warmomavlobis tomad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi
gaWirdeba mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelosgan maRali mTebiT mowyve-
tilma mosaxleobam iswavla da saukuneebis manZilze SeinarCuna
- 148 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
qarTuli maSin, roca daiviwya regionSi intensiurad gamoyenebu-
li dedaena - erT-erTi vainaxuri ena (T.uTurgaiZe, 1996).
vfiqrobT, tuskebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis xalxia, ro-
melTa nawilis (wovaTuSebis) metyveleba Zlier Seicvala mezobe-
li Tu "sisxlis Ziebas" gamoqceuli vainaxebis gavleniT. am pozi-
cias amyarebs lingvisturi monacemebic: wova-TuSurSi arsebiTi
adgili uWiravs adreul qarTul substrats (m. miqelaZe, 2004,
gv. 45); Sdr.: g. cocaniZis azriT, TuSuri mosaxleoba enobrivad
gansxvavebul or jgufad ganiyofa: CaRmaTuSebad da wovaTuSebad
(g. cocaniZe, 1993, gv. 539). a. SavxeliSvilis azriT, wovaTuSuri
naxurad qceuli qarTveluri enaa, xolo b. SavxeliSvilis mtkice-
biT, wovaTuSuri ena gardamavali, damakavSirebeli rgolia qar-
Tvelur (gansakuTrebiT Zvel qarTul) da vainaxur enebs Soris
(b. SavxeliSvili, 2003).
aqa~ebi/aqeebi, aqeelebi - fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) masa-
lebis mixedviT, aqa~ebi da henioxebi Tanamedrove tuafsesa da
soWs Soris unda vivaraudoT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83; T.yaux-
CiSvili, 1980); Sdr.: V saukunis anonimuri "periplusis" mixed-
viT, iq, sadac adre aqa~ebi cxovrobdnen, axla Ziqebi arian.
straboni asaxelebs aqeis qveyanas, ariane - "Zvel aqa~as", pto-
lema~osi - sofel aqa~as...
miuxedavad imisa, rom berZeni istorikosebi (straboni, apia-
ne, dionisios periegeti...) eTnonimsac da tomsac berZnuli
warmomavlobisad Tvlian, Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa didi nawili
fiqrobs, rom aqa~ebi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomia; "rogorc
Cans, aqa~ebis saxeliT cnobili tomi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana-
piros Crdilo monakveTze cxovrobda daaxloebiT argonavtebis
laSqrobis droidan ax.w. I saukunemde; II saukuneSi mcxovrebi
ariane maT ukve aRar axsenebs, magram icnobs geografiul punqts
"Zveli aqa~a" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1980, gv.37).
specialistebi fiqroben, rom berZnul wyaroebSi Semonaxul
saxelwodebaSi romelime qarTveluri sityvaa areklili...
sindebi, Ziqebi, zixebi/zinxebi, jiqebi - aristoteles (Zv.w.
- 149 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
384-322) mixedviT, sindebi skviTuri modgmis tomia; ufro zustad,
meoti tomia. sindebi cxovrobdnen dRevandeli anapis midamoebSi;
evstaTis komentaris mixedviT, sindebi igive jiqebi arian (T. yaux-
CiSvili, 1969, gv. 25). zikxebTanac aigiveben sindebs; mag., dionisi-
osis (ax.w. II s.) "periegesiss" evstaTis (XII s.) komentaris mixed-
viT, sindebi igive zikxebi arian, zikxebi ki gaigivebuli arian
strabonis jiqebTan. Sdr., dionisiosi iqve, 5 striqonis qvemoT,
asaxelebs eTnonim jiqebsac (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 222).
zigebi pirvelad Cndebian strabonTan (Zv. w. 64 - ax. w. 24): is
erTad asaxelebs aqeebs, zigebsa da henioxebs, romlebic kolxebis
CrdiloeTiT, zRvis sanapiroze cxovroben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976,
gv.137).
Sdr., devnili miTridate gverds uvlis ziqebis sacxovriss
maTi velurobisa da cudgzianobis gamo; napir-napir aRwevs aqee-
bamde, romelnic mas kargad iReben (straboni, XI, 2, 12-14).
V saukunis periplusis anonimi avtori wers: "Zvel aqeidan
Zvel lazikamde da mdinare aqeuntamde (es aris soWidan 30 km da-
Sorebuli) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kole-
bi, melanqlainebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi; axla ki cxov-
roben zixebi" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130).
T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, es ziqebi/Ziqebi, Semdegi periodis
jiqebi, adre qeds gadaRma, sarmatiis dablobze cxovrobdnen da
strabonis dros axalgadmosaxlebulni arian zRvispireTSi;
straboni da misi momdevno bevri avtori (ariane, dionisios peri-
egeti, stefane bizantieli...) Semdeg ukve aq asaxelebs maT (T. ya-
uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.139).
Sdr., mag., ariane: "zRvis piras da Semdeg, kodoris xeobaSi
cxovroben afsilebi. maT Semdeg ise, rom qalaqi sebastopolisi
maT teritoriazea, md. Saxemde arian sanigebi; sanigebs zemoT
mTebSi saxloben abaskebi. md. Saxedan md. negofsuxumde cxovro-
ben Zilqebi (jiqebi)" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100).
klavdios ptolema~osis mixedviT (II s.), zinxebis sacxovri-
sad ivaraudeba teritoria mdinare yubanidan mdinare labas saTa-
veebamde; ptolema~osis azriT, kolxidis CrdiloeTiT aris aziis
- 150 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
sarmatia (Tavi VIII), sadac cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerketebi, henioxe-
bi da suanokolxebi. pirvel sam toms ara erTi Zveli avtori asa-
xelebs da, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi klavdios ptolema~os Zve-
li wyaro hqonda xelT: misi henioxebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana-
piros CrdiloeT nawilSi arian da ara samxreTiT, rogorc es gvi-
andel wyaroebSia. mas Zveli wyaroc rom hqonda xelT, amaze miu-
TiTebs zinxebis (anu jiqebis) xsenebac sarmatiaSi, rac strabonis
droidan aRar gvxvdeba (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.160).
jiqeTi Crdilo kavkasiaSia gviandeli wyaroebiTac: konstan-
tine porfirogeneti (IXs.): "bosforis pirdapir aris e.w. tama-
tarxis cixe. am srutis sigrZe aris 18 mili. Sua manZilze aris di-
di vake kunZuli, e.w. atexi. tamatarxidan 18 Tu 20 milis manZilze
aris mdinare e.w. ukruxi, romelic hyofs jiqeTsa da tamatarxas,
ukruxidan nikofsiis mdinaremde, sadac imave saxelwodebis cixea,
aris jiqeTis qveyana... jiqeTis zemoT aris qveyana, papagiad wodebu-
li, da papagiis qveynis zemoT - kasaxiad wodebuli qveyana; kasaxiis
zemoT kavkasiis mTebia, xolo am mTebis zemoT - alaniis qveyana. ji-
qeTis sanapiroze aris kunZulebi, erTi didi da sami patara kun-
Zuli; maT Sua sxva kunZulebicaa, dasaxlebuli da gaSenebuli ji-
qebis mier: es aris turganerxi, Carvagani da erTic sxva; aris kidev
sxva kunZuli mdinaris navsayudelTan, erTic pteleasTan, sadac
jiqebi Tavs Seafarebdnen alanTa Tavdasxmebis dros"... (georgika,
1952, gv. 231-233).
Sdr., agreTve, nikifore grigorasi ( XIVs.): "Cingisxanis meo-
re vaJi telepua imorCilebs masagetebisa da savromatebis qveya-
nas... Semdeg man gadalaxa tanaisis saTaveebi da gaswia evropel
tomTa miwa-wylis gziT; es tomebi bevrni iyvnen da sxvadasxvani...
tomebi, romelnic meotis tbis mezoblad iyvnen da pontos sanapi-
ros mosdebodnen, iyvnen: jiqebi da abazgebi, guTebi da amaqsovie-
bi, tavroskviTebi da borisTenelebi, garda amisa, iyvnen iseTebi,
romelnic istros SesarTavTan mdebare miziaSi cxovrobdnen. maT
hunebi da komanebi ewodebodaT..." (georgika, 1967, gv.130-131).
qarTuli wyaroebi kargad icnoben jiqebs: qarTlis cxovrebis
mixedviT, isini cxovroben Crdilo kavkasiaSi (q.c., 43, 45, 156-
- 151 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
157…). jiqebi aSkarad Zveli Crdilokavkasiuri tomia, romelsac
naklebi Sexeba hqonda qarTvelur kulturasTan.
savromatebi/sarmatebi/svirmatebi - savromatTa saxeli ber-
Znul mwerlobaSi uZvelesi droidan gvxvdeba; pirvelad dastur-
deba fsevdo-skilaqsTan (Zv.w. IV s.); esaa Crdilokavkasiis mosax-
leoba ufro aRmosavleTiT, vidre meotidaa; iv. javaxiSvilis az-
riT, es saxeli momdinareobs Saro/Sarur formidan da niSnavs
"SaroelTa toms" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.221). Sdr., straboni:
"skviTebsa da sarmatebs enaTesavebian mTis iberebi" (T.yauxCiSvi-
li, 1976, gv.149). zogi mkvlevari savromatebs miiCnevs alanebisa da
osebis winaprebad (d.langi, 1997, gv.19).
kerketebi - kerketTa saxelic berZnul mwerlobaSi Zveli
droidan gvxvdeba; pirvelad dasturdeba fsevdo-skilaqsTan
(Zv.w. IV s.); isini cxovroben Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sana-
piroze sindebsa da toretebs Soris (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81).
strabonis mixedviT, kerketebi cxovroben henioxebis samxreTiT;
berZnuli termini kerketebi gaigivebulia CerqezebTan (mimoxil-
visaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.90); Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili 1976,
gv. 257-258, sadac kerket- fuZisTvis amosavladaa miCneuli egr-
(egrisi) Ziri. Cer-q-ez- da ker-k-et- formebis saerTo warmomav-
lobis mtkiceba SesaZlebelia (Tumca rTulia sufiqsTa ident-
ifikacia), magram gaWirdeba egr- fuZesTan maTi dakavSireba.
skviTinebi/skviTebi - qsenofontesTan dadasturebuli skvi-
Tinebi cxovrobdnen Woroxis marcxena nawilSi; marjvniv iyvnen xa-
libebi; zog mkvlevars skviTinebi miaCnia skviTebis STamomavle-
bad, zogs - qarTvelur tomad - heptakometebad - Svidsoflele-
bad.
qsenofontes nanax skviTinebs hqondaT qalaqebic da sofle-
bic, e.i. maT gaaCndaT saxelmwifoebrivi wyobac (sakiTxis mimoxil-
visaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.132)...
faqtia, rom Woroxis xeobaSi uZvelesi droidanve mosaxleob-
dnen qarTveluri tomebi; aSkaraa isic, rom terminebi skviTi da
- 152 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
skviTini erTi fuZisaa. berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi skviTebad
xSirad moixsenieba sxva qarTveluri modgmis xalxebic, amdenad,
savaraudoa, rom qsenofonte am SemTxvevaSic qarTvelur toms gu-
lisxmobdes. Sdr., skviTis mniSvneloba wyaroebis mixedviT:
ariane: "dioskuriidan rom modixar, pirveli sadguria piti-
untSi, samas ormocdaaTi stadionis manZilze, aqedan nitikemde as
ormocdaaTi stadionia. aq Zvelad cxovrobda skviTTa tomi, ro-
melsac ixseniebs istorikosi herodote. maT is girCis mWamelebs
uwodebs [fTirofagebs]" (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.159);
ipolite romaeli (III s.): "...kapadukielTa gadaRma, marjvena
mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi, xolo
marcxena mxareebSi: skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi..." (georgi-
ka, 1961, gv.20).
iovane cece (1110-1180): iberebi, abazgebi (masagetebi) da ala-
nebi erTi tomisa arian; maTTan erTad sakebi, dakebi, savromarte-
bi da sakuTriv skviTebi da yvela is tomi, romelnic CrdiloeTiT
cxovroben, sazogadod iwodebian skviTebad (georgika, 1967,
gv.23-25). kolxebi indoeli skviTebi arian, maT lazebic ewodebaT
(iqve, gv.32-36).
Srd., nikifore grigorasi (XIV s.): pirvandeli skviTebi or
nawilad gaiyvnen: erTma nawilma daarbia aziaSi mcxovrebi savro-
martebi, masagetebi, melanqlainebi, amazonebi... da miiRes am damo-
nebul tomTa saxelebi (georgika, 1967, gv.128-129).
samecniero literaturaSi termini skviTebi da qarTuli
wyaroebis xazarebi, rogorc wesi, veluri indoevropuli tome-
bis saxelebadaa miCneuli; miuxedavad berZnul wyaroTa winaaR-
mdegobrivi Cvenebisa, vfiqrobT, ara gvaqvs sakmarisi argumentebi,
rom skviTebSi qarTveluri modgmis romelime sazogadoeba movi-
azroT. gaWirdeba mtkicebac, rom Targamosis modgma igive indo-
evropel skviTTa modgmaa (Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.50, 166); aseve, sa-
eWvoa Targamos/Togormasa da gomeri/kimeri/kimerielis igiveoba,
ramdenadac, bibliis mixedviT, gomeri iafetis Zea, xolo Togarma
iafetis SviliSvili; Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.43,167, sadac, imowmebs
- 153 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ra n.xazaraZis msjelobas, askvnis:
"Targamosi ki aris igive Togorma, gomeri da kimiri, anu aq sa-
ubaria kimiriul-skviTur tomebze".
bibliuri eTnarqebi saxeldebulni arian Zv.w. I aTaswleulis
dasawyisSi centralur evraziaSi arsebuli tomebis mixedviT da
ara piriqiT; garda amisa, am problemis Sesaxeb msjelobisas gasaT-
valiswinebelia:
"qarTlis cxovrebiT", Targamosi iavanis/avanis SviliSvilia
da ara – gomeris: iafeti – iavani – TarSisi – Targamosi:
"ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafetisi, Zisa noesi"
(q.c., I, gv.3); Sdr.: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8 da a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.71.
Cans, bibliis Semoqmedi gomer-/kimiris Camomavlad ar Tvlida
qarTvelTa eTnarqs.
vfiqrobT, eTnonimi skviTebi kavkasia-mcireaziaSi mosul in-
doevropel tomTa zogadi saxelia; isini kunZulebad SemorCnen am
regionSi (osebi, armenebi), ZiriTadad ki aiTqvifnen damxvdur mo-
saxleobaSi; maTi metyveleba superstratuli fenis saxiT dRem-
dea SemorCenili qarTvelur enobriv velSi. skviTinebis sakiTxi
bundovani rCeba.
tavrebi - skviTuri tomi; nikoloz damaskelis ganmartebiT
(Zv. w. 64 ax. w. 14), tavrebi skviTuri tomia; es is xalxia, romelic
dRes yirimad wodebul teritoriaze saxlobda da romelsac an-
tikur epoqaSi tavrika ewodeboda (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.88).
Sdr., apiane (90-170 w.) skviTebsa da tavrebs sxvadasxva tome-
bad Tvlis: "Zv. w. 74 wels miTridate emzadeboda romaelebTan me-
samed sabrZolvelad; mokavSireebad hyavda, Zvelebs garda, xalibe-
bi, armenielebi, skviTebi, tavrebi, aqeelebi, henioxebi, levkosire-
bi da sxvebi"; "yvelafris mimarT, rasac ki is brZanebs, mzad arian
[misi] megobrebi: skviTebi, tavrebi, bastarnebi, Trakielebi, sa-
rmatebi da yvelani, vinc tanaisis, istrosis da Tundac meotisis
tbis irgvliv [cxovroben]"; "[miTridates], uwindeli Zalebis
garda, mokavSireebad Seematnen: xalibebi, armenielebi, skviTebi,
- 154 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
tavrebi, aqeelebi, henioxebi, levkosirebi da isini, romelTac
mdinare TermodontTan egreTwodebuli amoZonTa qveyana uWi-
ravT" (apiane, 1959, gv.23, 59, 143).
tavrebTan da skviTebTan mimarTebiT sainteresoa termin ru-
sis sakiTxi, romelic pirvelad Cndeba VI saukuneSi; sakiTxis
mokle istoria aseTia:
ioane cece (XII s.) ambobs, rom tavrebs (e.i. tavridis
mkvidrT) ewodebaT rusebi. daaxloebiT amasve ambobs leoni: tav-
roskviTebs Cveulebriv rusebi ewodebaTo. evstaTi ki cal-calke
asaxelebs tavrebsa da rusebs.
T. yauxCiSvili: tavrebi Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi skviTur to-
mad aris miCneuli, magram "skiTis" sabadlo termini "tavri" ara-
sodes yofila. aristoteles naSromis - "cis Sesaxeb" - sqolioSi
arsebuli ganmarteba (romelic ekuTvnis VI s. moRvawe simplici-
uss) "skviTebi - rusebi" safuZvels iRebs swored skviTebisa da
tavrebis gaigivebiT: skviTebi = tavrebs, tavrebi = rusebs. Tuki
termini "rusi" iqca tavris Semcvlelad, es sulac ar niSnavs
imas, rom skviTebi rusebis winaprebi arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969,
gv. 28-29). tavrebisa da rusebis erTianobis mtkiceba gaWirdeba
(samecniero literaturaSi pirvandeli rusebi skandinaviel va-
riagebTan arian dakavSirebuli; Tanamedrove rusebis Camoyalibe-
bis procesSi arsebiTi wili aqvs monRolur tomebsac).
qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (avtoqToni) tomebis garda, Zv.w.
VI saukunidan amierkavkasiaSi Cndebian indoevropeli warmoSobis
armenebi da alanebi.
armenebi - armenebi pirvelad Cndebian Zv.w. VI saukuneSi (heka-
ta~os mileteli, herodote): "frigielebis mezoblad arian kapa-
dokielebi, romelTac Cven sirielebs vuwodebT, xolo amaTi me-
zoblebi arian kilikielebi... kilikielebis mezoblad arian arme-
nielebi... xolo armenielebis mezoblad arian matienebi, romel-
- 155 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
Tac es qveyana uWiravT" (herodote, 1975, gv. 330, V, 49); Sdr., iqve,
gv. 434: "... frigielebs, rogorc makedonelebi amboben, ewodebaT
brigebi, mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da
makedonelebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo, aziaSi rom gada-
vidnen, miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales, frigielebi da-
irqves. armenielebi, romlebic frigielebisagan momdinareoben,
frigielebis msgavsad iyvnen mowyobilebi." Sdr., diodore sici-
lielis mier CamoTvlili tomebis Tanamimdevroba (Zv. w. I s.): kar-
duxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, ski-
tinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosAinoikebi, tibarenebi" (T. yauxCiS-
vili, 1976, gv.124); ipolite romaeli (III): "kapatukielTa gadaRma,
marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da berane-
bi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi"
(georgika, 1961, gv.19)... Zv.w. II saukuneSi armenebi did warmatebebs
aRweven.
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT (1960, gv.437), ramdenadac qsenofonte
araqsis midamoebSi alarodebis nacvlad ukve armenebs asaxelebs,
SesaZlebelia, vimsjeloT am tomis kavkasiaSi mosvlis SedarebiT
zust TariRzec.
CvenTvis savsebiT sarwmunoa samecniero literaturaSi gaba-
tonebuli azri, rom eTnonimi somexi Tavdapirvelad erTi ganapi-
ra qarTveluri tomis an, sulac, monaTesave urartuelebis saxe-
li iyo; Cans, saukuneebis manZilze TandaTan damkvidrebulma ar-
menebma nel-nela moaxdines urartul-qarTvelur tomTa asimila-
cia; asimilirebuli qarTveluri tomis metyvelebis danaSrevi aS-
karaa rogorc armenielTa enaSi (kavkasiuri abruptivebis rigis
arsebobis faqti!), aseve, maT anTropologiur maxasiaTeblebSi.
SemTxveviTi ar Cans is, rom araratis Zveli saxeli - masis mTa da
eTnonimi somex-i (< * so-mes-x- < * sa-mas-x-) erTmaneTTan daakavSira
n.marma; ar gamoiricxeba sxva gzac: *mas-x-  *sam-x-  som-x-; saki-
Txi Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs.
samecniero literaturaSi msjeloben armenebisa da skviTebis
saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.194); sarwmunoa
mosazrebac, rom: haiki kavkasiaSi mosaxle (avtoqToni) urartul-
- 156 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
xurituli modgmis xalxis eTnarqia, xolo armeniaki - mosuli in-
doevropelebisa - skviTebisa; moxda avtoqToni da mosuli xalxis
Serwyma (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.42-43); Sdr.: kulturaTa/enaTa/xalxTa
Serwyma-"ganayofiereba" Cveulebrivi ambavia Zvel samyaroSi; ix.,
mag., promeTe/amiranisa da zevsis mimarTeba.
alanebi - berZnul wyaroebSi alanebi naxsenebi ar arian axa-
li welTaRricxvis I saukunemde. pirvelad axsenebs ioseb flaviu-
si; maT ukve icnobs dionios periegeti, ptolemaiosi, lukiane...
(T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.221-222). alanebs xazarTa nawilad Tvlis
qarTveli mematiane. alanebic (armenTa msgavsad) kavkasiaSi Seda-
rebiT gvian damkvidrebuli tomia. "alanTa qveynisTvis saxelis
mimcemi eTnosi unda yofiliyo ara osi mosaxleoba, aramed
yaraCaelebi, romlebsac alanTa saxeliT icnobdnen rogorc Sua
saukuneebSi, ise XX saukunis dasawyisis samegreloSic"
(T.gvancelaZe, 2004, gv. 58). am xalxis, indoevropeli osebisa da
damxvduri kavkasielebis SereviT warmoiSvnen amJamindeli osebi
(v.abaevi osur enas ganixilavs samxreT ruseTis Zveli mosaxleo-
bis - skviTebis, masagetebis, sarmatebis, alanebis... enaTa jgufSi;
v.iarceva, 1990, gv.353).
Semdgomi msjelobis gagrZelebamde, kidev erTxel, Ziri-
Tadad, TviTmxilvel mogzaurTa Tu mecnierTa mixedviT, davasaxe-
lebT im qarTvelur tomebs, romlebic cxovrobdnen Zveli wel-
TaRricxvis dasasruls:
hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472): melanqla~nebi, koraqsebi,
kolebi, mosxebi, xo~ebi, beqe~rebi, diZerebi, makronebi, marebi,
mosinoikebi, tobarenebi, xalibebi. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom
koraqsebisa da mosxebis Sesaxeb hekata~osi ambobs, kolxuri tome-
biao (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43);
herodote (484 - 425): kolxebi, saspe~rebi, xalibebi, makrone-
bi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosino~kebi, marebi; maTi monaTesaveni
arian: alarodielebi (urartuelebi), matienebi (herodote,
1975);
- 157 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
qsenofonte (435-355): karduxebi, taoxebi, xaldebi, xalibebi,
fasianebi, skviTinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, drilebi, hesperitebi,
mosinikebi, ko~tebi (morCili xalibebi? - t.f.), tibarenebi
(T.miqelaZe, 1967);
fsevdo-skilaqsi (IV s.): savromatebi, ma~otebi, sindebi, ker-
ketebi, toretebi, aqa~ebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melan-
qla~nebi, gelonebi, kolxebi, biZerebi, ekeqe~rebi, beqe~rebi, mak-
rokefalebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi.
ariane (II s.): trapizonidan Zvel aqaiamde Semdegi tomebi gavi-
areT: kolxebi, sanebi (qsenofontes drilebi), makronebi, henioxe-
bi, Zidritebi, lazebi (arianesTan lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarsebo-
ben da xazgasmiT sxvadasxva tomebia - t.f.), afsilebi, abaskebi, sa-
nigebi, Zilqebi;
nikoloz damaskeli (Zv.w. 64 - ax.w.14): kolxebi, sindebi, tavre-
bi, mosinebi, kerketebi, savromatebi...
am tomTa garda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi amave periodSi
cxovrobdnen agreTve:
kaxebi, kuxebi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1969, gv.437) da herebi (herTa
vinaobis Sesaxeb ix. k.ficxelauri, 1973, gv.197). kaxebis qarTvelu-
roba dResac yvelasTvis TvalsaCinoa; kuxebis mxare - kuxeTi,
rogorc erTi qarTveluri tomis sacxovrisi, VIII saukunemde ar-
sebobs; Semdeg ki kaxeTSi samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedis; Sdr.,
agreTve: d.musxeliSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis mier mocemu-
li sazRvrebi kaxeTis, kuxeTisa da hereTisa Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis
viTarebas asaxavs (d.musxeliSvili, 1966, gv.5-38). zog mkvlevars
herebi albanur tomad miaCnda, magram hereTis teritoriaze ga-
vrcelebuli wamyvani iaraRebi Tu sxva nakeTobani kaxeT-kuxeTSi -
da qarTlSi mopovebul masalasTan erTad erT safuZvelzea
warmoSobili da, bunebrivia, maTTan Seudareblad met msgavsebas
iCens, vidre hereTis samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT gavrcelebul
masalasTan, romelic sul sxva sawyisebzea Seqmnili (k.ficxelau-
ri, 1973, gv.197). garda amisa, herebis amJamindeli STamomavlebi –
ingiloebi Tavidanve qarTvelebi (monolingvuri qarTulenovani
- 158 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
mosaxleoba) rom ar yofiliyvnen, srul araqarTvelurenovan ga-
remocvaSi verasodes iswavlidnen qarTuls.
kaxTa, kuxTa da herTa gverdiT unda davasaxeloT: fxovelebi
(xevsurebi, fSavlebi, moxeveebi, mTiul-gudamayrelni) da
dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri skvimnebi/skviminebi/cxume-
bi/*Cxumebi/Cxumni (sakiTxis istoriis, berZnuli wyaroebis skvi-
miis, svimiis, cxum/leCxumisa da Takver-raWis Sesaxeb ix.
l.fruiZe, 1993, gv.471-478; d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.18-30). Sdr.:
skvim/*cqvim-, Cxum-/le-Cxumi; savaraudo ckvim-/cxvim-/Cxvim-
/Cxum-/cxum- mosalodneli formebis Tavkiduri TanxmovanTkom-
pleqsis gadmosacemad berZnulSi gamoyenebulia skv/sv mimdevro-
ba, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom ax.w. VI saukuneSi leCxumis oficia-
luri saxeli iyo saerToqarTveluri agebulebis sityva: ckvi-
mi/cxvimi. leCxumi dialeqturi variantia; le-/la- saerToqar-
Tveluri sufiqsi Cans, romelic produqtiulia zanursa da sva-
nurSi; sakuTriv qarTulSi dadasturebuli masalisaTvis ix.:
b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, 1988, gv.268: la-rty-i, la-rTx-i...
da m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.77: le-Jver-i = sa-Jver-e. daniSnulebis la-
/le- aq warmomavloba-krebiTobis -eT-/-aT-, -ar-/-er- sufiqsebis
fardia; Sdr., paraleluri warmoebebi: le-Cxum-i, sa-qarTvel-o
da cxum-i, cxum-ar-i, sxim-ar-i/sqim-ar-i, svan-eT-i...
amrigad, aSkaraa, rom II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan wel-
TaRricxvaTa mijnamde saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze
cxovrobdnen qarTvelurad misaCnevi da, savaraudod, qarTve-
lur ena-kavebze anu dialeqtebze molaparake Semdegi monaTe-
save tomebi (SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom, araiSviaTad, maTi sa-
cxovrisebi faravda erTmaneTs):
muSqebi/mosxebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, ko-
laelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/ko-
itebi/kvitebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqe~rebi, haliZonebi/xali-
bebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, mosino~kebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi,
biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi/makrokefalebi, fasianebi, me-
lanqlainebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sa-
nebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi,
afsarebi, svanebi/misimielebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi
(kolxuri tomi), tuskebi, kaxebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi,
- 159 -
 winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
herebi...
am tomTa didi nawilis qarTvelurobis Sesaxeb sarwmuno
cnobebi jer kidev antikuri periodidan moipoveba (mag., agaTias
azriT, misimielebi, kolxebi da afsilebi naTesavebi arian). zogi
uZvelesi qarTveluri tomi saerTod daikarga (mag., gugarTa to-
mis Sesaxeb ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.24-33); bevris saxelic dRe-
mde SemorCa qarTveluri Temebis (mesxebi, taoelebi, lazebi, sva-
nebi, fxovelebi, megrelebi, herebi, kaxelebi da sxva), an konkre-
tuli adgilis, regionis (kolxeTis dablobi, oZrxe, viwe, quTai-
si...) Tu romelime xalxis (mag., somxebis...) saxelebis saxiT.
unda vivaraudoT, rom II-I aTaswleulebSi ZiriTadad swo-
red am tomTagan iZerweba qarTveluri eTnosi (amis Sesaxeb ix. II
Tavi); xolo maTi kiloebis bazaze arsebuli koines mixedviT
iqmneba samwignobro enac. warmodgenili masalis analizi cxad-
yofs, rom Cvens istoriul sacxovrisSic xdeboda qarTvelur-kav-
kasiur-winaaziur tomTa Sidamigraciebic da erTmaneTis xarjze
politikuri hegemonobis velis gafarToebac; ucxo ar iyo indo-
evropel Tu semit tomTa Semorevebic. bunebrivia, samwignobro
enis Seqmnamde, politikuri liderobis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa
sxvadasxva kilouri normac batondeboda, riTac biZgi eZleoda
gardamavali kiloebis warmoqmnasac. droTa ganmavlobaSi sakuT-
riv qarTveluri enis/koines, Zveli qarTveluri kiloebisa da am
gardamavali metyvelebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba Tanamedrove
qarTveluri kiloebi. saqarTvelos ganapira regionebSi dialeqt-
ebis saxes gansazRvravs mezobel eTnosTa enebis adstratuli Tu
superstratuli gavlenebic.
- 160 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
1.2.2. qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
Zvel qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi "yovelTa qarTvelTa" sa-
xelmwifos saxelia qarTli; mag., "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT,
farnavazis (Zv.w. IV s.) mier ganaxlebul-aRdgenili qarTli moi-
cavs rva did saerisTavod dayofil Semdeg kuTxeebs (qveynebs): eg-
riss, suaneTs, margueTs, kaxeTs, hereTs, kuxeTs, gardabans, ta-
Sirs, abocs, javaxeTs, kolas, artaans, samcxes, aWaras, klarjeTs
(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24-25).
mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom quj-farnavazis saxelmwi-
foSi - sruliad qarTlis SemadgenlobaSi ar Semovida Crdilo-
dasavleT saqarTveloSi (Tanamedrove kodoridan - yubanis Sesar-
Tavamde teritoria) mcxovrebi qarTveluri (egrosis) modgma; eg-
riselTagan gansxvavebiT, maT isev berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS
darCena irCies:
"egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkAdrTa mis
adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa...", Tumca, mematianisve
cnobiT, mogvianebiT es teritoria mainc dauTmes berZnebma qar-
Tvelebs. egrosis wili qveynis am nawilSi, romauli wyaroebis mi-
xedviT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze lazebi cxovroben, ufro adre
ki, ZiriTadad, kolxuri tomebi (ix. zemoT).
ax.w. I-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze termin qarTls cvlis saqar-
Tvelo (an: erTobili saqarTvelo).
qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTvelTa ZiriTadi TviTsa-
xelwodebaa qarTu-el-i; wyaroebSi qarTveli pirvelad Cndeba
VII saukuneSi, Tumca es termini ufro adrec unda yofiliyo aq-
tiur gamoyenebaSi; mag., wyaroebis mixedviT, "naTesaviT qarTvele-
bi" arian: egriseli stefane sanano~sZe, afxazi (argveTeli) wame-
bulebi daviT da konstantine, SavSeli mama proxore, taoeli mama
iovane, svani beri iovane qscxianisZe... Sdr., X-XII saukuneebSi
saqarTvelos kulturuli veli moicavs Crdilokavkasiis did nawi-
lsac (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. d.musxeliSvili, 1993).
qarTuel-/qarTvel- fuZis istoriisa da etimologiis Sesa-
- 160 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
xeb samecniero literaturaSi mravalgvari mosazreba gamoiTqva:
n.mari (1908, gv. 5; 1933, gv. 31): qarT-/qarTl-/qarTvel- fuZeebi
ukavSirdeba qasd- eTnonims, romlisganac miRebulia qald-/xal-
di-c; kerZod: qasdiv- > qarTiv- > qarTiv-el-i > qarTveli (Sdr.,
i.WavWavaZe, 1955, gv.113: qaldi/qaldisi > qarTlosi)...
iv. javaxiSvili erTmaneTTan akavSirebda qarTu/kardusa da
qarTvels; kerZod, misi azriT, "sityva qarTvelis pirveli nawi-
li "qarTu" Cveni qveynis saxeli unda iyos... sityva "karduxic"
("megrul-Wanuri Stois tomis saxeli") Cveulebriv erovnebis aR-
mniSvnel sakvec -xi-T bolovdeba; am sityvis pirveli nawilic un-
da qveyanasa niSnavdes... raki am qveynis saxeli orive Stois (qarT-
megruli) tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba, ueWvelia, igi qar-
Tvelebis Tavdapirveli saerTo samSoblo unda yofiliyo"; "si-
tyvebi nairi, ba~ana, urartu mxolod qveynebis sakuTari saxele-
bia, TviTon xalxi ki TavisTavs qaldis anu xaldis uZaxda (xazi
Cvenia - t.f. Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv. 28-29). Cven viciT, rom es
saxeli qarTveli tomebis sazogado saxelwodeba iyo (qarTu-el-
i, kardu-xi); amitom safiqrebelia, rom es qaldebi qarTvelebis
RviZli Zmebi yofiliyvnen (iv. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.27, 56; iv. java-
xiSvili, 1960, gv.411; ix. agreTve s. janaSia, 1959, gv.194-195).
qaldeasagan qarTvelis momdinareoba popularuli gaxda XX
saukunis pirveli naxevarSi moRvawe mwerlebisaTvis, gansakuTre-
biT aRsaniSnavia grigol robaqiZis reminiscenciebi (romelsac,
faqtobrad, lingvisturi argumentebis TvalsazrisiT, ver ga-
scilda bevri mkvlevari); XX saukunis dasasruls ki amgvari mi-
dgoma kvlav gaaaqtualura zviad gamsaxurdiam (1991, gv.27, 220),
romelic, imowmebda ra niko maris mosazrebas, qarTvelTa saxels
da sacxovriss mTa kardus saxelTan (amJamindel araratTan) da
RvTaeba kardusTan akavSirebda; zogi ucxoeli specialisti ib-
er-qarTebis winaprebad Tvlida zemo mesopotamiaSi – istoriul
gordueneSi – mcxovreb karduxebs (g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.19-20);
Sdr.; karduxebs miiCneven xuritul tomad, romelsac daefenen
qurTebi.
- 161 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvel- da qarTl- fuZeebis etimologiis Sesaxeb kidev aR-
saniSnavia:
s. kakabaZe: qarTli (armazis Zveli saxeli) dakavSirebulia
"qarTa" (baga), qori, qoredi, qardagi da svan. "qvilTxi" (maRali)
sityvebTan (s. kakabaZe, 1924, gv. 6-8); msjelobas lingvisturi argu-
mentacia ar axlavs; metic, mag., misi azriT, qarT-l- formaSi -l-
mravlobiTobis sufiqsia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom warmodgenili
qarT-/qarTa mraval sxva enaSic dasturdeba; indoevropul enebSi
am fuZes ukavSirdeba: garado, gard-, grad-, gorod-, kert- da sxva
formebi. qarTvelur kiloebSi arsebuli qarTa (baga, SemoRobi-
li adgili) fuZe marTlac nasesxebia; misi kavSiri qarTl-, qar-
Tvel- fuZeebTan sxva mimarTulebiTaa sakvlevi (ix., qvemoT).
g. meliqiSvili: eTnonimi qarTveli momdinareobs indoevro-
puli qarTa ("zRude", "cixesimagre", "koSki"…Sdr., somx. kert,
rus. gorod da sxv.) fuZidan: qarTa-eli > qarTa-v-el-i > qarTve-
li; Sdr., raWa > raWveli (g. meliqiSvili, 1965, gv. 238). amgvar va-
rauds seriozuli winaaRmdegoba axlavs: ramdenadac qarTuli
ena gverdigverd ver guobs or xmovans, erT-erTi umarcvlovnde-
ba, an maT Soris Cndeba xmovanTgamyari, mag., xe - axevebs, qva - aqva-
vebs… Tu qarTa-el- forma arsebobda da gaCnda v xmovanTgamyari,
a-s reduqciis pirobebi aRar iarsebebda; raWvel- sityvaSi v aris
C - V poziciaSi W-s labializaciis Sedegi da qarTvelis analogi-
ad ar gamodgeba.
ak.SaniZe: Tavdapirvelad qarTli aRniSnavda ers, romelmac
Cvens welTaRricxvamde II saukuneSi daipyro mcxeTa da mimdgomi
qveynebi… dapyrobili xalxi albaT iyo mesxebi, romelTac asimi-
lacia mouxdines dampyrobel qarTls (ers) da miiRes maTi saxeli
(a.SaniZe, 1980, gv.7).
SeniSvna: Sdr., ufro adre gamoTqmuli n.maris mosazreba: iberTa sa-
mefo arsebobas wyvets 570 wels; iberebs cvlian lazebi (igive Wanebi),
afxazebi da qarTvelebi; uZvelesi qarTuli ena, romelic Seqmnes sva-
nomesxebma, anu adrindelma somexma xalxma (n.mari varaudobda, rom
adrindeli somxebi qarTveluri modgmis xalxi iyo; bolos isini da-
- 162 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
mkvidrdnen cxeniswylisa da enguris saTaveebSi - svaneTSi - t.f.), da-
imsgavsa qarTvelebis enam - monaTesave enam, magram sxva xalxis enam
(n.mari, 1922, gv.15, 18). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom swored n.maris naSrome-
bidan iRebs saTaves e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis mcdari Teoria
(ix., agreTve, iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.46).
ak. SaniZis varaudiT, dampyrobeli xalxi - qarTli igive
parTni anu parTielebi arian; Sesabamisad: parTni > qarTli (mo-
xda p > q procesi da n/l substitucia); Sdr., ak. SaniZisve azriT,
sxva gziTaa miRebuli qarTveli: parTaveli > parTveli > qar-
Tveli (ak.SaniZe, 1980, gv.16-18).
ak. SaniZis warmodgenil mosazrebas bevri winaaRmdegoba xvde-
ba, da, Sesabamisad, is naklebadaa gaziarebuli samecniero wreeb-
Si (kritikisaTvis ix. mag., g. burWulaZe, 1994).
d. musxeliSvili imeorebs mosazrebas, rom qarTveli momdi-
nareobs sityva qarTu-sgan, romelic, "advili SesaZlebelia, pun-
qtsac da qveyanasac ewodeboda" (d. musxeliSvili, 1993, gv. 338-
339); iqve moyvanili msjelobidan Cans, rom avtori, n. berZeniSvi-
lis kvalad, realurad Tvlis qarTi/qarTu tomis arsebobas, ro-
melmac Semdgom moaxdina sxva qarTvelur tomTa konsolidacia-
asimilacia (gv. 348, 354-355; Sdr., n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.237, 250).
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom arc erT wyaroSi ar dasturdeba
qarTi/qarTus saxeliT cnobili tomi da sxva tomebis asimila-
cia rogor unda moexdina? garda amisa, eTnonimisgan eTnonimis
warmoeba, rogorc wesi, ar xdeba; aqve davZenT, logikurad Tu
vimsjelebT, warmomavlobis -el- sufiqsis Semcveli eTnonimis -
qarTu-el-i - sayrdeni fuZe qarTu- unda iyos: qoronimi/adgilis
saxeli an RvTaebis saxeli.
a.jafariZe iziarebs iv.javaxiSvilisa da s.janaSias mosazrebebs
termin qarTvelis qaldeasgan momdinareobis Sesaxeb; misi azriT,
bibliuri da istoriuli qaldea ebraelTa da qarTvelTa pir-
velsamSobloa… "abraamis mamis - Tarras - qaldevelTa uridan
gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea marTlac qarTvelTa winapari to-
mebiT yofila dasaxlebuli" (a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.31-33).
g. burWulaZis gamokvlevaSi (g.burWulaZe, 1999, gv.127-128) sa-
- 163 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
Wiro yuradReba eTmoba sityvaformis Tanmimdevrul lingvistur
analizs; kerZod, is vrclad msjelobs qarTvel- fuZeSi arsebuli
-v-s Sesaxeb da askvnis: v SeiZleba momdinareobdes -av- sufiqsisgan;
Sdr.: Zveli eTnonimi qarT-, romlisganac warmoebulia *qarT-av-
i/*qarTevi; aqedan ki - *qarT-ev-el-i > qarTveli; misi azriT, eT-
nonimis fuZis (qarT-) warmomavloba sakvlevia. Cveni azriT,
warmodgenil msjelobaSi sakamaToa v-s kvalifikacia.
e.xinTibiZis mtkicebiT, "qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba Semcve-
lia imave qar- Zirisa, romlisganacaa nawarmoebi qarTvelTa uZve-
lesi ucxouri saxelwodebebi: Zveli sparsuli vrkaan, somxuri
virq, veria, saSualo sparsuli varuCaan, axali sparsuli gurg,
gurgaan (da maTgan nawarmoebi siriuli, arabuli, evropuli da
rusuli saxelwodebebi) da romelic saTaves unda iRebdes mglis
aRmniSvneli totemuri saxelisagan" (e.xinTibiZe, 1998, gv.39-40);
aqvea mtkiceba, rom "qarT- eTnonimi miRebuli Cans mglis mniSvne-
lobis Semcvel warmodgenil uZveles indoevropul Zirze -eT/-Ta
sufiqsis darTviT: *qar-Ta-el-i > *qarTeli > qarTli". winaaR-
mdegobebi am mosazrebasac xvdeba; kerZod: qarTvelTa aRmniSvne-
li sparsul-arabuli saxelebis qarT- fuZesTan dakavSirebas ar
axlavs damajerebeli lingvisturi argumentacia (mag., Tavkiduri
Tanxmovnis cvlilebas), dausabuTebelia qarTaeli > qarTli
procesi da sxv.
g. bedoSvilic (2001, gv.425) fiqrobs, rom eTnonim qarTisgan
warmoqmnilia qarTli (< qarT-al-i), am ukanasknelisgan ki:
qarTl-el-i > qarT-el-i > qarT-v-eli. misive varaudiT, qarT-
(/qarT-u-/qarT-v-) Ziris mniSvneloba ucnobia; warmodgenil msj-
elobaSi auxsnelia: l > 0 > v procesebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 2004
wlis 14 Tebervals g.bedoSvilma saqarTvelos sapatriarqos ra-
dios samecniero gadacemaSi: "qarTveluri ena da kultura" axali
varaudi ganaviTara; kerZod, amJamad is Tvlis, rom eTnonimi qar-
Tveli miRebulia eTnarq qarTlosisgan... rogorc wesi, eTnarqTa
saxelebi Zveli eTnonimebis mixedviT iqmneba; Sesabamisad, vfi-
qrobT, rom rogorc bibliur, aseve qarTlis cxovrebiseul eT-
- 164 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
narqTa sqemebSi asaxulia am wignTa qmnadobis procesSi arsebuli
xalxebis/tomebis/Temebis saxelebi.
gr. giorgaZe (2002, gv.161), agrZelebs ra g.meliqiSvilisa da
d.musxeliSvilis msjelobebs, varaudobs: "unda arsebuliyo eT-
nonimi, iseve rogorc toponimi, an qoronimi "qarTu" - megrelTa
mier aRmosavlel qarTvelTa saxelwodeba. mogviano xanebSi swo-
red aqedan unda warmomdgariyo qarTu-el-i, rasac safuZvlad un-
da dasdeboda sityva qarT-".
dRes megrelTa mier aRmosavleli qarTveli qorTu-d iwode-
ba (m.Cuxua); Tuki megruli qorTu-sTvis amosaval formad qarTu
fuZes davsaxavT, ra gviSlis xels, rom igive qarTu- saerToqar-
Tvelurad gamovacxadoT? garda amisa, aq upasuxod rCeba mTavari
kiTxva: ra warmomavlobisaa qoronimi qarTu?
S.gabeskiria (2003, gv.33-37) fiqrobs, rom qarTvelur, indoev-
ropul da ugro-finur enebSi dadasturebuli qarT- ("moRobili
adgili", "qalaqi") Ziridanaa warmoqmnili qarTvel-, qarTl- da
xaTT- (xaTebis sakuTari saxeli) fuZeebi; kerZod, ivaraudeba Sem-
degi procesebi: qarT- > qarTu-x- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i; qarT- >
qarT-n-i > qarTli; qarT- > xaTT-. warmodgenil mosazrebaSi sayu-
radReboa qarT- da xaTT- formaTa dakavSireba; aqve, vfiqrobT,
ufro logikuri iqneboda dagveSva, rom qarTi (RvTaebis saxeli
da ara "moRobili adgili") amosavalia rogorc qarTueli, aseve,
karduxi, sityvaformebisTvis; garda amisa, qarTni > qarTli uni-
kaluri procesis daSvebas ajobebs, vivaraudoT qarT- Zirze -l-
sufiqsis darTva (ix. qvemoT).
g.qavTaraZis azriT (2003, SeniSvna 176), mTa qarTlis saxelSi
(Sesabamisad, qarTvel- fuZeSic) SeiZleba gamoiyos ard-/qarT-
"qalaqi" xurituli fuZe; mkvlevari varaudobs, rom qarT-li
formaSi -li adgilis mawarmoebeli urartuli sufiqsia, xolo
Tavkidura Tanxmovnis da nulis monacvleobis magaliTebad moyva-
nilia: aRzevani/qaRzevani, arimati/xarimati, obareni/xabareni,
alibe/xalibe... g.qavTaraZis varaudiT, arT- fuZe saZiebelia ar-
Tvini (/arT-vani < arT-ovan-i - t.f.), artanuji, artaani, vardcixe,
- 165 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
varZia (< *vard-ia) da kardenaxi/kardanaxi sityvebSic (Sdr., g.be-
doSvili, 1981, gv. 192: karT venaxi > kardenaxi).
Cveni azriT, nulTan monacvle labiovelarizebuli
Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis Semcveli *q˚ard-/xald-/qarT-/ald-/arT-
(/*qvard-/vard-/varZ-) fuZis - RvTaebis/salocavis saxelis - mi-
xedviT SeiZleboda aRniSnuliyo mTa/cixe/punqti (Sdr., RvTaeba
armazi - toponimi armazi); Sesabamisad, toponimebi: arTvini,
artanuji, artaani, vardcixe (ardis cixe), varZia, kardenxi
(karden-a-x-i), ardubani da sxva, marTlac SeiZleba iyos
dakavSirebuli warmarTuli saqarTvelos mTavari RvTaebis
saxelTan. aseve, ar gamovricxavT, rom ard- fuZisganaa nawarmoebi
toponimi olTisi: *ard-is-i > *alT-is-i > olTisi; Sdr.:
xurituli ard-in-i ardis/xaldis cixe-qalaqi; qarTveluri
olT-is-i RvTaeba olTis/xaldis cixe-qalaqi.
sainteresoa, agreTve, urartuelTa umaRlesi RvTaeba
xaldis musasiruli varianti aldi (g.meliqiSvili,1960, gv.416),
Zv.sparsuli arta "RvTaeba" da alanur-osuri ard "RmerTi"
(aqedan: qarT. ma-arT-al-i; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv, 26-27).
marTal- fuZeSi unda gamovyoT urartul-kavkasiuri xald-/ald-
/arT- da warmomavlobis m- -al-; Sdr., m-arT-al-i: "RvTis
Camomavali", "RvTisnieri" (Sdr.: m-tbev-ar-i, m-egr-el-i...). Se-
mdgomi kvleva albaT daadasturebs, rom xuritul-kavkasiuri
xald-/qarT-/*harT-/ard-"RvTaeba", winaaziel indoevropelTa
metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli ard "RmerTi" da qarTvelur, indo-
evropul, ugro-finur enebSi dadasturebuli qarT-/arT-/kert-
/gorod- "cixe-qalaqi" (< mTavari RvTaebis adgili, mTavari salo-
cavi adgili) fuZeebi erTi warmomavlobisaa, kerZod: ard-
/*harTi /xald- warmoSobiT xuritul-kavkasiuri fuZea, romelic
Tavdapirvelad RvTaebas aRniSnavda da Semdeg indoevropul
enebSi gadaazrianda cixesimagris saxelad (vinaidan, Zvel droSi
salocavi yvelaze metad iyo daculi). indoevropuli
varianti mogvianebiTaa nasesxebi qarTvelur kiloebSic; Sdr.,
- 166 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
erTi mxriv, saerToqarTveluri xald-/qarT(u) da megrul,
gurul, imerul da sxva kiloebSi arsebuli qarTa
("saqonlisTvis SemoRobili adgili").
SeniSvna: SesaZlebelia, davuSvaT, rom ardi /*harTi /qarTi
"RvTaeba" dakavSirebulia qarTvelur erT-/arT- ricxviT
niSanTanac. dasaSvebia meore sqemac: kavkasiur-winaziuri ħald- >
q˚arT- /*R˚arT- (/*RarT˚- /˚ard- /ard-) > saerToqarTveluri
*RvarT- /*RmarT- /RmerT- > samwignobro qarTuli RmerTi (a/e
monacvleoba da labializebuli R˚-sgan Rm kompleqsis ganviTareba
savsebiT SesaZlebelia; Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000; aqvea
mimoxiluli sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria). Cvens mosazrebas mxars
uWers zanur-svanuri formebis analizic; Sdr.:
_ saerToqarTveluri *RarT-/*RerT- > svanuri RerT(-@l/@S);
_ saerToqarTveluri *RmarT-/RmerT- > svanuri *RmereT >
RermeT/RerbeT;
_ saerToqarTveluri *RarT- > zanuri *RorTi > megruli
*RoroTi > RoronTi (Sdr., *tradi/tredi - toronji;
megrulisTvis bunebrivia TanxmovanTkompleqsis superacia da
winaenismier TanxmovanTan amave lokaluri rigis nazaluri
sonoris ganviTareba);
_ saerToqarTveluri *RmarTi > zanuri *RmorTi > lazuri
*RmoroTi > RormoTi (m-s metaTezisiT Tavkidur poziciaSi
moiSala da marcvalTgamyarze Seiqmna TanxmovanTkompleqsi)...
samecniero literaturaSi RmerT- "ufali" fuZeSi erTi
(ricxviTi niSani) pirvelad gamoyo T.Jordaniam; man Rm- RmerTis
semantikis Semcvel fuZed miiCnia. a.WinWaraulis azriT, RmerT-
fuZe momdinareobs uerT-/xuerT- formidan - erTis aRmatebiTi
xarisxidan (statia ibeWdeba "gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis
JurnalSi"): xuerTi > RuerTi > RverTi > RmerTi.
damatebiT argumentacias saWiroebs R(m)erT- sityvaformis
Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis warmomavloba: igi momdinareobs x-
prefiqsisgan (*x-u-erTi...), Tu *Rald/xald fuZis pirveli
bgerisgan? Sesabamisad gadawydeba erT-, xuerT- da xald- fuZeTa
mimarTebis sakiTxic (kvlevis am etapze ufro logikuri Cans
kavkasiur-xurituli fuZis variantuloba ena-kiloebis mixedviT:
xald- /qald- /RarT- /R˚arT- /arT- /ard- /olT-... Sdr.: qarTv.
Rvino, ven-a-x-i, somx. Rin "Rvino" da indoev. vin "Rvino".
- 167 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
RvTaebis aRmniSvneli qarT-, qarTu- da sakuTriv qarTl-,
qarTvel-, qarTul- fuZeTa mimarTebis istoria Cven ase gvesaxeba:
qarTvelur enobriv velSi realurad dadasturebul sityva-
Ta Sepirispireba safuZvels gvaZlevs, pirvel rigSi gamovyoT ori
fuZe: qarT- da qarTu-: qarT-l-i, qarTu-el-i, qarT-u-l-i; qarT-
l- fuZis paralelurad SeiZleba davuSvaT qarTE-l-i/qarTv-l-i
variantis arsebobac.
qarT-l- fuZeSi arsebuli -l- segmenti igive monacemi Cans,
rac arn.Ciqobavas mier sxva fuZeebSi gamoyofili uZvelesi fenis
sufiqsi; Sdr.:
samwignobro qarTuli: Tov-s, Tov-l-i da zan.: Tviri/Tiri;
samwignobro qarTuli: saxe, sax-l-i, sax-el-i da zan.: oxori;
samwignobro qarTuli: Tes-av-s, Tes-l-i da zan.: Tasi;
samwignobro qarTuli: matyli, zan. montyori da svan.: m@ty
(svanurs usufiqso varianti daucavs? Sdr.: T.gamyreliZe, g.maWa-
variani, 1965, gv. 76);
samwignobro qarTuli: ZaRli da zan. joRori, svan.: JaRE/JeRE;
samwignobro qarTuli: Tafli da zan.: Tofuri, svan.: Tu (<
Tafu; g. maWavariani)...
samwignobro qarTuli: kum-ev-a/kmeva, kum-od-a ("mTai igi sinai
kumoda") da kom-l-i/kEam-l-i; zan. kuma (kvamli, komli), kum-af-a
(kmeva, Sebolva); svan.: kEam/kE@m (kvamli, komli);
samwignobro qarTuli: koWi, koW-l-i da aWar.: koW-al-i;
samwignobro qarTuli: koJ-r-i ("gamagrebuli da amoburculi
adgili kanze") da aWar. koJi/koJo "koJri"; Sdr.: svan. koj (klde),
qarTul-qarTveluri toponimebi: koJr-eb-i, koj-or-i;
samwignobro qarTuli: sisxli, zan.: zisxiri, svan.: zisx;
agreTve: qerci, qerc-l-i (m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 118) da qeci;
wux-s da (m)wux-r-i, mama da mam-r-i, deda da mded-r-i, si-ded-r-i
(igive si- gamoiyofa: siZe, simamri, sityva, siTbo, sigrZe... forme-
bSi; msjelobisaTvis ix., arn. Ciqobava, 1944, gv. 459; Cveni azriT, aq
si- Tvisebis aRmniSvneli prefiqsia)...
-l-/r-s ZiriTad funqciad SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT
warmomavloba-kuTvnilobis gamoxatva; Sesabamisad, Cvens SemTxve-
- 168 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
vaSi, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom qarT-/qarTu- fuZe RvTaebis
aRmniSvneli fuZea; masze -el- sufiqsis darTviT warmoiqmna qar-
TvelTa avtoeTnonimi: qarTu-el-i; qarT-/qarTu-sgan nawarmoebi
sityvebi: qarT-l-i da qarTu-el-i qarT-/qarTu-s Tvisobriobis
qonas, an warmomavlobas gamoxatavs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Tvisob-
rioba da warmomavloba sxva SemTxvevaSic gamoixateba erTi mo-
rfemiT; mag., -an: deda - ded-an-i (-an gamoxatavs Tvisobis qonas);
oTara - oTara-an-i (-an gamoxatavs warmomavlobas); si-grZ-e/grZ-
el-i da kax-el-i da sxv.
erTi mxriv, urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaeba xaldis saxelSi, me-
ore mxriv ki, xald-eb-i, kard-u-x-i eTnonimebSi (Sdr., movses xo-
renacis teqstSi dadasturebuli korduelTa qveyana, romelic
mdebareobda vanis tbis samxreTiT; Sdr.: somx. kordu da qarTv.
kardu; somx. Torgomi da qarTv. Targamosi...) xald- da kardu-
fuZeebis povniereba safuZvels gvaZlevs, davuSvaT, rom sityvebi:
qarTli da qarTueli momdinareoben urartul-kavkasiuri RvTa-
ebis - qaldi/xaldi/qarTu/kardu-s saxelisgan; amosaval formad
savaraudoa *qard-/qald-: *qard- > xald-; *qard-/*qarT- >
qarT+l-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i... lingvisturi aspe-
qtiT, problemuri ar aris d/T (bunebrivia sityvis bolos) da q/x
monacvleobis daSveba: Sdr., q/x nasesxeb sityvebSi: qriste/xris-
tos, qronologia/xronologia, qaosi/xaosi, qoro/xoro, qar-
tia/xartia, qiloni/xiloni, qimera/ximaira, qitoni/xitoni, qi-
mia/xemeia, qalosi/xalosi, qrise/xruse... ukanaenismier da xorxis-
mier bgeraTa (q, B, x, R, y...) monacvleoba arc sakuTriv qarTvelu-
ri dialeqtebisTvisaa ucxo (magaliTebi mravladaa il.abulaZis,
arn.Ciqobavas, z. sarjvelaZis, h. fenrixis, m.Cuxuasa da qarTvelu-
ri kiloebis sxva leqsikonebSi): Bce/qCe/xCe, qCini/xCini, Borba-
li/xorbali/qobali, Benderi/qenderi, Babu/yabu, Bef-/yef-,
Buri/yuri, Buila/yore, qveyana/xveyana/xoyana, qorwili/Borwili,
Beri/Reri, Buezi/Ruezeli, BSiri/xSiri/ySiri, Rrtili/xrtili,
Bbo/xabna/Rabna/qabula... savaraudoa, rom urartul qaldi/xal-
di formaSi pirveli Tanxmovani q-sa da x-s Sua mdgomi
labializebuli bgeraa.
- 169 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
samsjeloa qarT > qarTu: ra funqcia aqvs u/E segments? arqa-
ul qarTulSi (Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelurSi) gvaqvs sityve-
bis erTi jgufi, romelic u/E bgeriT bolovdeba: birTu, borcu
(Sdr., falauri burz; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 293), daTu, eSu,
verxu, Tagu, idayu, iWu, ixu, kicu, leku, leRu, mdogu, naZu, nezu,
nerwyu, nezu, peSu, ricxu, fesu (Sdr., saS. spars. fas; m.androni-
kaSvili, 1966, gv. 382-383), fetu, fiWu, Rawu, SaSu, cercu, ciRu
(Sdr., osuri cirR; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 122), ZarRu, ZeZu,
jaWu... aRsaniSnavia, rom megrul-lazur variantebSi, rogorc we-
si, labialuri komponenti gadaadgildeba sityvis fuZeSi: daTvi -
TunTi, idayvi - duyi, Tagvi - mTugi, leRvi - luRi, mayu (mayuali)
- muyi, maCvi - munCqi, Cxiku - Cxviki... Sdr., agreTve: birTu/birTvi -
burTi, kicu/kicvi - kvici... savaraudoa, rom qarTu sityvaSi bo-
lokiduri u ar aris raime funqciis mqone sufiqsi; Cveni azriT, u
segmenti qarTvelur-kavkasiuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli labi-
alizaciis (/labiovelarizaciis) procesis gamovlinebaa (dawvri-
lebiT ix. qvemoT): q°arT > qarT° > qarTu.
aqvea gansaxilveli sityvaforma qarTulic: SesaZloa, -ul-
sufiqsi uSualodaa darTuli qarTu- fuZeze: qarTu > qarTu-
ul-i > qarTuli; ar gamoiricxeba, agreTve, qarTu > qarTu-l-i
procesic.
RvTaebis saxelisgan eTnonimisa da qoronimis warmoqmna uC-
veulo movlena ar aris Zvel samyaroSi (Sdr., mag., RvTaeba asuri,
xalxi - asurebi da qveyana asureTi)...
qarTvelTa istoriul mexsierebaSi qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwo-
deba da qarTvelTa qveynis saxeli urartul mTavar RvTaebas
(brZolis RvTaebas!) rom ukavSirdeba, moulodneli ar unda iyos:
simon janaSias azriT, urartus mosaxleoba - xaldebi (waviki-
TxoT: RvTaeba xaldis xalxi - t.f.) - cnobilni iyvnen rkinis damu-
SavebiT. "rkinis iaraRiT xaldebi kldeSi SesaniSnav cixe-darba-
zebs kveTdnen. am rigis xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSia saqarTveloSi
kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi ufliscixe" (s.janaSia, 1987, gv.31). Sdr.:
kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebi gvaqvs meSeq-mosxebis (mesxebis) istori-
- 170 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
ul qveyanaSi - kabadokiaSi, xolo Zveli berZnuli cnobebiT, rki-
nis mwarmoebeli xalibebi cxovrobdnen trapizonis regionSic.
Sesabamisad, logikuria urartuelebis, karduxebis, mosxebisa da
SavizRvispireTis xalibebis naTesaobis sakiTxis dasma; miT ume-
tes, gviandeli amierkavkasia am tomTa naSTebis ZiriTadi sacxov-
risi xdeba. Sdr., p.ingoroyvas azriT, qarTveli xalxis uZvelesi
winaprebis – xeTas jgufis xalxebis: musxebis (mesxebis), Tobe-
lebis (hiberebis), kasxebis (kolxebis) kulturuli centri
Zv.w. VII saukuneSi xeTas saxelmwifos katastrofis Semdeg gadmo-
dis saqarTvelos dRevandel teritoriaze (p.ingoroyva, 1978,
gv.244). aq mciredi dazustebaa saWiro: kabadokiasa da halisis
auzSi mcxovreb qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa (mosxebi, qaSqebi,
kolxebi...) SesaZlo winaprebi arian xaTebi da ara xeTebi; es uka-
nasknelni balkaneTis (?) gavliT mcire aziaSi mosuli indoevro-
pelebi arian. SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom movses xorenacis Txro-
baSi kabadokielTa da qarTvelTa jari xSirad gverdigverd ib-
rZvis saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg (m.xorenaci, 1984, gv.95, 136); garda
amisa, m.xorenacisTvis pontos samefoc da istoriuli kolxeTic
qarTvelTa qveyanaa, xolo pontos mefe miTridate - qarTveli (iq-
ve, gv.111-116).
s.janaSias azriT, wina aziis avtoqToni mosaxleobis politi-
kur-kulturuli centris CrdiloeTiT gadmonacvleba aSkarad
dasturdeba (s.janaSia, 1987, gv.20-24, 32, 44, 51); mag., "urartuli da
asuruli wyaroebis mixedviT, ardini (musasiri) urartelTa
wminda qalaqia - urartelTa uzenaesi RvTaeba xaldis kultis
centria - xaldis qalaqia; mogvianebiT religiurad, kulturu-
lad da eTnikuradac musasiris mosaxleoba Camocilebuli Cans
danarCen urartus samyaros" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.25). aqve sa-
yuradReboa ufliscixis saxelic da istoriac:
ufliscixe aSenebulia Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi; es is periodia,
rodesac ukve ganadgurebulia urartu; logikuria davuSvaT:
moZme kavkasiur-winaaziuri tomebis saerTo didi RmerTis - xal-
dis - samefo centri gadmovida ufro CrdiloeTiT. Sdr.: xaldi
- 171 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
mebrZoli, mamrobiTi RvTaebaa; urartuelebi mas swiravdnen xars.
mebrZoli RvTaebac da xaris kulti saqarTveloSic STambeWdavia
(RvTaeba xaldi unda iyos asaxuli wminda giorgis saxeSi)...
didi istoriuli kataklizmebis Jams marTlac mosalodneli
iyo qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa religiuri centris gadmonac-
vleba dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze (logikuria, aseve,
RvTaeba xaldis/qarTis/ardis ramdenime cixe-qalaqis arsebobac);
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa k.z. gamsaxurdias daskvnac: "uf-
liscixis arqetipuli RvTaeba xaldi unda iyos" (k.z. gamsaxur-
dia, 1995, gv.21). aqve, Sdr., iovane petriwiseuli termini "xalde-
velTa winasibrZne" (petriwi qaldevelebs xaldevelebs eZaxis;
iovane petriwi, 1947, gv 41); k.z.gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT, "eTnolo-
giuri TvalsazrisiT, "qaldeveli", amave dros, unda aRniSnavdes
ara marto babilonel semits, aramed im uZveles presemitur xal-
xsac, romelic samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia SumerTa sa-
xeliT" (iqve, gv 79). aqve unda gavixsenoT iv.javaxiSvilis cnobili
dakvirveba: Zveli qarTveli avtorebi qarTvelTa winaprebis iden-
tifikacias axdendnen SuamdinareTisa da bibliur samyarosTan;
misi azriT, qaldeveli aris sparselic, babilonelic da qar-
Tvelic (ix., agreTve, "evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba"; qarTuli mwer-
loba, I, gv.259-260).
SeniSvna: Zvel qarTul teqstebSi "qaldevelni" sparsTa mniSvnelo-
biT gamoiyeneba, magram, "qarTlis cxovrebis" bunTurqebis epizodis
avtori qaldevelebs babilonelebad, asurelebad Tvlis (msjelobi-
saTvis ix. m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.27-29); Cveni azriT, aRrevis saTave adreul
epoqaSia saZiebeli: Cans, Zvel wyaroebSi qaldea/qaldia wina aziis
eTnopolitikuri centris aRmniSvneli iyo amave regionis avtoqTo-
ni xalxebis enaSi; Semdeg es saxeli SemorCa rogorc qarTvelur-kavka-
siur mkvidr xalxebs, aseve indoevropelTa Tu semitTa erT nawils.
Sdr., qaldeelebi (kaldu) - istoriulad arsebuli momTabare, arameu-
lad molaparake semiti tomebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi, romlebic babi-
lonis samxreTiT damkvidrdnen Zv.w. IX saukunidan; Sdr., agreTve, bei-
ruTis axlos mdebare sofeli xalde.
urartul-kavkasiur RvTaeba xald-Tan da qald-/xald- fu-
ZesTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa kidev ramdenime garemoeba:
- 172 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
1. strabonis mixedviT (geografia, XII, 3, 19-24), trapizonsa
da farnakias zemoT cxovroben qaldebi - Zveli xalibebi, ro-
melsac homerosi haliZonebs da alibebs uwodebs (ix., agreTve:
d.baqraZe, 1889, gv.34 da p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.285);
2. "abos wamebisa" da movses xorenacis "somxuri geografiis"
mixedviT, qaldia/xaldea/xaitiqi aris igive WaneTi/Wanivqi (ix.:
qarTuli mwerloba, I, gv.454 da m.xorenaci, 1984, gv.162, 277); Sdr.,
SavizRvispireTSi arsebuli xaldis provincia Sedioda bizanti-
is imperiaSi; igi Semoifargleboda trapizonis regioniT (masSi
ar Sedioda rizes mxare; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.210). Sdr.: trapi-
zonTan axlos xaldiis qarTul qveynas - daviT kuropalatis
kuTvnil mxares - asaxeleben qarTveli mematianeni (sumbaT davi-
Tis Ze, 1449, gv.70; "matiane qarTlisa", gv.285). sayuradReboa isic,
rom VIII saukunidan berZnul wyaroebSi trapezuntis mxares la-
zika hqvia; qarTul wyaroebSi (ix. mag., giorgi mTawmindelis "aka-
Tistos sakiTxavis" qarTuli versia) am teritorias megrelTa
mxares uwodeben (iqve, gv.214);
3. adiRuri enis SafsuRuri dialeqtis xayuCur kilokavSi
qarTvelis aRsaniSnavi Zveli saxelia xalHde (cnoba mogvawodes
ruslan naTxuam da mixeil labaZem; aqve SevniSnavT, rom adiRurSi
arabunebrivia ld TanxmovanTmimdevroba da H neitraluri xmov-
niT xdeba am arakanonikuri kompleqsis superacia);
4. Woroxis saTaveebis mimdebare teritoriaze iyo
qarTveluri qalaqi qaldia - vercxlis sabadoebis qalaqi (timoTe
mTavarepiskoposis "mimoxilva... aRmosavleTis adgilTa"; ix. p.ingo-
royva, 1954, gv.285);
5. Sua lazeTSi, amJamad TurqeTis sazRvrebSi moqceul daba
ofis zonaSi, rizesa da surmenes Soris mdebareobs punqti xaldi
da xaldis mTa; mdinare ofis wylis saTaveebSia punqti xaldize-
ni (zena xaldi) - zemo xaldi. ofis wylis zemo Senakads ewodeba
xaldizenis xevi, mTebs ki - xaldizenis mTebi;
7. saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSic ramdenime xalde
dasturdeba: kavkasionis kalTebzea myinvari xalde da mdinare
xaldeWala; aqvea sofeli xalde.
- 173 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom or sxvadasxva adgilas - didi kav-
kasionis kalTebze da mtkvar-Worox-halis-araqs-tigros-evfra-
tis saTaveebis mimdebare teritoriaze - mosxur mTebSi (mosxuri
mTebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.315) - gverdig-
verd dasturdeba adgilis aRmniSvneli ori sakuTari saxeli (to-
ponimi): kola da xalde.
aqve daismeba kiTxva: rodis moxda qarTl- da qarTuel- fuZe-
ebis warmoqmna?
vvaraudobT: TorTumis, Woroxisa da mtkvris saTaveebSi
arsebuli qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis dakninebis Semdeg, ufro
CrdiloeTiT maleve iqmneba qarTvelur tomTa morigi gaerTiane-
ba; vfiqrobT, azon-quj-farnavazis wina periodSi mimdinare qar-
Tveluri tomebis gaerTianebis procesSi saerTo qveynis saxelad
mkvidrdeba qarTli, saerTo TviTsaxelwodebad ki - qarTueli:
orive fuZe momdinareobs didi RvTaebis saxelisgan - qarTu/qar-
Ti: qarTu > qarTu-eli (Teonimidan warmoiqmna eTnonimi); qarT-
> qarT-l-i (qarTli - RvTaeba qarTis/xaldis qveyana). RvTaebis-
gan momdinare qoronimisa da eTnonimis damkvidreba motivirebu-
li SeiZleba iyos politikuri faqtoriTac: Cans, gaerTianebis
procesSi qarTvelur tomTa mmarTvelebma uari Tqves romelime
qarTveluri tomis saxelis ganzogadebaze, Sesabamisad, romelime
tomis hegemonobaze...
erTi ram aSkaraa:
qarTu-el-i qarTvelTa uZvelesi avtoeTnonimi (endogenuri
eTnonimi), qarTli ki - qarTvelTa saxelmwifos uZvelesi qarTu-
lenovani qoronimi Cans.
SeniSvna: gorgasalis Semdeg, qarTvelTa daSla-dasustebis morig
etapze, terminebi: qarTli/qarTveli daviwrovda qarTvelTa erTi
provinciisa da misi mosaxleobis saxelad; Sesabamisad, qarTul qveya-
naTa konsolidaciis morig etapze ganmazogadebel axal qoronimad
SemoRebul iqna saqarTuelo (ufro gvian ki iyo mcdeloba, daemkvidre-
binaT qoronimi iberia; ix.: 1790 w. "iberielTa erTobis traqtati").
rac Seexeba qarTu-/qarTl-/qarTvel- fuZeTa Tanamedrove
dialeqtur variantebsa (qorTu, q@rT...) da maTi mniSvnelobe-
bis istorias:
- 174 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTl- fuZis
msgavsad, qarTvel- formac, sxvadasxva droSi Tu enobriv velSi,
ramdenime semantikiT gamoiyeneba; kerZod:
_ qarTveli eris warmomadgenels (mag., mematianisaTvis qar-
Tvelni arian wamebulni egriselni daviT da konstantine:
"Tqmulni netarisa mowamisa qarTvelisa~"; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv
669-671; d.musxeliSvili, 1993, gv.360); sxva qveynebis msgavsad, axlo
momavalSi qarTveli SeiZleba damkvidrdes saqarTvelos moqala-
qis fard saxelad (eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad).
_ qarTvelur kiloebsa Tu samwignobro enaze metyvel
qristians (ix.: miqel modrekilis sagalobeli "Bseneba~ uZleve-
lisa mowamisa habo ismaitel-yofilisa qarTvelisa~"; Sdr., amgva-
ri kulturul-politikuri midgomiT, eTnikurad qarTveli da
qarTulad metyveli muslimani TaTaria).
_ socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgenels - glexs (saki-
Txis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.qurdiani, 2001). am semantikiT qarTve-
li dadasturebulia mxolod qarTlSi (Sdr., margali "glexis"
mniSvnelobiT Cans mxolod egrisSi), rac safuZvels gvaZlevs, eT-
nonimisTvis amgvari semantikis ganviTareba aixsnas ara "dampyro-
beli, an mezobeli xalxis" xedviT, aramed eTnokulturuli da
sociolingvisturi mizezebiT (gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom,
SesaZlebelia, mezobelma xalxma sxvas daarqvas damamcirebeli sa-
xeli, magram sakuTar Tavs romeli xalxi Tu sazogadoeba daimci-
rebs monis an glexis fardi saxelis darqmeviT? Sdr.: g.meliqiSvi-
li, 1965, gv.90-91; m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.104); kerZod: Sua saukuneebSi
qarTveli mxolod qarTlels aRniSnavda, Sesabamisad, qarTlur
kiloSi qarTvelad iTvleboda is fena, romelic mxolod qar-
Tlur kiloze metyvelebda; Sdr., glexisTvis aznauri, Tavadi da
mefe ar iyo Cveulebrivi, misnairi, kuTxuri ena-cnobierebis
mqone adamiani; Sdr., opozicia: Tavadi - qarTveli/qarTleli... am-
gvari mimarTebis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo feodalurma azrov-
nebam, Tumca, maRali wris (ganaTlebuli) sazogadoeba Tu inte-
ligencia arc Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi iTvleba romelime erTi
- 175 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
kuTxis saxed, mag., aravin ambobs, rom akaki imereli poetia, vaJa -
fSaveli, konstantine gamsaxurdia - megreli mwerali da a.S.
qarTlelisa/qarTvelisa da Tavadis mimarTebis analogiu-
ria opozicia: margali da Jinosqua; sxva qarTvelTa metyveleba-
Si megreli (egriseli) saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis mosaxleobas
miemarTeboda, magram sakuTriv megrul kiloSi gamoyenebuli mi-
si Sesatyvisi forma - margali sulac ar iyo megrelis zusti
"Targmani": megrul kiloSi margali megrelTa mxolod dabal
fenas aRniSnavda; maRal fenas Seesabameboda Jinosqua ("aznau-
ri", "zecis Svili", "zena Svili"; Jinosquas fena, Sesabamisad,
warmodgenili opozicia moiSala bolSevikebismieri represiebis
Semdeg). aqve xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia, rom margalisa da qarTle-
lis socialur statuss - qarTvelTa kerZo saxeebs - regionalur
variantebs - Seesabameba ori dialeqturi metyveleba, xolo Ji-
nosquasa da Tavads - rogorc zogadqarTul fenomens - erTi
saerTo samwignobro qarTuli: e.i. socialuri fenis markireba
xdeba sametyvelo kodis mixedviT...
SeniSvna: 2000 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi "qeba~ da dideba~ qarTuli-
sa enisa~" margal- formis mier semantikis gafarToeba da misi gaTanab-
reba megrel- sityvasTan axsnili gvqonda istoriuli procesebis Sesa-
bamisad: komunistebis mier Jinosquas fenis gaJletisa da, saerTod,
amgvari leqsikis (batoni, Tavadi, Jinosqua, aznauri...) akrZalvis fon-
ze, margali forma semantikuradac gauTanabrda megrels; amgvari ax-
sna "istoriuli perspeqtivis darRvevad" miiCnia m. qurdianma; is wers:
"am hipoTezis argumenti, saliteraturo enis faqtori, sagangebod mi-
sadagebuli "margalis" socialur funqcias, aRar muSaobs "qarTve-
lis" analogiur situaciaSi" (ix. m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.105).
_ mxolod qarTlels - saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis mosaxleo-
bas; ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis qarTul wyaroebSi, aramed zog
Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSic ki qarTveli qarTlels aR-
niSnavs; mag., al.WinWaraulis cnobiT, xevsurebisTvis saqarTve-
los sxva kuTxeebis mcxovrebni arian: qarTvelni (qarTlelebi),
mesxni, javaxni (Sdr.: ejavaxeba - ejiuteba), kaxni, fSavelni, moxeve-
ni, gudamayrelni, TuSni, imerni, afxazni (afxazi - vaJkaci), meg-
- 176 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
relni... Sdr., megr. qorTu (< qorTueli) - aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los mkvidri; Sdr., agreTve, TuSuri: qarTulaGoba~ - "saubrisas
literaturul kiloze qceva, cud tonad, metiCrobad iTvleba"
(g.cocaniZe, 2002; ix., aqve: kaxi - "bareli qarTveli", kaxuraGi -
"raime kaxuri" an: "kaxeTSi mozamTre TuSi"; Cans, TuSisTvis
baruli qarTuli "kaxis" metyvelebaa).
Tanamedrove megrul metyvelebaSi termini qarTveli gamoi-
yeneba zogadqarTvelis mniSvnelobiT; megreli am terminSi saku-
Tar Tavsac moiazrebs. megrulSi dadasturebul qorTu formas
SecdomiT qarTvelad Targmnian; merab Cuxuas cnobiT, "zan. qor-
Tu da svan. mHq@rT leqsemebi miemarTeba mxolod aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos mkvidr qarTvels; Sdr., megrulSi dasturdeba imere-
li, aWareli, Soni, guruli da qorTu" (Sdr., m.qurdiani, 2000,
gv.186: mHqarT - qarTi/qarTveli; erovnuli saxelis mniSvnelobiT
svanebi iyeneben termins mHqarTuel, megrelebi ki - qarTueli)...
vvaraudobT, rom VII-VIII saukuneebis daSlil-daqucmacebul
saqarTveloSi, rodesac termini qarTveli mxolod qarTlels
aRniSnavda, aRmosavleTeli qarTvelis aRmniSvnelad daviwrovda
qorTu (< qorTuali < qarTueli); Sdr.: T.gamyreliZis da g.maWa-
varianis mier daSvebulia: qarTvel- > qorTual- qorTuau > qor-
Tuou > qorTuu > qorTu logikuri procesi (1965, gv.89-92); Sdr.:
beReli - baRu, uReli - uRu... magram: yveli - yvali, wiTeli - WiTa-
li/WiTa... (am rigis masalaSi ratom ar gvaZlevs -el- sufiqsi -u-
s?). amave periodis warmonaqmni Cans svan. mHq@rT (qarTleli).
rac Seexeba zanur-svanur-afxazur arealSi dadasturebul
qarT/q@rT ("dedaqalaqi") formas:
Cveni varaudiT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sruliad qarTlis
Zvel dedaqalaqsac - ufliscixesac, Tavdapirvelad, mTavari
RvTaebis saxeli qarTu/qarTi erqva, romelic qarT/q@rT formiT
Tbilisis saxelad Semoinaxa zanur-svanurma (Sdr., nasesxebia
qarTa varianti): Zveli dedaqalaqis saxeli gadavida axal dedaqa-
laqzec. arc is gamoiricxeba, rom zanur-svanuri qarT- warmoad-
- 177 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
gens qarTl- formis gamartivebul saxes (qarTl- > qarT- > q@rT):
didi qarTlis daSlis Semdeg - arabobis periodidan (qoronim sa-
qarTvelos damkvidrebis paralelurad), misi semantika TandaTan
dedaqalaqad daviwrovda.
axsnadia is faqtic, rom qarTu/qarT formis a xmovani zanur-
Si ar iZleva o-s: zanur arealSi a-s labializebis Seferxeba SeiZ-
leba ganepirobebina bolokidur u-s, Tuki amosaval formad
davuSvebT qarTus, an bolokiduri l-s dakargvas, Tuki amosaval
formad davsaxavT qarTls: qarTl- > qarT; Sdr.: Zma/Zmal- - jima,
da/dal- - da, mama/mamal- - muma... magram: cxra - Cxoro, da - do (kav-
Siri), mamali - mumuli... pirvel magaliTebSi a-s labializebas
aferxebs bolokiduri l-s dakargva (am procesis Sesaxeb ix.
t.futkaraZe, 1990); saerTod, SeiniSneba, rom saerToqarTvelur
fuZeSi momxdari sxva fonetikuri procesi abrkolebs qarTvelur
bgeraTSesatyvisobebad saxeldebul istoriul fonetikur pro-
cesebs (ix. qvemoT).
vfiqrobT, Cven mier zemoT warmodgenili msjeloba cxadyofs,
rom qarTveli (qarTleli) da margali formebis socialuri se-
mantika savsebiT erTgvari viTarebiTaa Sepirobebuli; garda ami-
sa, samwignobro enis faqtori sagangebod ki ar miesadageba arse-
bul mdgomareobas, aramed asaxavs eTnokulturul da istoriul
suraTs; Sdr., m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.105: "riTi unda aixsnas qarTul
enaSi termin qarTvelis Sesabamisad megrulSi termin megreli-
saTvis dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlis semantikiT aR-
Wurva?.." xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom megrel- formas arsad udas-
turdeba dabali socialuri fenis gamoxatva; amgvari SinaarsiT
gvaqvs mxolod margali; aseve, qarTveli mxolod qarTlur dia-
leqtur velSi Cndeba "glexis" mniSvnelobT da ara, zogadad, qar-
Tul enaSi; amgvari niuansebis gauTvaliswinebloba msjelobas Cix-
Si Seiyvans; margalis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.meliqiSvili, 1974, gv.
103; t.futkaraZe, 1999.
SeniSvna: m.qurdiani termin qarTvelis kidev erT mniSvnelobas vara-
udobs: "qarTveli niSnavs garkveuli dedaenobrivi erTobis (xazi
- 178 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
Cvenia - t.f.) warmomadgenels, imasve, rasac niSnavda amJamad gamqrali
termini "qarTi" da, rogorc aseTis aRmniSvneli termini, is Sedis
opoziciaSi amave marTebuli aris analogiur terminebTan, mag., rogo-
ricaa: svani, megreli da sxv." (m.qurdiani, 1999, gv.53); es mosazreba
faqtobriv masalas ar emyareba. aseve, konkretul masalasTan Seusaba-
moa m.qurdianis Semdegi azric: "# 5 marTebul areSi termini Turqi
(muslimani suniti) SeiZleba Canacvlebuli iyos Sinaarsobrivad da
mniSvnelobiT axlos mdgomi, magram arasinonimuri terminebiT _ me-
sxi, aWareli...". pirvel rigSi, aq dasazustebelia is, rom mesxTa da
aWarelTa didi nawili qristiania, meorec, muslimani qarTvelebi
aWaraSic, taoSic da imerxevSic Seuracxyofad miiCneven TurqTan Se-
darebasac ki; aseve, Tavs Turqad ar Tvlis qarTuli warmoSobis da
qarTulis armcodne ucxoeTSi mcxovreb musliman mesxTa erTi nawi-
lic (gansxvavebiT mesxeTidan gasaxlebuli eTnikuri Turqebisgan, an
ukve gaTurqebuli qarTvelebisgan).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, obieqtur kritikas da-
eqvemdebareba kaxelTa, herTa, imerTa, zanTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa da
a.S. sxva qarTvelTa e.w. qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis Teoria, ro-
melic saTaves iRebs n.maris Sromebidan da dRemde popularulia
qarTvel Tu ucxoel mkvlevarTa Soris (mesxTa qarTizaciis Sesa-
xeb ix., mag., m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.191); Sesabamisad, istoriuli suraTis re-
alur asaxvas ar warmoadgenen samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli
terminebi: "dasavleT-qarTuli eTnosi (erovneba)", "qarTis erov-
neba" da sxva.
saerTod, istoriul eTnonimTa Tu qoronimTa mixedviT Tana-
medrove terminTa Seqmnas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT, vinaidan
Zvel terminTa erTma nawilma dRes mniSvneloba gaifarTova, an
daiviwrova, zogi sulac daikarga; mag., leonti mrovelTan egrisi
da svaneTi sinonimebi Cans; Semdeg gamoiyeneboda odiSi; bolos,
termini egrisi gviandel odiSTan erTad sul gamovida gamoyene-
bidan da damkvidrda samegrelo (Sdr., saingilo damkvidrda here-
Tis nacvlad).
sruliad umarTebulod, samecniero literaturaSi termini
qarTi damkvidrda e.w. sisina a tipis qarTvelur kiloebze me-
tyvel qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad; xelovnurad gaCnda eTnonimuri
- 179 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
opoziciebi: qarTi - zani; qarTi - svani... xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT:
saerToqarTveluri ena/koine da kultura yvela qarTveluri
tomisa Tu Temis saerTo Semoqmedebaa; garda amisa, istoriul
wyaroebSi arsad gvidasturdeba termini qarTi, xolo qarTveli,
metwilad, zogadqarTvels - qarTveluri cnobierebis mqone ada-
mians (adamianTa jgufs) - miemarTeba da yvela qarTvelur (30-mde!)
Tems/toms moiazrebs; Sesabamisad, qarTvels qarTizacia-qarTve-
lizacia ar sWirdeba. amgvari termini (qarTizacia/qarTveliza-
cia) SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos gaqarTvelebuli araqarTvelis
mimarT; mag., droTa ganmavlobaSi moxda Camosaxlebul yivCayTa
erTi nawilis qarTvelizacia-qarTizacia...
garkveuli pirobiTobiT, termini qarTizacia SeiZleboda ga-
gvemarTlebina, Tuki marTlac arsebobda e.w. qarTis tomi da misi
ena/kultura ganzogadda sxva qarTveluri tomebisaTvis. rogorc
zemoT vnaxeT da qvemoTac davrwmundebiT, amgvari mosazrebis
mtkiceba metad gaWirdeba: termin qarTiT aRniSnuli tomi wya-
roebSi ar Cans! garda amisa, megrel-Wanebi, lazebi, svanebi, here-
bi, mesxebi, kaxebi, cxvimebi/skvimnebi/sviminebi, Takverlebi, mesxebi
Tu sxva qarTveluri Temebi qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis process
ver daeqvemdebarebodnen im martivi mizezis gamo, rom isini sa-
kuTriv qarTlelebTan erTad arian qarTuli samwignobro enis,
saerTod, qarTveluri cnobierebisa da kulturis Semoqmedni -
Tavdapirveli qarTvelebi... Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva eTnosad Tu
erovnebad arasodes yofila dasavleT, samxreT Tu aRmosavleT
"saqarTveloebis" mosaxleoba...
yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTi daskvnis gamotana ufro SeiZleba
bolo 3000 wlis enobrivi, arqeologiuri da saistorio masalebi-
sa Tu wyaroebis mixedviT.
SeniSvna: sakiTxis istoriisaTvis: qarTizaciis sakiTxis kritika pir-
velad warmoadgina mitropolitma anania jafariZem Tavis gamokvleva-
Si: "deda eklesia", sadac is wers: "n.marisgan momdinareobs idea aRmo-
savleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqar-
Tvelos mosaxleobis "qarTizaciisa" anu gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb. xe-
lovnuria termini da ideac aseTivea; sinamdvileSi ki, Zveli wyaroe-
- 180 -
 qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
bis Tanaxmad, mTianeTis, kaxeT-hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTve-
los mosaxleobas "qarTizacia" ar esaWiroeboda, radgan ZvelTaganve
(da farnavazis drosac) aRniSnul kuTxeTa mcxovrebni, rogorc mTie-
lebi, ise egriselebi (mesxebsa da her-kaxelebze rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT) qarTveli xalxis ZiriTad nawilad ganixilebodnen. es ase es-
mis "qarTlis cxovrebas", Zvel qronikebs da Zvel avtorebs... didma
ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, rom qristianobamde yvela qarTul
tomTaTvis (samegrelosa da svaneTSic) kultmsaxurebis ena iyo qar-
Tuli ena... Sesabamisad, am tomebs qarTizacia ar sWirdebodaT..." (a.ja-
fariZe, 1996, gv.195-197, 213, 215-216; ix., agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1998,
gv.261-263; a.jafariZe, 2003).
amrigad, eTnonimi qarTveli Tavidanve zogaderovnuli
mniSvnelobis sakuTari saxelia da ara satomo saxeli (Sdr. b.gi-
gineiSvili, 1975, gv.115). eTnonim qarTvelebis ucxo enebze Tar-
gmnisas, sasurvelia, TargmanSic aisaxos dedniseuli varianti;
mag., inglisurad ukeTesia - kartvels, xolo Turqulad - kartveller.
aqve aRvniSnavT: samecniero literaturaSi jer kidev gaba-
tonebulia azri, rom iberi da kolxi sxvadasxva eTnosebis aR-
mniSvneli cnebebia; rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxva dros kolxic da ib-
eri/iveri/speric qarTvels aRniSnavda; Sesabamisad, kolxuri
ena/kultura da iberiuli ena/kultura CvenTvis sinonimuri
mniSvnelobis terminebia, Tumca gaurkvevlobis Tavidan asaci-
leblad mainc varCevT, am mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT termini qar-
Tveluri ena/kultura; Sesabamisad, termin iberiul-kavkasiu-
ris nacvlad, viyenebT termins - qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (Sdr.,
arn. Ciqobava iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi gulisxmobda qarTvelur-
kavkasiur enebs).
SeniSvna: qarTvelTa istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, saerTo enasTan
erTad, monaTesave TemTa makonsolidirebeli iyo saerTo RvTaeba:
Cans, jer qarTu/xaldi, Semdeg, mcire xans, armazis kulti, bolos -
qristianoba.
- 181 -
eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema
1.2.3. qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel eTnonimTa da TemonimTa
lingvisturi mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema
wina paragrafebSi warmodgenil eTnonimTa da TemonimTa di-
di nawili saerTo warmomavlobisa Cans. kidev erTxel arsebiTia
imis aRniSvnac, rom mezobeli xalxebi qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad,
araiSviaTad, ganazogadebdnen maTi momijnave qarTveluri (resp.
qarTuli) tomis Tu Temis saxels; qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba ki
miemarTeba RvTaeba xalde/qarTus.
"yovelTa qarTvelTa" aRsaniSnavad yvelaze xSirad gamoiyene-
ba: qarT-/qald-/xald- (> *xalid-on-/haliZon-?), mosox-/muSq-
/mesx-, san-/zan-/svan-, kolx-/kilx-/kulx-, iber-/iver-/sper- da
abaz-/abazx- fuZeebi.
Sejamebis saxiT, qarTvelur tomTa da TemTa saxelebis SesaZ-
lo etimologiuri jaWvi Semdegi ZiriTadi jgufebis saxiT SeiZle-
ba warmovadginoT:
SeniSvna: TiToeuli formis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, aq aRar
davasaxelebT wina Taobis mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs ("qarTvelebis"
es nawili exmianeba s. janaSias naSroms: "Tubal-Tabal, tibareni,
iberi", Tumca, s.janaSiaseuli zogi dakavSirebis gaziareba Wirs).
qvemoT warmodgenil logikur lingvistur sqemebs ara aqvs
ucilobeli WeSmaritebis pretenzia.
a. qarTu(eli):
saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxelwodebaSi: qarTueli
gamoiyofa qarTu- fuZe, romelsac SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes ara
mxolod qald- (qaldea), xald- fuZeebi, aramed, kardu-x- formac
(-x- krebiTobis sufiqsia; Sdr.; kola - kol-x-i, tao - tao-x-i, Wor-
of-a - Wor-o-x-i, Rvino/vino - vena-x-i; Sdr. m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 9).
aris cduneba, qarT-/xald- fuZesTan davakavSiroT xal-ib-
fuZec, Tumca manam, sanam -ib- segmentis damajerebeli kvalifikacia
ar moxdeba, raimes mtkiceba SeuZlebelia (Cven vvaraudobT -eb- > -
ib- process). Tavis mxriv, xal-ib- (xalibi) fuZesTan dakavSirebu-
li Cans homerosTan dadasturebuli [h]al-ib-e: h, x, q ukana warmoe-
bis fSvinvieri Tanxmovnebis monacvleoba mosalodnelia ara mxo-
- 182 -
 eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema
lod sityvaTa sesxebisas, aramed erTi enobrivi sistemis fargle-
bSic (magaliTebi ix. zemoT); bunebrivia varaudi, rom hal- Ziri
gamovyoT hal-is- (halisi - mdinare, kizil-irmaki) da hal-iZ-on-
fuZeebSic: -is- kuTvnilobis mawarmoeblad, -on- qarTveluri kre-
biTobis sufiqsad, xolo -iZ- < -eT-/ed-/-id- (Sdr., devs/Zevs) mrav-
lobiTobis sufiqsad (sxvaenovan garemoSi transformirebul va-
riantad) SeiZleba davsaxoT; Sdr. sxva gzac: xald-/hald- >
*hal(i)d- > haliZ- > haliZ-on-... damajerebeli kvalifikaciac da
warmodgenil varaudTa myari argumentirebac momavlis saqmed
rCeba. dasasabuTebelia, agreTve, xald-/B˚ald- > RvarT- > RmarT-
> RmerT da xald-Ta > xanZTa procesebi.
b. mesxi:
masisi (mTa) da fasisi (mdinare) geografiuli saxelebisa da
eTnonim fasianebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovyoT mas-/fas- Ziri;
Sdr.: berZnul miTologiaSi eTnarqi kolxi fasisis Svilad aris
miCneuli, fasisi ki wylis RvTaebaa (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.
T.miqelaZe, 1955, gv.33-34). aq sainteresoa isic, rom berZenTa cno-
bierebaSi wylis RvTaeba (Sesabamisad, mdinareebis aRmniSvneli si-
tyva fasisi) da kolxida (mxare mdinareebuxvi?) erTmaneTTanaa
dakavSirebuli. saintereso Cans agreTve p.ingoroyvas varaudi,
rom fas- Semonaxulia bas-ian-i formaSi.
*mas- Ziri amosavali SeiZleba iyos mes-x-, mos-x- da mus-x- fuZe-
ebze nayari sityvebisaTvis (-x- - krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiq-
si); Sdr.: n.xazaraZis azriT, mesx-/mosx-/musx- formebisTvis amosa-
valia mosx- fuZe.
*masx- arqetipi, vfiqrobT, Semonaxulia muSqebis/kabadokiis
qalaq mazaxa/mazaka formaSi: mas-x-/mas-a-x- > mazax-; Sdr., jer kidev
ioseb flaviusis azriT (1987, gv.103), eTnonimi mosoxi da qalaqis
saxeli mazaka saerTo warmomavlobis fuZeebia. mes-x- dadasture-
bulia mesx- fuZeSi; misi povniereba sarwmuno Cans mesqin-, meSex-
da mcxeTa formebSic (Sdr., g.bedoSvili, 1981, gv. 269-276).
mosx- forma daculia bibliur mosox-, mosoq, muSq-, berZnul
- 183 -
eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema
mosx-/mosoxen- da qarTul musx- fuZeebSi (musxi - sofeli axal-
cixeSi). aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom erTmaneTisgan mkveT-
rad unda ganvasxvavoT, erTi mxriv, Zvel winaaziur da indoevro-
pul enaTa velSi dadasturebuli labialurxmovniani Zirebi
(Sdr.: asuruli Tabali da bibliuri Tubali/Tobeli; asuruli
muSqebi, bibliuri mosoqi/meSexi, berZnuli mosxi/mosxike/mo-
sxebi da kabadokiis dedaqalaqi mazaxa; somx. Torgoma da qarTv.
Targamosi; bibliuri ararati da urartu, ardi da olT-...) da,
meore mxriv, qarTvelur enobriv (zanur dialeqtur) arealSi da-
dasturebuli o-xmovniani variantebi (kaci - koCi, da - do...); isini
sxvadasxva droisa da enobrivi procesebis warmonaqmnebia. a/e/o/u
variantuloba xSiria asurul, xeTur, ieroglifur-luviur,
Zvel ebraul da Zvel berZnul enebSi; Sdr., agreTve: asuruli ga-
mir-, muSqu da ZvelberZnuli gomer-, meSeh-; xeTuri kummani da
asuruli kammanu; qarTveluri Targamosi, xeTuri Tegerma da
ZvelberZnuli Togorma.
Sdr., *a-bas- (< *a-mas-/*mas- ?) hipoTetur formasTan SeiZleba
iyos dakavSirebuli Semdegi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri fuZeebi:
*abas-, abaS-, abeS-l-/abeS-al-;
*abas-, abaza; *ebeze/ebze, obez-;
*abas-, *abas-ar-/*absar-/afsar-;
*abas-, *abas-il-/*absil-/afsil;
*abas-, *abas-ua/absua/afsua;
abaz-, *abaz-x-/abxaz-/afxaz-;
abaz-, *abaz-x-, abaz-g- ...
g. sani
qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli erT-erTi uZvelesi fuZe
Cans zani/sani.
Sdr.: erTi mxriv, winaenismier yru TanxmovanTa monacvleo-
biT warmoqmnili variantebi:
san-, zan-, Wan-, *wan- (wan-ar-?);
meore mxriv, ki:
- 184 -
 eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema
s-s labializaciiT (Tu labializebuli s-sgan?) miRebuli
san- > svan-/Son-/(mu)Suan- fuZeebi.
d. kol-x-i
qarTuli provinciis saxeli kola inaxavs amosaval fuZes:
kol-/kor- Zirisganaa warmoqmnili kol-x-/kil-x-/kul-x- (-x- -
krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiqsi); aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT: kor-
a-qs-i, ma-kr-on-i, kl-ar-j-i formebic.
e. speri/iberi:
amosavali fuZe Cans *hper-/sper- (Sdr.: speri, speris zRva);
aqedan:
*hperi > ~peri > iper- > iber-/iver- (iberia/iveria); Sdr.,
speri > ~speri > ispiri (ix. s.janaSia, 1952, gv.60). h/s > ~/~h/~s > ~/i
fonetikuri procesi qarTveluri kiloebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li movlenaa: gasTibs > ga~sTibs/ga~Tibs; stumari > ~htumari
(b.jorbenaZe, 1998, gv.196, 357, 545, 550); 2005 wels iusufelis
raionis qarTul soflebSi (Beva~, qoba~, balxi) Cven mier
Cawerilma masalam aCvena, rom Tavkidur poziciaSi s/h > ~ procesi
gansakuTrebiT aqtiuria taourSi.
ar gamoiricxeba arc: tiber- > hiber > hber- > sper- da tiber-
> hiber- > iber- procesebi; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.
speri: sa-sper- (sasperitebi), sa-peir-/sa-veir- (stefane bi-
zantieli);
*hper- > *hber- > ber- > ver- > vir- > vir-q (>vr-a-c-)- > vir-
San-; *ber-/ver- > var-, var-u-C-an, gurCan-, gurgan- (< georgi-
an-), gurj-, kurg- (dadasturebulia XIII s.; s.janaSia, 1959, gv.53),
gurZH- (osuri formaa), gruzin- (< guruzin-)... Sdr., Cerqezuli
qurjH "Tbilisi", adiRuri (SafsuRuri) qHrce (< gurj) da osuri
gurjHn "tanadi" (sparsul enobriv velSi va > gu procesisaTvis
Sdr., g. wereTlis mier motanili magaliTebi: vard > gul, varaz > gu-
raz, visnasp > gusnasp... (g.wereTeli, 1993, gv.104).
wyaroebSi dadasturebuli qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli sxva saxe-
lebi naklebvariantulni arian; mag.: lazi, kaxi/kuxi, TuSi, java-
xi/zabaxa... variantTa simcire aixsneba zogi saxelis araqarTvelu-
ri warmomavlobiT, zogisa ki - lokaluri gamoyenebiT (mag., kaxi
gamoiyeneba mxolod viwro enobriv velSi); Tumca, sakvlevia kuxis
mimarteba kolxTan, rogorc amas varaudobda v.aleni (ix.,
T.papuaSvili, 1993, gv. 428).
- 185 -
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
1.3. sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva
istoriuli epoqa
(meTodologiuri SeniSvnebi iberia-qarTlisa da
kolxeTi-lazika-egrisis mimarTebebis mixedviT)
istoriuli procesebis analizs didad uSlis xels eris
TviTsaxelwodebisa da am sazogadoebis aRmniSvneli sxva eTnoni-
mebis aRreva, agreTve, qveynis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi:
araiSviaTad, mocemuli eris/saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili
Tavisi teritoriis sazRvrebi ar emTxveva mezobelTa xedvas;
garda amisa, xSiria, roca erTi da igive eTnonimi (Tu qoronimi)
sxvadasxva dros miemarTeba or an met sazogadoebas (qveyanas);
Sdr.: abaza/ebze/obezi - qarTveli (yaraCaul-balyarul enaSi da
Zvel rusulSi), abaza - afxazi (Turqul enaSi) da abaza - amJaminde-
li yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobis er-
Ti nawilis - abazebis - TviTsaxeli...
Cveni azriT, ufro met problemas qmnis mocemuli eris teri-
toriis sazRvrebisa da istoriuli gzis gansxvavebuli xedva, ro-
melic konkretuli eTnonimebisa Tu qoronimebis gaazrebaSic ai-
saxeba; mag.:
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazRvrebsa da qarTveli eris uax-
les istorias gansxvavebulad xedaven qarTveli, rusi da afxazu-
ri warmoSobis prorusuli politikosebi (v.arZinba, r.xajinba...);
araiSviaTad, amgvari subieqturoba istorikosTa kvlevebSic
gamosWvivis (metic, zogi arakeTilsindisieri mkvlevari istoriu-
li faqtebis gayalbebiT cdilobs, xeli Seuwyos politikuri
procesebis provocirebas).
bunebrivia, saqarTvelos (Tu sxva qveynis) mimarT amgvari su-
bieqturobisgan dazRveulni ar iqnebodnen Zveli berZnebi, romae-
lebi, sparselebi, somxebi Tu sxva mezobeli xalxebi. es kargad
Cans ara mxolod istoriul wyaroebSi, aramed - eTnonimebSic:
- 186 -
 sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
rogorc wesi, mezobeli xalxebisTvis eTnonimebi iqmneba sa-
zRvrispira tomis (an Temis) saxelis mixedviT (almanebi Allemand -
germanelebi frangebisTvis), an romelime damakninebeli semanti-
kis mqone fuZisgan (nemeci - rusTaTvis...); aseve, araiSviaTad, sxva
eris aRmniSvneli eTnonimi iqceva xolme uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis
sityvad (mag., eTnonimi lulu zogadad mtris saxelad gadaazri-
anda urartulSi).
movlena martivad ixsneba:
istoriuli ambebis Sefaseba xdeba sasurveli TvalTaxedvi-
dan: adamiani-mematiane Tavisi droisa da qveynis aTvlis sistemi-
dan danaxul samyaros asaxavs terminebiTa Tu eTnonimebiT: Tavi-
si enobriv-kulturul-politikuri xedviT alagebs sakuTar
Tu sxvis istorias, awmyos, momavals.
araiSviaTia Zveli ambebis aRwera Tanamedrove viTarebis mi-
xedviTac, Sesabamisad - axali eTnonimebis gadatana Zvel droSi;
mag.: XII saukunis ambebis aRwerisas homerosi laparakobs finikie-
lebis Sesaxeb, am dros ki finikielebi bunebaSi ar arseboben
(iliada, Sesavali, gv.38). bibliis Semqmnelni eTnarqebs aRadgenen
TavianTi Tanamedrove xalxebis saxelebis mixedviT; Sdr., agreTve:
angariSs uwevs ra Tavisi drois viTarebas, "qarTlis cxovrebis"
Sesavlis avtori (romelic, Cans, IX saukuneSi cxovrobda) mis-
Tvis cnobili saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT asaxelebs: egross,
qarTloss, kaxoss, kuxoss, gardabioss, gaCioss...
kidev erTi magaliTi:
Zv.w. III saukuneSi moRvawe apolonios rodosels Zv.w. XIII sau-
kunis aietis qalaqad - kolxas Zvel dedaqalaqad - quTaisi aqvs mi-
Cneuli, qalaqi, romelic did asparezze gamodis mxolod Zv.w. VII-
VI saukuneebis Semdeg.
aSkaraa, rom istoriis (nebismieri sxva dargis) kvlevis dros
arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos terminTa identifikacias;
kerZod, sxvadasxvaenovan Tu Tanamoene mkiTxvels misi enisTvis ga-
mWvirvale, adekvaturi, sxva qoronimebTan Sejerebuli termini
unda miewodos; mag., qoronimi saqarTvelo dRes CvenTvis gulis-
- 187 -
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
xmobs istoriul afxazeTsac, xolo ruseTis imperiul velSi aR-
zrdili mkvlevrisTvis rusuli termini gruzia saqarTvelos am
uZveles kuTxes ar moicavs. aTeuli wlebis Semdeg obieqturi
mkvlevari valdebuli iqneba, erTmaneTisgan mkafiod gamijnos qar-
Tuli termini saqarTvelo da proimperiuli mecnieris mier
gamoyenebuli gruzia: mkiTxveli gaafrTxilos, rom mag., 1992-2005
wlebis saqarTvelos sazRvrebs zustad ar asaxavs, mag., istori-
kos v.arZinbas mier gamoyenebuli qoronimi gruzia.
msjelobas gavagrZelebT lazika-egrisisa da iberia-qarTlis
magaliTebis mixedviT:
qarTvel Tu araqarTvel istorikosTa mier sinonimebadaa mi-
Cneuli terminebi: kolxeTi, lazika, egrisi (ix., mag., i.anTelava,
1999, gv. 22; r.TofCiSvili, 2002, gv.7; d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.48, 55;,
T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003, gv. 45, 63) da iberia - qarTli (iv.javaxiSvi-
li, g.meliqiSvili, n.berZeniSvili...); vfiqrobT, maTi gaTanabre-
ba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Zveli kolxeTi aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los did nawilsac moicavda, lazika erqva romaelTagan dapyro-
bil saqarTvelos teritorias, egrisi ki qarTveli mematianeebi-
seuli qarTlis nawilia.
termini lazika da, Sesabamisad, lazikis saxelmwifos isto-
ria, ZiriTadad, romauli wyaroebis xedviTaa Seqmnili, xolo
termini egrisi da misiT aRniSnuli saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis is-
toria qarTveluri aRqma-Sefasebis asaxvaa: qarTuli wyaroebi
ax.w. VII saukunemde da IX saukunidan egriss erTiani saqarTvelos
SemadgenlobaSi xedavs, berZnul-romaul-bizantiuri wyaroebiT
ki, lazika iberiaSi ar Sedis...
mivyveT Zvel wyaroebs da Tvali gavadevnoT sazRvrebis
sxvadasxvaobas Tu mkvlevarTa uzustobebs:
rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi lazebs
pirvelad axsenebs miTridates istorikosi memnoni (I s.) Tavis "he-
rakles istoriaSi"; memnoni lazTa sacxovrisad mkafiod gansa-
zRvravs dioskuriis midamoebs (soxumi-anakofiis regions); aria-
nem (95-175) Tavisi TvaliT naxa qalaqi Zveli lazike. mogvianebiT
- 188 -
 sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
am qalaqs nikofsiad moixsenieben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); aSka-
raa, rom welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde lazebi dioskuriis Crdiloe-
TiT cxovrobdnen; Sdr.: arianesTan (II s.) lazebi da kolxebi Tana-
arseboben: isini sxvadasxva toms warmoadgenen (Zveli berZnebi...
1983, gv.159); ariane Tavis "periplusSi" wers:
"amJamad lazebs uWiravT teritoria Zidritebidan abaskeba-
mde"; e.i. daaxloebiT Woroxidan kodoramde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987,
gv.23; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). Sdr., V saukunis "periplusis"
anonimi avtori: "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da md. aqeuntamde
(es ki aris soWidan daaxloebiT 30 km.-iT daSorebuli - T. y.) uwin
cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlene-
bi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi".
astronomiisa da geografiis fuZemdebeli klavdios ptole-
ma~osi (100-178) kolxidas uwodebs teritorias md. koraqsidan
(bzifidan) md. fasisamde (rionamde), sadac cxovroben tomebi:
lazebi, manralebi da ekriktikis (egrisis) qveynis mcxovrebni; am
kolxidis CrdiloeTiT - sarmatiaSi - cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerkete-
bi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100, 160).
Semdgom periodSi lazebi ufro aqtiurad ixseniebian; termi-
ni lazika ukve politikuri erTeulis saxelad zogaddeba, ro-
melsac zogjer afxazeTic enacvleba; mag., amiane marceline (IV s.)
wers: imperatori valenti "daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise, rom sa-
zRvrad SuaSi md. kirosi (mtkvari) dadebuliyo da savromaks ar-
meniisa da lazebis mosazRvre (mxare) rgeboda"; Saburis "mosvliT
SeSinebulma papam da aseve kilakem ...scades SeefarebinaT Tavi ma-
Ral mTebSi, romlebic Cvenebs [e.i. Cvens miwebs] lazikisagan hyo-
fen" (georgika, 1961, gv.90, 128).
agaTangelosi (IV s.): "wminda grigoli... zog [mRvdels] gzav-
nida iberTa qveyanaSi (arabuli Targmanis mixedviT georgiaSi),
zogs lazTa qveyanaSi (arabulis mixedviT - afxazeTSi; georgika,
1961, gv.71)...
ix., agreTve: priske panioneli (V s.): "mas Semdeg, rodesac romae-
lebi mividnen kolxidaSi da omi awarmoes lazebis winaaRmdeg, roma-
elTa jari Tavis qveyanaSi gamobrunda..." (georgika, 1961, gv.254).
- 189 -
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
Sdr., cota mogvianebiT, iovane sabanisZe (1987, gv.454) afxaze-
Tis CrdiloeT sazRvrad miiCnevs nafsas/nikofsias (afsarTa sa-
cxovriss; Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.121, 211), anu qalaq Zvel lazi-
kas, xolo samxreT sazRvrad - trapizons, xaldiis CaTvliT.
nikifore konstantinopolelic (IX s.) lazikis samxreT sa-
zRvrad miiCnevs trapezunts; kerZod, irakli keisris laSqrobis
aRwerisas is wers: "iraklim scada lazikis gziT SeWriliyo spar-
seTSi; rodesac moaRwia trapezuntamde - lazikis sazRvramde, mi-
sma colma Sva Ze"; sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom 1042 wels qarTu-
lad gadmoRebul am teqstSi lazika Targmnilia samegrelod: "da
mo~wia, ra trapezunted sanaxebTa samegrelo~saTa..." (georgika,
1952, gv.207-208; ix., agreTve, p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.214-215).
Sdr.: niketa xoniate (XII s.): bizantiis keisars titulebSi
Seaqvs ...lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa... RvTivmmarTveli (ge-
orgika, 1966, gv.131)..
uaRresad sayuradReboa agreTve is garemoeba, rom VII-IX sau-
kuneTa geografia erTimeorisagan ganarCevs lazivis provincias
(rizes mxares) da Wanivis anu xaldiis (xalteTis, trapizonis)
provincias. maT Soris sazRvari gadioda ofi-surmenes seqtorSi"
(p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.210). Sdr., agreTve: somxuri usaxelo geog-
rafiis mixedviT, VII-IX saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi oTxi
mcire qveyana iyo: margvelivi (=margveTi), egreviki (=egrisi),
lazivi (=lazeTi) da Wanivi (=WaneTi anu xaldeTi - trapizonis
mxare); somexi istorikosisTvis am teritoriis saxelia kolxeTi,
anu egri; misi azriT, "es aris qveyana aziasa da mdebareobs pontos
zRvidan sarmartiamde, da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis
mTamde da mis Stomde - lixamde, romelic mas hyofs iveriidan"
(p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.212).
"qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, qoronimi egrisi (megrTa sacxov-
risi) odiTganve yoveli qarTlis (anu, sruliad saqarTvelos) erT-
erTi ZiriTadi da ganuyofeli mxarea; Sdr., miTridates omebis
Semdeg termini lazika berZen-romaelTagan kontrolirebad qar-
Tul regions aRniSnavs.
- 190 -
 sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
istoriul wyaroSi samgvari egrisi dasturdeba:
_ egrosis wili egrisi: lixidan yubanis SesarTavamde da tra-
pizonamde (CaTvliT);
_ mefe arCilis samkvidro egrisi sazRvrebiT: egriswyali
(RaliZga), Sorapani, guriis sazRvari, Savi zRva da kavkasionis
mTagrexili;
_ qujis anu Sida egrisi: teritoria egriswylidan (RaliZga-
dan) - rionamde (qujis saerisTavo svaneTis gamoklebiT).
"qarTlis cxovrebis" saTanado adgilis uzusto wakiTxvis gamo,
samecniero literaturaSi swored qujis egrisTan mimarTebiT
arasworadaa warmodgenili margveTis sazRvrebi; kerZod, yvela
xelnaweris mixedviT, teqsti gveubneba:
"erTni gagzavna margvis erisTavad da misca mciriT mTiTgan,
romel ars lixi, vidre zRuadmde, rions zemoT".
iv.javaxiSvilisa da s.yauxCiSvilis mier fraza "rions zemoT"
gaazrebul iqna rogorc "rionis zeda weli", Sesabamisad, mxolod
zemo imereTi CaiTvala margveTad; saTanadod Casworda "qar-
Tlis cxovrebac":
dedniseuli fraza: vidre zRuadmde dausabuTeblad Seicva-
la fraziT: vidre zRuradmde egrisisa ("qarTlis cxovreba",
1955, gv.24; SeniSvna).
Cveni azriT, fraza "rions zemoT" niSnavs rionis samxreTiT;
Sdr., "qarTlis cxovrebis" am monakveTSi sxva SemTxvevaSic zemoT
- qvemoT opozicia gulisxmobs dapiririspirebas: samxreTi -
CrdiloeTi; mag., iqve weria: "egris wylis qvemoTma ar isurva gan-
dgoma berZenTagan" - igulisxmeba egrosis wili qveynis Crdiloe-
Ti nawili - RaliZgas CrdiloeTi mxare vidre yubanis SesarTava-
mde; Sdr., Zveli berZeni geografebis Tu istorikos-mogzaurTa
teqstebSic zmnisarTebi zemoT, qvemoT analogiuri mniSvnelo-
biT gamoiyeneba (Sdr., m.sanaZis dakvirveba mtkvris marcxena da
marjvena mxareebis aRsaniSnavad, erTi mxriv, zemo - qvemo, meore
mxriv ki - amier - imier opoziciebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb; m.sanaZe,
2001, gv.66, 95-96).
- 191 -
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
vfiqrobT, leontis azriT, margveTi moicavda teritorias
lixis mTidan Sav zRvamde da rionidan mesxeTis mTebamde (samcxe-
aWaramde); Sdr., iv.javaxiSvilis Casworebis gaziarebis SemTxveva-
Si, "qarTlis cxovrebis" am periodSi ausaxavi rCeba: guria, baRda-
Ti, vani… (msjelobisa da sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., agreTve:
n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.544, SeniSvna; t.futkaraZe, 2002, gv.123;,
d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.36-40).
sayuradReboa, rom leonti mrovelis "qarTlis cxovrebis"
mixedviT, egrosis wil mxareSi - egrSi/egurSi (imereTSi; q.c. I,
gv.331), romelic, amave dros, qarTlis nawilad ganixileba (ix.,
mag., gv.141), ramdenime saerisTavo Sedis (egrisis ramdenime eris-
Tavis Sesaxeb ix., mag., gv.57); kerZod, did egrisSi moiazreba: Sida
egrisi (/saegro/odiSi), argueTi (guriac aq igulisxmeba; Sdr.,
1080 wels "dResa ivanobisasa asisforni da klarjeTi zRvis pira-
mdis, SavSeTi, aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argueTi, samoqalaqo da
Wyondidi aRivso TurqiTa" - gv.319), suaneTi (es termini zogjer
faravs egriss; ix. gv.27: "egrisi svaneTia"; Sdr., quji - egris-svane-
Tis erisTavi), samoqalaqo, afxazeTi ("qveyana egriswyalsa da
klisuras Sua"), afSileTi, Takueri (leCxumi), Wyondidi, niga-
li (aq megrni cxovroben - gv.377), klarjeTi da sxv. Sdr., "somxuri
geografiis" (gv.92-93) mixedviT, kolxeTi (dasavleT saqarTvelos
gagebiT), Seicavs oTx qveyanas: manrili, egrevika, lazivi da WaneTi
(xaldebis qveyana).
sayuradReboa is, rom did egrisSi leonti adgils ar tovebs
sxva eTnikuri (araqarTveluri) jgufebis ZiebisaTvis: leonti
mrovels afxazebic egrosianebad miaCnda (p.ingoroyva, 1954,
gv.140; Sdr., n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.543, 551, 553). Sdr., qarTlis
erisTavis saxeli abaza: ivane abazas Ze; gv.296. arc sxva qarTveli
mematianeni miuTiTeben am vrcel regionSi, qarTulis garda, ro-
melime sxva enis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
SeniSvna: yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, eWvis qveS dgeba Sua
da zemo imereTis teritoriaze navaraudevi marguli metyvelebis
- 192 -
 sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
("Zvelad ufro ena unda yofiliyo"; ak. SaniZe, 1981, gv.443) ara mxo-
lod sazRvrebis, aramed, saerTod, arsebobis sakiTxi; miT umetes, -ev-
sufiqsiani toponimebi aseve gavrcelebulia aragvisa da qsnis xeobeb-
Sic (iqve, gv.440); mag., ak. SaniZe qarTlSi (ivris xeobamde), imereTsa da
raWaSic adasturebs saTanado masalas: Zeglevi, alevi, arcevi, ortevi,
Rvlevi, bobnevi, ikvnevi, atrevi, avnevi, frinevi, klonevi, avlevi, fle-
vi, uwlevi, jablevi… raWaSi: RruSevi, Zeglevi, onWevi, Wibrevi, xeTle-
vi, velevi, xotevi… axalcixeSi: woxtevi (ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv.440-441).
-ev sufiqsiani toponimebi dasturdeba SavSeT-imerxevSic: devaZevi,
valilevi, xoxlevi, (n.cecxlaZe, 2000, gv.65); Sdr., ak.SaniZe, 1981,
gv.443: "-ev sufiqsis gavrcelebis ZiriTad ared SegviZlia CavTvaloT
teritoria aragvidan rionis Sua welamde".
-ev- sufiqsi saerToqarTveluri enis, arqauli qarTulisa da samwig-
nobro qarTulis afiqsTa (krebiToba-warmomavlobisa da daniSnule-
bis afiqsebis) cxrilSi logikurad zis; Sdr.:
-av-, -ev-, -iv- -aT-, -eT-, -iT- -ar-, -er- -ir-
-al-, -el-, -il- -an-, -en-, -in- -as-, -es-, -is-
la-, le-, li- na-, ne-, ni- sa-, se-, si-
vfiqrobT, ara gvaqvs safuZveli, -ev- morfemis mixedviT vivaraudoT
marguli enis arseboba; Sesabamisad, gaWirdeba imis Tqma, rom -ev su-
fiqsi marguli warmomavlobisaa da Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba dakar-
guli aqvs (Sdr., ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv 444).
xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, arc
erTi (didi Tu mcire) egrisi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar
yofila: ZiriTadi nawili yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis Semadgen-
lobaSi, xolo mcire nawili, mag., gare egrisi (teritoria Ra-
liZgidan yubanis SesarTavamde) qujidan gorgaslamde periodSi
hqondaT berZnebs (bizantielebs). e.i. qarTuli wyaroebi saqar-
Tvelos erTian qveynad warmogvidgens, rasac mxars uWers arqeo-
logiuri da lingvisturi Ziebebic (ix. qvemoT). arada, bizantiu-
ri wyaroebis mixedviT (rasac zogi qarTveli istorikosic mi-
hyveba), gamodis, rom, TiTqos, mTeli dasavleTi da samxreT-da-
- 193 -
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
savleTi saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan X saukunemde mowyve-
tili iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos...
faqtia:
berZnul-bizantiuri termini lazika sxvadasxva dros sxva-
dasxva teritorias miemarTeba; es qoronimi iSviaTad Tu emTxveva
qarTuli wyaroebis egriss (Sdr., mag., IV da VII saukuneebis
viTareba); Sesabamisad, metad saeWvod gamoiyureba terminebis: eg-
risisa da lazikis gaigivebis mixedviT istorikosTa mier miRebu-
li daskvnebi. amdenad, gadasasinjia am mcdari sinonimurobis mi-
xedviT agebuli saistorio msjelobanic; mag., amgvari faqtebis
fonze, bunebrivia, metad pirobiTia lazikisa da egrisis mefe-
mTavrebis erT rigSi warmodgena; Sdr.: bizantiis mier dapyrobil
egrisis nawils (romelsac isini lazikas eZaxdnen) ganagebda impe-
riis mier daniSnuli mmarTveli, romelic drodadro, SesaZloa,
ar emorCileboda "centrs", xolo, paralelurad, qarTlis nawil
egrisis saerisTavos marTavda erisTavi, romelic Tavisi samSob-
los - qarTlis - mefis nebayoflobiTi morCili iyo...
sanimuSod ganvixilavT kidev erT magaliTs:
cota xnis win gamoqveynda g. grigolias faseuli naSromi: "eg-
ris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi", romel-
Sic vkiTxulobT:
"IV saukunis damlevisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos gamaerTianeblis rolSi gvevlinebian lazebi, romelTa
mier Seqmnil saxelmwifos qarTuli wyaroebi egriss uwodeben,
xolo berZeni da bizantieli avtorebi lazikis saxeliT ixsenie-
ben" (g.grigolia, 1994, gv.8).
aq ramdenime ganmarteba-dazustebaa saWiro: dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos egriselni/megrelni aerTianeben; megrelebs ki bizantie-
lebi lazebs uwodeben. Sdr.: lazebis saxelmwifos qarTuli
wyaroebi egrisad ar ixsenieben (mxolod gviandel qarTul wya-
roebSi Cndeba nasesxebi termini lazia); "qarTlis cxovrebis"
mixedviT, am periodis egrisi qarTlSi Sedis da, rac mTavaria,
termini egrisi drois am monakveTSic ver faravs berZnul-bizan-
- 194 -
 sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
tiuri lazikas Sinaarss: lazika qarTlSi ar Semodis, xolo "qar-
Tlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, egrisi qarTlis erT-erTi regionia.
ra safuZveli gvaqvs, ar vendoT qarTul wyaroebs da metad sa-
eWvo (da tendenciur) bizantiur cnobebs daveyrdnoT?
kidev erTi sadavo azri:
istorikosTa erTi nawilis azriT, IV saukunis Sua periodSi
egrisis mefea gubaz I; TiTqmis amave periodSi vaxtang gorgasali
"ipyrobs" dasavleT saqarTvelos (narkvevebi, II, gv 166-169; n.asaTi-
ani, 2001, gv.82-85).
sinamdvileSi, bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, gubazi lazi-
kis (bizantias daqvemdebarebuli qarTlis nawilis) mefea da ara
egrisis im nawilisa, romelic qarTlSi Sedis: qarTvel mematia-
neTa cnobebiT, am dros saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia egrisic
da margveTic (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.146, 185, 243); Sdr., ama-
ve wyaros mixedviT, afxazeTidan gadmosuli berZnebi ipyroben
egrisis nawils; mogvianebiT, Sida egrisi arCil mefis uSualo
samkvidroa da a.S.
romel wyaros unda vendoT:
imperiis istorikosisas Tu qarTvelisas?
Cveni mematianis cnobebi detaluria da Tanamimdevruli, xo-
lo bizantiuri informaciebi wyvetilia da zogadi; Sdr., agreT-
ve: "egrisis istoriis Sesaxeb gubaz pirvelis droidan vidre VI
saukunis 20-ian wlebamde araviTari cnobebi ar moipoveba" (narkve-
vebi, II, gv.169). SevniSnavT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi am periodis Se-
saxeb detaluri informaciebi gvaqvs, bizantiurSi ki - ara.
ufro logikuri xom ar iqneba, lazika yvela etapze ganvmar-
toT, rogorc berZen-romaelTagan kontrolirebadi qarTuli te-
ritoria (miuxedavad amisa, lazikis mefeebis salaparako ena qar-
Tulia; ix. qvemoT), romlis sazRvrebi drodadro izrdeboda Tu
mcirdeboda; Sdr.: Tavdapirvelad, lazika iyo erTi qalaqi - Zve-
li lazika, Semdeg - egrisis is nawili, romelic ar SemouerTda
farnavazis qarTls ("xolo egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa,
rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilsaTa, ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa";
- 195 -
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv.24) da VII saukuneSi - mTeli dasavleTi da
samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo.
SeniSvna: am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa m.sanaZis msjeloba gugarqTan
dakavSirebiT: gugarqi qarTlis sinonimia somxurSi; araiSviaTad,
gugarqi moicavda mxolod im teritorias, romelic ama Tu im epoqaSi
somxeTis mier qarTlis samefosgan iyo CamoWrili (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.68,
92).
sagangebo msjelobas iTxovs kolxeTisa da iberiis parale-
lurad arsebobis saTuo sakiTxic:
dRes farTod gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, Zv.w. VI saukuni-
dan vidre daviT kurapalatamde (ax. w. X s.) gverdigverd arsebob-
da ori qarTuli saxelmwifo: kolxeTi da iberia, anu SedarebiT
gviandeli egris-lazika da qarTli-iberia; ix., mag., saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv.422; Sdr., am mxriv, iSviaT gamonakliss
warmoadgens mitropoliti anania jafariZe (ix. a.jafariZe, 1996,
gv.86-114). Sesabamisad, XX saukunis istorikosTa yvela Taobis
mier arasworadaa gaTanabrebuli, erTi mxriv: kolxeTi, lazi-
ka, egrisi da, meore mxriv: qarTli, iberia; yovel am termins Ta-
visi gamoyenebis are aqvs da maTi sinonimebad gamocxadeba kvlevis
Sedegebs araadekvaturad warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSic mivyveT
konkretul magaliTs:
1970 wels gamoqveynebuli "saqarTvelos istoriis narkveve-
bis" I tomis VIII Tavis saTauria: "kolxeTi Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneeb-
Si", xolo IX Tavia "qarTli (iberia) Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi";
Sdr., agreTve, d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.15: "Zv.w. IV saukuneSi Camo-
yalibda aRmosavleTqarTuli samefo qarTli (iberia)" da sxv.
romeli utyuari wyaroebiT mtkicdeba, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleu-
lis meore naxevarSi qarTvelTa ori damoukidebeli saxelmwifo
arsebobda?
am periodis arc erTi ucxouri wyaro qarTvelTa qveyanas or
saxelmwifod ar warmoadgens; rogorc wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, sa-
qarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi qar-
TvelTa mravali tomi Cans; berZnul-asiriul-urartuli da qar-
- 196 -
 sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
Tuli wyaroebis mixedviT, erTi didi saxelmwifos arsebobac Se-
iZleba davuSvaT, rasac daadasturebs erTiani arqeologiuri
kulturac (ix. qvemoT); Sdr., agreTve, a. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6: "Tav-
dapirvelad berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gu-
lisxmobdnen"; Sdr.: Zveli wyaroebis kargi mcodne g.meliqiSvili
(narkvevebis I tomis redaqtori da mTavari avtori) gviandeli
berZnul-bizantiuri tradiciis mixedviT, kolxida-lazikas
qarTl-iberiisgan mowyvetiT ganixilavs; arada: qarTveli mematia-
neni kargad icnoben ucxour literaturas, terminologias, maTe-
ul xedvebs, magram qarTveli eris istorias qarTul cnobiereba-
Si CamoZerwili terminologiiTa da xedva-aRqmiT ageben. danam-
dvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTvel JamTaaRmwerTa xedva
ufro obieqturia (adreul qarTlSi ganixileba egrisic) vidre
berZnebisa, romael-bizantielebisa Tu armenebisa; kerZod:
ris safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna, rom Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebSi
kolxeTisgan damoukideblad arsebobda iberia?
SeniSvna: istorikosTa mier sinonimebadaa miCneuli qoronimebi qar-
Tli da iberia; arc am terminTa gaigivebaa SesaZlebeli: Zvel qarTul
wyaroebSi qarTli sruliad saqarTvelos (SavizRvispireTs md. yuba-
nis SesarTavidan trapizonamde da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xunana-
mde) moicavda, ucxouri iberia ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRsaniS-
navad damkvidrda mxolod Zv.w. II saukunidan.
iberias ar axseneben hekata~os mileteli, qsenofonte, hero-
dote, fsevdo-skilaqsi, platoni, aristotele, apolonios ro-
doseli...
terminebi: kavkasiis iberia da aRmosavleTis iberebi (Sdr.,
pirineis iberebi) pirvelad Cndeba Zv.w. IV-II saukuneebis avto-
rebTan: megasTenesTan, TeofrastosTan, dionise periegetTan...
(v.vaSakiZe, 1993, gv.61). ufro gviandel cnobebSi kolxida iberi-
aSicaa moazrebuli; mag., plutarqes cnobiT, kavkasiis mTavari
erebi albanelebi da iberebi arian: iberebi binadroben dasavle-
TiT mesxeTis (evfrat-Worox-mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof) mTebTan
da pontos zRvasTan, albanelebi ki - aRmosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvas-
- 197 -
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
Tan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18). svanebisa da aRmosavleTis
iberebis igiveobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix., zemoT, gv.144.
vatikanSi daculi "saeklesio analebis" mixedviT, "iberiis im
nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxidad
iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator traianes (98-117) dros mqa-
dagebeli papi wm. klementis (papobis wlebi - 88-97) SemweobiT mii-
Ro... rac Seexeba qvemo iberebs, romlebic kavkasiis mTebTan, kas-
piis zRvis axlos cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT qristianoba impe-
rator konstantines dros miiRes (i.tabaRua, 1984, gv.171).
romauli wyaroebis iberia mxolod aRmosavleT da samxreT
saqarTvelos (lazika - dasavleT saqarTvelo) teritoriiT
ifargleba e.w. miTridates omebis periodSi; es bunebrivicaa,
vinaidan, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviTac, II-I saukuneebSi qar-
TvelTa saxelmwifo dasustebulia: misi teritoriebis nawili
romma daipyro, nawili - armeniam; miTridate evpatoris pontos
samefoc qarTveluri tomebiTa da teritoriebiT iyo Zlevamo-
sili.
Sdr., leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farnavazisa Tu gorgaslis
qarTli moicavda: Woroxis, mtkvris zemowelis, liaxvis, rionis,
enguris, kodoris, bzifis xeobebs; TiTqmis amave teritorias moi-
cavs kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturac, e.i. aietis aia-kolxac;
Sdr., s.janaSia, 1942, gv.728: strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebiT,
tigran II dros teritoriebdakarguli iberiis samefo moicavs
teritorias mtkvris saTaveebidan (kola-artaani) taos CaTvliT
da Woroxis xeobis nawils.
vfiqrobT, Zveli kolxeTi (kolxur-yobanuri arqeologiu-
ri kulturis veli) ufro sruliad qarTlis sinonimad Se-
gviZlia miviCnioT, vidre lazikisa an egrisisa. rac Seexeba la-
zika-iberiis mimarTebas:
lazika da iberia romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi qarTuli sa-
xelmwifoebis aRmniSvnel terminebad mkvidrdeba welTaRricxva-
Ta mijnidan, maSin, roca dasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi romaelebi batondebian da, Tavdapirvelad maTive xelSe-
- 198 -
 sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa

wyobiT, sruliad qarTlis dasustebis mizniT, iqmneba pontosa vleba... arada, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi iberiisa da
da lazikis samefoebi (Semdgom pontoc romis mtrad iqca). spar- kolxeTis cal-calke warmodgenam bevr seriozul Secdomas dau-
selebis politikur velSi darCenili qarTuli saxelmwifos nawi- do dasabami, Tundac imas, rom, mavanTa azriT, arasodes arsebula
li iberiis saxeliT damkvidrda. qarTvelTa erTiani saxelmwifo...
lazikasa da iberias Soris sazRvrad sarapaniss (Sorapans) Cven ara gvaqvs istoriografiis dargSi kvlevis pretenzia;
pirvelad uTiTebs straboni (Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.43-44); Tumca, vfiqrobT, SedarebiT obieqturi istoria qarTveli eri-
kolxidasa da iberias Soris sazRvrad lixis qeds debs ax.w. II sau- sa jer kidev dasaweria. wignis am nawilSi (1.2; 1.3.) Cveni mizani iyo
kunis moRvawe klavdios ptolemaiosi (n.lomouri, 1955, gv.44-46). gveCvenebina:
es cnobebi sulac ar iZleva raime safuZvels, rom Zv.w. II-I da ax. winaistoriul da adreistoriul periodebSi kavkasiasa da
w. I-II saukuneebis viTareba ganvazogadoT ufro adreul Tu anatoliaSi aTeulobiT qarTveluri tomi arsebobda (da ara
gviandel periodebze; Sesabamisad, kolxeTi da iberia, an qar- mxolod sami!); am qarTvelur tomTa konsolidaciiT drodadro
Tli da egrisi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad warmovidginoT ikvreboda didi qarTveluri saxelmwifoebi, sadac iqmneboda
Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebSi Tu gorgaslis dros. miT umetes, rom ara- didi saerToqarTveluri kulturuli faseulobani...
feri vTqvaT adreuli periodis berZnul wyaroebze, strabonis
cnobebic ki metad winaaRmdegobrivia (kritikisaTvis ix., mag.,
iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.22). am fonze miT ufro gasakviria, rom
iv.javaxiSvilidan moyolebuli dRemde, qarTveli istorikosebi
met ndobas iCenen ucxouri cnobebis mimarT da ufro mwyobri
qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT ar ageben qarTveli eris istoriul
qargas. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ufro meti argumenti aqvs
mosazrebas, rom azon-quj-farnavazis droSi (da ufro adrec)
erTiani kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi velia amJamindel
dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic da, gacilebiT
masStabur, samxreT saqarTvelSic (sadac, savaraudoa,
qarTvelebs mcxeTaze adrindeli dedaqalaqic hqondaT).
sinanuliT aRvniSnavT, rom iv.javaxiSvilis sabWoTa
periodamdeli gamokvlevebi eZRvneboda samxreT amierkavkasiasa
da anatoliaSi mcxovreb qarTvelur tomTa istorias (albaT,
didma istorikosma amitomac daarqva Tavis fundamentalur Sro-
mas "qarTveli eris istoria" da ara - "saqarTvelos istoria"),
Tumca mogvianebiT Seqmnil istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi nakle-
bad aisaxeboda xolme qarTvelTa es Zveli istoria; metic, zog av-
torTan oqros xanamde saqarTvelo erTian saxelmwifod arc iT-

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 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
Tavi II
qarTvelebi uZvelesi droidan qristia-
nobamde;
saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli
modelisa da daTariRebis sakiTxebi
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis
2.1.
Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis sakiTxi
2.1.1. bibliuri da miTologiuri TvalTaxedva
2.1.1.1. "Zveli aRTqmis" mixedviT, dedamiwis erTenovanma mo-
saxleobam pirveli TviTwarwymediT warRvna moivlina; gadarCa
mxolod noes saxleuli; Sdr.: erTenovani kacobriobis meore
danaSaulis dros (babilonis godolis mkrexeloba) ufalma
Seicoda isini da "enebi auria", danaSauli bolomde rom ar
mieyvanaT (da TviTganadgureba ar moemkoT): enebis gaCeniT Seq-
mnili mravalenovani kacobrioba sicocxlisunariani aRmo-
Cnda (vrclad ix., t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.95). noes sam SvilTagan
erT-erTis - iafetis - STamomavlebad (iafeti: Tubali, mosoxi;
Sesaqme, IV,22; X,2; XI, 28) miiCnevs qarTvelebs romaul-bizantiuri
tradicia:
mag., ioseb flaviusis mixedviT (1987, gv.103): iafetis Zem "To-
belma daafuZna Tobelebi, romlebsac axla iberebi ewodebaT,
mosoxenebi dafuZnebuli arian mosoxis mier, axlaxan maT kabado-
kielebi ewodaT, magram maTi Zveli saxelwodebis niSanic Cans, ra-
meTu maT dResac aqvT qalaqi mazaka, rac naTelyofs maTTvis, vi-
sac gageba SeuZlia, rom ase ewodeboda odesRac mTel toms"...
Sdr., Tabali mdebareobda Zveli mazakas, dRevandeli kaiseris ra-
ionSi - samxreT-dasavleT kabadokiaSi; Sdr., agreTve: mazaxa - *ma-
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
saxa-/mesx- (ix. zemoT). sayuradReboa: Zveli aRTqma iqmneba Zv.w. II-I
aTaswleulebis mijnidan (swored am dros Seiqmna
winaswarmetyvel qal deboras simRera), roca axlo aRmosavleTSi
aqtiurni arian mosxebi; Sdr., homerosis droidan aqtiurdebian
aia-kolxebi (Zv.w. VIII saukune); Sesabamisad, isini aisaxnen ber-
Znul miTebSi.
iovane petriwis mier bibliuri da berZnuli eTnonimebi asea
Targmnili:
Tobelebi - Tovilni, iberebi - ivirni, mosoxenebi - mesqinni
(i. flaviusi, 1987, gv.103; Sdr.: T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.210). aqve,
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom strabonis dros mosxebis qveyana
sam nawilad ganixileba: misi erTi nawili hqonda kolxebs, meore
- iberebs, mesame - armenielebs.
evstaTi antioqelTan (280-360) kabadokielTa winaprebad da-
saxelebulia mesxenebi, maT eTnarqad ki - osoxi (georgika, 1961,
gv.34); Sdr.: ori saukunis Semdeg prokopi
kesarieli mesxTa (mesxo~) sacxovrisad miiCnevs iberiis gas-
wvriv arsebul mTebs (georgika, 1965, gv.127).
giorgi kedernes (XI s.) mixedviT: "noem Tavis mesame vaJs ia-
feTs, romelic 425 wlisa iyo, misca CrdiloeTisa da dasavleTis
qveynebi midiidan vidre RadirTamde da britaniis kunZulebamde,
armenia, iberia, ponto, kolxeTi da maT iqiT mdebare qveynebi da
kunZulebi vidre italiamde da galiebamde, ispaniamde, keltibe-
riamde da lisitaniamde" (georgika, V, 1963, gv.10).
XI saukunis moRvawe leon gramatikosi ucvlelad imeorebs
wina Taobebis mosazrebebs da iafetis Svilad miCneul mesxosgan
momdinared miiCnevs mesxebs, romelTac axla kabadokielebi ewo-
debaTo (georgika, 1963, gv.3-4)... evsevi kesarielis, gelasi kesarie-
lisa da rufinusis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.19.
ax.w. XII saukuneSi Sedgenili qarTveli eris istoriis sasko-
lo saxelmZRvanelo (da Sin sakiTxavi wigni) "cxovreba qarTvel-
Ta mefeTa" bibliuri noeTi iwyebs qarTvelobis istorias:
"qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, qarTvelTa eTnarqia Targamo-
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 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
si. am saxels sxvaenovani variantebic udasturdeba: Targamosi <
*Targama; Sdr., xeTuri Tegarama, bibliuri Togarma, Tabalis
qveynis qalaqi Togorma, Til-garimu (asuruli), somxuri Tor-
goma (variantebisaTvis ix. Zveli aRmosavleTis..., 1971, gv.309; g.qav-
TaraZe, 1985, gv.41; gr.giorgaZe, gv.146).
qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, Targamosi iavanis/avanis Svi-
liSvilia da ara - gomeris: iafeti: iavani: TarSisi: Targamosi:
"ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafetisi, Zisa noesi"
(q.c., I, gv.3); teqstSi mosalodneli iyo Ze TarSisisi, vinaidan
bibliis qarTul variantebSi iavanis erT-erTi Svilia TarSisi
(sxvagan – TarSiSi); qarTulSi gverdigverd mosalodneli ori -
is- segmentisgan teqstSi erT-erTi daikarga.
Sdr.: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT,
TiraSs (bibl. Tirass) – iafetis Zes – hyavda Zed Targamosi; am
bibliur Tirass ukavSirdeba etruskebis warmomavlobac; etrus-
kebisa da kavkasielebis winapari erTia – Tiras iafetis Ze.
Sdr., agreTve, a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.71: iafeti – iafetis Ze – Ta-
raSi – Targamosi.
SeniSvna: r.gordezianma dausabuTeblad gaaTanabra erTmaneTTan bib-
liuri Tirasi da "qarTlis cxovrebis" TarSisi saxelebi: hipoTetu-
ri TarSi CaTvala bibliuri Tiras/TiraS saxelis qarTul adekvatad.
sinamdvileSi, bibliaSive, Tarsisi/TarSiSi aris iavanis Svili, Tira-
si/TiraSi ki - iafetis Svili. vfiqrobT, Secdomis saTavea "qarTlis
cxovrebis" Tarsisi/TarSisi formis miCneva TarS- savaraudo sakuTa-
ri saxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formad; TarSisi formis -is- segmen-
tis amgvarive mcdari gaazrebis safuZvelze, a.jafariZe fuZed aRad-
gens TaraSi formas.
vfiqrobT, naTelia: Zveli qarTveluri tradiciis mixedviT,
iafetis SviliSvilis Svili - Targamos TarSisis Ze - iberiul-
kavkasiur-mcireaziuri modgmis mamamTavari iyo (Sdr., somxuri
tradicia). Targamosis rva Svili da maTi naTesavni anatoliasa
da kavkasiaSi movidnen babilonis godolis dangrevis Semdeg, ma-
Sin, roca "ganeyvnes mun enani da ganibnes muniT yovelsa queyana-
- 203 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
sa". Targamosis SvilTa saxelebi (haosi, qarTlosi, bardosi, mova-
kani, leki, herosi, kavkasi, egrosi) cxadyofs, rom qarTvelTa wi-
naprebi mTel axlo aRmosavleTs (kavkasiis CaTvliT) TavianTi sa-
naTesavos samkvidrod Tvlidnen (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.sanaZe, 2001,
gv.166-167). aseve, sarwmuno Cans varaudi, rom "qarTlis cxovre-
bis" am nawilis avtorisaTvis da, saerTod, am saxelmZRvanelos Se-
mdgenelTaTvis haosis STamomavlebi qarTvelTa moZme, aseve, ibe-
riul-kavkasiuri modgmisani arian (indoevropulenovani somxebi
kavkasiaSi gvian, urartus dacemis Semdeg modian), xolo mroveli-
seuli somxuri ena urartuli enis memkvidreobas gulisxmobs
(msjelobisaTvis ix.: r. gordeziani, 1993, gv.47; a. jafariZe, 1994,
gv.72; j. kaSia, 1999; r. abaSia 1999). savsebiT logikuria, rom somxu-
ri enis indoevropuli warmomavlobis armcodne Zvel qarTvel is-
torikosebs somxebic/armenebic iberiul-kavkasiur-urartuli
modgmis xalxi hgonebodaT, miT umetes, damxvduri kavkasiuri da
mosuli indoevropuli tomebis SereviT warmoqmnili armenebi
anTropologiurad kavkasiur-mcireaziur rasas ganekuTvnebian.
m.sanaZis daskvniT, "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesaval geografiul na-
wilSi mocemuli politikur-geografiuli suraTi gamoxatavs
VII-VIII saukuneTa mijnis kavkasiis viTarebas (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.170-
175). am azrs adasturebs isic, rom herosi da egrosi qarTlosis
Zmebadaa warmodgenili: VII-VIII saukuneebSi hereTi (kambeCovani)
damoukidebeli samTavroa (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.169), bizantielTagan
dapyrobilia egrisi (trapizonidan lixamde da yubanis mcire Se-
sarTavamde arsebuli qarTuli teritoria - egrosis wili siv-
rce), centraluri qarTli ki arabebis xelSia... saqarTvelo gasa-
erTianebelia: swored am periodSi axleburad xdeba qarTvelTa
istoriisa da momavlis konceptualuri gaazreba "qarTlis cxov-
rebis" Sesaval nawilsa da erovnul himnSi - "qeba~ qarTvelTa da
qarTvelTa enisa~".
"qarTlis cxovrebaSi", qarTlosis darad, Targamosis Svi-
lebad miiCneva herosi da egrosi; Sdr., ufro Zvel qarTvel mwe-
ralTa da mematianeTa cnobebi cxadyofs, rom Tavidan erTian
- 204 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
qarTlSi egrissa da hereTs kaxeTis rangis pozicia eWiraT; mag.,
iakob curtavelis qmnilebaSi hereTi qarTlis ukiduresi aRmo-
savleTi Temia, xolo iovane sabanisZisa da giorgi merCulis mi-
xedviT, egrisi/afxazeTic qarTlia, qarTulenovania (qarTuli
mwerloba, I, gv.225, 454, 591; iv.javaxiSvili, I, gv.248; a.jafariZe,
1994, gv.81; ix. agreTve, qvemoT, 2.3.3.).
Sdr., agreTve: Targamosis SvilTagan mxolod qarTlosisa da
haosis CamomavalTa enebi - qarTuli da somxuria naxsenebi; memati-
anis mixedviT, somxuri adrec iyo, xolo qarTuli ena Cndeba nabu-
qodonosoris dros (Zv.w. VI saukune). mematianeni arsad axseneben
egrosis, herosis, kavkasosis… memkvidreTa enebs; teqstiT igu-
lisxmeba, rom farnavazis Semdeg TargamosianTa mTavari ena - deda-
ena xdeba qarTuli.
winareqarTvelur enobriv situaciasTan mimarTebiT, sainte-
resoa "enaTa aRrevis" (kacobriobis axali modelis – mravaleno-
vani/mravalerovani modelis - Seqmnis) bibliuri qronologiac:
bibliuri welTaRricxvis mixedviT, dasabamidan qristemde
ivaraudeba 5604 weli (iovane zosimes qronologiaSi – 5500). bib-
liis Tanamedrove gamocemebis monacemTa SejerebiT, adamidan no-
es Svilebamde periodi moicavs 2142 wels; warRvna moxda adams
aqeT 2242 wels, anu qristemde 3362 wels (t. futkaraZe, 2000, gv.89;
Sdr., a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.15); adamidan noemde periods 2242 wliT
gansazRvravs iovane zosimec Tavis naSromSi: "cnoba~ dasabamiT-
ganni welni da qriste~T mosvliTgani". noe dabadebuli Cans
qristemde 3962 wels – warRvnamde 600 wliT adre. noes Semdeg me-5
Taoba iyo falek; "dReTa misTa ganinawila queyana" (Sesaqme, X,
25). noedan falekamde gasulia 750 weli; faleki daibada 3212
wels; e.i. enebi aRreula qristemde 3212 wlis Semdeg… Sdr.:
Zvel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, vaxuSti fiqrobs, rom noes SvilTa
ganyofa unda momxdariyo dasabamidan 1758 wels, anu qristemde
3846 wels). aSkaraa, rom bibliis mixedviT, babilonis godolis
misteria, anu erebisa da enebis gaCena ivaraudeba Zv.w. III aTas-
- 205 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
wleulSi (dawvrilebiT ix.: t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.89-92).
bibliuri qronologia TavisTavad sainteresoa, magram amJa-
mad CvenTvis sainteresoa faqti: bibliis mixedviT, enebis aRreva
ivaraudeba Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi - evraziis istoriis im peri-
odSi, rodesac mecnierebis mierac navaraudevia didi eTnikur-
enobriv-kulturuli Serevebi; kerZod: axlo aRmosavleTis
avtoqTon mosaxleobas intensiurad Seeria indoevropeli da
semiti modgmis xalxebi. faqtia isic, rom mravalsaukunovani
bibliuri tradiciisa da Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis
mixedviT, qarTveloba bibliuri "enebis aRrevisas" warmoqmnil
msoflios uZveles erTa Sorisaa da mis sacxovrisad kavkasia-
anatolia miiCneva.
2.1.1.2. berZnuli miTologiis zevsamdeli RmerTi - titan
iafetis Svili - promeTe zevsma daamarcxa da kavkasions miajaWva;
winareberZnuli (protoiberiuli) mosaxleobis RmerTis (J. diu-
mezli, s. yauxCiSvili, z. gamsaxurdia…) kavkasiasTan identifika-
cia safuZvels iZleva, vivaraudoT, rom iafetis Ze promeTe iberi-
ul-kavkasiuri modgmis simbolod warmoedginaT Zvel berZnebs
(niSandoblivia, rom bibliur komentarebSic eTnarqi iafeti
qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli).
samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebuli TvalsazrisiT, ber-
Znuli miTologiis titanebi da gmirebi warmoadgenen araber-
Znul, winaberZnul samyaros - pelazgur kulturas; pelazgebi ki
qarTvelur samyarosTan asocirdebian (o.neraxeris msjelobis Se-
saxeb ix.: z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.31; pelazgebisa da kolx-iberebis
saerTo warmomavlobaze ix. r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8).
SemTxveviTi ar Cans, rom promeTes saxesxvaoba RvTaeba amira-
ni kavkasieli xalxebis miTologiis uZvelesi dafenebaa (saxelis
sxva variantebia: saerToqarTveluri amiran- svanuri: amrim/mi-
rim/amirm/miran; megruli: aram (< aran < amiran); afxazuri: amr-
sk-Hl-/abrskil-; osuri: amran-; somxuri: mheri.
qarTuli miTologiis tragikuli RvTaebis - amiranisa da
titan promeTes - igiveobis mtkicebas bevri argumenti eZebneba.
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 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
berZen mweralTa cnobiT, qristianobamdel saqarTveloSi arse-
bobda promeTes miTis msgavsi legenda; "elinTa mwerlebi, ukve V-
IV saukuneebidan moyolebuli, am Tqmulebas - kavkasiurad da
TviT promeTeosis mijaWvis adgilad kavkasias miiCnevdnen. prome-
Teosis ambavs kavkasiurad sTvlida mag., gamoCenili geografi
strabonic" (iv.javaxiSvili, 1979, gv.201, 190; Sdr., s.yauxCiSvili,
1964, 33-34; sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., n.CixlaZe, 1992). garda
amisa: RvTiuri warmomavloba, ukvdaveba, RvTiuri ganZis (ce-
cxlis, yamaris) qveynad Camotana, RrubelTbatonis damarcxeba
(Sdr, zevsis motyueba), "axali" RmerTisgan kavkasionze mijaWva,
mijaWvuli gmirisTvis arwivis mier RviZlis kortna da sxva sim-
boluri informacia-pasaJebi uTuod aaqtualurebs promeTesa da
amiranis igiveobis sakiTxs. aSkaraa isic, rom winareberZnul-pro-
toiberiuli RvTaebis Sesaxeb miTis qarTulma variantma qristia-
nobis Semdeg seriozuli transformacia ganicada: zRapradqce-
ul miTSi zevsis adgili qristeRmerTma daiWira, xolo Zveli
RvTaeba zRaprul gmirad gadaazrianda (t.futkaraZe, 1995).
winareberZnuli da antikuri kulturebis mkvlevarTa azriT,
Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulis Sua periodamde xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi
da mcire aziaSi yvaoda araindoevropeli xalxebis mier Seqmnili
didi kultura; varaudoben, rom dRevandel qarTvelTa winaprebi
da Soreuli naTesavebi (pelazgebi, etruskebi, baskebi da sxva) am
winareberZnuli kulturis SemoqmedTa uSualo STamomavlebi arian
(msjelobisa da literaturisaTvis ix. r.gordeziani, 1970; r.gorde-
ziani, 1985; r.gordeziani, 1988; z.gamsaxurdia, 1991). mesame aTaswle-
ulidan xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi Zlierdebian indoevropeli to-
mebi, "rac berZnul miTologiaSi simbolizebulia iapetis Zis -
titan promeTes - mijaWviT kavkasionze; promeTe iafeturi kacob-
riobaa, zevsi - indoevropuli kacobrioba"; zevsis mier promeTes
kavkasiaSi mijaWva miTologiuri Sifrogramaa im faqtisa, rom in-
doevropelTagan damarcxebuli winaberZnuli modgmisa da kul-
turis centrad SemorCa kavkasia - qveyana, sadac Senaxuli aqvT
oqros sawmisi - sakraluri ganZi (z. gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv. 26-28).
Zv.w. XV saukuneSi, kretis minosuri kulturis dacemis Sem-
- 207 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
deg (santorinis katastrofa), berZenTagan aqtiurad xdeba wina-
reberZnuli kulturis sruli dapyroba-aTviseba: mcireaziu-
ri/winareberZnuli kulturis mTavari ganZi - kulturis simbo-
lo - "oqros sawmisi" am dros jer kidev kolxeTSia Sefarebuli,
gaxiznuli Tu waRebuli (berZenTa xedviT, gatacebuli!); saWiro
iyo ara mxolod damarcxebulis "moTviniereba" (mijaWva-axsna),
aramed winareberZnuli kulturis simbolos dapyroba-dasakuT-
rebac (Sdr., oqros sawmisi iyo xaTebis miwaze damkvidrebuli
xeTebis samefo Zalauflebis simboloc); Sesabamisad:
pelazgi iazonis mier aietis qveynis "dalaSqvra" berZenTa
did gmirobad iTvleba: am faqts winareberZnuli kulturis cen-
tris dapyrobis TvalsazrisiT Tu SevafasebT, naTeli gaxdeba,
rom berZnebad gamocxadebuli pelazgi argonavtebis gmirobani
Tu eSmakobani berZenTa TviTdamkvidrebis periods ufro asaxavs.
sainteresoa isic, rom herakles mier promeTeosis aSveba swored
amis Semdeg xdeba: argonavtTa mier kolxTaTvis "oqros sawmisis"
moparvis Semdeg berZnebisTvis ukve aRar aris saSiSi protoqar-
Tvelur-winareberZnuli kultura: heraklem zevsis pirvelobas
Seguebuli, damarcxebuli promeTe auSva...
arsebiTia kidev erTi sakiTxi:
promeTe-amiranis miTis qarTvelur variantSi RvTaeba (uk-
vdavi gmiri) kavkasionze mijaWvuli rCeba! Cans, qarTvelurma si-
namdvilem ar gaiTavisa miTis berZnuli varianti: ar igua zev-
sis Zis - herakles mier amiranis gaTavisuflebis idea da Tavis-
save axal gmirs daeloda; SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom qarTve-
lur tradicias arc oqros sawmisis dakargva axsovs - esec berZen-
Ta gamonagonad CaiTvala... amave dros, qarTvelTa istorias Tu
mexsierebas qalaq afsarosad da mdinare afsarad SemorCa mter-
Tan (momxdurTan) brZolaSi daRupuli pirveli qarTveli uf-
liswulis - miTur-legenduri afsirtes - saxeli... pirveli me-
fis - tragikuli aietis saxelic meordeba istoriuli saqarTve-
los/lazikas mefeTa saxelad (Sdr., zogi mkvlevari afsarosSi xe-
Turi xanis xaiasur qalaq arifsas xedavs).
SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom, berZnuli tradiciiTve,
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 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kolxeTis mefis - aietis - adrindel samflobelod gviandeli sa-
berZneTis korinTo iTvleba, xolo Tesalieli iazoni warmoSo-
biT pelazgia; Sdr., s.janaSia fiqrobs, rom arian-qarTvelTa me-
fis Ze azo - Tesalieli iazonis bundovani xsovna - sasper-ibere-
bis eTnarqia (s.janaSia, 1952, gv.74-77)… kavkasieli "eTnarqebis Te-
saliuri warmoSoba interess iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac Tesalia
pelazgebis buded aris miCneuli" (s.janaSia, 1943, gv.372-373; Tesa-
lieli gmiris - aqilevsisa da amiranis Sesaxeb ix. q.TuiTi, 1998).
Sdr., S.gabeskiria, 2003, gv.37: azo warmoSobiT qarTvelia,
arian-qarTlelia. arian-qarTli aris mcire aziis samxreT-aRmo-
savleTSi, e.w. gvianxeTuri saxelmwifos teritoriaze cnobili
mxare, romlis centrsac qalaqi arani (Tanamedrove harani)
warmoadgenda; es mxare xaTebis uSualo memkvidre mesxebis kuT-
vnili teritoriaa (Sdr., zogi mecnieri xaTebis memkvidred qas-
qebs miiCnevs)…
zogad StrixebSi Cven viziarebT S.gabeskirias varauds da da-
vZenT, azo xaTebis memkvidre mosxebis an qasqebis modgmisa SeiZle-
ba iyos (sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs). ase rom, azosa da quj-
farnavazis istoria qarTvelur tomTa Soris pirvelobisaTvis
brZolas unda asaxavdes…
Sdr.: m.fasmerisa da l.zgustas kvlevebis kvalad, m.androni-
kaSvili fiqrobs, rom azo skviTur-alanuri warmomavlobis saku-
Tari saxelia da etimologiurad "Txas" ukavSirdeba (m. androni-
kaSvili, 1966, gv. 131); ix. agreTve, m.sanaZe, 2000, gv.40-45: azo ami-
erkavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebuli im skviTebis beladia, romelTac
Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi asureTisa da midiis sazRvarze Seqmnes
skviTTa saxelmwifo - ariani (aria - indoelebis, sparselebis, mi-
dielebis, skviTebis, alanebis Tavdapirveli TviTsaxelwodeba);
"elinisturi xanis dasawyisSi samxreT kavkasiisa da maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis gacnobisas, mosulma berZnebma aq aiTvises Tqmule-
bebi azoze; azo iazonad gaiazres…".
azo/iazonis Tema calkea sakvlevi, aq ki SegviZlia, vTqvaT:
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
bibliisa da berZnuli miTebis ganmmartebelTa Tvalsazri-
siT, qarTvelTa Soreuli warsuli ukavSirdeba im Zvel mosaxle-
obas, romelic evraziis centralur nawilSi - anatolia-
kavkasiaSi cxovrobda.
2.1.2. mecnieruli mosazrebani
qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblos Sesaxeb samecniero lite-
raturaSi ramdenime mosazreba gvaqvs:
2.1.2.1. migraciis (kavkasiaSi mosvlis) Teoria.
qarTvelTa istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo qaldea/xalde/qarTu,
romelic mdebareobda mcire aziaSi, Crdilo mesopotamiasa da
tigros-evfratis saTaveebSi; qarTvelTa winaprebi amierkavkasia-
Si movidnen Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (i.WavWavaZe, 1955,
gv.113; iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.412, 432-435; iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.28,
247-251). qarTvelebi amierkavkasiaSi mosulebad iTvlebian, agreT-
ve, zogi berZnuli wyaros mixedviT; kerZod, dasavleT evropis ibe-
riidan gadmosaxldnen aRmosavleTis iberiaSi - Savi zRvis aRmo-
savleT sanapiroze (ix. zemoT).
samecniero literaturaSi gvaqvs migraciis Teoriis dasabu-
Tebis mcdelobac; magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT ivane javaxiSvilis
msjelobas:
"yvela qarTveli tomis samSoblo, rogorc viciT,
qaldia iyo (xazi Cvenia - t.f.); maSasadame, kavkasiaSi qarTvelebi
iqidan unda mosuliyven... kavkasiis yvela uuZveles saflavSi na-
povni Tavebis gazomvam daamtkica, rom Tavdapirvelad Cvens qveya-
naSi TavgrZelebi anu dolixokefalebi cxovrobdnen; xolo ukve
gansvenebulma prof. virxovma aRniSna, rom Tanamedrove qarTve-
lebi da somxebi gansakuTrebiT Tavmokleni anu braxikefalebi
arian... kavkasias qarTvelebi Zv.w. IX saukunis Semdeg unda mo-
sdgomodnen" (iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.28, 50-55).
Tanamedrove anTropologTa daskvniT, saqarTvelos terito-
riaze mosaxleobis uwyveti genetikuri erTianoba dasturdeba
- 210 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
uZvelesi droidan dRemde; Tumca, kavkasiis anTropologiurma
tipebma SesamCnevi TandaTanobiTi transformacia ganicades:
"calkeuli niSnebisa da tipebis (doloqokranulidan braqikra-
nulis mimarTulebiT) cvlas sazogadod TandaTanobiTi gada-
svlis xasiaTi hqonda" (ix. m.abduSeliSvili, 1964; m.abduSeliSvi-
li, 1971; l.biTaZe, 2002).
vfiqrobT, "qarTlis cxovrebis" adreuli teqstis mcdari ga-
geba gaxda erT-erTi impulsi/safuZveli saqarTveloSi qarTvel-
Ta araavtoqTonobis samtkiceblad; kerZod, "moqceva~ qarTli-
sa~s" teqstSi vkiTxulobT:
"pirvel odes aleqsandre mefeman naTesavni igi loTis Svil-
Tani wariqcina da SeBadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilna na-
Tesavni sastikni bunTurqni, msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuar-
sa mixueviT, oTx qalaqad da dabnebi maTi: sarkine, kaspi, urbnisi
da oZrxe da cixeni maTni: cixe~ didi sarkinisa~, ufliscixe~ kas-
pisa, urbnisisa da oZrBisa~. daukvirda aleqsandres"...(Satberdis
krebuli, 1979, gv.320).
Sdr., bunTurqebTan dakavSirebiT, "qarTlis cxovrebaSi" vki-
TxulobT: aleqsandrem "gardamovlna kavkasni da movida qarTlad
da povna yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sju-
liTa. rameTu colqmrobisa da siZvisaTvis ara uCnda naTesaoba,
yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, viTarca mxecni da pirutyvni, romelTa
qcevisa warmoTqma uxm ars. da ixilna ra ese naTesavni sastikni
warmarTni, romelTa-igi Cuen bunTurqad da yivCayad uwodT,
msxdomareni mdinaresa mas mtkurisasa mixveviT, daukvirda ese
aleqsandres..."...
am konteqstSi yivCayebis xseneba saerTod gaugebrobaa; es xal-
xi ar saxeldeba ax.w. I aTaswleulSic ki; rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT,
isini mxolod Sedarebis konteqstSi arian naxsenebi XI-XII sauku-
neebis redaqtoris mier. ufro problemuria Turqebisa da bun-
Turqebis sakiTxi.
"matiane qarTlisa~s" mixedviT, istorikosTa nawili fiq-
robs, rom saqarTvelos amJamindel teritoriaze araqarTvelebi
(an araqarTvelebic) cxovrobdnen; mag.:
- 211 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
"dRevandel saqarTvelos teritoriaze winaelinistur xana-
Si sxvadasxva araqarTveli modgmis tomi cxovrobda: "naTesavni
igi loTis SvilTaganni, bunTurqni, honni..." (d.musxeliSvili,
1993, gv.341; ix., agreTve, iv.javaxiSvili, 1979, gv.236, 246: k.kekeli-
ZesTan polemika). "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" safuZvelze, zogi mkvle-
vari Tvlis, rom bunTurqebi kavkasiis avtoqToni mosaxleobaa
(m.seidovi, 1969; i. zeireki, 2003).
ukanasknel periodSi bunTurqebis sakiTxs sagangebo werili
miuZRvna g.alasaniam; sakiTxis detaluri istoriografiis Semdeg
mkvlevari wers: "vfiqrobT, sworia im mkvlevarTa mosazreba, rom-
lebsac d.baqraZis kvaldakval, es ambebi midiis xanaSi gadaaqvT,
xolo qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebul bunTurqebs skviTebad mi-
iCneven"; xazarebi da bunTurqebi skviTebi arian (g.alasania, 2000,
gv.23; m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.150).
marTlac, logikuria, rom sparsTa mefe qaixosrosgan otebu-
li "Turqebi" skviTebTan gavaigivoT (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.150; Sdr.,
Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, gv.526: "626-615 wlebs Soris
kiaxsari ara marto amarcxebs skviTebs da midiidan erekeba maT,
aramed aerTianebs iranis mTel zegans"). savaraudoa, rom leonti
mrovelis dros termini Turqi velur tomTa gaerTianebis saxe-
lad ganzogadda da dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT gvian dakonkretda.
rac Seexeba terminebis: Turqi/bunTurqi mimarTebas:
"qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, aleqsandres wina periodSi,
"yovelTa qarTvelTa" nebarTviT, mcxeTasTan axlos, mxolod qa-
laq sarkineSi dasaxlda sparsTagan otebuli Turqebis ZiriTa-
di nawili: yovelTa qarTvelTa "inebes damegobreba maT Turq-
Ta, rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTvis daimegobrnes
Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da ganiyvanes (/daanawiles) yovelTa qa-
laqTa Sina. xolo umravlesni maTganni movides da poves adgili
erTi mcxeTas dasavliT kerZo, kldeTa Soris gamokveTili, Rrma,
da moiTxoves adgili igi mcxeTelTa mamasaxlisisgan. misca da aRa-
Senes igi, moizRudes mtkiced da ewoda mas adgilsa sarkine"
(gv.15, 18); Sdr., mcxeTelma mamasaxlisma xarkis safasurad zanavSi
daasaxla nabuqodonosor mefis mier "otebulni uriani" (gv.15-
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 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
16); "moqceva~s" mixedviT, zanavSi saxldebian qaldevelTagan gamo-
sxmulni honni. samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom honni
aq imave skviTebs gulisxmobs, xolo qaldevelni - sparselebs
(g.araxamia, 1994; m.sanaZe, 2000).
qarTuli wyaroebis warmodgenili faqtebidan ar Cans, rom
amierkavkasiaSi bunTurqebi avtoqTonebi arian. aseve, nakleb sa-
rwmunoa, rom Zvel mematianeT ori termini (Turqni da honni) hqo-
nodaT skviTTa aRsaniSnavad. kvlevis am etapze ufro savaraudoa,
rom skviTebs miemarTeba mxolod Turqi - velur tomTa zogadi
saxeli X-XI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa ganmartebuli
termini bunTurqebi; kerZod (samecniero literaturis mimoxil-
visaTvis ix. g.alasania, 2000, gv.21):
m.brose: pirvelyofili Turqebi - Sah-names Turanelebi, rom-
lebic gandevna sparseTis mefe qaixosrom; e.TayaiSvili: bun- som-
xurad Subis tars niSnavs; Sesabamisad, bunTurqi - Subosani Tur-
qi; n.mari, i.yifSiZe, m.andronikaSvili: bunTurqi - avtoqToni,
adgilobrivi; l.meliqseT-begi: bunTurqi Secdomaa paleografi-
ulad; iyo hun-Turqi; g.meliqiSvili: Tavdapirveli Turqi; z.an-
CabaZe: hunebi, kavkasieli Turqebi; v.gabaSvili: hunebi/gunebi;
g.wulaia: avtoqToni Turqebi...
Cveni azriT, termini bunTurqi msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Se-
rwymiT warmoqmnili kompozitia:
buni Turqi > bunTurqi, sadac buni niSnavs ZiriTad nawils,
birTvs, mTavars (Sdr., il.abulaZe: buni - namdvili, mkvidri,
Tumca, konteqstiT ufro ZiriTadi unda iyos; Sdr., m.androni-
kaSvili, gv.297: bun - fuZe, ZiriTadi, saZirkveli): kompozitis
Sinaarsi ki unda gavigoT, rogorc TurqTa ZiriTadi nawili:
mcxeTasTan axlos aleqsandrem mravlad naxa is Turqebi, romle-
bic kompaqturad dasaxldnen sarkineSi; Sdr.: danarCeni Turqe-
bi/skviTebi qarTvelebma "ganiyvanes yovelTa qalaqTa Sina".
arqaul qarTulSi bunTurqis msgavsi msazRvrel-sazRvruli
Tu kompoziti sxvac dasturdeba: iv.imnaiSvilis daskvniT, uZve-
- 213 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
les qarTulSi msazRvreli win iyo (gvian damkvidrda postpozi-
ciuri wyoba); Sdr., mag.: keTili Rvino~, puris Wama~, ucxo-Tesli,
SuaRame, didZali, didfasi, erTSabaTi...(iv.imnaiSvili, 1957,
gv.556, 277, 229; a.SaniZe, 1976, gv.57-58).
bunTurq- kompozitis amgvar etimologias amyarebs da kavka-
siaSi TurqTa avtoqTonobis usafuZvlobas cxads xdis "qarTlis
cxovrebisa" da "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" teqstTa saTanado teqste-
bis Sepirispirebac:
miCneulia, rom "qarTlis cxovrebis" erT-erTi wyaroa "mo-
qceva~ qaarTlisa~"; es ukanaskneli ki TiTqosda mxars uWers kavka-
siaSi TurqTa avtoqTonobisa da qarTvelTa migraciis Teorias.
ZiriTad StrixebSi "qarTlis cxovreba" da "moqceva~ qar-
Tlisa~" marTlac emTxveva erTmaneTs:
bunTurqebi – saqarTveloSi aleqsandres mosvla - azos da-
toveba - sarkines xangrZlivi omi... zustad meordeba frazebic
ki, mag., "msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixueviT" ("mo-
qceva~ qarTlisa~") da "msxdomareni mdinaresa mas mtkurisasa mi-
xveviT" ("qarTlis cxovreba")...
ZiriTadi gansxvavebebia:
"qarTlis cxovreba": qarTli qarTvelTa qveyanaa; aq, qarTvel-
Ta nebarTviT, devnili Turqebi kompaqturad dasaxldnen mxo-
lod sarkineSi (sarkineSi dasaxlebuli Turqebi bunTurqebi
arian!); aleqsandres dros qarTvelebi da sxva araqarTvelebi
sarkineSi kompaqturad Casaxlebuli TurqebiviT velurebi
arian.
"moqceva~ qarTlisa~": qarTlSi pirvelad mosul aleqsan-
dres bunTurqebi daxvdnen (rac sulac ar niSnavs TurqTa
avtoqTonobas!); kerZod, maTi qalaqebi iyo: sarkine, kaspi (uflis-
cixe), urbnisi, oZrxe... meored mosulma aleqsandrem isini daa-
marcxa da es qveyana azos Caabara.
wyaroTa urTierTkavSiri uTuoa! bun-TurqTa problemas na-
Tels mohfens warmodgenili teqstebis (fragmentebis) pirvela-
dobis garkveva:
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 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
"moqceva~ qarTlisa~"-s Satberduli variantis (WeliSur
xelnawers Sesavali - mokle istoriuli eqskursi - aklia) Sesa-
valSi dasaxelebuli e.w. bunTurqTa qalaqebi: sarkine, kaspi (uf-
liscixe), urbnisi da oZrBe naxsenebia "qarTlis cxovrebaSic",
oRond, amaTgan bolo sami sakuTriv qarTuli qalaqebia. "qar-
Tlis cxovrebaSi" sxva qalaqebicaa: wunda, xerTvisi, Tuxarisi,
Zveli mcxeTa, zanavi, rusTavi, samSvilde, xunani da sxva. mcxeTa
yvelaze ufro didi da cnobili qalaqi iyo da ratom ar axsenebs
mas "moqceva~s" avtori Tu redaqtori? bunebrivia, mcxeTis da-
arsebamde ver daiwereboda "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" verc erTi
wyaro...
samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom
"moqceva~s" Sesavali uZvelesi qarTuli wyaroa; vfiqrobT, amgvar
midgomas mxars ar uWers bunTurqTa epizodebis Sepirispireba
"qarTlis cxovrebisa" da "moqceva~s" mixedviT; kerZod, rCeba STa-
beWdileba, rom Cvenamde moRweuli "moqceva~s" Sesavali teqsti
"qarTlis cxovrebis" adreuli redaqciis mokle da, amave dros,
damaxinjebuli variantia; warmovadgenT saTanado frazaTa teq-
stologiur analizs:
"cxovrebis" teqstSi sityvaforma mixveviT gulisxmobs mrav-
lad; teqsti ase unda gavigoT:
aleqsandrem qarTlSi, mtkvris/mcxeTis gaswvriv (axlos) mrav-
lad naxa bunTurqebis msgavsi veluri qarTvelebi (gv.17: aleqsan-
drem "povna yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa
sjuliTa. rameTu colqmrobisa da siZvisaTvis ara uCnda naTesao-
ba..."). Sdr., "moqceva~s" teqstSi sityvaformis - "mixueviT" - Sina-
arsi gaurkvevelia, ris gamoc am cnobili teqstis profesionali
gamomcemlebi sxvadasxvanair punqtuacias iyeneben; Sdr.:
ilia abulaZe, 1964, gv.81: "ixilna naTesavni sastikni bunTurq-
ni, - msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa, mixueviT, oTx qalaqad,
da dabnebi maTi".
b.gigineiSvili, el.giunaSvili, 1979, gv.320: "ixilna naTesavni
sastikni bunTurqni, msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixue-
- 215 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
viT, oTx qalaqad, da dabnebi maTi" (aq sityvaforma mixveviT mZi-
meebiT aRar aris gamoyofili).
z.sarjvelaZis mier es adgili ganmartebulia, rogorc "miyo-
lebiT"; miseuli teqsti ase gamoiyureba: "ixilna naTesavni sa-
stikni bunTurqni - msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa, miyole-
biT/mixveviT oTx qalaqad" (z.sarjvelaZe, 1995); ganmarteba dausa-
buTebelia; Sdr., iqve, z.sarjvelaZis mierve savsebiT marTebula-
daa ganmartebuli sawyisi forma mixueva; kerZod: mixveva - mode-
ba, mixveva; Sdr., moedo, daexvia.
daexvia (/moedo; Sdr., xvavi da gamoTqma: "buziviT exveoda")
zmnisgan SeiZleba vawarmooT simravlis aRmniSvneli zmnisarTi
mixveviT/mravlad/xvavierad, magram am zmnuri fuZisgan Tanamim-
devrobis/miyolebis (miyolebiT) aRmniSvneli zmnisarTi ver
warmoiqmneba; Sesabamisad, erT sintagmad unda ganvixiloT msxdo-
mareni mixveviT anu, msxdomareni mravlad/miyriT; Sdr., z.sa-
rjvelaZis azriT: mixveviT/miyolebiT oTxi qalaqi.
garda zemoTqmulisa, "moqceva~s" teqstis warmodgenili
fragmentis meoreulobasa da saeWvoobas cxadyofs dasaxelebul
qalaqTa ganlagebac: oZrxe ar aris mtkvris xeobaSi, miT umetes, ur-
bniss miyolebiT (Sdr.: "moqceva~ qarTlisa~" Seiqmna IX saukuneSi
"ninos cxovrebis" safuZvelze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, daiwera VII sa-
ukuneSi ucnobi avtoris mier; p.ingoroyva, l.janaSia, k.Tumanovi..).
vfiqrobT, naTelia: qarTvelTa qristianobamdeli istoriis
gadmocemisas, "moqceva~s" avtori eyrdnoba "qarTlis cxovrebis"
adreul redaqcias - mis Sesaval nawils (Sdr., n.berZeniSvili,
1990, gv.554-555); Cans, Sesavali nawili metad Semoklebulia da, ag-
reTve, teqstis erTi monakveTis vergagebis gamo, Sinaarsic dama-
xinjebulia. warmodgenili msjeloba kidev erTi faqtiT adastu-
rebs iv. javaxiSvilis daskvnas:
wm. ninos Satberdiseuli cxovreba Zveli cnobebis gadamu-
SavebiTaa Seqmnili da, amave dros, bevr siyalbes Seicavs (ix.
iv.javaxiSvili, I, gv.226-227). "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesaxeb Sdr.,
m.sanaZis marTebuli daskvnac (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.17, 26, 149): "qar-
- 216 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
Tlis cxovrebis" vaxtang gorgaslamdeli nawili Sedgeba calkeu-
li qronikebisa da "cxovrebisagan", romlebic sxvadasxva drosa da
sxvadasxva avtoris mier daiwera. Sesabamisad, sruliad umizezod
iyo aqamde ugulebelyofili "qarTlis cxovrebis" anderZ-minawe-
ri, romelic gvauwyebs, rom: "wigni ese qarTvelTa cxovrebisa vid-
re vaxtangisamde aRiwereboda JamiT-Jamad"...
xazarul-skviTuri epizodis aRwerisas SedarebiT Tanamim-
devruli da logikuria "qarTlis cxovreba"; mag., "qarTlis cxov-
rebis" teqstSi garkveviT weria, rom qarTlSi aleqsandres da-
xvdnen yovelni qarTvelni, magram isini iyvnen warmarTebi, ur-
wmunoni, araqristianni (mematiane marTlmadideblobis apologe-
ti beria!), da, amdenad, cudi qarTveli adamianebi; Sdr., aleqsan-
dres mosvlamde, Zv.w. VI saukuneSi, nabuqodonosoris dros qar-
TlSi "Semokrbes ese uricxvni naTesavni": xazarebi (CrdiloeTi-
dan gadmosuli skviTebi), Turqebi (midiidan gamoqceuli skviTe-
bi), ebraelebi, berZnebi, asurelebi... swored xalxTa am aRrevis
gamo "ipyres sjuli uborotesi yovelTa naTesavTasa. rameTu
colqmrobisaTvis ara uCndaT naTesaoba; yovelsa suliersa Wam-
des; saflavi ar iyo, mkudarsa SesWamdes" (gv.16)... aleqsandres
Semosvlis drosac amave sityvebs imeorebs mematiane; qristiani
avtori Tu redaqtori Zveli drois warmarT qarTvelebsa da
araqarTvelebs adarebs Tavis TanamedroveTaTvis (XI-XII sauku-
neebis) nacnob velurebs - Turqebsa da yivCayebs.
logikuria isic, rom teqstis momdevno nawilSi mematiane
CamoTvlis qarTlSi arsebul enebs (somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli,
asuruli, ebrauli, berZnuli; gv.16), magram maT gverdiT Turqul
enas ar axsenebs:
albaT, Zveli avtorisTvis xazaruli ena is skviTuria, romli-
Tac qaixosrosgan gamodevnili "Turqebic" (skviTebic) metyvele-
ben; xolo gviandeli redaqtorisa Tu leonti mrovelisTvis xaza-
rebi ukve Turqebi arian, Sesabamisad, misTvis xazarulSi moiazre-
ba TurqTa/bunTurqTa enac (Sdr.: z.aleqsiZe, 1991, gv.83-84; g.ala-
sania, 2000, gv.25 da m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.32); Sdr.: qarTlis cxovrebis
Zveli qronikebis avtor-redaqtorTa mixedviT (da ara leonti
- 217 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
mrovelis azriT! Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.32), xazarebis STamomav-
lebi arian osebi (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.12, 12-15).
amrigad, qarTlis cxovrebaSi warmodgenili termini bun-
Turqi kompozitia: buni Turqi - birTvi (ZiriTadi nawili)
Turqebisa. Sesabamisad, axali welTaRricxvis IX-X saukuneebis
qarTul enaSi velurTa aRmniSvneli termini Turqi miemarTeba
Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi sparseTis mefe qiaxsa-
risgan (qaixosrosgan) gamodevnili skviTebis im ZiriTad jgufs,
romelic qarTvelebma kompaqturad daasaxles sarkineSi.
Sdr.: kavkasiaSi Turqulenovani xazarebi pirvelad Cndebian
ax.w. V saukuneSi, xolo yivCayebi - XI saukuneSi; Zv.w. VI-IV sauku-
neebis xazarebi/"Turqebi" indoevropul enaze metyveli xalxia,
xolo ax.w. X-XI saukuneebis xazarebi da Turqebi/bunTurqebi -
Turqulenovani. "qarTlis cxovrebaSi", aseve, naTlad weria, rom
"Semdgomad ganyofisa enaTasa", e.i. odiTganve (erebis gaCenis-
Tanave), kavkasiaSi daemkvidrnen iafetis STamomavalni - Targamo-
sis Zeni, maT Soris: qarTlosi, egrosi, kaxosi, herosi... droTa
ganmavlobaSi sxva xalxebic Semoerivnen da, Sesabamisad, "iyvnes
qarTls esreT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni, da izraxeboda qar-
Tlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, eb-
rauli, berZnuli; maTgan farnavazma "ganavrco ena~ qarTuli da
arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa"
(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.16, 26).
warmodgenil monakveTSi sxva faqticaa asaxuli:
"qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, Targamosis modgma (iberiul-
kavkasiuri xalxi da ara indoevropeli kimerielebi) cxovrobda
mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSi (sakiTxis istoriisTvis ix.m.sanaZe, 2001,
gv.166-167); e.i. istoriul qarTlSi ZirZveli mosaxleni Targamo-
sianni arian, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvebic damkvidrdnen.
Cveni azriT, TargamosianTa da mosulTa integraciis procesi
iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobisgan sabolood mijnavs qarTvelur
modgmas:
kimerielebisa da skviTebis (e.w. bunTurqebis) amierkavkasia-
Si Semosvla SeiZleba davsaxoT iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobidan
- 218 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis (kontinuumis) gamomij-
vnis erT-erT bolo faqtorad: swored Zv.w. VI saukunidan xdeba
saerToqarTvelur koineSi skviTuri da sparsuli sityvebis didi
nakadis Semosvla (saTanado masalisaTvis ix., m.andronikaSvili,
1966; a. billi, 2003). aqve aRvniSnavT, m.sanaZis azriT, skviTTa (in-
doevropelTa) kavkasiaSi Semosvlamde (Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebamde)
dRevandeli saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze (kaxeTis CaTvliT!)
arsebobda protozanuri ena, romelsac, daefina ra skviTur-in-
doevropuli metyveleba, imereTis, guriis, aWaris, imerxevis,
tao-klarjeTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze warmoiqmna Cven-
Tvis cnobili qarTuli - zanuri da skviTuri enebis "hibridi" ena
(mosazreba gamoiTqva CvenTan zepir saubarSi; Sdr., agreTve, m.sa-
naZe, 2001, gv.49-53). Cven ver gaviziarebT am TavisTavad saintereso
mosazrebas:
saerToqarTvelur enobriv modelTan svanur-zanuri da sxva
qarTveluri kiloebis mimarTeba cxadyofs, rom samwignobro qar-
TulisTvis amosavali ver iqneba e.w. protozanuri an protosva-
nuri enobrivi modelebi (ix. qvemoT, 2.2.3.).
vfiqrobT, jerjerobiT ar Cans arc erTi myari sabuTi, vamtki-
coT qarTvelTa araavtoqTonoba kavkasiaSi.
SeniSvna: qarTvelTa migraciis Teoriis sayrdenad ver gamodgeba, ase-
ve, megasTenes cnoba (georgika, I, gv.30) nabuqodonosoris mier libii-
dan (iberTa qveynidan) pontos zRvis marjvena mxares gadmosaxlebuli
iberebis Sesaxeb (Sdr., ufalma amave nabuqodonosoris xeliT dasaja
Tavisi rCeuli eri - ebraelebi).
2.1.2.2. amierkavkasiaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria
2.1.2.2.1. samxreTi amierkavkasia. T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis
mixedviT, qarTvelebi Tavidanve cxovrobdnen samxreT amierkavka-
siaSi, kerZod, mcire kavkasionis (mesxeT-javaxeTis regionis) cen-
traluri da dasavleTi nawilis mTianeTSi; Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi
aqedan samxreT kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSi (kolxeTis dablobis-
ken) ganxorcielda qarTveluri migraciebis pirveli talRa
(xazi Cvenia - t.f.); maTi metyvelebisa da damxvduri Crdilokavka-
- 219 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
siuri tipis enebis SereviT saTave daedo svanur enas; "TandaTan
svanuri ena CrdiloeTisaken, didi kavkasionis qedis mimarTule-
biT gandevna momdevno migraciulma talRam, romelic pirvels
mohyva daaxloebiT cxra saukunis Semdeg;" am procesSi warmo-
qmnilma metyvelebam "SemdegSi mogvca Zveli kolxeTis erT-erTi
ena - megrul-lazuri"; dasavleT mcire kavkasionis farglebSi da-
rCenili saerToqarTveluri enis dialeqtebi safuZvlad daedo
qarTul enas, romlis matareblebi, gansaxldnen ra dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT, gansazRvrul teritoriaze daefinen kolxuri
enis matarebelT, ris Semdegac moxda lazuri da megruli enebis
warmoSoba; CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT gadaadgi-
lebulma tomebma aqedan (amJamindeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelo-
dan - t.f.) gandevnes aRmosavlurkavkasiuri tipis enebze molapa-
rake xalxi (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.880-881; T.gamyreliZe,
2000, gv.184).
ra faqtebs Tu logikur argumentebs emyareba warmodgenili
hipoTeza?
samxreT amierkavkasiidan CrdiloeT amierkavkasiaSi e.w. "qar-
Tveluri migraciebi" 5000-4000 wlebis winaa navaraudevi (T.ga-
myreliZe, 2000, gv.184), amdenad, anTropologiuri monacemebis
garda, amdroindel sxva raime faqtebze ver vilaparakebT: arqau-
li leqsikisa da toponimikuri monacemebis mixedviT Seqmnili sa-
Tuo varaudebi (romelTac sagangebod ganvixilavT aqve) faqte-
bad ver CaiTvleba, warmodgenili Teoriis dasasabuTeblad saWi-
ro anTropologiuri monacemebi ki ar arsebobs (ix. qvemoT).
T. gamyreliZisa da v .ivanovis argumentTagan aRsaniSnavia
ori: saerToqarTveluri enis sam enad daSlis dro da praenis
leqsikis mixedviT aRdgenili garemo (cxovrebis wesi).
ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke:
2.1.2.2.1.1. qarTvelTa sami ena 4000-5000 wlis win?
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi enaTmecnier g.klimovis glo-
toqronologiuri meTodiT gamokvlevebis (romelic, Tavis mxriv,
iyenebda svodeSis metad saTuo meTodologias) Semdeg samecnie-
- 220 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
ro wreebSi myarad damkvidrda azri, romlis mixedviTac jer kidev
5000-4000 wlis win arsebobda sami qarTveluri ena (Sesabamisad,
sami qarTveluri tomi: qarTi, zani, svani), romelTagan erT-erTi
- qarTuli - gabatonda kulturis enad (uTuod amgvarma midgomam
istorikosebis gamokvlevebSi gaaaqtiura terminebi: qarTizacia
da qarTvelizacia, romlebic, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs sxva
qarTveluri tomebis Caylapvas - "gaqarTebas"/"gaqarTvelebas").
pirvel rigSi: ra safuZveli gvaqvs, rom marTlac qarTvelTa
mxolod es sami tomi arsebobda Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi?
Sdr.: "uZvelesi droidanve moyolebuli qarTvelebi mraval
tomad danawilebuli yofilan; qristes Semdeg istoriuli wya-
roebiT cnobili TiTqmis yvela tomi qristes winaT mravali sau-
kunis manZilzec saistorio asparezze moqmedebda" (iv.javaxiSvi-
li, 1960, gv.401). xeTur, asiriul, urartul, berZnul-romaul-bi-
zantiur, somxur da sxva ucxour wyaroTa CvenebiT, II aTaswleu-
lis dasasruls da I aTaswleulSi qarTveli tomebis istori-
ul teritoriaze (Crdilo mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde regi-
onSi) cxovrobdnen qarTvelur ena-kavebze anu dialeqtebze mo-
laparake da, Sesabamisad, qarTvelurad miCneuli Semdegi tome-
bi: muSqebi /mesxebi, diauxebi /taoxebi, kolaelebi, tibarene-
bi, iberebi /saspeirebi, quTebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqe~rebi,
haliZonebi /xalibebi, xaldebi /qaldebi, mosino~kebi /hepta-
kometebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi /makrokefalebi, fa-
sianebi, melanqla~nebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni /ekeqe~rebi, he-
nioxebi, sanebi /Wanebi, sanigebi, lazebi, abazebi /obezebi, sva-
nebi /misimielebi, suano-kolxebi, amarantebi, tuskebi, kaxebi,
kuxebi, herebi, javaxebi, fxovelebi... (dawvrilebiT ix. zemoT).
ris safuZvelze SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom amdeni tomis me-
tyveleba mxolod sam an oTx enad dajgufdeba? miT umetes, enisa
da kilos gamijvnis pirobiTobis viTarebaSi SeuZlebelia raime
iseTi daskvnis gamotana, romelic mxars dauWers 5000 wlis win
qarTvelTa mxolod im sami enis arsebobas, romlebic TiTqosda
arseboben dResac.
- 221 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
vfiqrobT, uZveles qarTvelur ena-kiloTa raodenobis da-
sadgenad ufro gamosadegia wyaroebSi dadasturebuli tomebis
saxelTa ricxvi, vidre dRevandeli viTarebis Sesabamisad, amJamin-
deli svanebis, megrel-Wanebis Tu mesx-qarTlelebis "enebis" mi-
xedviT, 4000-5000 wlis winac davuSvaT mxolod sami qarTveluri
enobrivi erTeulis arseboba...
friad saeWvoa qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa daSlis g.kli-
moviseuli TariRic, romelic emyareba leqsikur-statistikur
meTodsa da sakuTar saxelTa etimologias (ix. qvemoT 2.2.3.).
2.1.2.2.1.2. praenis leqsikis mixedviT aRdgenili garemo da
cxovrebis wesi. praenis mixedviT Zveli sacxovrisis Zieba sauku-
neebis manZilze popularuli Tema iyo; qarTul sinamdvileSi am-
gvari mcdeloba hqonda jer kidev ilia WavWavaZes Tavis polemiku-
ri xasiaTis naSromSi: "ai, istoria" (i.WavWavaZe, 1987, gv.79).
monaTesave enobrivi erTeulebisTvis amosavali enis (fuZee-
nis, praenis; Sdr.: protoena - winare ena, Tavdapirveli ena) Ziri-
Tadi leqsika Tu dadgindeba (intensiuri Serevebis gamo, zogjer
warumatebelia amgvari cdebi), marTlac, SesaZlebelia winaremo-
saxleobis sacxovrisisa da garesamyaros enobrivi xedvis warmo-
dgena, Sesabamisad - Zveli teritoriisa Tu kulturis savaraudo
saxis aRdgena.
bolo aTwleulebis manZilze Cvens sinamdvileSic gamoqvey-
nda saerToqarTveluri "enobrivi xedvis" amsaxveli ramdenime
gamokvleva (g.klimovi, 1964, gv.37; g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.339-340;
T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.880-882; m.qurdiani, 2002), romel-
Ta mixedviTac qarTvelTa winaprebis sacxovrisad Zv.w. IV-II aTas-
wleulebis amierkavkasia da misi samxreTi regioni ivaraudeba; ma-
galiTad, mcenareebis (anwli, gvimra, vaSli, verxvi, marwyvi, msxa-
li, soko, cacxvi, Zewna, wifeli, wyavi...), cxovelebis (arCvi, daTvi,
kverna, Txa, vaci, orbi, melia...) da sxva saerToqarTveluri saxe-
lebis rekonstruqciiT g. klimovi varaudobs, rom qarTveluri
mosaxleoba III-II aTaswleulTa mijnaze kavkasiis miwa-wyalze cxov-
- 222 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
robda (g.klimovi, 1964, gv.37; g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.339).
warmodgenil problemas sagangebo werili uZRvna m.qurdian-
ma; samecniero literaturaSi dadgenili saerToqarTveluri
leqsikis (zRva, tba, Rele, wyali... xevi, klde, gori, tye, tevri,
wvima, Tovli, gvalva, yinva, zvavi, Tbili... Zeli, naZvi, wifeli, wab-
li... Sveli, maCvi, eSvi... SaSvi, kakabi, CxarTvi, Zera, mercxali, To-
lia, tredi... Rorjo, Cxami...) safuZvelze igi askvnis: "saerToqar-
Tveluri enis dialeqtebze metyveli tomebi cxovrobdnen, didi
kavkasionis samxreTi kalTebidan moyolebuli, samxreTiT sakmaod
vrclad ganfenil teritoriaze, romelic srulad moicavda is-
toriuli saqarTvelos teritoriasac. CrdiloeTi sazRvari qar-
TvelTa pirvelsacxovrisisa iyo didi kavkasioni, dasavleT sa-
zRvars ki Savi zRva warmoadgenda" (m.qurdiani, 2002, gv.86).
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: warmodgenili avtorebis mier sa-
erToqarTveluri leqsikis mixedviT qarTvelTa winaprebis gare-
mosa da eTnokulturis aRdgena sainteresoa, oRond, CvenTvis sa-
kamaToa maT mier navaraudevi dro (ix., aqve, 2.1.2.2.1.1. da 2.2.3.).
T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis TeoriaSi sakamaToa, agreTve,
svanurSi Crdilokavkasiuri enebis substratis sakiTxi (gv.881);
Cveni azriT, svanur kiloebSi marTlac STambeWdavia Cerqezuli
enobrivi fena (ix. s.janaSias gamokvlevebi), magram ufro logiku-
ri iqneba, vilaparakoT superstratze da ara substratze; ker-
Zod, mravali faqti arsebobs imis samtkiceblad, rom svanuri me-
tyveleba arqauli qarTulis is ganStoebaa, romelsac intensiu-
rad Semoeria moZme kavkasielTa enobrivi elementebi (ix. qvemoT).
Sdr., Tu T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis azrs gaviziarebT, svanu-
risTvis sayrdeni ena romelime Crdilokavkasiuri enaa...
2.1.2.2.2. samxreTi kavkasia. centralur amierkavkasiaSi (sa-
mxreT kavkasiaSi) qarTvelTa avtoqTonobis Teoria argumentire-
bulad pirvelad wamoayena b. kuftinma. misi azriT, "samxreTi kav-
kasia warmoadgenda qarTveli xalxis samSoblosac da uZveles sa-
mSoblosac" (b.kuftini, 1949, gv.14-16, 37). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
b.kuftinis azriT, walkaSi aRmoCenili masalis mixedviT, STambeW-
- 223 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
davi paralelebi ivleba samxreT kavkasiis kulturasa da Zvel
kreta-mikenis kulturas Soris (saubaria qalis rolisa da da-
mwerlobis uZvelesi - ieroglifuri - nimuSebis erTianobis Sesa-
xeb); b.kuftinis azriT (1941, gv.153), "TrialeTis yorRanTa
brwyinvale kultura ueWvelad ekuTvnis qarTvel tomTa winap-
rebs; garda amisa, Cven mier mopovebuli masala gvimtkicebs, rom
samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli uZvelesi fesvebi qarTuli kultu-
risa moqceuli yofila subaruli da xaTur-mcireaziuri eTniku-
ri sistemebis urTierTzemoqmedebis zonaSi. es miT ufro sarwmu-
noa, rom qarTvelursa da Crdilokavkasiur enebs, garda adreve
SeniSnuli naTesaobisa elamur da xuri-mitanur enebTan (n.mari),
agreTve aqvT mZlavri tendencia xaTuri enobrivi fenisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli prefiqsuli warmonaqmnebisadmi (r.blaixStaineri
da sxvebi)"; Sdr., agreTve: "qarTveli tomebi uZvelesi droidan
cxovrobdnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze, amasTanave, safiqrebe-
lia, rom isini nawilobriv dRevandeli saqarTvelos farglebs
gareTac mosaxleobdnen, kerZod, mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
raionebSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis teritoriaze"
(g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.341-342).
warmodgenili mosazreba ZiriTadad gaziarebulia Tanamed-
rove samecniero literaturaSic:
"enaTmecnierebis, anTropologiis, arqeologiisa da istori-
uli geografiis erToblivi monacemebis mixedviT, dRes sruliad
ucilobelia qarTvelTa winaprebis avtoqTonuroba kavkasiaSi..."
(d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.5).
qarTvelebi avtoqTonebi arian im miwisa, romelzec amJamad
mkvidroben; m.qurdianis azriT, Tubalebisa da muSqebis qarTve-
lurobac ueWveli faqtia...” (m.qurdiani, 2002, gv.59-60, 86).
SeniSvna: n.berZeniSvilis azriT, "saqarTveloSi qarTvel tomTa
avtoqTonobis aRiarebiT unda davuSvaT araqarTvelTa avtoqTono-
bac; brZola am tomebs Soris da qarTuli tomebis gamarjveba"; es sada-
vo azri gaziarebulia d. musxeliSvilis mierac, kerZod, maTi azriT,
qarTis tomis mier asimilirda Semdegi qarTveli Tu araqarTveli
tomebi: bazalni, WarTalni, Trialni Tu Trelni, margvelni, kaspni,
fxovelni, gogarni da sxva (ix. n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.363-364; d.musxe-
- 224 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
liSvili, 2002, gv.5-6)... rogor mtkicdeba yvela am tomis (mag.,
fxovelebis, margvelebis...) araqarTveluroba?
2.1.2.3. kavkasia-mcireaziaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria
akad. s.janaSiam 1940 wels enimkis moambeSi dabeWda koncefcia,
romlis ZiriTadi debulebebi Sevida s. janaSias, iv.javaxiSvilisa
da n.berZeniSvilis TanaavtorobiT 1943 wels gamoqveynebul "sa-
qarTvelos istoriis" saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi; s.janaSias kon-
ceptualuri sqema ase gamoiyureba:
"qarTvelebi warmoSobiT wina aziis Zvels mkvidr mosaxleo-
bas ekuTvnian"; uZveles xanaSi (daaxloebiT 5000-6000 wlis winaT)
qarTvelTa winaprebi (xeTur-iberiuli gvartomobis xalxi) cxov-
robdnen wina aziaSi (mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde); isini aqedan
gavrceldnen samxreT evropasa (balkaneTis, apeninisa da pirineis
naxevarkunZulebze) da afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze. Semdeg ma-
Ti sacxovrisi SeizRuda mcire aziiT; qarTvelTa uSualo winap-
rebi arian xeTa-subarebi, romlebic ganfenilni iyvnen Crdi-
lo mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde; Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasa-
wyisidan qarTvelTa sacxovrisis centri TandaTanobiT inac-
vlebs CrdiloeTisken (ix., agreTve: s.janaSia, 1952, gv.96-100; s.ja-
naSia, 1987, gv.20-24, 44, 51).
h. klarkis, n.maris, iv.javaxiSvilisa da sxvaTa mosazrebebze
dayrdnobiT, TiTqmis analogiuri mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli
emigrant mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes - revaz gabaSvils: Zv.w.
IV aTaswleulSi kavkasiidan sparseTis yuremde da indoeTidan
iberiis naxevarkunZulamde (espaneTi) mcxovrebi maRali kultur-
is mqone xalxi kavkas-qaldeur erT rasas warmoadgenda (r.gabaSvi-
li, 2001, gv.18).
Cven mier damowmebuli naSromi mokle reziumea 1967 wels
frangulad gamoqveynebuli vrceli Sromisa; jerjerobiT CvenTvis
misawvdomi ar aris r.gabaSvilis argumentebi, Sesabamisad, ver
vimsjelebT maT Sesaxeb; aqve aRvniSnavT, rom r.gabaSvilis naSro-
mis qarTul-inglisur mokle variantSi warmodgenili zogi da-
- 225 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
skvna ver dasabuTdeba.
s.janaSias koncefcia saTaves iRebs dibua de monpersesa da
fridrix homelis mosazrebebisgan; swored am koncefciaze da-
yrdnobiT jer kidev 1881 wels dimitri baqraZe wers: „eWv gareT
unda gvqondes, rom xsenebul xalxT (tibarenni, mosiknni, makron-
ni, kolxni, iberni, albanni) namdvilad hWeriaT TiTqmis mTe-
li sivrce halisis mdinaridam moyolebuli vidre kavkaziis
mTebamde... axla imaT qarTul STamomavlobaSi TiTqmis ar eWvneu-
loben" (d.baqraZe, 1881, gv.26).
* * *
samuSao hipoTezad viRebT s. janaSias koncefcias; argumen-
tebis Ziebisas mis mosazrebas or nawilad warmovadgenT:
a. Crdilo mesopotamia - anatolia - kavkasia: qarTvelTa
winaprebis sacxovrisi;
b. qarTvelTa winaprebis gavrceleba samxreT evropasa da
xmelTaSua zRvis samxreT sanapiroze.
a. sxvadasxva Taobis mkvlevarTa naSromebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da
enobriv struqturaTa (STambeWdavi leqsikuri paralelebi, Ziri-
Tadi fonematuri struqtura, aglutinaciuroba, ergatiuli
konstruqcia...) SepirispirebiTi analiziT safuZveli gveZleva,
s.janaSias kvalad, vivaraudoT:
Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebis kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi
cxovrobdnen monaTesave winaaziur-kavkasiuri tomebi: xurite-
bi, xaTebi, kavkasielebi; pirveli didi gaerTianebebi Seqmnes: xu-
ritebma - CrdiloeT SuamdinareTSi, xaTebma - centralur mcire
aziaSi/anatoliaSi; mogvianebiT, anatoliasa da kavkasiaSi (hali-
sis, Woroxis, mtkvris, rionis, evfratis, araqsis… xeobebSi)
Canan: musxebi, qaSqebi, urartuelebi, kolxebi, daianelebi...
Tanamedrove lingvisturi kvlevebi safuZvels gvaZlevs, maT vuwo-
doT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxebi".
- 226 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
arqeologebi varaudoben, rom neoliTis manZilze dasavleTi da
centraluri amierkavkasia kulturulad (enobriv-eTnikurad) er-
Tiani iyo (o.jafariZe, 1989, gv. 385-385; l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 9).
Tanamedrove arqeologiuri ZiebebiT cnobilia, agreTve, rom
gviani eneoliTis amierkavkasiaSi gvaqvs ori kultura: sionisa (rom-
lis identuri keramika dasturdeba odiSSi, anaseulSi, gurianTa-
Si) da Sulaver-SomuTefesa (l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 8-9; m.menabde,
T.kiRuraZe, 2001, gv. 22; aqve, ix. masalebi sakiTxis istoriisaTvis).
sionis keramika mtkvar-araqsis kulturis substratad/saTaved
miiCneva (m.menabde, T.kiRuraZe, 1981, gv. 23; m.menabde, T.kiRuraZe,
2001, gv. 21; l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 10). varaudoben, rom mtkvar-araqsis
kulturis centria centraluri amierkavkasia, Tumca, zogi Tana-
medrove avtoris azriT, igi iSva aRmosavleT anatoliaSi. radio-
naxSirbaduli meTodiT mtkvar-araqsis kultura TariRdeba Zv.w. IV
aTaswleuliT (daTariRebis dazustebisaTvis ix. g. qavTaraZe, 1983,
gv. 88-96). sion-odiSis kulturis ganfenis areali winareqarTve-
luri (iberiul-kavkasiuri) tomebis gansaxlebis velia; Sesabamisad,
Tu ueWvelia sion-odiSisa da mtkvar-araqsis kulturebis geneturi
kavSiri, savaraudoa, rom odiS-mtkvar-araqsis kulturis erT-erTi
avtoria winareqarTveluri modgma.
Sulaver-SomuTefes kultura msgavsia Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleu-
lebis zemomesopotamiis halafis kulturisa (T. gamyreliZe, v.
ivanovi, 1984, gv.891-892; o. jafariZe, 1998, gv.182-183). o.jafariZis
azriT, mrgvali Senobis agebis tradicia da alizis arqiteqtura
arsebobas ganagrZobs mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSic; aqvea msjeloba
tomTa moZraobis mimarTulebazec: xiTa da qviT mdidari amierkav-
kasiisTvis moulodnelia alizis arqiteqtura; Sesabamisad, Su-
laver-SomuTefes kultura amierkavkasiaSi samxreTidan vrcel-
deba (o.jafariZe, 2001, gv. 84); Sdr. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1998, gv.183:
ramdenadac mtkvar-araqsis kultura "farTod vrceldeba samxre-
TiT, es SeiZleba metyvelebdes qarTveluri mosaxleobis garkveu-
li masis samxreTiT gadaadgilebaze".
Sdr., o.jafariZe, 2001, gv. 86-87: "mtkvar-araqsisa da kirbeT-
- 227 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kerakis kulturebis samxreTiT gavrcelebis areali TiTqmis em-
Txveva xuritebis adgilsamyofels, rac bunebrivad gvavaraudebi-
nebs, rom xuritebi mtkvar-araqs-kirbeT-kerakis didi kulturis
Tanaavtorebi arian". aqve ix. l.vulis mosazrebis kritika, rome-
lic kirbeT-kerakis kulturis Semoqmedad xeTebs miiCnevs.
mtkvar-araqsis kulturis qmnadobis procesSi qarTveluri
tomebis gverdiT sxva iberiul-kavkasiur tomebs ver xedavs o.jafa-
riZe, romelic Tvlis, rom Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebamde didi xniT ad-
re, Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebSi daiSala iberiul-kavkasiuri enobriv-
eTnikuri erToba (o.jafariZe, 1998, gv. 118), Sesabamisad, mtkvar-
araqsis kulturis ZiriTadi Semoqmedni arian xuritulenova-
ni da qarTveluri tomebi (o.jafariZe, 1998, gv.183-185; agreTve:
g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.338 da T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.894,
sadac navaraudevia, rom am kulturis erT-erTi Semoqmedi SeiZ-
leboda yofiliyo indoevropuli modgmac; Sdr., g.qavTaraZe: "es
kultura imdenad erTgvarovania, rom ver iqneboda araerTgvaro-
vani mosaxleobis warmonaqmni. TviT Soreul regionebSi gavrce-
lebisa da adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan Serwymis Semdegac ki inar-
Cunebs Tavis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs"...mtkvar-araqsis kulturis
avtoris Sesaxeb Cveni msjeloba ix., qvemoT).
gr. giorgaZe, 2002, gv.69: gasaTvaliswinebelia samecniero li-
teraturaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi, "romlis mixedviT xuritebis
gansaxlebis sazRvrebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore da III aTaswle-
ulis pirvel naxevarSi teritoriulad emTxveva mtkvar-araqsis
kulturis gavrcelebis sazRvrebs, met-naklebad - aRmosavleT
anatoliis adre brinjaos xanis kulturul areals. ufro damaje-
rebelia xuritebis adreuli gansaxleba vanisa da urmiis tbebis
regionSi. ar aris gamoricxuli varaudi, rom xuritebi Crdilo-
eT mesopotamiis avtoqToni tomebi yofiliyvnen".
axlo aRmosavleTis ZiriTadi (avtoqToni!) mosaxleobis mier
Seqmnili mtkvar-araqsis kulturis sazRvrebi moicavda kavkasias
(dasavleTiT - samtrediamde), aRmosavleT anatolias, Crdilo-
dasavleT irans, aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, evropis na-
- 228 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
wils, siria-palestinas (l.maxniki, 1972; o.jafariZe, 1976; g.avaliS-
vili, 1994; o.jafariZe, 2001...). "mtkvar-araqsis kultura uaRre-
sad Taviseburi movlenaa kavkasiis uZveles istoriaSi. arasodes,
arc adre da arc Semdgom, es teritoria kulturis mxriv ar yo-
fila ase erTgvarovani. amitom swored kultura warmoadgens am
teritoriaze mosaxle xalxTa gamaerTianebel, udidesi mniSvne-
lobis mqone Zalas. kulturaa maTi erTobis safuZveli da am er-
Tobis gamomxatveli umTavresi niSani" (m.xidaSeli, 2003, gv. 82).
am msjelobas mxars uWers musikaTmcodneTa daskvnac: n.maisuraZe,
1989, gv.71: "kavkasia odesRac winaaziuri musikaluri kulturis
arealSi Sedioda. mogvianebiT yalibdeba am kulturis kavkasiu-
ri varianti, romlis warmoqmna kavkasiaSi mravalxmianobis Ca-
saxva-ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba".
axlo aRmosavleTis avtoqToni mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebis
Sesaxeb msjeloben anTropologebic:
l.biTaZe, 2002, gv.156: "dermatoglifikuri da serelogiuri
masalebis analizi aCvenebs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mWidro kav-
Sirs winaaziur samyarosTan... istoriuli saqarTvelos mosaxle-
oba imTaviTve ekuTvnoda erT did anTropologiur plasts, rome-
lic Sedioda indo-xmelTaSuazRvispiruli rasis winaaziuri
ganStoebis SemadgenlobaSi".
kvlevis am etapze ufro logikuria, vTqvaT: gviani eneoliTis
amierkavkasiis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis memkvidre mtkvar-
araqsis kultura Seqmna ergatiuli konstruqciis enis/enebis
mqone kavkasiur-xurituli modgmis xalxma.
Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi indoevropuli da sxva tomebis dawo-
liT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxi" iwyebs swraf
divergencias. III-II aTaswleulTa mijnaze saqarTvelos terito-
ria kulturaTa da eTnosTa mkveTri dinebebis Serevis velSi
eqceva (Sdr., monaTesave enebs Soris arsebuli didi sxvaobis mi-
zezi xSirad aris ara praenasTan didi xnis daSoreba, aramed in-
tensiuri Serevebic); savaraudoa, am periodidan iberiul-kavkasi-
uri enobrivi wris samxreTul variantSi iwyeba klasis morfo-
- 229 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
logiuri kategoriis moSla, rac, Cveni azriT, ukve Zv.w. II
aTaswleulidan dasabams udebs iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi
velisgan qarTveluris gamomijvnas.
vfiqrobT, swored xuritul-xaTur-kavkasiur tomTa diver-
genciisa da konvergenciis xangrZliv procesSi yalibdebian cno-
bili muSqebi, qaSqebi, abeSlaelebi, urartuelebi, karduxebi,
sperebi, kolxebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi... mogvianebiT ki, Zv.w. I
aTaswleulis Sua periodSi am monaTesave tomTa sacxovrisis
ganapira regionebSi maT erevian skviT-alanebi, armenebi da sxva
mosuli tomebi; sayuradReboa:
musikaluri teqstebis analizis Sedegebi mowmoben, rom osur
(da, garkveulwilad, somxur - t.f.) musikalur enas safuZvlad
kavkasiuri substrati udevs (n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.58).
Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulSi mimdinare eTnosTa didi Serevebis Se-
degebi aisaxa asurelebSic da urartuelebSic: "eniT semiti asu-
relebi anTropologiurad narev xalxs – semituri elementisa da
aziuri modgmis xuritebis Serevis produqts warmoadgenen...
urartuli panTeonis qalRmerT arubanis musasirSi Zv.w. VIII sau-
kuneSi moupovebia iranuli saxelwodeba bagmaSTu; es movlena mi-
uTiTebs, rom xuri-urartul mosaxleobas Seeria iranuli tomi"
(g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.29, 41).
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan kavkasiaSi lokalizebu-
li ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxis erTi nawili -
qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgma (kolxebi, mosxebi/muskebi, taoe-
lebi, abaSebi/abazebi, Crdilokavkasielebi...) halisis, mtkvris,
Woroxis, rion-yvirilis, enguris, liaxvis xeobebSi da Crdilo-
kavkasiis nawilSi qmnis did kolxur-yobanur kulturas; ro-
melsac, pirobiTad, SeiZleba vuwodoT aia-kolxeTis eTno-kul-
tura. albaT, nawilobriv, mis velSive Canan e.w. nairis qveynebi,
centraluri kabadokiis aRmosavleT (da Crdilo-aRmosavleT) na-
wilSi mcxovrebi mesx/muSqebis, qaSqebis, tibarenebisa da sxva qar-
Tveluri tomebis sacxovrisebi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa
T.miqelaZis daskvna:
- 230 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
"aias samefo win uswrebda kulxas gaerTianebas; amitom miTSi
oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb aietis samefos saxiT aisaxa daiaenis (igive
aias) samefo, romelic jer kidev Zv.w. XII saukunis miwurulSia da-
mowmebuli tiglaTfileser I warweraSi" (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.79-
85); Sdr., daiaenis mefe 60 toms winamZRolobs; maT Soris arian
Savi zRvis sanapiros tomebic; Sdr., agreTve: "argonavtikis uZve-
les versiebSi, qveyana, sadac argonavtebma ilaSqres, berZnebisa-
Tvis aias saxeliT iyo cnobili, xolo ufro gvian ki – kolxidad
moixsenieba" (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.32).
savaraudoa, rom centralur da aRmosavleT anatoliaSic ar-
qeologiurma Ziebebma kolxuri kulturis kvali aRmoaCinos;
Sdr., ioseb flaviusis azriT, mosox/meSexebi kabadokiaSi arian;
amave azrs adastureben Tanamedrove mecnierebic, ix. n.xazaraZe,
2000, gv.12: "hekateseuli da herodoteseuli mosxebi-mesxebi Zv.w.
VI-V saukuneebSi kabadokiaSi, md. halisis (dRevandeli yizil-ir-
makis) auzSi mcxovrebi tomebis aRmosavleTiT mdebare terito-
riaze binadrobdnen, dRevandeli tokat-yarahisar-giumuSxanes
sanaxebSi, xolo Zv.w. IV saukunis bolo meoTxedSi istoriul sa-
mxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos regionSi (samcxe, javaxeTi, klarje-
Ti, egri, SavSeTi, eruSeTi, tao, kola, artaani, basiani) Zlieri
politikuri gaerTianeba Seqmnes, romlis samxreTi sazRvari dRe-
vandel erzinjanTan gadioda; straboni am gaerTianebas "mosxebis
qveyanas" (mosxikes) uwodebs, xolo "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" avtori
- arian-qarTls".
davZenT:
logikuria, rom Zv.w. VII saukuneSi balkaneTidan samxreTis
gziT (Sdr.: herodotes mixedviT, Crdilokavkasiis uReltexile-
bidan) kimerielebisa da skviTebis gamanadgurebeli Semosevis Sem-
deg mesxur-kolxuri (mosxur-qaSquri) tomebis kulturulma cen-
trma anatolia-kabadokiidan CrdiloeTiT gadmoinacvla: jer sa-
mxreT amierkavkasiaSi (TorTumSi? artanujSi? olTisSi?), Semdeg
ki - Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi, ufliscixe-mcxeTasa da quTaisSi; Sdr.,
quj-farnavazis periodSi centri xdeba mcxeTa/Tbilisi, magram
- 231 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
Semdgom periodSic, qarTveluri modgmis kulturul-politi-
kuri centrebi amave geografiul samkuTxedze moZraoben: ba-
na/artanuji (aSoti, daviTi) - noqalaqevi/quTaisi - (bagrati/gi-
orgi) - Tbilisi (daviTi/Tamari)...
kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi
ena, savaraudoa, iyo saerToqarTveluri koine/ena, romlis uSua-
lo memkvidrea samwignobro qarTuli (ix.qvemoT).
b. mecnierebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze rTulia, sa-
bolood gadawyvetilad CaiTvalos samxreT evropisa (balkane-
Tis, apeninisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulebze) da afrikis Crdi-
loeT sanapiros araindoevropeli mosaxleobisa da protoqar-
Tveluri xalxis (enebis) naTesaobis problema, Tumca, saamisod
bevri sayuradRebo monacemi arsebobs; kerZod:
a. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis STambeWdavi elementebi dastur-
deba ara mxolod aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, aramed -
evropaSic: "centralur da aRmosavleT evropis rig kulturebSi
Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pir-
vel naxevarSi (adreuneticis, glina III - Snekerbergi, belotiC-be-
lacerkva da sxva) SeiniSneba msgavseba kavkasiis adrebrinjaos xa-
nis kulturasTan (l.maxniki). Tanac Tanxvdoma imdenad didia,
rom is ver aixsneba konvergenciulobiT an savaWro kontaqtebiT.
albaT adgili hqonda mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebel tom-
Ta SeRwevas kavkasiidan evropaSi" (g.avaliSvili, 1994, gv. 55). g.mi-
rcxulavasa da n.mircxulavas azriT, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasa-
wyisidan aRmosavleT evropis metalurgia mWidrod aris dakavSi-
rebuli kavkasiasTan; am dros kavkasiaSic da evropaSic batonobs
dariSxaniani brinjao, Tumca ungreTSi Cans antimonianic. mas
karpatul-dunaispirul liTons uwodeben da aRniSnaven, rom
formebi ZiriTadad mainc kavkasiuria. am periodSi da, SeiZleba
cota ufro adrec, kavkasiaSic aris antimoniani brinjao - afxaze-
Tis dolmenebsa da saCxeris masalebSi. didia msgavseba Tixis
plastikaSic... unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, Crdilokavkasiuri
- 232 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
mtkvar-araqsuli masalebis kavSirebi evropul masalebTan. es kav-
Sirebi unda aixsnas jer kidev niko maris mier navaraudevi kavkasii-
dan meliTone iafeturi tomebis didi gadasaxlebiT (g.mircxu-
lava, n.mircxulava, 2001, gv.5). samecniero literaturaSi kavka-
sia-evropis xazze tomTa gadaadgileba navaraudevia ori gziT:
kavkasia - aRmosavleT evropa - dasavleT evropa; kavkasia-mcire
azia - evropa (g.avaliSvili, 1994, gv. 55). orive mosazreba mxars
uWers mtkvar-araqsis kulturis kavkasiur warmomavlobas, Tumca
damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs xalxTa gadasaxlebis mimarTulebis
sakiTxi.
b. ZiriTadad eTnologiur-kulturologiuri xasiaTis msje-
lobebis safuZvelze XIX-XX saukuneebSi specialistTa erTi na-
wili miiCnevda, rom Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebSi protoqarTveluri
(protokavkasiuri) modgma "aRavsebda ara mxolod kavkasias, ara-
med indostanis naxevarkunZulis did nawils, xmelTaSuazRvis
auzs, Crdilo da samxreT evropas, pirineebs, egeosis arqipelags
da mcire azias" (z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.27-29; aqve, ix.: v.humbol-
dtis, n.maris, s.yauxCiSvilis, t.margvelaSvilis, a.losevis, o.nee-
raxeris, r. gordezianis da sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebebis Sesaxeb).
g.qavTaraZis kvlevam saintereso paralelebi warmoaCina minosuri
kretisa da anatoliis mosaxleobis pelazgebTan identifikaciis
TvalsazrisiT (g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.13-19); Sdr., pelazgebi arian
etruskTa winaprebi; etruskebi apeninis naxevarkunZulze modian
dasavleTi mcire aziidan; Sdr.: berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT,
kolxidis mefe aieti pelazgia (a.uruSaZe, 1964, gv.16-17, 22-26: ber-
Znuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kolxeTis mefe aieti korinTodanaa;
iasoni da medea korinToSi Cadian, rogorc TavianT samemkvidro
qveyanaSi, xolo medeas SviliSvili ilosi mermerosis Ze troas
omis dros korinTos patroni iyo).
samecniero literaturaSi aqtiurad ganixileba kavkasiuri
folklorul-eTnografiuli monacemebisa (oqros sawmisi, miTo-
logiuri gmirebi, gveli/gvelveSapi, miwis rituali, saxlis saZir-
kvlis Cayris rituali, batonebis/RvTaebebis gamxiaruleba...) da
- 233 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
xaTuri miTologiuri Tu sakulto sistemebis saerToobis Tema
(samecniero literaturisa da sakiTxis mimoxilvisTvis ix.: g.qav-
TaraZe, 1985, gv.36-38; q.sixaruliZe, 2003; xelnaweri Sroma); mag.,
f.haasi askvnis, rom Tqmuleba oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb xaTuri
warmoSobisaa, xolo oqros sawmisis kulti gavrcelebuli iyo
mTel wina aziaSi (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.34).
Tanamedrove kulturologiur-anTropologiuri Ziebani sa-
intereso Tanxvedras avlens uZveles kavkasiur-winaaziur da wina-
reberZnul miTebs Sorisac; mag., q.TuiTis azriT, homerosiseuli
Tesalieli aqilevsi da qarTvelur-afxazur-osuri amirani bev-
ri ramiT hgvanan erTmaneTs (orive gmiris deda aris bunebis qal-
RmerTi; qalRmerTi/deda mokvdav monadiresTan wveba gamoqvabul-
Si; orive gmiri SeiZleba iqces mTavari RmerTis metoqed; Svili
udrood tovebs dedis saSos da, saerTod, dedis gareSe rCeba;
orive xdeba uZleveli meomari; orive Tavisi saxlis (oikosis) ga-
reT, liminalur sivrceSi cxovrobs; orive gmirs amarcxebs Rmer-
Ti Suamavlis gamoyenebiT... amiranisa da aqilevsis ciklebi
warmoadgenen erTsa da imave winaistoriul simboloTa mtevnis
variantebs (q.TuiTi, 1998).
Sdr., agreTve, q.TuiTis Semdegi sxva daskvna:
kavkasiis erebSi farTod gavrcelebulia nanadirevi, SeWmuli
da Semdeg gacocxlebuli jixvis xis beWis (proTezis) miTologi-
uri motivi; mas paralelebi eZebneba evropaSic da aziaSic; ker-
Zod, es miTologiuri motivi SemorCenilia sami evraziuli qedis:
alpebis, kavkasionisa da hidukuSis irgvliv mosaxle xalxebSi; es
faqti exmianeba amerikeli paleolingvistis - jon bengstonis mier
navaraudevi makro-kavkasiuri uZvelesi enis (mosaxleobis, sadac
baskebic Sediodnen) arsebobis SesaZleblobis ideas (q.TuiTi,
1996). ar Cans SemTxveviTi, rom xis beWis miTologiuri motivis
mqone xalxebis enebi msgavsebas avlenen: iberiul-kavkasiuri, bas-
kuri da buruSuli enebi ergatiuli konstruqciisani arian. es
faqtebi ar aris sakmarisi, am enaTa/eTnosTa saerTo warmomavlo-
ba rom vamtkicoT, Tumca, faqtebi niSandoblivia... am konteq-
- 234 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
stSivea saintereso qarTvel mkvlevarTa terminebi: protoqarTu-
li, protoiberiuli (s.yauxCiSvili, z.gamsaxurdia), iberiul-
kavkasiuri (iv.javaxiSvili, arn.Ciqobava...) da sxv., romlebic jon
bengstonis terminebze (makrokavkasiuri, sinokavkasiuri/denekav-
kasiuri) adrea Seqmnili da warmatebulad damkvidrebulic.
c. egeosuri, qarTvelur-kavkasiuri da mcireaziur-anatoli-
uri enobrivi masalis siaxlove da am mimarTulebiT kvlevis per-
speqtiuloba aCvena r.gordezianma; kerZod, is askvnis: "egeosursa
da qarTvelur enebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli mimarTeba; es mi-
marTeba xSirad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre amis warmodgena
surs zogierT mecniers... muSaobis am mimarTulebiT gagrZelebam,
yvela iberiul-kavkasiuri enisa da xmelTaSua zRvis Zveli enebis
Rrma SedarebiTma analizma SeiZleba momavalSi mravali sayura-
dRebo aRmoCenis winaSe dagvayenos" (r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.253);
"qarTveluri da, saerTod, kavkasiuri masalis gaTvaliswineba sa-
vsebiT aucilebeli gaxdeba xmelTaSua zRvis iseT kulturaTa Se-
swavlisaTvis, romelnic dRemde amden amoucnob saidumlos inaxa-
ven" (r.gordeziani, 1985, gv.170; problemis istoriisaTvis ix., ag-
reTve, a.nemirovski, 1983, gv.80-82).
d. n.marisa da arn.Ciqobavas azriT, ergatiuli konstruqciis
mqone baskuri da iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis (xalxebis) naTesa-
obac "uTuod dadebiTad wydeba" (n.mari, 1927; arn.Ciqobava, 1979,
gv.302); Sdr., sxvadasxva enobrivi movlenis analizis Semdeg a.to-
vari wers: "kavkasiuri enebi erTimeorisgan Rrmad gansxvavebul
Taviseburebebs amJRavneben, magram baskurTan naTesaoba arc erTi
maTganisTvis ar gamoiricxeba... baskur-kavkasiuri naTesaobis faq-
ti, SemCneuli espaneli fitas mier da dadasturebuli Suxar-
dtis, trombetis, ulenbekis, diumezilis, boudas da lafonis mi-
er ufro sistemuri Seswavlis safuZvelze, aris aRmoCena, rome-
lic Zalze Soreuli da ucnobi warsulidan momdinare faqts
gamoavlens..." (a.tovari, 1980, gv.33-35). baskur-qarTveluri enob-
rivi siaxlovis maCvenebeli STambeWdavi paralelebia warmodgeni-
li a.tovaris naSromze darTul arn.Ciqobavas gamokvlevaSi - "bas-
- 235 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kuris naTesaobis sakiTxi ant.tovaris wignSi: "baskuri ena"; ker-
Zod, leqsikuri paralelebis garda, arn. Ciqobavas azriT, basku-
risa da iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis istoriul-genezisuri mimar-
Tebis amsaxveli saerTo struqturuli movlenebia: postpozici-
uri msazRvrelis mimarTeba brunvis procesTan; ergatiuli
brunva; zmnis pirovani, klasovani da klasovan-pirovani uRle-
ba; obieqtisa da subieqtis aRniSvna gardamaval zmnaSi; orga-
nuli da aRweriTi warmoebis xvedriTi wona; zmnis fuZis saxe-
luri buneba; gvaris kategoria; ergatiuli konstruqciis ar-
seboba sintaqsSi; saxelis gramatikuli klasis kategoria da
semantikuri kategoria (vin? da ra ?) da sxva.
baskur-kavkasiuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb faseuli msjelobebi
aqvT: n.mars, iv. javaxiSvils, k.ulenbeks, h.fogts, r.lafons, h.kin-
tanas, S.ZiZigurs, i.zicars, i.brauns, g.CantlaZes, n.sturuas, s.ga-
bunias... gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa i.zicarisa da i.braunis na-
Sromebi (problemis mimoxilvis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.burWulaZe,
2005, gv.196-202).
Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi sifrTxiliT ekide-
bian winareqarTveluri samyarosa da winareberZnuli kulturis
igiveobis Temas; Tumca, specialistTa mier warmodgenili lin-
gvistur-kulturologiur-istoriuli paralelebi marTlac Se-
iZleba iyos winareqarTvelur-kavkasiuri (aRmosavleT iberiu-
li), pelazguri, etruskuli, baskuri da sxva Zveli enebis, Sesaba-
misad, iberiuli modgmis xalxebis didi saerTo warsulis mam-
tkicebeli (etruskul-pelazguri eTnosis mcireaziuri warmo-
mavlobis Sesaxeb ix.: r.gordeziani, 1970; a.nemirovski, 1983, gv.61;
g.qavTaraZe, 1985 da sxv.). problema axali Taobis mkvlevars elis
(vinc arsebul codnas axleburi meTodiT Seajamebs).
amrigad, specialistTa kvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelTa winaprebis Tavdapirveli
sacxovrisi iyo kavkasiac da mcire aziis erTi nawilic; Tumca,
rTulia sazRvrebis zustad gansazRvra. uZvelesi periodis
werilobiTi wyaroebis ararsebobis pirobebSi am mimarTulebiT
- 236 -
 kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis... winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...

garkveuli informacia SeiZleba mogvces arqeologiurma Ziebebma, 2.1.3. winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da
isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki enaTa divergencia/interfernciis qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (iberiul-kavkasiuri)enobrivi veli;
daTariRebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mocemuli eTnosis istoriisa winaaziur-kavkasiur monaTesave enaTa mimarTebis sqema
da arqeologiuri kulturis sinqronizeba.
samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia
mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedi xalxis vinaobis Sesaxeb; ik-
veTeba problemisadmi damokidebulebis erTi saintereso aspeqti:
mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedad Crdilokavkasiuri tomebi
naklebad moiazrebian:
o.jafariZe, 1998, gv.183: mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ZiriTadi
Semoqmedni arian kavkasiuri tomebi, upiratesad, xuritule-
novani da qarTveluri.
T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.894: mtkvar-araqsis kul-
turis Semqmnelni da matarebelni arian xurituli, samxreT-
kavkasiuri (qarTveluri) da indoevropeli eTnosebi...
Sdr.: rusi arqeologebis - e. krupnovisa da r.munCaevis - va-
raudiT, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis avtori SeiZleboda yofiliyo
iberiul-kavkasiuri enobriv-eTnikuri erToba (narkvevebi, I,
gv.337-338). am konteqstSi CvenTvis sainteresoa a.meies mosazreba,
kerZod, igi SesaZleblad miiCnevda Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi Ta-
namedrove kavkasiuri enebis, baskurisa da wina aziis zogi mkvdari
enis winapari enobrivi erTobis arsebobas (i.zicari, 1955, gv.52).
rogorc vxedavT, bolo periodis mkvlevarTa naSromebis
mixedviT mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedia "samxreT kavkasiu-
ri" anu qarTveluri eTnosi: aRar Cans "iberiul-kavkasiuri eT-
nosi"; mizezi martivia:
maTi azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi erTobis arseboba
friad saeWvoa; an: Tuki arsebobda, Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebSi igi
ukve daSlilia, Sesabamisad, am enis mflobeli xalxi ver iqneboda
"mtkvar-araqsis kulturis" Semoqmedi. sanimuSod mogvyavs g.meli-
qiSvilis mTavari argumenti (leqsikuri nasesxobebis Sesaxeb ix.
qvemoT):
g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.338: "Tundac rom vaRiaroT odesRac
iberiur-kavkasiuri erTobis arseboba, aseTis moTavseba Zv.w.

- 237 - - 237 -
 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
III aTaswleulSi SeuZlebelia", vinaidan III aTaswleulSi ukve
arsebobda "iberiul-kavkasiuri" enebis calkeuli jgufebi (saer-
ToqarTveluri, saerTodaRestnuri)... cnobili istorikosi am-
gvar daskvnas akeTebs e.w. leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT
g.klimovis mier "dadgenili" "qarTvelur enaTa" daSlis TariRis
safuZvelze. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, amgvari gziT dadgenili dro
enaTa arseboba/daSlisa metismetad saeWvoa da, Sesabamisad, dro-
is mocemul monakveTSi eTnosTa yofna/aryofnis dasturad ver
gamodgeba.
Sdr, agreTve, o.jafariZe, 1976, gv.17-20, 93: kavkasiuri enobrivi
da kulturuli erToba ukve daSlilia Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi; III
aTaswleulSi ki sabolood Camoyalibebulia kavkasiis mosaxleo-
bis ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufebi...
Cveni azriT, amgvari qronologiebi friad sakamaToa bevri mi-
zezis gamo (ix. qvemoT); Sdr.: arn. Ciqobavam kargad icoda i.diako-
novis, g.klimovis, T.gamyreliZis, g.maWavarianisa da sxvaTa mosaz-
rebebi Tu argumentebi saerTokavkasiuris arsebobisa da saerTo-
qarTveluris daTariRebis Sesaxeb, magram iberiul-kavkasiuri er-
Tobis drod is mainc varaudobda 3000 wlis winandel dros:
"iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmoSoba
aerTianebT. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs: savaraudod sa-
mi aTasi wlis winandels da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavka-
siis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals" (arn.Ciqobava, 1978, gv 253); Se-
sabamisad, Cveni fiqriT, saerToqarTveluris arseboba Zv.w. I
aTaswleulSi unda vivaraudoT; Sdr.: mkvlevarTa erTi nawili
saerToqarTveluris arsebobas varaudobs Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleu-
lebSi (ix.: v.ivanovi, T.gamyreliZe 1984, gv.880; m.qurdiani, 2003,
gv.44 da sxv. ix. qvemoT 2.2.3.).
araqarTulenovani mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobia arn.Ciqobavas is
argumentebi da daskvnebi, romlebic ueWvels xdis iberiul-kavka-
siuri enebis naTesaobas (ix. "iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis
Sesavali", 1979); moviyvanT ramdenime debulebas:
1. iberiul-kavkasiur praenas axasiaTebda xmovanTa martivi da
TanxmovanTa rTuli sistema; xmovanTa uZvelesi viTareba daculi
- 238 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
aqvs qarTvelur, xunZur, afxazur-adiRur, bacbur-inguSur enebs,
xolo TanxmovanTa viTareba ukeT Semogvinaxa naxurma da qarTve-
lurma enebma;
2. fuZis umartivesi saxe istoriulad erTmarcvliani Cans;
igi Sedgeboda Tanxmovnisa da determinatiuli sufiqsisgan. de-
terminatiuli sufiqsebi gamovlenilia qarTvelur, adiRur, da
rig daRestnur enebSi;
3. sqesis kategoria ucxoa yvela iberiul-kavkasiuri enisTvis;
aq gamoiyofoda mamakacis, qalis, nivTis, cxovelis da sxva semanti-
kuri klasebi, romlebic morfologiuradac gamoixateboda saTa-
nado prefiqsebiT; Cans, klasebis mixedviT xdeboda brunebac da
uRlebac... mxolod amgvarad SeiZleba aixsnas saerTo morfolo-
giuri inventaris arseboba saxelur da zmnur morfemebSi.
4. iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi aglutinaciuria; pirveladia
prefiqsacia, meoreulia sufiqsacia;
5. iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi moqmedebiTi gvari formdeba kau-
zativis mawarmoeblebiT;
6. yvela cocxal iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi gvaqvs ergatiuli
konstruqciis winadadeba;
7. qarTvelur, afxazur-adiRur, naxur da Cerqezul enebSi
mravlad vlindeba saerTokavkasiuri leqsika...
"rac ufro Rrmad SeviWrebiT iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa isto-
riaSi, miT ufro meti saerTo aRmoCndeba" (gv. 274).
arn.Ciqobava da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis sko-
lis sxva warmomadgenlebi aTwleulebis manZilze qarTvelurTan
mimarTebiT warmatebiT ikvleven imierkavkasiis enebs; Sedegad
gamovlenilia mravali leqsikuri paraleli; mag., qarTvelur-Cer-
qezuli leqsikuri paralelebis Sesaxeb ix. g.rogava, 1956; aqve sa-
interesoa imis aRniSvnac, rom qarTveluri da afxazur-adiRuri
saerTo leqsikuri fondis arsebobas aRiarebs g.klimovic ki, ro-
melic iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Teorias ar izia-
rebs, magram 40-mde aseT leqsikur erTeuls gamoyofs (g.klimovi,
1969); qarTul-afxazuri bgeraTfardobis Sesaxeb ix. q.lomTaTi-
Zis gamokvlevebi (1977 da sxv.), agreTve, b.foCxua, 1974.
- 239 -
 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
mdidari samecniero literaturis mixedviT, iberiul-kavka-
siuri enebis erTiani leqsikuri fondis Sesaxeb sagangebod msje-
lobs b.foCxua; misi azriT, qarTvelursa da sxva iberiul-kavkasi-
ur enebs saerTo warmomavlobisa aqvT ZiriTadi leqsikuri fon-
dis mravali sityva; kerZod: deda, mama, coli, oboli... Tve, dRe,
mze, yinavs, ca, zafxuli, samxari... barkali, bayvi, guli, idayvi,
marjvena, mkerdi, mxari, piri, ZuZu, wamwami, wveri, Wipi, tvini, fil-
tvi, fxa, xeli, Zvali, muxli... guguli, mgeli, Rori, yvavi, Tagvi,
ciyvi, qaTami, matli, mweri, kalia, pepela, WianWvela, Zu, xvadi,
berwi, RuRuni, xvixvini... dika, maxa, seli, yana, vaSli, msxali,
leRvi, kakali, soko, WinWari, anwli, ZeZvi... vin, man... sami, xuTi,
aTi, asi, cali, tyupi... didi, mrgvali, rbili, TeTri, yviTeli,
Txeli, Zveli, msxvili... Seazanzarebs, eSinia, wovs, wvavs, Wams,
svams, susxavs, ustvens, fuvdeba, dgas, icinis, lokavs, goravs, ur-
tyams, abams, qsovs, Tesavs, Weds... kedeli, yveli, Zmari, celi, jaWvi
da sxv. (b.foCxua, 1974, gv. 328-330; aqvea dasaxelebuli is iberiul-
kavkasiuri enebi, sadac warmodgenili sityvebi dasturdeba; saer-
To iberiul-kavkasiuri leqsikisTvis ix., agreTve, gr.giorgaZe,
2002, gv.91-93).
iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa Tu eTnosebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
Tanamedrove samecniero naSromebi ufro metad amyareben iberi-
ul-kavkasiur enaTa/xalxTa naTesaobis Teorias; kerZod, ukanas-
kneli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, Crdilokavkasiur enebsa da qar-
Tvelurs Soris dgindeba regularuli da kanonzomieri bge-
raTSesatyvisobebic; kerZod, arn.Ciqobavas, g.rogavas, q.lomTa-
TiZis, e.bokarevas, t.gudavas, s.xaidakovis, s.nikola~evisa da sxva-
Ta gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT, m.Cuxuam 2001-2004 wlebSi gamoqvey-
nebul naSromebSi warmoadgina STambeWdavi qarTvelur-naxur-
daRestnuri saerTo masala: istoriul-SedarebiTi analizis Se-
degad gamovlinda ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis 500-ze meti erTeu-
li, romelic saerTokavkasiuri warmomavlobisaa; m.Cuxuas naSro-
mis Sesabamisad, aq davimowmebT leqsikur erTeulTa nawils
(m.Cuxuas gamokvleva srulad ibeWdeba iberiul-kavkasiuri enaT-
mecnierebis 35-e tomSi):
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
saerToqarTveluri sun-, sul-, *s…-en-, zan. S…-an-(d), Sur-,
svan. S…-em-  S…-en-, Sur-  Sul-; bacb. sa  sin Sdr.: mr. r. sin-
bu~, CaCn. s›  sin (mr. r. sin-oS), as-ar "gasuliereba, gamxneveba",
ing. s›  sin-, Øas-ar id; saerTonaxuri sin-  winarenaxuri *s…in-;
xunZ. s´un-t-, and. Sun-n-, boTl. Sa¹-, tind. hun-, bagv. hun-, kar. Su-,
axvax. S…an- "dasunva"; winaredaRestnuri *s…-an-.
saerToqarTveluri mos-: sa-mos-el-i, zan. (meg.) mos- "mosva",
svan. mas-; bacb. {merSi}: CaCn. merC‹  merSi: ing. merCi  merSi,
winarenaxuri. mesr-i "sudara"; xunZ. musru, bejit. musru, did.
musru, ruT. sˆr "samare", lak. suru…, arCib. soro "sudara", winare-
daRestnuri musr-u….
saerToqarTveluri sel-i, zan. su(l-): svan. sˆl-; bacb. fsa "qe-
ri", CaCn. suos, ing. sos (redupl.) "особый вид ржи"  nax. *fsal-
winarenaxuri b-sal; darg. susul, lak. sus, lezg. sil, Tab. sur-sul, aR.
s‘lºsul-en, xin. sil-q, kriw. sil-sil, budux. sˆl-sˆl  winaredaRestnuri
*sul-.
saerToqarTveluri ser-i "Rame", zan. ser-i; bacb. fsar-eh "gu-
Sin", fsar-lo "saRamo", CaCn. sar-ah–, ing. sar-–h, saÉr-Ée "saRamo",
winarenaxuri fsar-  *s…ar; xunZ. son- "guSin", and. son, tind. soni,
axvax. Suni, arC. san-Gi, Tab. san "wuxel", xin. san, xvarS. hun-lÀ, hun-
i-ja "guSin", darg. sa, wax. san-x½a, saerTodaRestnuri san-  wina-
redaRestnuri *sar-.
saerToqarTveluri *gus-: qs-ov-a *gs-ov-, zan. rS-*qS- 
*gS, svan. JiS-  *gus-; bacb. qes- *ges- "saqmianoba", CaCn. qÉes- 
*ges-, qis- "naqsovi", ing. qes-  *ges-, qis- "tilo", winarenaxuri
*ges- (saqmianoba _ qsova; semantemaTa mimarTebisaTvis Sdr. svan.
lˆC…min/luC…min 1. "gakeTebuli", 2. "moqsovili"); xunZ. be-s´-,
and. beS´-, Rod. his´-i, axvax. gos´-ur, karat. qeS´-en/qerS´-en "moqso-
- 241 -
 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
va", did. ri-S-a, hunz. re-S-a, darg. bu-S-es, lak. S´aS´-an  *q´aS´-
an, lezg. aru-S-un "darTva", ru-S-un "qsova".
saerToqarTveluri *…s-: vs-eb-a, sa-vs-e, zan. o-fS-a/e-fS-a "sa-
vse", fS-af-a "vseba", mo-fS-a/go-fS-a, svan. g…eS-/g…S-  *…S-; bacb.
se-fs- "berva", "afueba", CaCn. so-…s- "gavseba, afueba, duRili",
ChaGar su…s _ `Rvino duRs", ing. so-…s- "gaberva, afueba", Sdr.
winarenaxuri de-…s-, *…s "gaberva"; xunZ. re-C´- "duGili", darg.
ru-J-ir "duRili", lak. S´ar-an id, winaredaRestnuri *de-S-.
saerToqarTveluri nems-: nemsi, aWar. lems-i, zan. lifS-i/liS-i
*nimS-i; bacb. {urs}, CaCn. urs, ing. urs- winarenaxuri *nus;
xunZ. nus, and. besun, boTl. besun, Rod. besun, Wam. besu¹, tind.,
bagv., kar. besun, axvax. me¹Su  meun (mr.r. meSuna), winaredaRes-
tnuri *nuseb "dana".
saerToqarTveluri s…el-i "Srati", zan. (megr.) S…en-i 
*S…ar-i "Txis qoni", svan. S…el "Srati"; bacb. Sar- "do", CaCn. Sar
"Srati, do", ing. S–r, saerTonaxuri S…ar  *sEal; xunZ. S´…ar,
boTl. S´ara, tind. S´ari, kar. S´are, Wam. s´ara "Srati, sEeli", wina-
redaRestnuri s…al-e.
saerToqarTveluri sof-: sof-el-i, m-sof-l-io, zan. (megr.) sof-,
svan. s…if- "moedani sofelSi", "safixvno"; bacb. fhe, CaCn. fha, ing.
fh– "sofeli" *fSe  saerTonaxuri *s…e; and. hon, axvax. hani,
kar. hana, tind. hana, darg. Si, lak. Sara- (valu), arCib. xor, lezg.
x‘r, aR. hur, zax. xi… "sofeli", xin. s…i; saerTodaRestnuri
*S…ani/*s…ani.
saerToqarTveluri *s…-: s…-e, s…-am- "wasma", "mosma", zan.
s…- "wasma", "mosma"; bacb. bos "feri", bas-lo Tasar "SeRebva", CaCn.
- 242 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
buos-/ bas-, ing. bos-/bas-  winarenaxuri *ba-s…; xunZ. bo-x½-, and.
bu-S, yam. bu-h-, bagv. bi-S-, kar. bu-x…- "wasma", winaredaRestnuri
*bi-s…-.
saerToqarTveluri ne-st…-, st…-ir-i, st…-en-a, zan. S…it-in-,
mi-Svit-ia, svan. ne-Str-@l/ne-Sdr-@l (pl. tantum) "nestoebi"; bacb.
{Sot-}: CaCn. S~ed-ag/Sod-ag, qist. Sud-uq (ax.), ing. S…od-ilg
"дудка", winarenaxuri *Set…  *set…; xunZ. hiSt-, axvax. S´it-, arCib.
S…it "stvena", winaredaRestnuri *sit…-.
saerToqarTveluri -s mic. br. niS., zan. -s: svan. -s; bacb. -s, CaCn.
-s: ing. -s/-z erg. br. niS., winarenaxuri -s; darg. -s/-z, lezg. -z, aR. -s
mic. br. niS., winaredaRestnuri -s.
saerToqarTveluri *s/h-as…: asuli, zan. osur-, svan. ha-
suS/has…-iS; bacb. ~-oh, CaCn. ~-oç ~-oh, ing. ~-oç  *~-oh "qa-
liSvili", winarenaxuri *~-aS-  *~-as-; xunZ. ~-as/~-aSa, and. ~-
oSi, axv. ~-aSe, tind., Wam. ~-ah  ~-aSa, kar. ~-aSe, boTl. ~-eSi,
bagv. ~-aS, Rod. ~-aSi, lezg. r-uS, Tab. r-iS, aR. r-uS, ruT. r-ˆS, wax.
~-ˆS, arC. d-iS-dur, sin. r-iSi "asuli", winaredaRestnuri ~-as- "qa-
liSvili".
winareqarTveluri *v-as…-(ar): us…-ar-i (saba) "vaJiSvili";
bacb. v-oh, CaCn. v-oç  *v-oh, ing. v-oç  *v-oh "vaJiSvili", wina-
renaxuri *v-aS- *v-as-; xunZ. v-as/v-aSa, and. v-oSo, axv. v-aSa,
tind., Wam. v-aha  v-aSa, kar. v-aSa, boTl. v-aSa, bagv., Rod. v-aSa,
did. uju /uji, darg. urSi, lak. ars, arC. v-iS-du "axalSobili vaJiSvi-
li", xin. Si "vaJi" winaredaRestnuri *v-as- (Sdr., qarTveluri
vaJ-i, romelic saerTokavkasiuri *vasu-/*Eas- fuZidan momdinare
SeiZleba iyos da ara - nasesxebi; t.f.).
saerToqarTveluri m-ze "mze", ze (zeze, ze-da, ze-viT), zan.
bja (megr.)/mjora (yan.), ji(no) "ze/zeviT", svan. mij/mˆj, jib "zeviT";
bacb. {zu}, CaCn. z„‹  *z‹ "sxivi", ing. z„ˆ "sxivi", winarenaxuri zi id;
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 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
xunZ., lak. i-z-an "встать", arC. bu-c-is, lezg. aƒ´…a-z-un, Tab. zu-J…-
uz, aR. Gu-z-as, ruT. lu-z-un, wax. ulu-z-ar-as "adgoma"; winaredaRes-
tnuri -z- "zesvla" (Sdr. qarT. ze, ze-v-iT, ze-da...).
saerToqarTveluri *deSa/*ZeSa zan. diSqa/diSka, svan. zeq. 
zeSq  deSq); bacb. dos, CaCn. dos/duos, ing. dos/doas "SeSa", winare-
naxuri *doS(-a); xunZ. rox½ (rox½a) "tye", and. reSa, boTl. ruSa,
Rod. ruSa, bagv. roSa, kar. roSa, axvax. ruSa "xe", Wam. …rha/roSa,
tind. roSa/roha, kar. (tokit.) rox½a "xe", "tye", lak. murx½ "xe",
lezg., xin. viS@ "xe", winaredaRestnuri *doSa..
saerToqarTveluri vaS-l-i/*vaSali, zan. uSq-ur-i/uSq-ir-i, svan.
…isg-…  …iSg-… *…iSq-l; bacb. {aS}: CaCn. çaj: ing. çaj "vaSli",
winarenaxuri *vaS-; xunZ. eC, axvax. „eCe, kar. „eCi, tind. ØeCi, yam.
ØeS, hinux. iSi, hunz. e¹S, darg. „inc, lak. hivC, arC. anS, lezg. iC,
Tab. veC/viC, aR. heC  veC, kriw. ~eC  veC, budux. ~eC  veC,
xin. mˆC  veC, ud. ¥S/¡S  veS, winaredaRestnuri *veS-.
saerToqarTveluri Sen-/*S…-en-, Sen-i, zan. si(n), sqan-i, svan.
sg@~, bacb. ho(n), CaCn. huo(n), ing. huo(n) "Sen", winarenaxuri
*S…en; xunZ. mun  …un * h…un, darg. hu, lezg. …ue  *
h…un, ruT. Gu  hun, wax. Gu  hun, ud. Gun/un  hun, xin.
…ˆ  h…ˆn, arCib. un  hun "Sen", saerTodaRestnuri *S…un-.
saerToqarTveluri Sver-: u-Sver-i, svan. Sg…ir (zs.) /Sk…ir
(lnt.) "sircxvili"; bacb. eh-ar; ing. e-h-ar, winarenaxuri *e-har
"sircxvili"; xunZ. sur-, and. sur-/suli, boTl. sur-, yam. sul  sur,
tind. sur, kar. sur- (sure) "Sercxvena", axvax. Suli  Suri "sircxvi-
li", winaredaRestnuri *Sur.
saerToqarTveluri Su-: S…-en-i-s, Su-en-ier-i, Sn-o ( S…eno),
zan. sq…-, o-sq-u{n} "Svenis", squ-a (Wan.)/ sq…-am-i (megr.) "lamazi",
svan. sg…-, x-o-sgu-n "SeSvenis", ma-sg…-a "Sesaferisi", sg…-’n
- 244 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
"Sno"; and. Su…-, boTl. s´u, Rod. Sub, Wam. hŒb/hub, bagv. hŒb,
tind. ho‡ob, kar. x½ohob, axvax. So "хорощий", saerTodaRestnuri
*Su-.
saerToqarTveluri Tq…en, Tq…en-i: zan. Tq…a(n), Tquan-i,
svan. sg@~; bacb. Su, CaCn. Su, ing. Suo, winarenaxuri *sT…en/S…en;
xunZ. nuj, and. bis´il, boTl. biSTi, Rod. biT´e  biSTe, Wab. biT´(i) 
biSTi, tind. bis´a, bagv. biSTi, axvax. uSdi "Tqven", winaredaRestnu-
ri -*sT…-/S…-.
saerToqarTveluri *sT…-: sT…-el-i  rT…-el-i "Semodgoma";
bacb. stab-o "Semodgoma", CaCn. {sTa…-}, ing. {sa…-},winarenaxuri
sTa…-; boTl. c´ib-uru, axvax. c´ib-era "zamTari", did. sebi, hunz.
sib-ar, lak. s´uvT  *sTu…, arCib. soT´-iƒ´ , Tab. C…ul, wax. cu…-al,
xin. c´ˆv-aj (*cˆv-ar) "Semodgoma", winaredaRestnuri sTu…-.
saerToqarTveluri ZaG-l-i/*ZaR-al-i, zan. JoG-or-i; svan.
jeG/jeG-…; bacb. woK  woKa, CaCn. wuoKa; ing. woK– "jiqi", wina-
renaxuri *ZoG(ar-)  woK-(ar-); xunZ. wirK, and. wirK, axvax. wiKo
"focxveri", lak. winiK/Wn@y…, winaredaRestnuri *ZiG-(or-) 
wiK-(or).
saerToqarTveluri *deZ…-/ZeZ…: "ZeZvi", zan. (Wan.) danZ-i
*daZ…-i; bacb. {ZiZ}-, CaCn. ZiZ-– /ziz-–, ZiZ-ig "yvavili", ing. Ziz-–
 *ZiZ-a; winarenaxuri *ZiZ-; xunZ. zaz "ekali", axv. jaja, darg.
ZawZi/c´ac´e, lak. c´ac, lezg. c´aZ, Tab. ZaZa, aR. zaz, ruT. ziza, ud.
cac, winaredaRestnuri *ZaZi (Sdr. adiR. ze*Ze).
saerToqarTveluri Z…al-i, zan. {Jol-}; svan. JiJ…  *J…iJ…il
(redupl.)  *J…il (Sdr., aWar. ZiZgva~/jijgva~ "Zvalmsxvili kaci"
- t.f.); bacb. {za(l)}, CaCn. sal/zal, ing. sa(l)  zal "nekni", winarenaxu-
ri *Zal-; and. jala, boTl. jola, Wam. zala, "nekni", winaredaRestnuri
*Zal(a).
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 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
saerToqarTveluri Zu…-/Zuv-i, Zu, zan. Ju-a *Ju…-a, svan.
Ju{…}-a "Zukna"; bacb. jabo "Zroxa", CaCn. ja, ing. j–  vainax. *ja…o,
winarenaxuri *Za…o "Zroxa",; xunZ. zi…u, and. zi…u boTl., Rod.
zini, Wam. zin, bagv. zin, tind., kar. zini, axvax. ji¹…o/jon "Zroxa", did.
zi~a, xvarSi. zi¹a, ruT. zer, wax. zer, kriw. zar, bud. zar, ud. Cur 
*Jur id; winaredaRestnuri *Zi…u "Zroxa".
saerToqarTveluri ƒueza, zan. (megr.) xozo  *x…ajo (Sdr.
afxaz. a-ƒ…aja); bacb. ƒaC—, CaCn. ƒ‰C–, ing. ƒaC– "sagzali", wina-
renaxuri *ƒaZ-e  ƒ‰J-e; xunZ. ƒuƒanCed, bej. xic, xvarS. xac, hinux.
darg. halwa/h…alwa "блин", winaredaRestnuri *ƒ (…)a(l)Z-a.
saerToqarTveluri cal-i, carieli, cale, zan. (megr.) Cvara "cale"
 *Cor-a, svan. h@r-i "carieli"; bacb. cha, CaCn. caç  caha, ing.
caç/cha  caha "erTi", winarenaxuri cah-; xunZ. co, and. se-, axv.
Ce-, did. si-, darg. ca, lak. ca, lezg. sa-, Tab. sa-, aR. sa-, ruT. sa-,
wax. sa-, arC. os, xin. sa, ud. sa "erTi", saerTodaRestnuri *ca.
saerToqarTveluri *barc(x)-, farcx-i, zan. bucx/burcx-, svan. cxa
"frCxili"; xunZ. furuc  *burc´u  *burc´u, and. rebc´u  *berc´u,
bagv. berec´, boTl. ferc´u, Wam. bi~ac´a  birac´a, Rod. rec´i  be-
rec´i, tind. bec´i/berec´, kar. bec´e/berc´e/ feric´, axvax. „ebec´e, did.
birus, hinux. berus, darg. duraZ, lezg. T‘rgz  d‘res, Tab. curc 
Turuc  d-uruc aR. duruc, wax. ve~ica  berca, ud. fenec´  b-erec´
"kavi", winaredaRestnuri *b-erc-e "kavi".
saerToqarTveluri cic-i: cic-i-naTela, zan. (Wan.) CiC-i; bacb.
cic-a-‡o, CaCn. cac-/cafc-/cic-, ing. ciec-› "mweri", winarenaxuri *cic-;
xunZ. ic, and. reci/resu, axvax. reSe, kar. resa, bagv. res, boTl. resa,
darg. hems, lak. nu…ca., Tab. sur, ruT. ~is, wax. ic, ud. c´ec´ "моль",
winaredaRestnuri *cec (Sdr. somxuri cic "моль", rac romelime
iberiul-kavkasiuri enidan Cans nasesxebi).
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
saerToqarTveluri *cxarT…-/carTx… (Sdr., waTx-/wyaT-,
barty-/bRart-...), CxarT…, "CxarTvi", svan. CxuruSt/Cxur…iSd 
*CxarST…; bacb. {SurTx}- (Sdr. qarT. SurTx-i), CaCn. SatKa(n), ing.
SurtK› "ласка", winarenaxuri *carTx…-  *CarTx…-; xunZ cat¾u,
and. sart¾u *cart¾u, yam. sat¾u  *cart¾u "ласка", saerTodaRes-
tnuri *cart¾…- (Sdr. bgeraTSesatyvisoba: qarTv. Tx: nax. Tx:
daR. t¾).
saerToqarTveluri berw-i, zan. bury-i, svan. bruy; bacb. b„arw-
o¹, CaCn. b„arz-a¹  *b„arZ-an  *b„arw-on, ing. b„arZ-›  b„arw-
o¹ "jori", winarenaxuri *barw-on "jori"; xunZ. „orwen, boTl. „or-
wen, Rod. „orwin, kar. „urwina, hin. hurwum, hunz. horwum/horwom
"jori", winaredaRestnuri *borw-en  *horw-en.
saerToqarTveluri w…-: "wva", zan. y…- "wva", svan. y-  *y…-;
bacb. we, CaCn. wˆ/i, ing. wi "cecxli", winarenaxuri we; xunZ. wa, and.
wa~, axvax. Jari, bejit. wo, did. wi, xvarS. wa/wo  *w…a, darg. wa,
lak. w…  *w…i, lezg. wa~, Tab. wa, aR. wa, ruT. wa~, wax.
wa/wa~, budux. wa, arCib. ow  *wo  *w…a, xin y@ "cecxli", wina-
redaRestnuri *w(…)a "wva, cecxli" (Sdr., qarTuli enis
aWaruli kilos wiwa~ "cecxli" bavSvis enaze - t.f.).
saerToqarTveluri wK: ne-(r)-wK-…-i, wK-al-i, wK-l-ul-i, zan.
le-yK-v-a/le-mJk-va, yK-ol- "wylva", svan. n@-SK-…  *ne-JK-…; bacb.
{wKal-Š}, CaCn. wK@l-a/wKel-a, ing. wK@l-› "mosqo siTxe", winarena-
xuri *wK-al-e; xunZ. h´aw´u, axvax. aw´i, Wam. haw´, bagv. ha¬… 
haw´…, did. nocu, xvarS. ~u¹cu  nucu, hunz. ~a¹cu  nacu  s.
did. nawu "nerwyvi", lak. onwu  nowu "cingli", winaredaRes-
tnuri na-w-… "nerwyvi".
saerToqarTveluri wif-, *ma-w-(if)-e/ m-wif-e, zan. mo-ny-a,
svan. mˆ-h-i  mˆ-y-i "mwife"; bacb. maw-r-i¹, CaCn. mierza/merZa 
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 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
maZ-r-i¹  maw-r-i¹, ing. merZ–  ma-r-i¹  *maw-r-i¹, winarenaxu-
ri ma-w-r-in "gemrieli"; and. miw´a, boTl. miw´a, Wam. miw´ab,
bagv. miw´ab, kar. iw´ab, axvax. miw´a-dabu, lak. nawu-s´a, lezg. var-
wi, xin. win "gemrieli", winaredaRestnuri mi-w-a "tkbili".
saerToqarTveluri *wov-: wova, zan. wu-  wov-, svan. wob-
"wova"; bacb. wup-, CaCn. wub-, ing. wub "wova", winarenaxuri. *wuv-;
xunZ. w´un-k-, and. w´un-d-, axvax. w´un-, tind. c´u-~lÀa  w´u-~lÀa,
Wamal. w´un-a, bagv. w´un-, boTl. w´un-d-, lak. wup, arCib. wu-r-bos
"wova", darg. wup-baryi, aR. sup-as  *wup-as, kriw. yu… ~eriJ,
Zud. yuf-, saerTodaRestnuri *wuv-/wum-  wun.
saerToqarTveluri *wued-/w…eT-, w…eT-i, zan. y…aT-
/w…aT-, svan. …d  h…id  y…ed "cvari, wveTi"; bacb. darw-, CaCn.
derz/Z, ing. dar "wvimianoba", saerTonaxuri *darw- (*dawwina-
renaxuri *wad; t.f.); xunZ. w´ad/wad, and. w´a, boTl. w´a~, Wam.
w´‰, bagv. w´a~, kar. w´a~, axvax. w´ari  w´adi "wvima", boTl., Rod.
w´ai  w´ari, lezg. stal  *wdal, Tab. wadal, aR. war, kriw. wadi
"wveTi", "siTxe", winaredaRestnuri *wad.
saerToqarTveluri wod- "wodeba", "kiTxva", "saxeli", svan.
y…d-, li-y…d-i "SekiTxva"; bacb. weT "saxeli", "dideba", CaCn.
w~T´, ing. w~eT´, winarenaxuri *wed; did. wod-er-a/Jod-ir-a "gawo-
deba (xelis)", hunz. wod-, hinux. wod-, lezg. yal, Tab. yal, aR. yal.
arCib. yaT "Tqma, metyveleba", winaredaRestnuri *wod "gawodeba",
"miwodeba".
saerToqarTveluri wen- "mowveva", Zv. qarT. wan-a  wen-a
"wveuleba", "lxini", zan. (megr.) yan-af-a "mowveva, daZaxeba", Wan.
yan-d-a "qorwili, wveuleba", svan. her-  *yer-  yer- *yen- "da-
bareba, gamoZaxeba"; xunZ. w´e, and. w´e, boTl. w´e, Wam. w´e…, bagv.
wJe…, kar. wJe…, axvax. w´e…e "stumari", winaredaRestnuri we-
…-e "stumari". Sdr. adiR. xa-y› "stumari".
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
saerToqarTveluri w…-er-: w…er-i, zan. w…anJ/d-i  *y…aJ-
i  *y…ar-i, y…ar-, svan. (h)…er-e (h…er-  *y…er-) "wveri"; bacb.
yan-ik, CaCn. y~en-ig/g, inguS. yien-g "nikapi", winarenaxuri *w…ar-
 *y(…)an- "wveri"; darg. muwur, lak. yiri, lezg. C´uru  *yuru,
Tab. miJir  *miyir, aR. muJur  *muyur, arCib. moyor, ruT. miyri,
wax. muyru, xin. miyeS  *miyej  *miyer "wveri", winaredaRestnu-
ri *(mV)-*w…ar*w…ir "wveri"...
enaTmecnieruli kvlevis am etapze danamdvilebiT SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, rom saerToqarTveluri, saerTonaxur-daRestnuri
da saerToafxazur-adiRuri leqsikis bazaze dgindeba kanon-
zomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobani, rac saSuale-
bas iZleva, aRdges saerTokavkasiuri leqsika da, Sesabamisad, iv.ja-
vaxiSvilis, arn. Ciqobavas, i. cercvaZis, g. rogavas, q. lomTaTiZis,
d. imnaiSvilis, T. goniaSvilis, o. kaxaZis, e. lomTaZis, g. Tofuri-
as, g. burWulaZis, v. Sengelias, T. gvancelaZis, m. Cuxuas, c. bara-
miZis, r. abaSias da mraval sxvaTa kvalad, seriozulad vimsjeloT
iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb; Sdr., T. gamyreli-
Zisa da g. maWavarianis sayuradRebo msjelobac: "saerTo-qarTve-
luri enobrivi tipi arqauli periodisa SeiZleba davaxasiaToT
Semdegi zogadi niSnebiT: (1) uaRresad rTuli konsonantizmi da
ukiduresad martivi vokalizmi (monovokaluri sistema); (2) fo-
nologiurad relevanturi moZravi dinamikuri maxvili; (3) srul-
xmovnoba gviandeli srulmarcvlovnobis adgilze; (4) formawar-
moebasa da sityvawarmoebaSi prefiqsaciis upiratesi roli su-
fiqsaciasTan SedarebiT. miRebuli modeli uaxloes tipologi-
ur paralels poulobs mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, gansakuT-
rebiT dasavlur-kavkasiur jgufSi" (T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani,
1965, gv. 470); "struqturul-tipologiuri niSnebi, romlebic
qarTvelur enebs aaxloveben Crdilokavkasiur enebTan, uTuod
Soreul warsuls ganekuTvneba, maSin rodesac saerToqarTvelu-
ri tipis indoevropuli niSnebi ufro gviandeli qronologiuri
Srisaa" (g. maWavarianis am citatisa da arn. Ciqobavas komentare-
bis Sesaxeb sagangebo msjeloba ix., T. gamyreliZe, 2000, gv. 28-29).
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 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
Cven ki davZenT: savsebiT marTebulia daskvna, rom arqauli qar-
Tveluri ena ufro axlos unda yofiliyo sxva iberiul-kavka-
siur enebTan, vidre gviandeli, ramdenadac, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis
Sua periodSi indoevropel tomTa kavkasiaSi Semosvlis gamo qar-
TvelurSi gaCnda STambeWdavi superstratuli indoevropuli
fena, romlis gamoc, savaraudoa, qarTveluri garkveulwilad da-
emsgavsa/"daenaTesava" indoevropul enobriv models. arqauli
tipologiuri igiveobis fonze iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi da-
dasturebuli mravalricxovani da regularuli bgeraTSes-
atyvisobani, vfiqrobT, seriozul safuZvels unda iZleodes
amierkavkasiuri da imierkavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis samtk-
iceblad.
eris istoriis kvlevisas arsebiTia, aseve, xalxuri musikis
istoria (m.bromlei); am aspeqtiT, qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis sa-
yuradReboa n.maisuraZis msjeloba, romelic efuZneba ra sxva mo-
mijnave dargebis mkvlevarTa (k.zaksi, i.xaSba, b.brliaevi, d.arayiS-
vili, S.aslaniSvili, i.kikviZe...) naSromebs, askvnis:
iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis mflobeli xalxebis musikalu-
ri enebi momdinareoben kavkasiur-winaaziuri musikaluri fu-
Zeenidan. winaaziur samyarosTan mWidro kulturul-istoriuli
kavSirebi mJRavndeba qarTuli "iavnanas" melodiasa (romelic
eZRvneba neoliTis dasasrulidan arsebuli nayofierebis RvTae-
ba nanas)da winaaziuri musikaluri nimuSebis uZveles SreebSi".
intonaciur da harmoniul elementTa erTgvarovnoba, mravalxmi-
anobis formebi, tipologiuri msgavseba ganviTarebis Semdgom
procesSi da saerTo kavkasiuri musikalur-intonaciuri xasia-
Ti metyveleben kavkasiis teritoriaze odesRac erTiani musika-
luri kulturis arsebobaze... "musikaluri masala mkafiod
warmoaCens qarTvelur tomTa gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, mis
wamyvan rols am kulturis Camoyalibebasa da Semdgom ganviTare-
baSi, romelic ZiriTadad kavkasiuri musikalur-intonaciuri da
harmoniuli azrovnebis farglebSi mimdinareobda" (n.maisuraZe,
1989, gv.61-71; n.maisuraZe, 2002, gv.246); garda amisa, aqve dasabuTe-
bulia, rom afxazuri musikaluri dialeqti/ena "melo-intona-
- 250 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
ciurad uSualo kavSirs avlens aRmosavlurqarTvelur, fSaur-
xevsurul (fxour) simRerebTan (n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.65-67; n.mai-
suraZe, 2002, gv.245). Sdr., agreTve: qarTveluri sakravebi parale-
lebs poulobs ara mxolod afxazeTSi, zogadad, Crdilo kavkasia-
Si, aramed, Zvel wina aziaSic (m.SilakaZe, 1970, gv.55-57); qarTuli
simRerebis glosolaliebs paralelebi eZebneba afxazur da CeC-
nur simRerebSi (m.SilakaZe, 1999, gv.206).
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTvelTa enobriv-
kulturul-eTnikuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb Cveni mosazreba Sem-
degnairad Camoyalibdeba:
winaaziur-kavkasiuri didi modgmisgan Zv.w. III aTaswleul-
Si (mtkvar-araqsis II periodi) gamomijnul iberiul-kavkasiur
kontinuumSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis manZilze ufro Rrmavdeba
enakilokavuri danawevreba (enobrivi cvlilebani ganapiroba
eTnosTa Serevebmac):
enis cvalebis Sinagani kanonzomierebebidan gamomdinare, Tu
mravalwaxnagovani Serevebis gamo, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ya-
libdeba mravali enobrivi erTeuli (ena/kilo), magram isini inar-
Cuneben amosaval ZiriTad lingvistur maxasiaTeblebs (fonematu-
ri struqtura, zmnis sirTule, ergatiuli konstruqcia...) da sa-
erTo warmomavlobis leqsikis nawils; Sesabamisad, ieroglifu-
ri damwerlobis wyalobiT cnobili kavkasiuri samyaros monaTe-
save winaaziuri enobrivi masala asaxulia rogorc Tanamedrove
qarTvelur, aseve, Cerqezul (afxazur-adiRur), naxur/CeCnur
da lekur enebSi; swored amitomaa, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri
enebis calkeuli mkvlevarebi maTTvis kargad cnobili enis
msgavsebas xedaven xeTur, xuritul, elamur Tu Sumerul eneb-
Si; Sdr., mag.: "vefxistyaosani" moicavs qristianul, miTologi-
ur, gmirul, aseve, XII saukunis istoriul da kulturul-eTnog-
rafiul aspeqtebs; TiToeuli am dargis specialisti Tavisi kom-
petenciis farglebSi iazrebs am genialur qmnilebas...
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT:
sxvadasxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enis specialisti Tavisi sa-
kvlevi enisTvis damaxasiaTebel enobriv movlenas rom xedavs ro-
- 251 -
 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
melime winaaziur enaSi, bunebrivia, vinaidan iberiul-kavkasiu-
ri ojaxis enebi momdinareoben winaaziur-kavkasiuri uZvelesi
enobrivi erTobisgan: Sesabamisad, TiToeul iberiul-kavkasiur
enas uTuod aRmoaCndeba raime saerTo rogorc Zvel winaaziur,
aseve, dRevandel sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebTan.
iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi velisgan sakuTriv qarTveluri
enobrivi samyaros gamomijvna (rac, mag., aisaxa klas-kategoriebis
moSliT) dawyebuli Cans kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi mZlavri indo-
evropuli nakadis SemosvliT Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze;
mkveTri daSoreba ki savaraudoa Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze,
kerZod, skviT-kimerielTa da sparsuli modgmis tomTa Semoseve-
bis dros; Cans, am Serevebs asaxavs osur-armenulSi arsebuli
mZlavri iberiul-kavkasiuri substratuli da qarTvelurSi
arsebuli indoevropuli superstratuli fenebi. Sdr., zogi
specialistis azriT, qarTveluri ena aris narevi ena; masSi gamoi-
yofa ori fena: dasavlur-kavkasiuri da indoevropuli (g.dee-
tersi, 1957, 13-15; Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.35-378;
indoevropulidan nasesxebi fuZeebisaTvis ix.: m.andronikaSvili,
1966; T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984; m.andronikaSvili, 1996). aqve ga-
saTvaliswinebelia r.gordezianis daskvnac: "berZnul wyaroTa
monacemebi sxvadasxva egeosur gadmosaxlebaTa Sesaxeb kavkasiaSi
gvianbrinjaos xanis ganmavlobaSi sinamdviles unda Seesabamebo-
des. rogorc Cans, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, swored maTi Sedegi
unda iyos qarTvelur enaTa saboloo diferenciacia" (r.gorde-
ziani, 1985, gv.167); davazustebT, Cveni azriT, am gadmosaxlebeb-
sac SeiZleba daeCqarebina iberiul-kavkasiurisgan qarTvelu-
ris gamomijvna (da ara "qarTvelur enaTa saboloo diferencia-
cia") Sdr.: Crdilokavkasiur enebTan SedarebiT qarTveluri ena-
kiloebi erTgvarovania.
zogad StrixebSi ganvixilavT iberiul-kavkasiuri da Zveli
winaaziuri enebis mimarTebas:
xaTuri da iberiul-kavkasiuri:
Zv.w. XXIII saukunidan aTasi wlis manZilze centralur ana-
- 252 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
toliaSi, mogviano periodebis kabadokiis, pontos... teritori-
ul velSi (Sdr., sxvadasxva drois dedaqalaqTa saxelebi: xaTu-
sa/boRazqoi; mazaka/masaxa) arsebuli xaTis Zlieri samefos saxel-
mwifo ena - xaTuri ena, Sumerulisa da xuritulis msgavsad, er-
gatiuli konstruqciisa da aglutinaciuri tipis enaa; specia-
listTa erTi nawilis varaudiT, igi enaTesaveba Tanamedrove qar-
Tvelur enas (qr.girbali, r.Smidt-brandti, S.gabeskiria...), meo-
re nawilis azriT ki - afxazur-adiRur enebs (e.foreri, i.diako-
novi, v. ivanovi, i.dunaevskaia, m.Cuxua...).
kerZod:
Cerqezul-afxazur-adiRur ena-kiloebTan genetur naTesaoba-
ze miuTiTebs: zmnis agebuleba, ergatiuli konstruqcia da zogi mo-
rfemis msgavseba (v.ivanovi; ix., agreTve, gr.giorgaZe, 2002).
qarTvelur ena-kiloebTan genetur naTesaobas adasturebs:
ergatiuli konstruqcia, morfemaTa identuroba (mesame piris
niSnebi: h, s), kuTvnileba-warmomavlobis -el sufiqsi da la-/le-
prefiqsi da mravalricxovani leqsikuri paralelebi; mag., 2002
wlis maisSi qarTvelologTa IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumze ("in-
tegraciisa da dezintegraciis procesebi kavkasiaSi") wakiTxul
moxsenebaSi: "qarTvelur-anatoliur-egeosuri enobrivi parale-
lebis sakiTxisaTvis" robert Smidt-brantma, qr.girbalis kva-
lad, xaTuri warmomavlobis sityvebad miiCnia didi, wvima, puri,
laparaki, smena, cxvari, Savi, cuva - Zu ("coli") da sxva; misi az-
riT, xaTuri ena kavSirSia saerToqarTvelur enasTan. Sdr.,
urartuli RvTaeba diduani, qarTv. didi da xaTuri didi...
warmodgenil masalas Sdr., agreTve: xaTuri RvTaeba arma qarTve-
luri – armazi da berZnuli – hermesi (berZnul panTeonSi herme-
si winareberZnuli - pelazguri (?) samyarodanaa SeTvisebuli).
xaTurTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa S.gabeskirias mraval-
wliani kvlevis Sedegebi; misi azriT: enobrivi, arqeologiuri, mi-
Tologiuri da folkloruli masalis gaTvaliswinebiT dginde-
ba, rom "xaTebi arian qarTvelTa winaprebi da Sesabamisad, xaTuri
ena aris winareqarTuli ena, romelic asaxulia indoevropul-xe-
- 253 -
 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
Tur anu nesiturad daweril teqstebSi" (S.gabeskiria, 1998,
gv.29); xaTebis saxeli momdinareobs qarTi formisgan (S.gabeski-
ria, 2003, gv.35).
xaTebis memkvidreni arian qaSqebi, am ukanasknelT ki afxazur-
adiRur xalxTanac akavSireben da kolxebTanac (ix. gr.giorgaZe,
2000; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.95-106; (problemis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.
gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.89-93); Sdr.: qasqebi didi xnis manZilze eome-
bodnen mosul xeTebs. amave teritoriaze welTaRricxvaTa mijna-
zec aqtiurad Canan qarTveluri tomebi; SemTxveviTi arc is Cans,
rom, qarTuli tradiciiT, kabadokieli wmindanebi qarTvelTa
uaxloes winaprebad miiCnevian (ix. z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.37).
damowmebul literaturaSi sayuradRebo argumentebia
warmodgenili rogorc xaTuri enisa da Cerqezulis (resp. afxa-
zur-adiRuris), aseve xaTurisa da qarTveluris geneturi siax-
lovis aspeqtiT; es ki iZleva safuZvels, vTqvaT:
xaTuri ena axlo monaTesavea saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri
kontinuumisa; iberiel-kavkasieli xalxis ena-kiloebi xaTu-
ris paralelurad arsebobda da ramdenime aTeuli enis saxiT
dRemdea Semonaxuli; Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom xaTurTan sazi-
aro enobriv-leqsikuri movlenebi Semogvinaxa rogorc Tanamed-
rove Cerqezul-afxazur-adiRurma, aseve qarTvelurma enobrivma
samyarom.
xurituli da iberiul-kavkasiuri:
Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi xuritulad molaparake xalxs Tavi-
si saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi hqonda Crdilo mesopotamia-
Si; Zv.w. XVI saukunidan mis saxelmwifos erqva miTani, xolo Zv.w.
IX-VI saukuneebSi - urartu.
xurituli enac aglutinaciuri da ergatiulia. samecniero
literaturaSi warmodgenilia mtkiceba xurituli da Crdilo-
aRmosavleT kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobisa (i.brauni, g.klimovi,
i.diakonovi, s.starostini...); miuTiTeben xuritul da naxur-da-
Restnur aTeulobiT saziaro leqsikur erTeuls da ganixilaven
morfologiur erTeulTa msgavsebas (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.:
- 254 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
v.iarceva, 1990; m.qurdiani, 2001; gr.giorgaZe, 2002). xurituli da
qarTveluri enebis naTesaobis varauds gamoTqvamdnen jer kidev
s.janaSia, arn. Ciqobava... am bolo periodSi gamoqveynda, agreTve,
n.nozaZisa da m.qurdianis gamokvlevebi, sadac sayuradRebo da-
skvnebia warmodgenili xuritul-qarTveluri enebis naTesaobis
samtkiceblad; kerZod, laparakia moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobis
warmoebis, deponensebis, rezultatiuri droebis, zmnis poli-
personalizmisa da TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis msgavse-
ba-identurobasa da mravalricxovan leqsikur paralelebze
(n.nozaZis mosazrebis Sesaxeb ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.74-76). sani-
muSod moviyvanT m.qurdianis daskvnas:
"xuritulsa da urartuls TanxmovanTa pirveladi harmoniu-
li kompleqsebi axasiaTebT da igive maxasiaTebeli maTi fuZe-enis-
Tvisac rekonstruirdeba. TanxmovanTa harmoniuli decesiuri
kompleqsebi am tipisa ar aris damaxasiaTebeli aRmosavlur-kavka-
siuri (naxur-daRestnuri) enebisTvis arc sinqroniaSi da arc di-
aqroniaSi - is ar rekonstruirdeba arc saerTo-naxur, arc saer-
To daRestnur qronologiur doneze da, miT umetes, arc saer-
To-naxur-daRestnuri (aRmosavlur-kavkasiuri) fuZe-enis done-
ze. aseTi sistema principulad ucxoa aRmosavluri kavkasiuri
enebisTvis. msgavsi sistema aRmosavluri enebidan mxolod qarTve-
lur (samxreT-kavkasiur) enebSi gvaqvs sinqroniaSi da is diaqro-
niaSic aRdgeba saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe enis doneze" (m.qurdia-
ni, 2001, gv.183-184; m.qurdiani, 2003, gv. 70-71).
SeniSvna: Sdr.: mraval leqsikur erTeulTa garda, erTgvaria: qarTve-
luri da urartuli enebis brunvebis raodenoba (zogi brunvis yali-
bic ki emTxveva), ergativisa da zmnis gardamavloba-gardauvlobis mi-
marTeba, naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxelis saSualebiT zedsar-
Tavi saxelis warmoeba, nawilobriv zmnis sufiqsacia da sxv. (n.mari,
1917, gv.131-135; g.meSCaninovi, 1927, gv.111-115; g.wereTeli, 1939, gv.9;
g.meliqiSvili, 1960, gv.53-60, 79).
Cveni azriT, rogorc ukve zemoT gvqonda aRniSnuli, erTi
mxriv, xurituli enisa da naxur-daRestnuris, meore mxriv ki - xu-
- 255 -
 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
ritulisa da qarTveluris siaxlove, mimaTiTebelia yvela am enis
(Sesabamisad, am enaTa mflobeli xalxebis) naTesaobisa: xuritu-
li da iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi erTeulebi erTmaneTis
monaTesavea da xaTurTan erTad saTaves iRebs saerTo winaazi-
ur-kavkasiur enobriv velSi.
samecniero literaturaSi, sul mcire, erTi saukunea, grZel-
deba diskusia calkeuli iberiul-kavkasiuri da Sumeruli ene-
bis naTesaobis realurobis Sesaxeb; bevri leqsikuri paralelia
gamovlenili Sumerulsa da qarTvelurSi (ix., mag., a.seisis, k.kra-
meris, i.karseTis, m.wereTlis, j.SaraSeniZis, h.fenrixis da mraval
sxvaTa mosazrebebi da gamokvlevebi; literaturisaTvis ix.:
arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.257-307; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.22-27). kvlevis am
etapze aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom am mimarTulebiTac metad
perspeqtiulia mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba.
qarTveluri ena-kiloebisa da winaaziur-egeosuri enebis
naTesaobis TvalsazrisiT sakiTxis istoria da saintereso masa-
la warmodgenilia r.gordezianis (1980, 1985), T. gamyreliZisa da
v.ivanovis (gv.892-894) fundamentur naSromebSi, Tumca maT es masa-
la nasesxobebad miaCniaT.
uTuod sayuradReboa, agreTve, z.gamsaxurdias dakvirvebebi;
mag., misi azriT, "tar- fuZidan nawarmoebi uZvelesi saxelebi da
toponimebi gvxvdeba jer kidev paleo-mediteranul da paleo-kav-
kasiur (kolxur) samyaroSi. fuZe tar RvTaebis aRmniSvnelia da
misgan aris nawarmoebi uZvelesi mcireaziuri amindisa da Weqa-qu-
xilis RvTaebebis saxelebi, romelTac vefxistyaosanebad gamosa-
xavdnen uZvelesi sakulto mRvimeebis kedlebze (Sdr., SoTa rus-
Tvelis "vefxistyaosnis" mTavari gmiri - vefxistyaosani tarie-
li). Taru egeosur-anatoliuri fuZea, elva-Weqis RvTaebis aR-
mniSvneli (aqedan momdinareobs qarTuli sityva "tarosi" - amin-
dis aRmniSvneli)... fuZe Tar paleomediteranuli, paleokavkasiu-
ri da mcireaziuri enobrivi samyarodan modis da warmoadgens mi-
steriaTa sakralur sityvas, Teonims, RvTaebis saxels, kerZod,
mcireaziur tarus, Weqa-quxilisa da amindis RvTaebis saxelwo-
- 256 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
debas, romelsac vefxistyaosnad gamosaxavdnen uZveles mcireazi-
ur (anu protoqarTul) misteriebsa da sakulto mRvimeebSi. aqe-
dan warmodga kapadokiur enaSi sityva "tarhuala", rac Zlevas, ga-
marjvebas niSnavs. es fuZe pre-semituri, pre-indoevropul da pre-
qamitur enebsa da kulturebs ukavSirdeba, xolo xeTurSi, sa-
nskritSi, aqadurSi da sxva semitur qveynebSi, aseve sxva aRmosav-
lur qveynebSi aqedan unda iyos gadmosuli" (z.gamsaxurdia, 1991,
gv.242-245; ix., agreTve: r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.37; gr.giorgaZe, 2002,
gv. 84). m.Cuxuas azriT (2003, gv.73), sakuTar saxel tariels Sesa-
tyvisobebi eZebneba qarTvelur dialeqtebSic; kerZod, Sdr.; sa-
mwignobro qarTuli tarieli - zan. toro/turu/torua (Sdr.:
Wan., taroni); svan. ter(e), tarE/terE...
pelazgur-etruskul-qarTveluri saerTo enobrivi STambeW-
davi masalaa warmodgenili agreTve r.gordezianisa (1970) da
g.qavTaraZis (1985) naSromebSi.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: jer kidev XIX saukunis mkvlevarTa mier
navaraudev winareberZnul-winaaziur-qarTvelur-Crdilokavkasi-
ur enobriv-eTnikur naTesaobas, romelic samecniero problemad
aqcies n.marma, iv.javaxiSvilma, s.janaSiam, arn.Ciqobavam da sxvebma,
ufro da ufro meti argumenti uCndeba...
kavkasiur-winaaziuri (axloaRmosavluri) enobriv-eTnikuri
erTobis divergenciis savaraudo qronologia, Cveni azriT, ase
gamoiyureba:
Zv.w. VII-IV aTaswleulebi: axloaRmosavluri enobrivi samya-
ro;
Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulebi: iberiul-kavkasiuri, xurituli, xa-
Turi... enobriv-kulturuli velebis warmoqmna-arseboba;
Zv.w. I aTaswleuli: qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri samyaros
CamoZerwva...
SeniSvna: vgulisxmobT, rom Sidaenobrivi divergenciis paralelu-
rad, yvela droSi mimdinareboda enaTa mravalwaxnagovani konvergen-
ciuli procesebi, romlebic pirdapirproporciulia eTnosTa Serevis
xarisxisa. Zvel Tu Tanamedrove kavkasiur da winaaziur enebSi (indo-
evropuli da semituri enebis CaTvliT) STambeWdavia superstratu-
- 257 -
 winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri... kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...

li, substratuli da adstratuli fenebi. 2.2. aietidan farnavazamde: kolxuri kultu-

Cveni msjelobis Sesabamisad, iberiul-kavkasiuri da
winaaziuri Zveli enebis mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema Semdegi saxiT ra";
warmosdgeba: kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri
aietis qveynis SesaZlo oficialuri enis
enobrivi kontinuumi - saerToqarTveluri enis -
Teoriuli modeli da arsebobis dro
Sumeruli enobrivi xuritul-urartuli iberiul- xaTur-
veli enobrivi veli kavkasiuri pelazguri 2.2.1. kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri
enobrivi veli enobrivi veli monacemebis mixedviT

arqeologTa da eTnologTa Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi

saerToqarTveluri
koine
Sdr., m.Cuxuas sqema, romelic daibeWda 2003 wels gamoqveyne-
bul naSromSi: "qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni"; am
sqemis mixedviT, winareiberiul-kavkasiuri (alarodiuli) enisgan
momdinareni arian:
Sumerul-iberiul(qarTvelur)-etruskul-pelazguri
erToba,
xaTur-afxazur-adiRuri erToba,
huritul-urartul-naxuri erToba,
lelegur-albanur-daRestnuri erToba,
baskur-korsikul-kelt-iberiuli... erToba.
vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva jgufebad warmovidginoT,
erTi mxriv, xaTur-Cerqezuli, meore mxriv, qarTvelur-Sumeru-
li, mesame mxriv ki - huritul-naxur-albanur-daRestnuri; ro-
gorc teritoriuli, aseve, enobriv-kulturul-anTropologiu-
ri paralelebi ufro met safuZvels iZleva, calkeul enobriv er-
Tobebad ganvixiloT:
iberiul-kavkasiuri (aRmosavleTiberiuli),
xuritul-urartuli,
Sumeruli,
xaTur-dasavleTiberiuli...
cxadyofs, rom brinjaos xanaSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTve-
loSi Tvisobrivad erTgvari – Zeluri tipis monogamiuri dasax-
lebebia; gansxvavebas qmnis mxolod nagebobaTa garegnuli forma,
romelic Sepirobebulia klimaturi pirobebiT (p.buxraSvili,
2003, gv.122-124, 199-207). II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Woroxis
xeobasa da mtkvris zemowelSi ukve dasturdeba kolxuri kultu-
ris elementebi; mag., yarsis muzeumSi daculia istoriuli
saqarTvelos provinciaSi - artaanis regionSi - napovni II aTas-
wleulis Sua periodis kolxuri kulturis nimuSebi; analogiu-
ri masalaa centralur qarTlSic (ix. samTavros gvianbrinjao-ad-
rerkinis keramikis identuri masala):
i.gagoSiZisa da j.afaqiZis gamokvlevebma savsebiT daadastura
b.kuftinis mosazreba, rom Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri masala
kolxuri kulturis organuli nawilia: "aTaswleulidan moyo-
lebuli, taxtiZirisa da cxinvalis regionis arqeologiuri masa-
la mxolod kolxuri kulturis "filtraciiT" ver aixsneba; qar-
Tlis iberia uSualo monawilea didi kolxuri kulturisa" (i.ga-
goSiZe, 1964, gv.86; i.gagoSiZe, 1997; i.gagoSiZe, 2003; j.afaqiZe, 2002).
al. ramiSvilis daskvniT, II aTaswleulis bolosa da I aTas-
wleulis dasawyisSi kolxuri kultura farTodaa gavrcelebu-
li "mTeli Sida qarTlis teritoriaze", xolo "Tlis samarovan-
ze gamovlenili materialuri kultura, ZiriTadad, kolxur-yo-

- 258 - - 259 -
 kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...
banur samyarosTan Cans dakavSirebuli" (al. ramiSvili, 1999,
gv.130). Sdr., agreTve: "II aTaswleulSi samxreT-dasavleT saqar-
TveloSi dominirebs centralur-amierkavkasiuri kultura, mag-
ram I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan aq materialuri kulturis xasi-
aTi mkveTrad icvleba da kolxuri elementebis safuZvelze ya-
libdeba" (v. liCeli, 1999, gv.106).
aqve, sayuradReboa m.abduSeliSvilis daskvna: uZvelesi
periodidan rkinis xanis CaTvliT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze
mosaxleobis SedgenilobaSi raime arsebiTi Zvrebi ar
momxdara. amierkavkasiis monacemebis "msgavsi anTropologiuri
tipi SeiniSneba, agreTve, kavkasiis qedis gadaRma, yobanis
kulturis matareblebSi" (m.abduSeliSvili, 1987, gv. 27).
kolxur-yobanuri kulturis gavrcelebis mTel arealsa da
qronologiur sazRvrebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli modgmis Tu saxelmwifos po-
litikur-kulturuli gavlenis Tavdapirveli veli moicavda
SavizRvispireTs sinopidan soWamde, Woroxis xeobas, mTel dasav-
leT saqarTvelos, mtkvris zemowels mcxeTis CaTvliT, liaxvis
xeobas da Crdilo kavkasiis nawils; Sesabamisad, naklebsarwmunoa
mosazreba, rom Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebSi "unda gaevrcelebina Tavisi
Zalaufleba kolxur saxelmwifoebriobas aRmosavleT saqarTve-
lozec" (i.gagoSiZe, 1965, gv.87; Sdr., t.futkaraZe, 1999, gv.16;
t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.330-332; i.gagoSiZe, 2003, gv.95). Sdr.: istori-
ul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, varaudoben, rom kolxuri kulturis
sazRvrebi moicavda II aTaswleulSi mcxovrebi qasqebis/musqe-
bis/mosxebis, Sesabamisad, Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis mosxikes mosaxle-
obis gansaxlebis teritoriasac mdinare halisis auzamde (n.xaza-
raZe, 1984, gv.193); aqvea mtkiceba (gv.194), rom "zemo evfratispi-
reTSi Zv.w. XII saukuneSi mosuli muSqebi, aseve Zv.w. X saukunis
bolo meoTxediT daTariRebul xarTafus luviur-ierogli-
fur warwerebSi moxseniebuli musqebic organulad ukavSir-
debian im regions, sadac, Zveli berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroe-
bis mowmobiT, qarTveluri, saxeldobr, mosxur-mesxuri
warmoSobis tomebi iyvnen gansaxlebuli"...
- 260 -
kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...
niSandoblivia, rom muSqebis teritoria da istoriuli kaba-
dokia erTmaneTs garkveulwilad faravs... logikurad daismeba
sakiTxi muSqebisa da kabadokielebis naTesaobis Sesaxebac (Sdr.,
ioseb flaviusi: "mosoxebs axlaxan kabadokielebi ewodaT"). am
fonze, ukve sayuradRebo argumentad gamodgeba strabonis cnoba
mosxebis teritoriis gviandeli danawilebis Sesaxeb (welTaRri-
cxvaTa mijnaze mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore -
iberebs, mesame - armenielebs). mosxebis qveynisa da Zveli kolxeTis
identifikaciis, agreTve, levkoTeas taZris lokalizaciis
sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., a.ioseliani, 1973). vfiqrobT, muSqe-
bis, mesxebis (mosxebis) da kolxebis igiveoba - qarTveluri
warmomavloba udavoa (Sdr.: saTanado argumentebis gareSe, muS-
qebs protoarmenebad Tvlis i.diakonovi; ix., i.diakonovi, 1985).
logikuria varaudi, rom kolxuri arqeologiuri kultura
moicavda Zveli kolxas sazRvrebs (es kultura Seiqmna kolxas
saxelmwifoSi):
urartuli da asuruli wyaroebis mixedviT, II aTaswleulis
meore naxevarsa da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi Savi zRvis sa-
mxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi arsebobda kolxas samefo, romlis sa-
mefo qalaqi Woroxis xeobaSi iyo ildamusa. i. javaxiSvilis, g. me-
liqiSvilis, g. imnaZisa da sxvaTa azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
kulxa/kolxa etimologiurad dakavSirebulia istoriul ko-
lasTan - erTi qarTveluri olqis saxelTan, igi mraval toms aer-
Tianebda. samecniero literaturaSi n.maris mier dasmulia saki-
Txi ildamusasa da artanujis igiveobis Sesaxeb; am dakavSirebis
damatebiT argumentad SeiZleba gamodges warmodgenili ori saxe-
lis fonematuri msgavseba: TanxmovanTa faqtobrivad identuri
Semadgenloba da xmovanTa didi msgavseba (fonetikurad
problemuria mxolod pirveli xmovnis sakiTxi)... aqve sayuradRe-
boa d.xaxutaiSvilis daskvna: kolxas SeqmnaSi arsebiTi roli
unda Seesrulebina samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, sadac rki-
nis warmoebis centri iyo (d.xaxutaiSvili, 1995, gv.70-71). miCneu-
lia, rom Woroxis xeoba metalurgiis centri iyo: "arsad saqar-
- 261 -
 kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...
TveloSi ar aris aRmoCenili iseTi raodenobiT adreuli saxeo-
bis culebis damamzadebeli yalibebi, rogorc aWaris teritoria-
ze; saxeldobr, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil yalibTagan 1/3 aWaraze
modis" (m.inaZe, 2000, gv.113).
arqeologTa daskvniT, gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis period-
Si (Zv.w. XIII-IX ss) dasavleT saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilSi sxva
arqeologiuri kulturaa da aRmosavleTSi sxva; amave dros
faqtia, adreqristianuli periodis CaTvliT, kolxuri kultura
STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili ara mxolod samxreT saqarTvelosa
da dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi (v.jafa-
riZe, 2002), aramed qarTl-kaxeTis centralur nawilsa da Crdi-
lokavkasiSic ki (ix. zemoT). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Zv.w. II-I
aTaswleulebis mijnaze qarTveluri modgmisa da kulturis cen-
tri ufro samxreTiTaa sagulvebeli, unda davuSvaT, rom kolxu-
ri kulturis gavrcelebis veli ZiriTadad emTxveva qarTvelur
enobriv samyaros; Sdr., kolxur-yobanuri kulturis sazRvrebi:
sinopi, yobani, biWvinTa (soWamdea kolxuri TeTris veli); Sdr.,
leonti mroveli: qarTli - xunanidan vidre speris zRvamde...
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi nawilis materialuri ma-
sala ufro SeiZleba asaxavdes qarTveluris monaTesave sxva tome-
bis kulturas.
niSandoblivia: g.meliqiSvilis azriT, kolxi saerToqarTve-
lia, zogadqarTvelia (ix., narkvevebi, I, gv. 432); Sdr., agreTve:
m.inaZis (2001, gv.96-97) daskvniT, e.w. kolxuri skeptuxiebi ar iyo
tomobrivi gaerTianebebi; amgvarive avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi
iyo qarTlSi; Sdr., farnavazis saxelmwifo amave (teritoriuli)
principiTaa dayofili saerisTavoebad (m.inaZe, 2002, gv.103).
kolxas Sesaxeb originaluri msjelobaa warmodgenili a.bil-
lis naSromSi (a.billi, 2003); moviyvanT mis ramdenime debulebas:
- kolxeTis samefos arseboba, rac qarTul samecniero
literaturaSi ganixileba rogorc faqti, wyaroebiT ar
dasturdeba;
- am regionSi pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifo yalibdeba
- 262 -
kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...
romaelebis, sarmatebisa da alanebis aqtivobis Semdeg qristemde
II saukunis dasasruls;
- saqarTvelo Savi zRvis napirebze Camoyalibebul im
berZnul-skviTuri samyaros nawils warmoadgenda, romelic
gansakuTrebulad ganviTarda swored evrazieli momTabareebis
zegavlenis gamo...(a.billi, 2003, gv. 54-62).
a.billis am naSromSi gaanalizebulia saqarTveloSi
aRmoCenili adreuli samarxebis masalebi, magram saTanadod araa
Seswavlili istoriuli saqarTvelos mTeli sivrce; garda amisa,
sakmarisad gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris berZnuli, asiriuli,
urartuli, qarTuli (da sxva) werilobiTi wyaroebi da arc qar-
Tul samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli argumentirebuli
mosazrebebi. p.buxraSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, a.billis mier
"momizezeba imisa, rom igi ar flobs qarTul enas, argumentad
ar gamodgeba" (p.buxraSvili, 2003, gv. 63-66).
vfiqrobT, sakamaTo ar aris, rom Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis
mijnidan kavkasiasa da Crdilo anatoliaSi arsebobs qarTveluri
saxelmwifoebi; erT-erTi iyo aia/kolxa, romlis saxelsac
argumentirebulad ukavSireben kavkasiaSi realurad arsebul
arqeologiur kulturas.
- 263 -
 kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
2.2.2. kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli
eTnosis enis sakiTxi
arqeologiuri kultura TavisTavad arc erT enaze ar metyve-
lebs, amdenad, keramika Tu liTonis nawarmi raime mtkicebis saSu-
alebas ar iZleva; materialuri kulturis memkvidreobiTma xasi-
aTma mxolod garkveuli eTnokulturuli da politikuri velis
arsebobaze SeiZleba migvaniSnos. rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli,
arqeologiuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxis enis xasiaTze warmo-
dgena SeiZleba mogvces an konkretulma werilobiTma Zeglebma, an
lingvisturi analizis Sedegebma; kolxuri kulturis enis dadge-
nis mcdelobisas lingvistebs ori tipis argumentebi mohyavT;
ramdenad myaria isini? ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke.
samecniero literaturaSi kolxuri kulturis Semoqmedi
eTnosis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, pirveli mosazre-
ba gamoTqva i.diakonovma: misi azriT, "kolxuri kultura Tavisi
gavrcelebulobis mTel arealze, maT Soris, Crdilo-aRmosav-
leT SavizRvispireTSic da samxreT aRmosavleT ordumde dasav-
lur-qarTul eTnoss ekuTvnis" (i.diakonovi, 1968, gv.120,106); eT-
nosis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul am varauds araviTari dasabuTeba ar ax-
lavs (amis Sesaxeb ix. T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.74). aqve xazgasmiT aRvniS-
navT, rom i.diakonovis msjelobaSi ar Cans dasavlur-qarTuli eT-
nosis calke erTeulad gamoyofis argumenti; SeiZleba vivarau-
doT, rom is eyrdnoba g.klimovis mier 1952 wels gamoTqmul mo-
sazrebas, romlis mixedviTac saerToqarTvelur modgmas 40 sau-
kunis win gamoeyo svanuri ena, xolo 28 saukunis win - zanuri ena.
toponimiisa da arqeologiuri masalis analizis safuZvelze
T.miqelaZe Seecada i.diakonovis azris dasabuTebas; zanurisa da
svanuris gamoyofis daTariRebisas is daeyrdno g.deetersis,
T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis azrs saerToqarTveluridan jer
svanuris, Semdeg ki zanuris gamoyofis Sesaxeb. arqeologiuri ma-
salis miseuli analizi faseulia, magram toponimTa irgvliv lin-
gvisturi msjeloba bevr upasuxo kiTxvas tovebs, Sesabamisad, da-
skvnebic metad saeWvoa (kritikuli analizi ix. qvemoT; ix., agreT-
- 264 -
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
ve, t.futkaraZe, 2002), magaliTad, gaWirdeba misi Semdegi debule-
bis gaziareba: "zanurenovani kolxebi rionis qvemo welze ukve
III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi unda vivaraudoT" (T.miqelaZe,
1974, gv.72)...
3000-5000 wlis win svanuris, zanur-qarTulisa da zanuris ar-
sebobas Tanamedrove mecnierTa erTi nawilic varaudobs; moviy-
vanT citatebs bolo periodis sami gamokvlevidan:
d.losaberiZe: Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari miCneu-
li unda iqnas saerToqarTveluri enidan svanuri enis gamoyofis
sawyis etapad; svanuri mosaxleoba gansaxlebuli iyo kolxeTis
dablobze, xolo qarTul-zanuri erToba - rion-yvirilasa da
qarTlis regionSi; "dasavleT saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos dasavleT regionTa (mesxeTi, Sida qarTli) msgavsebas
adasturebs anTropologiuri monacemebic" (d.losaberiZe, 1992,
gv.230-231).
SeniSvna: d.losaberiZis TavisTavad saintereso gamokvleva enaTa di-
vergenciis dausabuTebel sqemas eyrdnoba: avtori ukritikod iRebs
glotoqronologiuri meTodiT miRebul metad saTuo Sedegebs da
acxadebs, rom Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan ukve arsebobda svanuri da qar-
Tul-zanuri enebi; Sesabamisad, cdilobs, svanur da qarTul-zanur
"enaTa" mflobel "eTnikur erTobebs" moargos imdroindeli arqeo-
logiuri lokaluri variantebi, romlebic, sulac, geografiuli pi-
robebiT SeiZleba iyos gansazRvruli.
T.gamyreliZe: Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi ukve arsebob-
da megrul-lazuris winapari "zanuri" dialeqti, romelzedac
"tyavi" aRiniSneboda tyovi/tkovi sityvebiT; aia-qveynis mefe aie-
ti da misi memkvidreni... dasavlur-qarTul dialeqtze metyveleb-
dnen, romlis dRevandeli gagrZelebaa CvenTvis cnobili megruli
da lazuri (T.gamyreliZe, 1998, gv.3).
o.lorTqifaniZe: "iqmneba myari safuZveli mtkicebisaTvis,
rom arqeologiurad dadasturebuli Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore
naxevrisa da I aTaswleulis eTnokulturuli sistema ekuTvnis
dasavleT saqarTvelos wamyvan eTnoss, romelsac berZeni da roma-
eli avtorebi moixsenieben saxelwodebiT: "kolxebi", xolo maT
- 265 -
 kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
qveyanas - kolxidad. kolxebi ki aRiarebulni arian dasavlurqar-
Tul eTnosad, romelTa ena - zanuri anu megrul-Wanuri ena
warmoiqmna saerToqarTveluri fuZe enis diferenciaciis Sede-
gad" (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1999, gv.113)... TavisTavad cxadia, cnobili
arqeologis daskvna emyareba lingvistTa, kerZod, g.klimovisa da
T.gamyreliZis mosazrebebs.
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi samecniero literaturaSi Semu-
Savda gansxvavebuli mosazrebac; kerZod, r.gordezianis azriT,
legendaruli kolxeTis mosaxleobis didi nawili jer kidev ara-
diferencirebul qarTul-zanur enaze laparakobda; swored es
enaa kolxeTis Sidaoficialuri ena (r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.38-39).
avtori am daskvnebs akeTebs termin fasisis analizis safuZvelze:
hesiodes (VIII-VII s.s.) dros dadasturebuli "fasisi" aSkarad
dRevandeli foTi ( faTi) toponimis eqvivalentia, e.i. "zanuri
jer Camoyalibebuli ar iyo" - askvnis r.gordeziani (iqve gv.39).
rogorc vnaxeT, kolxur-yobanuri kulturis gavrcelebis
areali farToa; igi moicavs: Woroxis xeobas, mTel dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos, mtkvris zemowels mcxeTis CaTvliT, liaxvis xeobas
da Crdilo kavkasiis nawils; Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi aq bevri qarTve-
lur-kavkasiuri tomi cxovrobda; bunebrivia, maT Tav-TavianTi
ena-kilo hqondaT. samwignobro enis ararsebobis pirobebSi Se-
uZlebelia, did arealze ganivrcos da xangrZlivi droiT uc-
vlelad SenarCundes erTi ena; mravali monaTesave dialeqturi
erTeulis pirobebSi iqmneba koine, romlis simyare damokidebu-
lia monaTesave tomTa urTierTobis xarisxze, saerTo saxelmwi-
fos/kulturis siZlieresa da werilobiT fiqsaciaze. logiku-
ria vifiqroT, rom farTod gavrcelebuli kolxuri arqeologi-
uri kulturis paralelurad arsebobda saerTokolxuri (qar-
Tveluri) enobrivi koine, romelsac pirobiTad saerToqarTve-
luri ena SeiZleba vuwodoT. Cans, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua peri-
odSi swored am saerToqarTveluri kontinuumis bazaze iqmneba
qarTveluri asomTavruli damwerloba (qarTveluri anbanis Seq-
mnis istoriis versiebisaTvis ix.: r.patariZe, 1980; T.gamyreliZe,
1989; l.WilaSvili, 2005).
- 266 -
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
kolxuri kulturis enis struqturis dadgenis Tvalsazri-
siT, sayuradReboa qarTveluri samyarodan berZnulSi nasesxeb
sityvaTa Cveneba:
saukuneebis manZilze berZnulSi Sesuli qarTveluri topo-
nimebi da eTnonimebi, rogorc wesi, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qar-
Tuli samwignobro enis) fonematuri struqturis mixedviTaa
warmodgenili; mag: hesiodes mier VIII saukuneSi dadasturebulia
faTisi (Sdr., foTi); III-I saukuneebSi gvaqvs: kutaiisi, sarapani-
si (Sdr., Sorapani), ekre(a)tikes (egrisis) miwa, abazkoi (afxa-
zeTi), afSileTi, suani... (gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. r.
gordeziani, 1993, gv.39, 48, 55, 61, 63). r.gordezianis mier warmo-
dgenili masala, Cveni azriT, ufro adasturebs, rom Zv.w. I aTas-
wleulis dasasruls berZnebisTvis cnobili iyo swored saerTo-
qarTveluri Tu samwignobro qarTuliseuli: faT-, quTais-, sa-
rapanis- da suan- formebi, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom Zv.w. I aTas-
wleulis manZilzec, welTaRricxvaTa mijnazec da Semdegac, ber-
Znebs urTierToba hqondaT sisina a tipis (saerToqarTvelurisa
da samwignobro qarTulis analogiuri) enis mqone qarTvelobas-
Tan. arsebobs e.w. TariRiani toponimic: Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua
periodis centralur kolxeTSi sisina a tipis enis arsebobas
adasturebs Zv.w. VII saukunis Semdeg daarsebuli qalaq quTaisis
saxelis qarTveluri variantebi (ix. qvemoT).
mkvlevarTa erTi nawili varaudobs, rom argonavtTa xomal-
dis saxeli saerToqarTveluri egr- (egrisi) Ziris arg- zanuri
variantisgan momdinareobs, amdenadac, II aTaswleulSi zanuri
arsebobdao - amtkiceben isini... xomald argos saxelis warmomav-
loba berZnulis mixedviTac aixsneba (Sdr., berZnuli qoronimi
argosi, an berZnuli saxeli argos - "uqmi"; Sdr., a.uruSaZis az-
riT, argonavti - uqmi/moxetiale menave/mezRvauri (Sdr., T.ga-
myreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.908).
kolxuri kulturis enasTan dakavSirebiT zogadad mainc
unda ganvixiloT saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelis
sakiTxi.
- 267 -
 kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
rogorc wesi, monaTesave enobrivi (dialeqturi) erTeule-
bisTvis amosavali struqturis dadgena xdeba istoriul-Sedare-
biTi meTodiT: realurad arsebuli enobrivi (fonematuri, mo-
rfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri) struqturebis Sepiris-
pirebiTi analiziT aRadgenen saerTo (amosavali) enis Teoriul
models. qarTvelur sinamdvileSi rekonstruqciis proceduras
aiolebs TxuTmetsaukunovani werilobiTi Zeglebi da mravalri-
cxovani, magram struqturulad erTgvari dialeqtebis arseboba
(dialeqtTa dajgufeba da zogadi daxasiaTeba ix. qvemoT); TiTqmis
ori saukunis manZilze qarTvelologTa didi RvawliT, qarTve-
lur dialeqtTa SepirispirebiTi analizis safuZvelze dadgeni-
lia dialeqtTaSorisi bgeraTSesatyvisobebi da morfologiur-
sintaqsur-semantikuri mimarTebani; aRdgenilia praenis ramdeni-
me variantic; kerZod:
samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom saerTo-
qarTveluri enis fonematuri struqturis Teoriuli modeli
ZiriTadad Suasibilanturi rigiTa da sonanti bgerebiT gan-
sxvavdeboda samwignobro qarTulisagan (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWava-
riani, h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, m.qurdiani...). paralelurad, mra-
vali gamokvleva daiwera, sadac naCvenebia saerToqarTveluri
enisa da samwignobro qarTuli enis struqturuli (fonematu-
ri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri) identuroba;
kerZod, arn.Ciqobavas, g.rogavas, q.lomTaTiZis, v.Sengelias,
T.gvancelaZis, m.Cuxuas da sxvaTa azriT, samwignobro qarTuls
daculi aqvs amosavali ZiriTadi struqturuli modelebi...
warmodgenil mosazrebebs Soris ZiriTad gansxvavebas Suasi-
bilanturi rigisa da sonantebis arsebobis sakiTxi qmnis; amJa-
mad Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens arsebuli polemikis mimoxilva (am
problemis Sesaxeb male gamovaqveynebT calke gamokvlevas); aR-
vniSnavT ki:
Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri Z, c, w, z, s sibilantebis
orgvari refleqsebi zanur-svanurSi logikurad ixsneba foneti-
kuri garemocviT, morfonologiuri SezRudviT, saerToqarTve-
- 268 -
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
lurSive paraleluri variantebis arsebobiT (ix. arn.Ciqobavas,
v.Tofurias, g.rogavas... gamokvlevebi; ix., agreTve: t.futkaraZe,
1988; t.futkaraZe, 1996; m.Cuxua, 2003 da r.abaSias mier 2001-2004
wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebi). ar aris gamoricxuli, saer-
ToqarTvelur sityvaTa nawilis fonetikur-semantikuri ucvle-
loba zogjer ganpirobebuli iyos terminTa socialuri statu-
siT; mag., saerToqarTveluri cxeni zanurSi pirvandeli formi-
Taa SemorCenili (g.rogava, 1960); ar dasturdeba mosalodneli
*Cxani varianti. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom TanxmovanTagan bgeraTSesa-
tyvisobebs gvaZlevs winaenismieri afrikatebi da spiranti bgere-
bi, rac am lingvistur erTeulTa sawarmoTqmo TaviseburebiT -
lokaluri rigis labilurobiT - unda aixsnas.
axlaxan gamoqveynebul o.qajaias megrul leqsikonSi sityvaTa
didi nawili samwignobro enisa da centraluri qarTveluri ki-
loebis analogiuria (t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, 2003); vfiqrobT, am
konteqstSi ver gamodgeba samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli
terminebi: bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa darRveva da sesxeba, vinaidan,
Tuki amden sityvaSia darRveva, an amdeni sityvaa "nasesxebi" sxva
qarTveluri kiloebidan Tu samwignobro enidan, maSin sakuTriv
megruli kilos kuTvnileba raRa rCeba? Sesabamisad, ufro logi-
kuria, vTqvaT:
megrul metyvelebas ucvlelad Semonaxuli aqvs bevri sa-
erToqarTveluri sityvaforma; Sesabamisad, e.w. "bgeraTSesi-
tyvebaTa darRvevis" asaxsnelad srulebiT ar aris aucilebeli,
saerToqarTvelurSi davuSvaT Suasibilanturi rigis arseboba.
Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelurisTvis samwignobro qarTuli-
sebri TanxmovanTa sistema unda aRvadginoT, rogorc amas varau-
dobda arn. Ciqobava.
aseve, aSkarad damajerebelia g.maWavarianisa da T.gamyreli-
Zis msjeloba saerToqarTvelurSi i/~ da u/E/v sonantebis da-
Svebis Sesaxeb im damatebiT, rom i/~ da u/E/v sonantebi dResac
arsebobs TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur qvesistemaSi (msjelobisaTvis
ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998).
- 269 -
 kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
samecniero literaturaSi sakamaToa agreTve qarTvelur ena-
kiloTa "daSlis" sqema; kerZod, g.deetersis, g.klimovis, T.gamyre-
liZis, g.maWavarianis da sxvaTa azriT, saerToqarTvelurs jer
gamoeyo svanuri, Semdeg, zanur-qarTuli erToba daiSala zanur
da qarTul enebad; arn. Ciqobavasa da q.lomTaTiZis varaudiT, sa-
erToqarTvelurs jer gamoeyo zanur-svanuri "SiSina" Tanxmov-
nuri variantebis mqone enobrivi erToba, Semdeg ki zanur-sva-
nuri daiSala zanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebad (sakiTxis
istoriisa da problemis mimoxilvisTvis ix. m.qurdiani, 1996).
cnobilia: saerToqarTvelurTan mimarTebiT, TanxmovanTa er-
Tgvari refleqsebi aqvT zanur da svanur kiloebs; Tuki davuS-
vebT, rom saerToqarTvelurs jer svanuri gamoeyo da 1000 wlis
Semdeg qarTul-zanuri daiSala qarTulad da zanurad, warmoud-
geneli faqti unda vaRiaroT: hipoTeturi qarTul-zanuri enis
Tanxmovnebma zustad igive refleqsebi mogvca zanurSi, rac - sa-
erToqarTveluri enis Tanxmovnebma 1000 wlis win - svanurSi.
vfiqrobT, zanur-svanuri TanxmovanTa sistemis erTnairoba
mxars uWers zanuri da svanuri kiloebis Tanadroulobas.
calke samsjeloa qarTveluri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis Camoya-
libebis (Tu darRvevebis) konkretuli mizezebis Ziebac:
gavrcelebuli varaudiT, zanur-svanuri bgeriTi refleqsebi
warmoiqmna "warmoTqmis ukan gadaweviT" (arn.Ciqobava); amgvari
mosazrebis safuZvels iZleva Z > j, j > jg, a > o, e > a tipis
regularuli procesebi.
qarTvelur enobriv velSi bunebrivia labiovelarizaciis
procesi (Sdr., sxva enebSi aqtiuria palatalizacia, nazaliza-
cia...); cnobilia, rom saerToqarTvelur TanxmovanTa gansxvavebu-
li refleqsebi zanur-svanur formaTa mxolod erT nawilSi das-
turdeba; kerZod, Z, c, w, z, s, j, C, W, J, S sibilantebi mxolod saer-
ToqarTvelur fuZeTa erT nawilSi iZleva bgeraTSesatyvisobebs
(meore nawilSi ucvleli rCeba). vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevebSi za-
nur-svanuri refleqsebis warmoqmna unda aixsnas saerToqarTve-
lurSive labiovelarizebuli bgerebis arsebobiT (Crdilokavka-
siuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da saerToqarTvelurisTvisac
- 270 -
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
bunebrivi labiovelarizebuli bgerebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
mdidari samecniero litaraturis mimoxilvasa da msjelobas
calke warmovadgenT); Sdr.: Tanamedrove yvela qarTvelur kilo-
sa Tu samwignobro enaSic bgeraTa CamoTvlisas Tanxmovnebs da-
hyveba susti labialuri komponenti (Sdr., qarTveluri: a, bE, gE,
dE, e, E, zE, TE, i, kE, lE, mE, nE, o, pE... da rusuli: а, бе, ве, ге,
де, е...). aqve sainteresoa cnobac, rom yoveli enis saartikulacio
Cvevebi memkvidreobiTia (z.jafariZe, i.strelnikovi, 1981).
labiovelarizebul bgeraTa mezobloba Cans mizezi zanurSi
saerToqarTveluri a-s zanur o-d qcevisa; kerZod, vfiqrobT, za-
nur dialeqtebSi saerToqarTveluri a-s nacvlad o-s warmoqmna
ganpirobebulia saerToqarTveluri a xmovnisa da mezobeli Tan-
xmovnis labialuri komponentis SerwymiT: labializebuli Tan-
xmovnis labialuri komponenti da momijnave a xmovani gvaZlevs
o-s. aralabializebuli Tanxmovnis mezoblad arsebuli a o-s ar
iZleva. swored am da sxva mizezebiT (ix. qvemoT) SeiZleba aixsnas
is mravali "darRveva", roca saerToqarTveluri a zanur kiloeb-
Si ar iZleva o-s. analogiuri sqemiT unda mivudgeT saerToqar-
Tveluri e-s qarTvelur refleqsebs: e > a processac garkveuli
fonetikuri garemocva apirobebs; Sdr.: dRe - dRa, mze - mJa, wnex-
- Winax-... magram: nemsi/lemsi (aWar.) - lemSi/lefSi (zan.), verZi -
erji, Sveli - sqveri/msqveri; e-s ucvleloba umlautiT ver aixsne-
ba, vinaidan igive bolokiduri i xmovani gvaqvs mraval sxva Se-
mTxvevaSi, Tumca mainc gvaqvs saerToqarTv. e > zan. a procesi
(Tesli/Tasi, mozveri/mozari, kveri/kvari... Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sa-
rjvelaZe, 1990 da sxv.)... aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom Tuki
davuSvebT saerToqarTv. e zan. a bgeraTSesatyvisobis regula-
rulobas, maSin zanur kiloebSi pirveladi e xmovani saerTod ar
unda gvqondes...
labiovelarizebul bgeraTa mezobloba Cans mizezi saerTo-
qarTveluri e-s depalatalizaciisa svanurSi (e.w. ukana mimarTu-
lebis umlauti): saerT.qarT. e > svan. @/a; labiovelaruli bgeris
gavleniT palatalizaciis xarisxis kleba sxva SemTxvevebSic Sei-
- 271 -
 kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
niSneba; mag., T.gamyreliZem daadgina ugamonakliso wesi (T.gamyre-
liZe, 2000, gv.27-28): zanurSi saerToqarTveluri S gvaZlevs sq
kompleqss, Tuki mas bagismieri v/E mosdevs: SEeli > *SqEeri >
sqEeri, SaSEi > zesqEi... Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSic wyvilbagis-
mieri bgeris gavleniT moxda wina Tanxmovnis depalatalizacia.
zanurSi ganxorcielebuli e > a procesis mizezic labialur
komponentsa da sityvis struqturis cvlilebis sxva aspeqtTan
(sxva bgeris kleba aCerebs e > a process?) mimarTebiTaa saZiebeli;
sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.
zanur-svanurSi saerToqarTvelur ukananunismier Tanxmov-
nebs velaruli bgera uviTardebaT: j > jg, C > Cq, W > Wy; am SemTxve-
vebSi amosavali Cans saerToqarTveluri labiovelarizebuli
bgera; Sdr., SemTxveviTi ar Cans, rom yvela qarTvelur kiloSi
gvaqvs velarul da labialur komponentTa variantuli gamovle-
na: waTx-/wyaT-, barty-/bRart-, balR-/bRar-, bRert-/berty-;
xvlik-/slikv-, kvic-/kicv-, burT-/birTv-, Cxikv-/Cxvik-, Rawv-
/Rvanw-, da Tval-/Tol-, qveyana/qoyana tipis monacvleobani (t.
futkaraZe, 1996); garda amisa, saerToqarTvelurSive harmoniuli
kompleqsebisa (winaenismieri xSuli+ukanaenismier spiranti) da
iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi labializebuli bgerebis arseboba sa-
fuZvels iZleva davuSvaT, rom qarTveluri dialeqturi bgeri-
Ti refleqsebi asaxavs saerToqarTvelurSive mimdinare vela-
rizacia-labializaciis aqtiur procesebs (qarTvelur enobriv
velSi velarizacia-labializaciis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. t.futka-
raZe, 1998).
Sdr.: palatalizebuli Tanxmovnebis mezoblobaSi gvaqvs
delabializaciis procesic: ukananunismieri palatalizebuli
Tanxmovnebis mezoblad saerToqarTveluri (an zanuri) o ganic-
dis delabializacias: oci > eCi, Rori > (Roji >) Reji (Sdr.,
T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.167)... saerToqarT. war-, zan.
Wor- > *Wel- > Wil- (Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.354; xmovanTa Sesatyvi-
sobebis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, qvemoT: 2.2.3.).
labialur, labializebul Tu palatalizebul TanxmovanTa
- 272 -
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
mezobloba sxva iberiul-kavkasiur monaTesave enobriv erTeuleb-
Sic xmovanTa gansxvavebul refleqsebs apirobebs; mag., afxazurSi
o xmovani poziciuri warmoSobisaa; igi miRebulia a xmovnisgan
E-s, an labializebuli sxva bgeris a-ze gavleniT (q.lomTaTiZe,
1976, gv.49); "rig nasesxeb sityvaSi gamsesxebeli enis o xmovnis ad-
gilas mosalodneli Ea kompleqsis nacvlad gvxvdeba a, Tuki o-s
win uZRvis bagismieri, SiSina da zogi sxva bgera (q.lomTaTiZe,
1976, gv.51) da sxva.
warmodgenil sakiTxze msjelobisas arsebiTia, gaviazroT
isic, rom mocemul monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris foneti-
kur-gramatikuli sxvaobis maRali xarisxi SeiZleba Sepirobebu-
li iyos ara mxolod am erTeulTa adreuli divergenciiT (pra-
enidan adreul etapze gamoyofiT), aramed sxva mizezebiTac; ker-
Zod, cvlilebani SeiZleba gamoewvia eTnosTa intensiur Sere-
vebs: kompaqturi gadasaxlebebi Tu Camosaxlebebi apirobebs su-
perstratul an substratul movlenebs, Sesabamisad, orive Se-
mTxvevaSi, stimuli eZleva swraf da kanonzomier fonetikur
procesebs; aqve, Sdr., T.uTurgaiZe, 1998, gv. 62: "imis mixedviT, Tu
romeli ena imarjvebs Serevis dros, ganarCeven substratul, su-
perstratul da adstratul SemTxvevebs. Serevis yvela saxeo-
baSi moqmedebs enaTa Serevis erTi da igive kanonzomierebani"
(mag., qarTuli da naxuri enebis Serevebis amsaxveli masala ix.
T.uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv. 12).
sakuTriv qarTvelur sinamdvileSi:
Cveni azriT, sarwmunoa, rom dRevandeli svanuri kiloebis me-
tad gansxvavebuloba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi modelisgan
Sepirobebulia ara svanuris siZveliT, aramed kavkasionis kalTeb-
ze sxva iberiul-kavkasiur, Turqul da alanur tomTa xSiri mi-
graciebiT; am procesebma qarTveluri enis svanur mikrosistemeb-
Si stimuli misca mravalferovan fonetikur procesebs. svanTa
metyvelebaSi didia superstratul movlenaTa kvali fonematur
struqturasa da morfologiur inventarSic ki; mag., sakuTriv
qarTveluri warmomavlobis ar Cans: palatalizebuli xmovnebi,
-em, -SE/-ES brunvis niSnebi da sxv. Sdr., agreTve, Cerqezuli Cans
- 273 -
 kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
svanuri ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa:
muryvam "koSki", C@J "cxeni", mus "Tovli", uCxa "wvima", lemesg "ce-
cxli", Rol~aq "cxvari, verZi", fayv "qudi" da sxv. samecniero li-
teraturis mimoxilvisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: s.janaSia, 1959,
gv.81-124; agreTve, t. futkaraZe, 1998. superstratuli danaSrevis
garda, svanurSi mimdinare aqtiuri fonetikuri procesebis mize-
ziT STambeWdavadaa Secvlili sakuTriv qarTveluri warmomav-
lobis formebic (ix., n. maris, a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, v. Tofu-
rias, m. qaldanis, g. rogavas, z. WumburiZis, T. gamyreliZis, g. maWa-
varianis, t. gudavas, T. SaraZeniZis, k. gaguas, a. onianis, i. Cantla-
Zis, q. TuiTis, r. babluanis, g. gazdelianis, r.Wkaduas,
r.saRlianis da mraval sxvaTa naSromebi); axlaxan am Temas safuZ-
vliani gamokvleva uZRvna m. Cuxuam (2003).
amrigad, Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri enis (agreTve, sa-
mwignobro qarTulisa da Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebis)
ZiriTadi fonematuri struqtura Semdegi saxiT warmoidgineba:
Tanxmovnebi: b, f, p, d, T, t, Z, c, w, z, s, j, C, W, J, S, g, q, k, R, x, B,
y, h, m, n, r, l (winaenismier bgerebs SeiZleba hqondeT labiovela-
rizebuli alofonebic);
xmovnebi: a, e, o (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, 1989, gv.126; misi azriT,
zemoT warmodgenili bgeriTi sistema mxolod arqauli qarTu-
lisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli);
sonantebi: i/~, u/E/v.
T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, h. fenrixisa da sxvaTa azriT,
saerToqarTvelur sonantTa rigSi aRdgeba m, n, r, l fonemebic.
T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis Sromatevadi kvlevis Sedegebis
Sesaxeb sxvagan gveqneba msjeloba; sonantebTan dakavSirebiT ki aq
aRvniSnavT:
profesional specialistTa mier xangrZlivi kvleviT dadge-
nili wesebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, axleburad SevxedoT bevr prob-
lemas; mag., T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis daskvniT (gv. 74-83),
ZaRl-, matl-, Tafl- tipis formebs ver miviCnevT saerToqarTve-
luri *ZaRal-, *matal-, *Tafal- arqetipebis reducirebul vari-
antebad (ix., ar.Ciqobava, 1942, gv. 106-107), vinaidan, aseT SemTxveva-
- 274 -
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
Si, ar unda ganxorcielebuliyo l > r procesi (Sdr.: mamali/mu-
muli, bali/buli, msxali/msxuli...): "bolokiduri *l-s r-Si gada-
svlis albaToba megrul-WanurSi matulobis imis mixedviT, Tu
ramdenad uaxlovdeba fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT *l-s winamavali
elementi Tanxmovnur elements" (gv. 79). aq msjelobis gagrZeleba
ori gziT SeiZleba: Tafl-/vaSl- tipis sityvebSi amosavlad gvaqvs
sonanti, romelic gaxmovanda zanurSi (swored am daSvebis mixed-
viT, T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani da sxvebi saerToqarTvelurSi
aRadgenen m, n, r, l sonantebs), anda, saerToqarTvelurSive un-
da davuSvaT -l-/-r-/al-/ar-... sufiqsebis variantuloba: qar-
Tvelur kiloTa nawilsa da samwignobro enaSi gabatonda oden-
Tanxmovniani varianti, xolo zanur kiloSi - xmovniani, romelmac
megrulsa da Wanur kiloebSi transformaciiT mogvca -or-/-ol-.
sayuradReboa isic, rom Svel-, gvel-, mgel- tipis fuZeebSi Tavda-
pirveli l a-sTan SedarebiT viwro e-s mezoblad ar iZleva r-s (aq
is ufro aRsaniSnavia, rom s.qarTv. e zanurSi ar gvaZlevs a-s l >
r procesis gamo). marcvlovani sonantebis rekonstruqciis saTu-
oobis TvalsazrisiT agreTve niSandoblivia: rogorc wesi, T.ga-
myreliZisa da g.maWavarianis mier sonantebad CaTvlili m, n, r, l
Tavkidur poziciaSi ar iZleva xmovnian refleqsebs; es faqtic
Tafl-, ZaRl-, matl- tipis fuZeebSi sonori (da ara sonanti!) l-s
sufiqsobas uWers mxars. aSkaraa: warmodgenil sam varauds Soris
(srulxmovniani formis reduqcia sakuTriv qarTulSi; saerTo-
qarTvelurSi sonanti r, l, n, m fonemebis daSveba; qarTvelur ki-
loebSi -l-/ar- paraleluri sufiqsebis arseboba) ufro naklebi
winaaRmdegobani axlavs mesames.
ZiriTadad, arqaul samwignobro (saeklesio) qarTuls emTxve-
va rogorc saerToqarTveluri enis brunvisa da mwkrivis mo-
rfologiuri kategoriebi, aseve, saxeluri da zmnuri paradig-
mebi (morfologiuri kategoriaa mwkrivi, brunva; bruneba da uR-
leba formaTa paradigmaa; ix. t.futkaraZe, 1997; Sdr., W.qiria,
2003); kerZod, qarTvelur dialeqtTa SepirispirebiT Cans, rom
amosavali saerToqarTveluri modelebia Semdegi ZiriTadi saxe-
- 275 -
 kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
luri da zmnuri struqturebi (TvalsaCinoebisaTvis zogan maga-
liTebi mogvyavs erT-erTi dasavlurqarTuli - megruli - dialeq-
tidanac; saerToqarTveluri enis rekonstruqciis principebis,
qarTvelur dialeqtTa zogadi daxasiaTebisa da qronologiis Se-
saxeb ix. qvemoT):
saxelis formawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi:
saxelobiTi (fuZe, fuZe+i/0): kac, kac-i, koC-i...
moTxrobiTi (fuZe, fuZe+0/nawevari/nawilaki): TviTon, abraam,
kac-man, koC-q...
micemiTi (fuZe+s/as/an): kac-s, koC-s/ko-s...
naTesaobiTi (fuZe+is/iS/in): kac-is, koC-iS...
mimarTulebiTi (fuZe+isa/iSa): kac-isa, koC-iSa...
daniSnulebiTi (fuZe+isad/iSoT/iSd): kac-isad, koC-iSoT...
moqmedebiTi (fuZe+iT): kac-iT, koC-iT...
viTarebiTi (fuZe+ad/oT/d): kac-ad, koC-o(T)...
saxelis sityvawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi:
fuZe+sufiqsi (kac-ur-i; koC-ur-i), prefiqsi+fuZe (na-tex-i,
no-tex-i), prefiqsi+fuZe+sufiqsi (m-xatv-ar-i, ma-xant-al-i)...
zmnuri formawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi (saeklesio
mwerlobis enaSi daculia ufro Zveli viTareba, magram qarTve-
luri kiloebis Tvisobrivi erTianobis saCveneblad nimuSebi mo-
gvyavs Tanamedrove saliteraturo enisa da megruli kilos I pi-
ris mixedviT, qarTveluri kiloebis monacemebis SepirispirebiTi
analizisaTvis ix. b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv.217-227):
samw. qarT.: wer-s - iwers - iwereba; megruli: Warun-s - iWa-
runs - i-War-u…
samw. qarT.: a-Tes-v-in-eb-s; megruli: o-Tas-af-u-an-s...
am SemTxvevebSic amosavali Cans samwignobro qarTulisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli variantebi; Sdr., agreTve, zmnuri sxva formebi:
awmyo usruli - piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (v-xat-av,
v/f-xant-un-q; m-xat-av, m/f-xant-un-q).
- 276 -
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
myofadi - zmniswini+piris niSani+Temis niSani (da-v-xat-av,
do-v/f-xant-un-q; da-m-xat-av, do-m/f-xant-un-q).
uwyveteli - piris niSani+fuZe+od/d (v-xat-av-d-i, v/f-xant-
un-d-i; m-xat-av-d-i, m/f-xant-un-d-i).
xolmeobiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+od/d (da-v-xat-
av-d-i, do-v/f-xant-un-d-i; da-m-xat-av-d-i, do-m/f-xant-un-d-i).
awmyos kavSirebiTi - piris niSani+fuZe+od/d+mwkrivis ni-
Sani (v-xat-av-d-e, v/f-xant-un-d-a/e; m-xat-av-d-e, m/f-xant-un-d-a/e).
myofadis kavSirebiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe
+od/d+mwkrivis niSani (da-v-xat-av-d-e, do-v/f-xant-un-d-a/e; da-
m-xat-av-d-e, do-m/f-xant-un-d-a/e).
usruli wyvetili - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (v-
xat-e, v/f-xant-i; m-xat-e, m/f-xant-i).
sruli wyvetili - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis
niSani (da-v-xat-e, do-v/f-xant-i; da-m-xat-e, do-m/f-xant-i; ga-v-i-
gone, megr. ge-v-gon-i, Sdr., aWar. ge-v-gon-e).
II usruli kavSirebiTi - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani
(v-xat-o, v/f-xant-a/e, m-xat-o, m/f-xant-a/e).
II sruli kavSirebiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkri-
vis niSani (da-v-xat-o, do-v/f-xant-a/e, da-m-xat-o, do-m/f-xant-a/e)
Sdr. xmovanprefiqsiani zogi zmnuri yalibi:
I - piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (m-i-xat-av-s, m-i-xant-u;
v-u-xat-i-var, v-u-xant-u-q).
II - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (da-m-i-xat-
av-s, do-m-i-xant-u; da-v-u-xat-i-var, do-v-u-xant-u-q).
III - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (m-e-xat-a, m-i-xant-u-
d-u; v-e-xat-o, v-u-xant-u-d-i).
IV - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (da-m-e-
xat-a, do-m-i-xant-u-d-u; da-v-e-xat-o, do-v-u-xant-u-d-i).
V - piris niSani+fuZe+(od/d+)mwkrivis niSani (m-e-xat-o-s,
m-i-xant-u-d-a-s; v-xat-od-e, v-u-xant-u-d-a).
VI - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+(od/d+)mwkrivis niSani
(da-m-e-xat-o-s, do-m-i-xant-u-d-a-s; da-v-xat-od-e, do-v-u-xant-u-
d-a)...
- 277 -
 kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
aqve SeiZleboda mogvetana saeklesio qarTuli enisTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli e.w. xolmeobiTi formebi, magram, ramdenadac aRmo-
savluri mTis kiloebis garda sxva qarTvelur dialeqtebSi amgva-
ri formebi ar dasturdeba, maTi aq dasaxelebisgan Tavs vikavebT.
miT umetes, warmodgenili yalibebic sakmarisia saerToqarTve-
luris enobrivi saxis warmosadgenad...
winadadebis agebulebis TvalsazrisiTac, samwignobro qar-
Tulisa da qarTvelur dialeqtTa Cvenebac msgavsia; kerZod, mar-
tivi winadadebis struqtura agebulia koordinaciis principis
mixedviT (koordinaciis principisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1968).
amosaval viTarebad, am SemTxvevaSic, samwignobro qarTulis vari-
anti unda davigulvoT.
SeniSvna: male gamoqveyndeba wigni "qarTveluri dialeqtologia"
(t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani), sadac ufro vrclad da sabuTianadaa
warmodgenili saerToqarTveluri, sakuTriv qarTuli da zanur-sva-
nuri masalis sistemuri erTgvaroba. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom gamosaqvey-
neblad vamzadebT qarTul-qarTveluri zmnis axal paradigmas, sadac
zmnis formacvalebis or ZiriTad sqemadaa ganxiluli: aRmqmeli su-
bieqtis yalibi (m-Sia, minda, miyvars, mixatavs...) da moqmedi subi-
eqtis yalibi (v-xat-av, da-v-xatav, da-v-xat-e...).
saerToqarTveluri enobrivi koines bazaze Camoyalibebu-
li zogadqarTveluri saxelmwifo (Tu tomTaSorisi) ena arse-
bobas agrZelebs samwignobro qarTulis saxiT; Sesabamisad, misi
gavleniT, qarTvelTa centraluri kiloebis intensiuri cvaleba
ar xdeba, xolo ganapira kiloebi, istoriuli Sidaenobrivi cvli-
lebebisa da mezobel enaTa gavlenis xarisxis mixedviT, met-nakleb
transformacias ganicdis; kerZod, dasavlurqarTveluri (zanur-
svanuri) dialeqturi variantebis erTi nawili, saukuneebis man-
Zilze Crdilokavkasiuri enebis gavleniT, metad icvleba da iqmne-
ba svanuri kiloebi. jer berZen-bizantielTa, Semdeg ki Turqul
tomTa gavleniT, seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdis zanuri kilos
samxreTuli kilokavebi. Turqulis gavleniT icvleba, agreTve:
heruli, taouri, imerxeuli da sxva (es procesebi dawvrilebiT
ganxiluli gvaqvs wignSi: "qarTveluri dialeqtologia").
msjeloba sxva mimarTulebiTac SeiZleba ganvaviTaroT:
- 278 -
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
Tanamedrove qarTvelTa sametyvelo erTeulTagan saerTo-
qarTvelurs ufro uaxlovdeba samwignobro qarTuli da masTan
axlos myofi centraluri kiloebi (kaxuri, qarTluri, imeru-
li...); saerToerovnuli enis velisgan daSorebam, ucxoenovanma
gavlenebma da sxva mizezebma saerToqarTvelursa da samwignob-
ro qarTuls met-naklebad daaSora svanuri, zanuri, fxouri,
heruli, fereidnuli da sxva kiloebi; am dialeqtebSi leqsi-
kur sesxebebTan erTad intensiuri fonetikuri da morfologiu-
ri procesebi ganviTarda; Sesabamisad, ganapira kiloebSi bevri
enobrivi movlena SedarebiT gvianaa warmoqmnili. SeiZleba iT-
qvas: zanur-svanuri Tu fxouri kiloebi saerToqarTvelurTan
mimarTebiT ufro bevr enobriv siaxles Seicavs, vidre qarTlu-
ri an imeruli; mag., xmovanTa sistemis, brunvebisa da sxva enobrivi
faqtebis mixedviT, balszemouri kilo ufro "axalia", vidre
kaxuri kilo. miuxedavad imisa, rom svanurs SenarCunebuli aqvs
xanmetoba da kaxurs ara, ZiriTadi fonematuri da gramatikuli
movlenebis TvalsazrisiT, kaxurs ufro meti arqaizmi (saerTo-
qarTvelurTan saerTo!) aqvs Semonaxuli, vidre balszemours;
kerZod, saerToqarTvelurTan mimarTebiT svanur kiloebSi
gviandelia: palatalizebuli xmovnebi, "gadaweris wesebiT"
(T.gamyreliZe, 1968), ukana mimarTulebis umlautiT (m.qaldani)
da sxva transformaciebiT (ix. mag., m.Cuxua, 2003) saxeSecvlili
formebi, brunvaTa jer jidev Camouyalibebeli, e.w. narevi sistema
da sxva. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qarTuli (qarTvelu-
ri) enis centraluri kiloebi, ganicdian ra samwignobro enis
aqtiur mravalsaukunovan gavlenas, garkveulwilad adaptir-
debian axal saliteraturo normebTan, rac qmnis maTi axalwar-
moqmnilobis efeqts.
kolxuri enisa da kulturis saerToqarTveluroba
dadasturdeba, an uariyofa saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis
drois Sesaxeb argumentirebuli msjelobiT.
- 279 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
2.2.3. saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb samecniero
literaturaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebaa:
iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa istoriuli qronologiis Tvalsaz-
risiT, CvenTvis sayrdeni varaudi gamoTqmuli aqvT k.bergslands,
h.fogtsa da arn.Ciqobavas:
k.bergslandi, h.fogti: hipoTeturi saerToqarTveluri ena
"Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTaswleulSi unda movaTavsoT"
(k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972, gv. 255);
arn.Ciqobava: "iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT
warmoSoba aerTianebs. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs; sava-
raudod, sami aTasi wlis winandels (Sesamabisad, saerToqar-
Tveluri navaraudevia Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi - t.f.), da, albaT,
Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am
enaTa ganviTareba sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; ara erTs sxva enas
gadahyrian; saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena warmo-
qmnila Tu gamqrala/gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. amitom gasakviri is ki
ar aris, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs "gasaocari nairgvaroba"
axasiaTebs, aramed is, rom fonetika-morfologia-sintaqsSi (ase-
ve, leqsikaSic) niSandoblivi saerTo Tvisebebi SerCeniaT"
(arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.253); Sdr., mkvlevarTa erTi nawili saerTod
uaryofs iberiul-kavkasiur erTobas da saerToqarTveluri enis
arsebobis drod varaudobs Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebs (6-7 aTasi
wlis winandel dros). amgvari mosazrebebi saTaves iRebs enaTa
daTariRebis e.w. glotoqronologiuri meTodis Sedegebidan
da sityvaformaTa mcdari analizidan;
kerZod:
a. glotoqronologiuri anu leqsikur-statistikuri meTo-
di SemuSavebulia amerikeli lingvistebis - moris svodeSisa da
robert lizis mier gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi. am meTodiT
momuSave specialistebs sjeraT, rom yvela enaSi ZiriTadi leq-
sikuri fondis cvalebis siCqare TiTqmis erTgvaria drois
grZel monakveTSi; Sesabamisad, mkvlevrebi monaTesave enaTa Ziri-
- 280 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Tadi leqsikuri fondidan iReben 100 an 200 sityvas da maTi cvli-
lebebis koeficientis mixedviT adgenen enaTa diferenciaciis
dros...
winaswarve aRvniSnavT, rom es meTodi ver iTvaliswinebs enis
leqsikis cvlis sixSiris xarisxs intensiuri adstratuli gavle-
nebis an sametyvelo kodTa superstratuli, Tu substratuli Se-
revebis pirobebSi; agreTve, cnobili faqtia, rom enis cvlilebis
tempi sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos; amdenad, leqsi-
kur-statistikuri meTodi Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi did ndo-
bas ver poulobs. amJamad aris mcdelobebi, Seiqmnas am meTodis
gaumjobesebuli variantebi, magram Tundac ramdenime saukunis
win mimdinare sametyvelo kodTa Serevis xarisxis (Sesabamisad,
enobriv cvalebaTa xasiaTis) gansazRvris SeuZlebloba amgvar va-
raudebs mtkicebulebebad ver aqcevs (glotoqronologiis meTo-
dis kritikisaTvis ix.: k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972; d.kristali,
1989, gv.331; t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.327; T.gvancelaZe, 2004 da sxv.).
leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT qarTvelur enaTa daSlis
pirveli daTariReba 100-sityviani sacdeli siis mixedviT ekuT-
vnis g.klimovs; misi azriT, saerToqarTvelurisgan svanuris gamo-
yofa daiwyo II aTaswleulis, xolo zanurisa - I aTaswleulis da-
sawyisSi (g.klimovi, 1952, gv.119). amave meTodiT, oRond 200-si-
tyviani siiT, qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa divergencia daaTa-
riRes T.gamyreliZem da g.maWavarianma; maTi kvlevis Sedegebis mi-
xedviT, saerToqarTvelurs svanuri gamoeyo Cvens welTaRricxva-
mde X saukuneSi, xolo qarTul-zanuri divergencia moxda wel-
TaRricxvaTa mijnaze (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.17). aSka-
raa, rom erTi da imave meTodiT miRebulia ori sxvadasxva (1000
wliani sxvaobis mqone!) Sedegi.
mogvianebiT, 1984 wels, v.ivanovisa da T.gamyreliZis mier
gamoqveynebul fundamentur SromaSi - "indoevropuli ena da in-
doevropelebi" - saerToqarTveluri enis daSlis axali qrono-
logiaa SemoTavazebuli; igi gameorebulia T.gamyreliZis mier
1998 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi - "kolxeTis mosaxleobis eT-
nikuri vinaoba anu ra enaze metyvelebda aieti". am gamokvle-
- 281 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
vebSi ukve uaryofilia leqsikur-statistikuri analiziT miRe-
buli daskvna da qarTvelur enaTa daSlis TariRad miCneulia
4000-5000 wlebis winandeli periodi; kerZod, svanuris gamoyofa
ivaraudeba III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, zanurisa ki - Zv.w. II aTas-
wleulSi (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv. 909; T. gamyreliZe
1998, gv.3; ix., agreTve, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 27, sadac zanuris ar-
sebobis mamtkiceblad miCneulia prokopi kesarielTan damowme-
buli moxirisi: aq, ratomRac, s CaTvlilia maincdamainc qarTvelur
S-d); amgvari koreqtireba ZiriTadad moxda saerToindoevropu-
lidan saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi fuZeebis daSvebisa da
tyav- fuZis Sesatyvisad zanuri tyov- variantis aRdgenis sa-
fuZvelze, rac, Cveni azriT, aseve sakamaToa (ix. qvemoT).
glotoqronologiuri meTodiT miRebuli daskvnebi, ro-
gorc vxedavT, Tavad maTi avtorebisTvisac ki ukve aRaraa sarwmu-
no, istorikosTa didi nawili ki amgvar qronologias eyrdnobo-
da da eyrdnoba (Tumca gvaqvs gamonaklisic; Sdr., mag., k. ficxela-
uri 1973, gv.193).
b. saerToqarTveluris daTariRebisaTvis ver gamodgeba verc
sityvaTa saeWvo analiziT miRebuli daskvnebi; mag., T.miqelaZe
fiqrobs, rom Crdilo amierkavkasiaSi qarTvelebi avtoqToni mo-
saxleoba ar aris (ix.: T.miqelaZe, 1974); amierkavkasiaSi jer movid-
nen svanebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi - 5 000 aTasi wlis win; e.i. misi az-
riT, am dros ukve arsebobda svanuri ena!), Semdeg - megrel-Wanebi,
bolos ki - sakuTriv qarTebi. am mosazrebis sabuTad T.miqelaZes
miaCnia qarTlSi dadasturebuli "svanuri" toponimi "kojori".
svanur metyvelebaSi koj kldes niSnavs; koj- ki T.gamyreliZisa da
g.maWavarianis mier qarTuli klde fuZis Sesatyvisadaa miCneuli.
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi koj- da klde fuZeTa identu-
roba gaziarebuli ar aris (ix. h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 1990); ko-
jor- sakuTriv qarTulis kuTvnilebacaa, kerZod, araferi uSlis
xels, rom koj- saerToqarTvelur Zirad CavTvaloT (j Sesatyvi-
sobas ar iZleva g.maWavarianis mier dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad);
miT umetes, -or- sufiqsis arseboba svanur niadagze ver aixsneba,
- 282 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
qarTulSi ki igi dasturdeba; Sdr.: tba - tb-or-i; sur-i (vanis
Zveli saxeli), sur-eb-i da mdinaris saxeli - sul-or-i. "qarTlis
cxovrebisa" da vaxuStis monacemebze daydrnobiT, lingvistTa mi-
er koj- fuZisaTvis amosavlad miCneulia koJ-; am fuZis ZiriTadi
semantikaa "magari da amaRlebuli adgili". koJori/koJrebi (go-
ra, mTa) dadasturebulia saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi (T.goniaS-
vili, 1937, gv.128-129; g.bedoSvili, 2001, gv.206; Sdr., m.gegeSiZe,
1966, gv.190-209, sadac aris sqematuri mtkiceba, rom kojorisTvis
amosavalia rko jvari). qarTul kiloebSi dasturdeba amosavali
sityvaformebic: koJi/koJe (imer. leCx.) - "amaRlebuli qviani ad-
gili" da koJi/koJri (aWar.) - "magari warmonaqmni kanze". vfiqrob,
naTelia, rom koJ-/koj- Ziri saerToqarTveluri monacemia da ara
mxolod svanuri.
aseve sakamaToa, Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli fa-
sisi sityvis amosavlad svanuri faSd davsaxoT (da am gziT "davaZ-
veloT" svanuri metyveleba), vinaidan faT amosavali sityvis ka-
nonzomieri svanuri Sesatyvisi faSd ver mogvcems faSid/faSad
variantebs (Sdr., T.miqelaZe, 1974. gv.11; g.meliqiSvili, 1959 gv.61);
Sdr., rogorc wesi: qarTv. T svan. Sd; qarTuli Txili - svan.
Sdix; qarT. daTvi - svan. daSdu; qarT. xuTi - svan.
xuSd/ÍoxÍiSd.
toponimTa da nasesxeb sityvaTa saeWvo lingvisturi analizis
Semdeg cnobili arqeologi T.miqelaZe kategoriulad askvnis:
svanurenovani mosaxleoba samxreTidan movida - "protoxeTu-
ri wiaRidan gamovida" (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.19); protoxeTebTan
kontaqtebis dros svanuri ukve mowyvetili iyo saerToqarTve-
lur wres da damoukideblad arsebobda" (iqve, gv.20)... Sesabami-
sad, svanuris gamoyofis TariRia Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-3
aTaswleuli, xolo zanuri ena Camoyalibebulad CaTvlilia Zv.w.
II aTaswleulSi: "sruliad udavoa, rom liTonis nawarmica da ke-
ramikuli produqciac, romelic gamoyenebaSia samxreT-aRmosav-
leT SavizvispireTSi da dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zv.w. II-I aTas-
wleulebSi, zanurenovan eTnikur erTobas ekuTvnis..." (T.miqela-
Ze, 1974, gv.75,19)...
- 283 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
T.gamyreliZem da v.ivanovma qarTuli tyav- fuZis zanur vari-
antad aRadgines tyov- varianti, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mikenuri
ko-vo sityvis amosavlad iqna navaraudevi.
uZveles berZnulSi - mikenurSi - es sityva tyavis mniSvnelo-
biT II aTaswleulis dasawyisidan dasturdeba (T.gamyreliZe,
v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.908-909). saerToqarTveluridan berZnulSi si-
tyvebis sesxeba gamoricxuli ar aris, bunebrivia, mosalodnelia
kidec, magram tyav-fuZis kov-Tan dakavSirebas saeWvos xdis za-
nurSi tyov- fuZis realurad arsebobis sakiTxi.
saerToqarTvelur a-s zanurSi ramdenime kanononzomieri
refleqsi udasturdeba; xSir SemTxvevaSi a ucvleli rCeba,
transformaciis ZiriTadi saxe ki aris
saerToqarTveluri a - zan. o:
kaci - koCi, da - do, cxra (cxara) - Cxoro...
vvaraudobT, rom zanurSi a > o process apirobebs winamavali
labializebuli Tanxmovani.
 Tu Zireuli a-s momdevnod bagismieri spiranti dastur-
deba, a-s labializacia ferxdeba da a  e:
ZarRvi  jerRvi
arCvi  ercqemi
tyavi  tyebi
SaSvi  zesqvi... (Sdr.: tba/taba - toba).
 Tu a-s momdevno bagismieri spiranti ikargeba, an igi gada-
dis u xmovanSi, maSin a o u (Sdr., t.gudavas wesi):
daTvi  doTi  TunT
Tagvi  Togi  mTugi
mayE(al)i  moy  muyi
qacvi  qoci  quci...
Sdr.:
cacxvi  cocxu  ducxu
naZvi  noZu  nuZu...
- 284 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
 Tu bolomarcvliseuli a-s momdevnod dakargulia Tan-
xmovani, a ucvleli rCeba (winamavali Tanxmovnis
labializebis xarisxis miuxedavad):
Zama  jima (Sdr., jimalefi)
da  da (Sdr., dalefi)
mama  muma (Sdr., qarT. mam-al-i, zan. mum-ur-i)
deda  dida (Sdr., qarT. ded-al-i. zan.dad-ul-i)...
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, lazursa da megrul-
Si dRes arsebuli tyeb- "tyavi" fuZe saerToqarTveluridan mo-
mdinare Tavdapirvel zanur variantad unda CaiTvalos (Sdr., ag-
reTve, m.qurdiani, 2003 gv. 46); berZnuli koas istoria ki sakvle-
via; Cven saeWvod gveCveneba misi kavSiri qarTul tyav- formasTan
da, miT umetes, legendarul oqros sawmisTan...
axlaxan gamoqveynda m.qurdianis statia (m.qurdiani, 2003), sa-
dac aris mcdeloba, damtkicdes, rom megrul-Wanuri metyveleba
arsebobda jer kidev Sumerebis dros (!).
SeniSvna: prof. m.qurdiani iziarebs iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis na-
Tesaobis Teorias. misi azriT, raki Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi ukve arse-
bobda zanuri, saerToqarTveluri savaraudoa Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleu-
lebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodisRa unda yofiliyo saerTokavkasiuri
ena? Zv.w. VIII-VII aTaswleulebSi? e.w. nostratul enaTa ojaxis da-
Svebis msgavsad, aseTi Soreuli naTesaobis Teoria varaudis sfe-
ros ver gascildeba, vinaidan kvlevis amJamindeli meTodebis mixed-
viT, aravis SeuZlia zustad Tqvas, kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi konkre-
tulad rogori struqturis ena arsebobda Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleu-
lebSi; metic, mecnierTaTvis met-naklebad cnobili enobriv-eTni-
kuri erTobebi yalibdeba adre brinjaos xanidan - Zv.w. IV aTaswleu-
lidan; bolo gamokvlevebiT, qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi ivaraude-
ba Zv.w. IX-VIII aTaswleulebSi (neoliTuri revoluciis Semdeg),
magram mecnierebis amJamindeli miRwevebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia
naTlad ganisazRvros 10 000 wlis winandeli enobriv-eTnikuri
suraTi.
enaTa istoriis daTariRebisas samecniero literaturaSi
farTod gamoiyeneba enobrivi kontaqtebis amsaxveli sesxebis faq-
tebi. es meTodi warmatebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca na-
- 285 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Tladaa garkveuli konkretuli enobrivi masalis warmomavloba
da gamoricxulia mocemuli sityvis (morfemis) kuTvnileba mesa-
me, ufro Zveli enisadmi. m.qurdianis statiaSi meTodi sworadaa
SerCeuli (2003, gv.44-51), magram gaWirdeba dasaxelebul sityvaTa
miCneva maincdamainc megrul-Wanur an svanur formebad; miT ume-
tes, saeWvoa, zanuridan Sumerulsa da xeTurSi, xolo svanuridan
saerToiranulSi sesxebis mtkiceba; kerZod:
m.qurdianis azriT, Sumerulma zanurisgan isesxa "vaSli": zan.
uSquri > *huSqur > hEaSqur > haShur (m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.46). aq
auxsnelia u > Ea procesi; garda amisa, amgvarive logikiTa da fo-
netikuri cvlilebis sxva gzis daSvebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom
Sumeruli varianti momdinareobs saerToqarTveluri *EaSal-
formidan:
*EaSal- > *aSol- > *haShol- / *haShur-: dasaSvebia bilabia-
luri E komponentis gadaadgileba: E...a > o (Sdr., qarTvelur ki-
loebSi dadasturebuli paraleluri formebi: fetE-/fút-,
eqEs-/úqs-, Tok-/TekE, fur-/firE...) da xmovanTa fSvinvieri Semar-
Tva; Sumerul sityvaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT vaS- fuZe da -ur- su-
fiqsic; Sdr.: saerToqarTvelur *vaSl-/*vaS-al- fuZes Sesatyvi-
sebi daeZebna CeCnur-inguSurSi da daRestnur enebSi; Sesabami-
sad, m.Cuxuam saerTonaxur formad aRadgina *vaS-, xolo saerTo-
daRestnur variantad - *veS- (m.Cuxua, 2004). saerTokavkasiuri sa-
varaudo forma Cans vaS- Ziri. fuZis mawarmoebeli (determinan-
ti) qarTveluri -l-/al- sufiqi unda iyos saerToindoevropul-
Si arsebul *Samlu fuZeSi: EaS-l- > *SaE-l- > Samlu (Sdr.,
T.gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv.641-642, 881). garda amisa, xaTur
enaSi arsebobs SaEaT "vaSli" sityva (gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.90; S.ga-
beskiria, 1998, gv.28; S.gabeskirias azriT, saerToqarTveluri
*EaSal- fuZe asaxulia xaTur SaEaT formaSi; mosazreba gamoiT-
qva 2004 wlis 13 noembers CvenTan zepir saubarSi). Crdilokavkasi-
uri vaS- da qarTveluri vaS-l- formebis Sepirispireba gvavara-
udebinebs, rom xaTurSi momxdaria E/S bgeraTa metaTezisi
(adgilSenacvleba), fuZeSi ki gamosayofia -aT sufiqsi.
- 286 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
vfiqrobT, rogorc qarTvelurisTvis, aseve Sumerulisa
Tu xaTurisTvis amosavali varianti unda veZioT Zvel kavkasi-
ur-winaaziur enobriv velSi...
sakamaToa, agreTve, m.qurdianis msjeloba aqaduri gurpis-
u/gursip ("samxedro aRWurvilobis raRac nawili spilenZisa-
gan") sityvisTvis amosavlad zanuri gurpij- (gulis piri) kompo-
zitis miCneva: zanur kiloebSi r > j procesi ase Zveli ver iqneba;
garda amisa, msgavsi logikiT, araferi uSlis xels, aqaduri for-
misTvis amosavlad saerToqarTveluri kompozitic dagvesaxa
(qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosTvis bunebrivi r/l da s/r
monacvleobis daSvebiT)... aseve iTqmis m.qurdianis mier warmo-
dgenil sxva dakavSirebazec: xeTuri iSTam-ana/Tumm-an "yuri" da
qarTv. *sTami/sTumi "yuri", Sdr.: sa-sTum-al-i; saerToiranuli
*azi-dahaaka da qarTv. *asTakEi "xvliki" (m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.48-
51); aqve SevniSnavT, rom saerToqarTveluri arqetipi daadgina da
misTvis sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi Sesatyvisi fuZeebi daZebna
m.Cuxuam; misi azriT, es saerTokavkasiuri fuZe nasesxebi aqvs ber-
Znuls (m.Cuxua, 2000, gv.54-55).
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevarSi sakuTriv qarTulis, zanuri-
sa da svanuris cal-calke arsebobis damtkicebas cdilobs d.mus-
xeliSvilic; kerZod, is msjelobas agebs cxvar-/cxovreba da me-
cxvareoba sityvebisa "TrialeTis arqeologiuri kulturis" mi-
marTebaze (d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.6): "mecxvareoba cxovrebis
sinonimad mxolod Sua brinjaos xanaSi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo;
ramdenadac cxovreba sakuTriv qarTuli enis leqsikur fonds
ganekuTvneba, unda davaskvnaT, rom Sua brinjaos xanis e.w. "Tria-
leTis kulturis" matarebeli tomebi, ZiriTadad, marTlac,
aRmosavlel-qarTveli tomebi unda yofiliyvnen". pativcemul
mkvlevars unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom saerToqarTvelurSic aR-
dgeba cxovar- fuZe, romlisTvisac amosavalia cxov-/cxoE- Ziri,
vfiqrobT, sicocxlis semantikiT (Sdr., saerToqarTv. cxovari,
samwign. qarT. cxovari/cxvari, zan. Sxuri/Cxuri/mCxuri); amave
- 287 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Zirs eyrdnoba sityvebi: cxov-el-i ("cocxali"), cxov-n-eb-a, ma-
cxov-ar-i... yvela am formis sayrdeni Ziri unda iyos -cx-, rome-
lic SeiZleba gamoiyos cx-en- da co-cx-al- (*so-cx-al-/*ho-cx-
al-; Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.338-339) fuZeebSic; fuZeTa mimarTebisa-
Tvis ix.: arn.Ciqobava, 1938; z.sarjvelaZe, h.fenrixi, 1990; m.Cuxua,
2003 (qarTv. cxvar-/cxovreba da xaTur zar-/zari- fuZeebis seman-
tikur-formobrivi mimarTebis Sesaxeb ix., g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.
120-121).
logikuria, davaskvnaT, rom, Tu maincdamainc, g.klimovis kva-
lad, cxovreba sityva mecxvareobis semantikiT gvinda davtvir-
ToT (risi aucilebloba sulac ar dgas), cxovar- > cxovreba mi-
marTeba saerToqarTvelurSic SegviZlia davuSvaT, xolo cxov-
rebis ZiriTad semantikad sicocxle ufro unda aRvadginoT (da
ara mecxvareoba).
Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis
dasamtkiceblad nasesxebi masalaa gaanalizebuli T.gamyreliZi-
sa da v.ivanovis mier; maTi daskvniT, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis fo-
rmirebis periodSi gverdigverd arsebobdnen saerToindoevropu-
li, saerToqarTveluri da saerTosemituri enebi, rasac cxad-
yofs saerToindoevropulidan saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi
Semdegi leqsika (masalas moviyvanT Tanamedrove qarTuli vari-
antebis mixedviT): beravs, brge, goni/Seigen/Seigno, devs/vdeb, eq-
vsi, eSvi, Tixa, Txa, kbens, krefs, matli, mkerdi, rgavs/alagebs, sis-
xli, tef-/Tbili, upe/ube, qmari, Soba (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi,
1984, gv. 877-879). dasaxelebuli masala sam jgufad SeiZleba
warmovadginoT:
a. qarTveluri leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic masalob-
rivad ufro axloa ara saerToindoevropul, aramed romelime
indoevropuli (dadasturebuli) enis fuZesTan, Sesabamisad,
isini gacilebiT gviandel nasesxobebad SegviZlia miviCnioT; maga-
liTad, Sdr:
eqvs- (salit. qarTv. eqvsi, zan. amSvi/anSi, svan. usgEa), saer-
Toind.: seks (aqac da qvemoTac indoevropuli Zirebi mogvyavs ga-
- 288 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
martivebuli laTinuri anbanis mixedviT) da berZ. eks; qarTvelu-
ri fuZis xmovani segmenti/prefiqsi Cans berZnulSi da ara - saer-
ToindoevropulSi; vfiqrobT, aSkaraa: Tuki qarTvelurSi sesxe-
ba moxda indoevropuli enisgan, logikuria davuSvaT, rom es enaa
Zveli berZnuli da ara - saerToindoevropuli (Sdr.: saerToqar-
TvelurSi berZnulidan sesxeba SesaZlebelia mxolod Zv.w. II-I
aTaswleulebSi; es dro eTanxmeba saerToqarTvelurisTvis Cven
mier navaraudev dros). ar gamoiricxeba eqvs- fuZis saerTokavka-
siurobac; yvela SemTxvevaSi, paralelurad gansaxilvelia saer-
ToqarTveluri da ZvelberZnuli variantebi, rac am erTeulTa
Tanadroulobazec miuTiTebs.
uRel- (salit.qarTv. uReli, zan. uRu, svan. uREa), saerTo-
ind. iukom "uReli", xeT. iukan, Zv.ind. yuga, berZ. ζυγου/ugo (Sdr.,
rus. иго)... formobrivad (sityvis struqturis mixedviT) qarTve-
lur formasTan ufro axlosaa g Tanxmovniani fuZe; Sesabamisad,
indoevropul enas Tu nasesxebi ara aqvs es fuZe iberiul-kavkasi-
uri enobrivi velidan (ix. qvemoT) da ueWvelad dadgeba saerTo-
qarTvelurSi uR-/uRo fuZis sesxebis sakiTxi, msesxebel enad un-
da davuSvaT Zveli berZnuli (an wina aziis romelime) ena.
tef-/Tb- (salit.qarTv. gan-v-tef/vaTbob/Tbili, zan. vot-
ibua/tibu "vaTbob/Tbili", svan. li-tb-i-d-e/xotbida/tebdi
"gaTboba/gauTbia/Tbili"), saerToind. *tep-, Zv.ind. tapah, Zv.iran.
tap, osur. tavun "Tboba", osur. tevd "Tbili", berZn. te(r)mos, laTin.
tepidus... niSandoblivia, rom Zvel indoevropul enebSi warmodge-
nili fuZe a gaxmovanebiTaa, Sesabamisad, logikuria m.andronikaS-
vilis daskvna: "qarTuli Ziri tef- Tavisi fonetikuri ieriT
yvelaze axlos dgas am indoevropuli fuZis osur formasTan"
(1966, gv. 109). sakuTriv qarTveluri (svanuri) enisTvis bunebrivi
segmentaciiT ar xerxdeba d-s axsna teb-d- fuZeSi, amitom, vfi-
qrobT, rom svan. tebd- formisaTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos
osur-alan. tevd (> *tefd- > tebd-). Cveni azriT, ufro naklebwi-
naaRmdegobrivia qarTv. tef-/Tb-, osur-alan. tep- da berZnul-la-
- 289 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Tinuri tep- Zirebis paralelurad ganxilva, vidre qarTvelur da
saerToindoevropul enaTa monacemebis Tanadroulad miCneva.
mkerd- (samwign. qarTv. mkerdi, zan. kidiri, svan. muWEed/mu-
Wod), berZn. kardia, roman. kradie... samecniero literaturaSi saka-
maToa saerToindoevropulSi gulis aRsaniSnavad *kert- fuZis aR-
dgena (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv. 800); garda amisa, Tan-
xmovanTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT, qarTvelur formasTn ufro ax-
losaa realurad dadasturebuli berZnuli sityva, vidre hipo-
Teturi saerToindoevropuli fuZe.
aqve davZenT, rom dausabuTebeli da saeWvoa, agreTve,
qarTv. ber-/ber-av-s formis saerToindoevropuli warmomavloba
(berva leqsemis qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb ix., m.androni-
kaSvili, 1966, gv. 173).
b. leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelTa qarTveluri warmomav-
loba ufro sarwmunoa, vidre - indoevropuli; Sdr.:
kben- (salit.qarTv. kbens/kbili, zan. kib-ir-an-s/kib-ir-i; Sdr.,
qarTv. kib-e), saerToind.: kemb- "gaxeva, kbena", keb-/kep- "yba, piri,
Wama" da kombo "kbili"; T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis mier am for-
maTa amosavlad miCneulia kemb- "gaxeva" (iqve, gv. 815, 879); Sdr.,
Wamis/kbilis mniSvnelobiT indoevropul enebSi ZiriTadia et-
/dan-/dent- ZiriTadi fuZe. vfiqrobT, saerToindoevropuli kemb-
"gaxeva" fuZisgan qarTveluri kb-/kib- "kbena/kbili" gamoyvana
problemuria; miT umetes, rTuli dasamtkicebelia saerTo-
indoevropulidan saerToqarTvelurSi sesxeba. Cveni azriT, qar-
Tveluri zmnisTvis amosavalia qarTvelur-kavkasiuri kib- fuZe
(kib-e*kib-), romelmac mogvca *kib-en-s > kbens da kib-il-i > kbi-
li/kibiri variantebi.
g. fuZeebi, romlebic dasturdeba sxva iberiul-kavkasiur
enebSic; Sesabamisad, ufro bunebrivi iqneba, erTmaneTs Sevupi-
rispiroT da erT qronologiur doneze ganvixiloT am jgufis si-
tyvaTa saerTokavkasiuri da saerToindoevropuli arqetipebi
(da ara - saerToqarTveluri da saerToindoevropuli); Sdr.:
- 290 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri: gen-/gon- "mogoneba," "goneba"; iCq. gan, ing.
ga(n), bacb. gua¹ "Kureba, xedva"...(imierkavkasiuri enebis masala mogva-
woda m.Cuxuam).
saerToqarTveluri *berZ-/EerZ-i; zan. (megr.) erJ-i  *varJ-i;
bacb. borw, CaCn. burZ/z, ing. borZ "mgeli", winarenaxuri borZ; xunZ.
baw  *barw, and. bowo, axv. baya, boTl., Rod., Wam., bagv. tind. ba-
wa, kar. bawe, lak. barw, darg. bec "mgeli", winaredaRestnuri
*barZ.
saerToqarTveluri: *daƒal- "Txa"; and. rixa ← *dixan, Sdr.: axvax.
i¹xa, boTl. rixa, yam. inxa/rixa "cxvari"...
saerToqarTveluri *Zax-/*Zaƒ-: *Zax-il-i/*Zax-el-i/sax-el-i, saxe, zan.
Joxo, svan. jaxe "saxe"; afx. abaz. a-x½Z "saxeli", iCq. xaZ-, ing, xaZ-, ba-
cb. xaw "gagoneba, smena"...
saerToqarTveluri *kel-: keloba "koyloba" (saba) Sdr., aWar. kel-av-s
"koylobs"; iCq. ing. {ka…}, bacb. k"av-e¹ "koyli", k"av- "koyloba"...
saerToqarTveluri *krab: "krefa"; xunZ. bakar-, and. bakar-, bej. bova-
kol- "Sekreba, собрать"...
saerToqarTveluri *matal-/matli "yia"; afx., abaz. a-maT "gveli", hunz.
beti "yia", bej. farti, lezg. b‘t-r‘y, Tab. bit, lak. ~ati "yia, gveli"...
saerToqarTveluri *oTx: "oTxi", saerTonaxuri ~aTxu "eqvsi", aG. ~ar-
xid, ruT. rixud "eqvsi"...
saerToqarTveluri *…ara/*ar…a/*…r…a/rua "rva", megr. bruo
(<*…r…a), svan. ara, "rva"; iCq. barh, ing. barh, bacb. barl" "rva"; darg.
berh-al id...
saerToqarTveluri *si-sx-li; afx.abaz. a-Sa¶ "sisxli"; Sdr., xeTuri eSxar-
/iSxar- "sisxli" (gr.giorgaZe, 1999, gv. 63).
saerToqarTveluri *Se…/S…-: "Soba", "Sveba"; afx. abaz. a-Sa…-ra
"goyebis daKra", saerTonaxuri da-lÀ- "gaCena"...
saerToqarTveluri *qom-: "qmari", "vajkaci", zan. qom-oJ-i "qmari",
qom-ol-i "vajkaci"; saerTonaxuri *qom-on "mamri, xvadi"...
saerToqarTveluri *bas…-/fes…-: fes…-i, fos-o  fesv-i: zan.
fos-i/fosv-i; bacb. -na-fs-or "Ziri", CaCn. {-no-Es-ar}, ing. -{no-Es-–r},
winarenaxuri na-bes…-ar; xunZ. bosen "bude", and. beSon, boTl. be-
- 291 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Sen, Rod. beSen, bigv. behu¹, kar. berx½…an, axvax. beS…ani "bude,
logini", Wam. beha¹, tind. bex…a¹/beh…a¹ "logini, bude", winared-
aRestnuri *bes…-ani.
saerToqarTveluri *lag-: "lageba", zan. login- "dalageba"; "logini"; iCq.
menga, ing. m@ng‹"logini"...
saerToqarTveluri *ber: "Seberva, berva"; xunZ. fun-, and. fud-, bagv.
furi "daberva", "qari"...
saerToqarTveluri *uGel-: "uGeli"; afx. {a-G…a} sitKvaSi a¶-c°a-
G…a-ra "xariT xvna", saerTonaxuri d-uK, lezg. vik, wax. oq, arC. otK...
momavali Ziebebi sxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis
Zirebsac gamoavlens (aseTi Cans, mag., gvari; Sdr., n.mgelaZe, 2004,
gv. 87); saerToqarTvelur-naxur-daRestnuri diB- "Tixa" fuZis
Sesaxeb ix. m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.93...
faqtia isic, rom warmodgenili leqsikis did nawils Sesa-
tyvisebi gaaCnia indoevropul enebSic. SesaZloa, aseTi fuZeebi
momdinare iyos, sulac, savaraudo e.w. nostratuli kontinuu-
misgan. Tuki amgvari makroerToba saerTod arsebobda, maSin mis-
gan momdinared unda miviCnioT iberiul-kavkasiuri kontinuumi
da ara mxolod sakuTriv saerToqarTveluri (b.foCxua SesaZleb-
lad miiCnevs qarTvelurTan erTad nostratul enebSi ganxilul
iqnas mTis iberiul-kavkasiuri enebic; ix. b.foCxua, 1974, gv. 341;
Sdr., iliC-svitiCi, 1967). savaraudo sqemaa:
nostratuli kontinuumi > iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi
erToba (aseve: indoevropuli, semitur-qamituri, draviduli,
uraluri...) > qarTveluri enobrivi erToba (aseve: afxazur-
adiRuri, naxuri, daRestnuri)... garkveulwilad am Tvalsazriss
dauWers mxars jon kolarusos kvlevis Sedegebic: mis naSromSi
warmodgenilia leqsikuri paralelebi dasavleT Crdilokavkasi-
ur da indoevropul winare enebs Soris (j.kolaruso, 2003, gv. 41-
61; ix., agreTve, q.TuiTis mimoxilva afxazur-adiRuri da indoev-
ropuli enebis naTesaobis kvlevis istoriis Sesaxeb; q.TuiTi,
2003, gv. XIV-XV); vfiqrobT, ufro logikuria, am SemTxvevaSic
Tanadroulad miviCnioT saerTo indoevropuli da saerTo
- 292 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
iberiul-kavkasiuri masala.
aqve aRvniSnavT:
enaTa divergenciis paralelurad mimdinareobda mezobel
enaTa urTierTgavlenebisa da mravalmxrivi konvergenciis
procesebi, Sesabamisad, uZveles fenebSi enobrivi movlenebis
erTgvarobis (msgavsebis) dadasturebisas gaWirdeba mtkiceba,
genetur naTesaobasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu sesxebasTan.
***
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis droze garkveuli infor-
macia SeiZleba mogvces qarTvelur kiloebSi arsebulma im si-
tyvebma, romelTa saerToqarTveluri arqetipi nasesxebia da Se-
saZlebelia sesxebis daTariRebac; magaliTad, vfiqrobT, saerTo-
qarTvelurSive arsebuli sparsulTan ziari zogi sityvafor-
ma Zv.w. VI saukunes ver gaSordeba (Sesabamisad, ufro adre gamo-
iricxeba sakuTriv zanur-svanuri enobrivi erTeulebis arsebo-
ba); aseTebi Cans: zari, kuarTi, tye, Zewkvi, wiT-s/wiT-eli... di-
di albaTobiT, warmodgenili formebi sparsuli warmomavlobi-
saa an sparsulis gziTaa Semosuli (saTanado msjelobisaTvis ix.
m.andronikaSvili, 1966); ar gamoiricxeba isic, rom m.andronikaS-
vilis mier sparsulad miCneuli zogi fuZe Zveli winaaziuri, an
saerTokavkasiuri enebidan modiodes sparsulSic da qarTvelur-
Sic; mag., m.andronikaSvili sparsul-skviTur nasesxobebad miiC-
nevs verZ-, zax-/Zax- (Zaxi-li), fesv-, zam-, kel- fuZeebs, Tumca,
maT Sesatyvisebi eZebnebaT sxva iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur
enebSic (masala ix. zemoT); samagaliTod ganvixilavT zam- Zirs:
zam-:
saerToqarTveluri *zam- "weli", "dro": za-fxul-i, zam-Tar-
i, zan. zo-Tonji, svan. zo-mxa/za~-maxe "weli+axali"; bacb. So (*jo):
CaCn. S…o (*jo): ing. Su ( Suo *jo) "weli", winarenaxuri
*zo*jo; xunZ. zo-b "ca", "weli", and. zubu, tind. zebu, boTl. zi…u,
Rod. zibu, darg. zab "wvima", lezg. s´a-…/c´a-… "ca", Tab. Za-…, aR.
- 293 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Za-…, xin. Zo  *za-…, kriw. za-…, budux. za-… "weli", winareda-
Restnuri *za-b (b nivTTa gr. kl. niS.)...
Sdr.: zam-an "dro", "sezoni", "saaTi" (qarTv. Jam-i), romelic
dadasturebulia: arameulSi, ebraulSi, arabulSi, TurqulSi;
Sdr. saSualsparsuli - zam/zamistan "zamTari"; qarTul zamTar-
fuZeSi *Tar- Tovlis aRmniSvneli fuZe Cans (Sdr.m.andronikaSvi-
li, 1966, gv.321-322; h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 1990), ramdenadac, igi-
ve za- fuZe gamoiyofa zafxul- kompozitSic: za-fx-ul-i, sadac
za- aRniSnavs "dros", "sezons", xolo fx-/*fax- - mzes, mzis Tvals;
Sdr.: fax-/fx- - Tvali (fax-ur-i; i.CantlaZe, 2004); laz. mafxa
(mowmendili ca), svan. mefxe (mowmendili ca), fxiani, fxizeli,
zan. fxoni, xevs. fxre ("Ria"), svan. li-fxer ("gaxsna"), qarTv. mx-
el-a (m.Cuxua, 2003)...
Sdr.: za-mTari - dro (sezoni) Tovlisa;
za-fxuli - dro (sezoni) gaxsnili cisa (anu: mzis Tvalisa;
Sdr., svan. imfxKl - ca ixsneba, idarebs).
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, agreTve, sityvaforma Ramis is-
toria: m.andronikaSvils is miaCnia sparsul nasesxobad, magram,
n.barTaias azriT, qarTulSi arabulidanaa Semosuli. vfiqrobT,
ramdenadac Zvel qarTul teqstebSive dasturdeba Rame sityvis-
gan warmoqmnili sxva leqsikuri erTeulebi (saRamo, naRveli <
*naRmeli < *na-Ram-el-i, Ramori/Ramura, meRamuri, RamismBmobari,
RamiT, maradRame, mRamiobi, naRamevi, saRamuri, siRame, daRameba,
SuaRame...) da qarTvelur dialeqtebSic gvaqvs kanonzomieri Sesa-
tyvisi (Ruma), Rame saerToqarTvelur monacemad unda davsaxoT
(amosaval formad unda vigulvoT *Rame); Sdr., arabulSi misi
mniSvnelobebia: dafarva, danaRvlianeba, bneli, burusiT moculi;
dardi, mwuxareba; sicxe, papanaqeba...); Sesabamisad, logikuria, da-
vuSvaT:
saerToqarTvelurSi Rame Tuki nasesxebia, igi Semosulia
arameulidan an asiriulidan; ar gamoiricxeba arc saerToqarTve-
- 294 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
luridan/iberiul-kavkasiuridan misi sesxeba semiturSi (saida-
nac Sevida sparsulSic), dasaSvebia Ram- Ziris momdinareoba sxva,
ufro Zveli enobrivi kontinuumidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa
qarTvelur-arameul-sparsul fuZeTa uSualo urTierTkavSiri,
rac Zv.w. I aTaswleuls ver gascildeba.
SeniSvna: sagangebo kvlevas saWiroebs somxurSi arsebuli qarTvelu-
ri leqsikac; aRniSnulia, rom misi erTi nawili axlosaa zanur fuZe-
ebTan. ramdenadac somxurSi arsebiTia qarTvelur-kavkasiuri sub-
strati, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, e.w. "zanur" formaTa warmoqmna av-
xsnaT saerToqarTveluris (an armenebis damxvduri romelime sxva qar-
Tveluri tomis metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebel) formaTa tran-
sformaciiT; mosalodnelia, agreTve, gviandeli (qristianuli lazi-
kis droindeli) nasesxobani uSualod lazuridan (somxurSi
sakuTriv lazuri formebis Sesaxeb ix., mag., i.SilakaZe, 1983).
vfiqrobT, m.andronikaSvilis, T.gamyreliZis, v.ivanovis,
d.musxeliSvilis, m.qurdianis da sxva avtorTa mier sainteresod
gaanalizebuli leqsikuri paralelebi mainc ver iZleva damajere-
bel daskvnas saerToqarTveluri enis Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulSi ar-
sebobis Sesaxeb; kerZod, amgvari sakamaTo masalis mixedviT ver da-
vadgenT saerToqarTveluri Tu sakuTriv qarTuli enebis arsebo-
bis dros; garda amisa, rekonstruirebuli da aradokumentirebu-
li enebis savaraudo leqsikuri bazis mixedviT aseT Soreul
droSi rTulia dadgindes: sesxebasTan gvaqvs saqme (romeli mimar-
TulebiTaa nasesxebi?) Tu saerTo warmomavlobasTan.
sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom mecnierebisTvis dRemde cnobil
eTnikur erTobebTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi didi saxelmwifo-
ebrivi warmonaqmnebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan dasturdeba; garda
amisa, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi navaraudevi msoflios yvela ena ukve
mkvdaria, xolo aRdgenili praenebis (miT umetes, protoenebis)
struqtura mniSvnelovnad (arsebiTad!) gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove
enebisgan; Tuki Sumerebis dros zanuris, svanuris Tu qarTulis
arsebobas davuSvebT, gamodis, rom msoflioSi arsebul enaTagan
5000 wlis manZilze mxolod qarTuli, svanuri da megrul-Wanuri
"enebi" inarCuneben TavisTavadobas, rac aralogikuria:
- 295 -
 saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro

msoflioSi ar arsebobs didi samwerlobo tradiciis mqo- mna SedarebiT gviandeli kolxida (centriT - dasavleT saqar-
ne enac ki, romelsac 50 saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeenarCunebinos Tvelos teritoriaze: naqalaqevi, vani, quTaisi); samxreT-aRmo-
Tavisi ZiriTadi saxe; miT umetes, aseTi ver iqneba umwerlobo savleT da aRmosavleT nawilSi - diaoxi da sxv.
tomobrivi ena Tu kilo. 1000 wlis manZilzec ki mxolod did sa- azos, qujisa da farnavazis dros nawilobriv aRdga erTiani
mwerlobo tradicias SeuZlia, Seanelos enis mniSvnelovani saqarTvelo centriT - mcxeTaSi; farnavazma saqarTvelo dayo sa-
cvlilebis procesi; 4000-5000 wlian Tvisobriv ucvlelobaze ki, mTavroebad, SemoiRo damwerloba saerTo qarTveluri enis baza-
vfiqrobT, laparakic zedmetia. enaTa daTariRebis Sesaxeb msje- ze, gamoacxada saxelmwifo religia (am dros cal-calke ar arse-
lobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT samwerlobo tradiciis mqone da bobda iberia da kolxeTi; Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.422).
umwerlobo enebis asakis tipologia: Tuki awmyodan gavadevnebT Sesabamisad, dRevandel lazTa, megrelTa, imerxevelTa, mesx-
Tvals amJamindel enebs, aRmoCndeba, rom werilobiTi tradiciis Ta, kaxTa, svanTa, herTa, fxovelTa da sxva qarTveluri modgmis
enebis umravlesoba ver gadaSordeba 2000 weliwads; miT umetes, TemTa didi winaprebi: miTebSi gadasuli aietic da medeac, mogvi-
Zneli dasajerebelia, rom umwerlobo enebma Tavi SeinarCunes anebiT, azonic, qujic, farnavazic, qarTamic, rostamic, gorgasa-
5000-6000 wlis manZilze. lic, leonic, Wyondidelebic da iovane petriwic oficialurad
enobriv erTeulTa Cven mier warmodgenili analizi da msje- saerToqarTvelur, an mis struqturul adekvat, zogadqarTul
loba mxars uWers saerToqarTveluris daSvebas ufro Zv.w. pir- samwignobro enaze metyvelebdnen, werdnen da, rac mTavaria, er-
vel aTaswleulSi; Sesabamisad, iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobis ar- Toblivad qmnidnen ramdenime aTaswlovan qarTvelur (mosxur-
seboba savaraudebelia Zv.w.IV-II aTaswleulebSi (Sdr.: v.ivanovi, kolxur-iberiul) kulturas.
T.gamyreliZe, 1984, gv.880; m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.44 da sxv.).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT:
II aTaswleulis dasasruls qarTveluri tomebi moicavdnen
aRmosavleT da samxreT SavizRvispireTs (soWidan sinopemde),
mtkvris xeobis did nawils da Woroxis xeobas mTlianad; tomTa-
Sorisi oficialuri ena unda yofiliyo saerToqarTveluri
enobrivi modelis mqone ena - sisina a tipis ena (da ara: ararsebu-
li qarTis tomis ena, zanuri, Teoriulad navaraudevi zanur-qar-
Tuli ena an sxva romelime enobrivi erTeuli). am saerToqarTve-
lurma modgmam Seqmna Zveli wyaroebiT cnobili saxelmwifo
aia/kolxa da arqeologiuri kvlevebiT aRmoCenili kolxuri
kultura, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi regioni iyo istoriu-
li kolas mxare (aqedanaa nawarmoebi kolxa: kol-a/i > kol-x-a).
savaraudoa, es saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba moicavda e.w. nai-
ris qveynebis nawils. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi es saxel-
mwifo ramdenime nawilad iSleba: dasavleT nawilSi warmoiq-

- 296 - - 297 -
 qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
2.3. qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo;
23 saukunis winandeli saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo ena da qarTvelTa dialeqtebi;
qarTveluri damwerloba
2.3.1. istoriuli realiebi
Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi, urartus dacemis
Semdeg istoriuli kolxeTis aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavle-
Ti nawili sparseTis xelSi gadadis (me-19 satrapia), samxreT-Savi-
zRvispireTi nawili (Semdgomi pontos samefo) berZnebs uWiravT,
xolo darCenili "mcire kolxeTi" - qarTuli wyaroebis qarTli
(dasavleTi qarTli - egrisi da aRmosavleTi qarTli - qarTl-ka-
xeT-kuxeT-hereTi, samxreTi qarTli - mesxeTi), xarks uxdis ra
sparseTs, nominalurad inarCunebs damoukideblobas.
Zv.w. IV saukuneSi aleqsandre makedonelis mier sparseTis da-
marcxebis Semdeg, qarTvelebs miecaT erTiani saxelmwifos - sru-
liad qarTlis - aRdgenis SesaZlebloba. qarTvelTa mefis statu-
si miiRo berZenTa mier daniSnulma azom; azo warmoSobiT samxre-
Ti mesxeTidan/kabadokiidan Cans (v.goilaZe, 1991, gv.52; n.xazaraZe,
2001, gv.394). "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, misi sataxto qalaqi
gaxda mcxeTa; azos mmarTvelobas daeqvemdebara aRmosavleT sa-
qarTveloc (gviandeli mcire iberiac), egrisic, mosxikes terito-
riac da Crdilo kavkasiis nawilic ki (osni, lekni da xazarni) -
berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS erT saxelmwifod gaerTianda
qarTvelur tomTa didi nawili (Woroxis, mtkvris zemowelis,
ior-alaznis, aragvis, rion-engurisa da kodor-klisuris xeobe-
bi). SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom berZnebis interesSi Sedioda kav-
kasionis uReltexilebis kontroli da azos amitomac aarCevines
mcxeTa dedaqalaqad.
qarTlis sazRvrebs daaxloebiT amgvaradve gansazRvravs "mo-
- 298 -
qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
qceva~ qarTlisa~":
aleqsandrem azos "miuboZa mcxeTa~ sajdomad da sazRvari da-
udva mas hereTi, da egris wyali, da somxiTi da mTa~ crolisa~"
(Satberdis krebuli, 1979, gv.320). Zveli qarTuli wyaroebidan
Cans, rom amave azos dros qarTvelTa saxelwifos saxeli iyo qar-
Tli (RvTaeba qarTis/xaldis xalxis qveyana).
saberZneTis daqvemdebarebas qarTveloba didxans ver Seguebia:
berZenTa Sinaareulobis Jams (diadoxosebis brZola), qarTu-
li saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, mcxeTis mamasaxlisis - uflo-
sis STamomaval samaras - memkvidre farnavazma da egrisis erisTav-
ma qujim, Crdilokavkasiel moZmeTa daxmarebiT, daamarcxes ber-
Znuli orientaciis azos jarebi da, faqtobrivad, didi kolxeTis
sazRvrebSi aRadgines sruliad qarTlis saxelmwifos damouki-
debloba. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mefis uflebis Sesaxeb
msjeloba sainteresodaa warmodgenili mematianis mier; kerZod,
mefobis erT-erTi pretendenti - quji - eubneba meores - farna-
vazs:
"Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, da Sen gmarTebs uf-
loba Cemi" (e.i. vinaidan qarTvelTa Soris gamorCeuli gvaris
STamomavali xar, Cven, yvelani - sxva qarTvelebi - Sen unda dage-
morCiloTo)... erTiani qarTlis mefe farnavazma saxelmwifo rva
did saerisTavod dayo. "qarTlis cxovrebis" es monakveTi sainte-
resoa saqarTvelos maSindeli sazRvrebis TvalsazrisiT:
sruliad qarTlis aRdgenis Semdeg "egris wyals quemoT da-
rCa berZenTa, rameTu mkAdrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gan-
dgoma berZenTa. maSin farnavaz misca da~ TAsi ovsTa mefesa co-
lad, da meore da~ TAsi misca qujis colad. da misca qujis que-
yana egris wyalsa da rions Sua, zRviTagan mTamde, romelsa Si-
na ars egrisi da suaneTi, da daamtkica igi erisTavad mun. da
man quji aRaSena cixe-goji.
maSin farnavaz uSiS iqmna yovelTa mterTa TvisTagan da mefe
iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da egursa zeda. da ganamravlna yovelni
mBedarni qarTlosianni, ganawesna erisTavni rvani da spaspeti.
erTni gagzavna margvis erisTavad, da misca mciriT mTiTgan,
- 299 -
 qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
romel ars lixi, vidre zRuadmde, rions zemoT (yvela variant-
Si ikiTxeba "vidre zRuamde"; Sdr.: s.yauxCiSviliseuli gaswore-
ba). da amanve farnavaz aRaSenna orni cixeni, Sorapani da dimna.
da gagzavna meore kaxeTisa erisTavad, da misca aragviTagan
vidre hereTamde, romel ars kaxeTi da kuxeTi.
mesame gagzavna xunanisa erisTavad, da misca berdujis mdi-
nariTgan vidre tfilisamde da gaCianTamdis, romel ars garda-
bani.
meoTxe gagzavna samSAldis erisTavad, da misca skvireTisa
mdinariTgan vidre mTamde, romel ars taSiri da aboci.
mexuTe gagzavna wundis erisTavad, da misca fanvariTgan
vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, romel ars javaxeTi da kola da ar-
taani.
meequse gagzavna oZrBis erisTavad, da misca taSiskariTgan
vidre arsianTamdis, nostis TaviTgan zRuamdis, romel ars sa-
mcxe da aWara.
meSAde gagzavna klarjeTis erisTavad, da misca arsianiTgan
zRuamde. da merve, quji, iyo erisTavi egrisisa.
xolo erTi daadgina spaspetad da misca tfilisiTgan da
aragATagan vidre tasiskaramde da fanvaradmde, romel ars Si-
da-qarTli. da ese spaspeti iyo Semdgomadve winaSe mefisa,
mTavrobiT ganagebdis yovelTa erisTavTa zeda. xolo amaT
erisTavTa queSe, adgilTa da adgilTa, ganaCinna spasalarni da
aTasisTavni, da maT yovelTagan movidoda xarki sameufo da sae-
risTavo"... (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24-25).
am vrcel amonaridSi Cven yuradRebas mivaqcevT farnavaz-qu-
jis saxelmwifos gaerTianeba-aRdgenis nebayoflobiT xasiaTs
(JamTaaRmweris xedva zog specialists gulubryviloba hgonia):
egris wyals quemoTa mxareSi - Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi mcxovrebma qarTvelobam ar ineba (!) berZnebisgan gandgoma
da isev berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS darCa... Zveli qarTveli
mematianis azriT, es mxarec egrosis wilia, xolo gviandeli
CanarTis mixedviT - afSil-afxazeTi. romauli wyaroebis cnobiT,
welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze am adgilebSi (dioskuriis midamoebSi)
- 300 -
qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
lazebi cxovroben.
amgvarad, qarTvel mematianeTa Txroba amowmebs, rom Zveli
kolxeTis did nawilSi isev aRdga qarTvelTa saxelmwifo (Sdr.,
anania jafariZe, 1994, gv.62: kolxeTis samefos wiaRSi safuZveli
eyreboda erTian qarTul saxelmwifos Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi).
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enad farnavazma gamoacxada qarTuli
ena, romelic, rogorc zogadqarTuli Tu tomTaSorisi ena, yve-
la qarTveluri tomisTvis erTnairad iyo misaRebi. saistorio
wyaro, aseve, farnavazs miawers qarTuli mwignobrobis anu anba-
nis Seqmnas ("qujis orientacia, Seqmniliyo erTiani saqarTvelo,
SeuZlebelia mogvIianebiT SeTxzuliyo. farnavazis reformis-
tul moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebul, Cveni azriT, realistur faq-
tebs, mematiane ver gamoigonebda"; g.qavTaria, 2000, gv. 28).
lingvistur-kulturologiuri kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze
sakmao safuZveli gvaqvs, vTqvaT:
farnavazis dros qarTvelur tomebs hqondaT saerToqarTve-
luri (zogadqarTuli) enobrivi koine, romelsac saxelmwifo
enis funqcia hqonda; Sdr., mematiane wers: "da arRara izraxebo-
da sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa"; Sdr., imave mema-
tianis azriT, farnavazamdel qarTlSi qarTulTan erTad Tana-
arsebobda: somxuri (anu urartulis memkvidre ena – t.f.), xaza-
ruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZnuli; xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom aq saerTod ar aris saubari arc calkeul qarTvelur
tomTa enebsa Tu dialeqtebze da arc Crdilokavkasiur enobriv
erTeulebze.
Zvel RvTaebaTa sakiTxis mimoxilva cxadyofs, rom am perio-
dis saqarTveloSi SenarCunebulia mcireaziur sxva monaTesave
xalxebTan kulturuli erToba; Sdr.: .gr.giorgaZe, 1985, gv.156:
"qarTuli warmarTuli RvTaebebis sameuli tipur mcireaziur
RvTaebebs ganasaxierebda: armazuli triada daaxloebiT Zv.w. III
saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi "Seqmna" axladwarmoqmnili qarTlis
saxelmwifos pirvelma mefem - farnavazma Zvel mcireaziul mo-
delTan mimsgavsebiT; Cans, aseTi "modeli" arsebobda anatoliaSi
- 301 -
 qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
ara marto xeTur-xuritul xanaSi, aramed - momdevno periodSic
(Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi), rodesac xeTur-xurituli kulturisa da
religiis tradiciebi jer kidev ar iyo gamqrali aRmosavleT mci-
re aziaSi".
ix., agreTve, v.goilaZe, 1991, gv.52: "moqceva~ qarTlisa~"-Si ar-
sebuli cnobiT, gacisa da gas kerpebi aleqsandre makedonelis mi-
er qarTlis mmarTvelad dadgenilma azom arian-qarTlidan
gadmoitana"; xeTebis samefos dedaqalaq xaTusas (axlandeli bo-
Razqoi) "samefo WiSkarze" arsebuli RvTaeba xacis gamosaxuleba
da iqve aRmoCenil lursmul warwerebSi amave RvTaebis aRweri-
loba identuria armazuli gacis qarTuli aRwerilobisa; Sesaba-
misad, vfiqrob, "arian-qarTli kapadokiaa, xolo azos mamis sagam-
geo teritoria mcire aziaSia saZiebeli".
SeniSvna: istorikosTa nawili ndobiT ar ekideboda "qarTlis cxov-
rebis" cnobebs; Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi ufro da ufro amyarebs jer
kidev 1919 wels mari broses mier Tavis ukanasknel "memuarebSi" gamo-
Tqmul azrs: "qarTlis cxovreba qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi istoriisa-
Tvis savsebiT sandoa; kidev metic, qarTul matianeTa cnobebi sandoa
ara mxolod kavkasiis tomTa istoriis Sesaxeb, aramed wina aziis is-
toriisaTvisac" (a.baramiZe, 1986, gv.116).
sarwmuno Cans amgvari varaudic:
miTridateebis ponto da kabadokia ZiriTadad qarTveluri
tomebiT dasaxlebuli qveynebi iyo, magram qarTvelur saxelmwi-
fod imitom ver daimkvidres Tavi, rom iq saxelmwifo ena da da-
mwerloba ar iyo qarTuli; Sdr., saqarTveloSi ponto-kabadoki-
idan arian mosuli azoc, wminda ninoc da kabadokieli wminda mame-
bic; maT aq egulebodaT TavianTi naTesavebis ZiriTadi sacxovri-
si. saqarTveloSi wminda giorgis gamorCeuli Tayvaniscema eTni-
kuri fesvebiTac SeiZleba iyos motivirebuli.
- 302 -
qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
2.3.2. qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli
saxelmwifo enis fonematuri modelis sakiTxi
arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis fonematur struqtura-
ze msjelobisas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba asomTavrul anbans,
vinaidan qarTuli damwerlobis msgavsi srulyofili anbanuri
sistemis Seqmna SeuZlebelia enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis zusti
analizis gareSe.
droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTuli anbanis asoTa moxazuloba
gamravalferovnda (asomTavruli, nusxuri, mxedruli), magram
enis fonematur struqturaSi arsebiTi cvaleba ar momxdara;
garda amisa, Zveli qarTveli ucnobi mwignobrebis mier Tavidanve
iseTi sizustiT iyo dadgenili qarTveluri enis sametyvelo
bgerebi, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRwevebis fonzec ki
idealuria arqauli qarTulis fonemaTa da grafemaTa
Sefardeba.
qarTuli saistorio tradicia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qar-
Tuli samwignobro enisTvis anbanis Seqmnas farnavazis saxels
ukavSirebs. samecniero literaturis erT nawilSi gaziarebulia
amgvari pozicia; meore nawilSi qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRi
gadaweulia Zv.w. VII saukuneSi, zogi mkvlevris azriT ki, qarTu-
li anbani Seiqmna qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxade-
bis Semdeg (literaturis mimoxilvisTvis ix. r.patariZe, 1980;
T.gamyreliZe, 1989). Cven ar gamovricxavT SesaZleblobas, rom qar-
Tuli anbanis ZiriTadi modeli Seiqmna farnavazis dros, rome-
lic, mogvianebiT, qristianuli literaturis Targmnis period-
Si, berZnuli anbanis gavleniT "dazustda" - daemata qarTulisa-
Tvis ucxo ramdenime aso-niSani (Ä, uÂ...).
erT saintereso garemoebas miaqcia yuradReba episkoposma
anania jafariZem; misi azriT, anbani qristianobis Semosvlis Sem-
deg rom Seqmniliyo, am qristianul Rvawls uTuod aRniSnavdnen
qarTveli mematianeni, ramdenadac, rogorc wesi, isini sasuliero
moRvaweni iyvnen (a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.90). amave dros, faqtia isic,
rom qristianobamdeli qarTuli warwerebi ar aris Semonaxuli,
Tumca, nekresis warwerebis msgavsad, kidev ra siurprizs gvimza-
- 303 -
 qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
debs axali aRmoCenebi, ufalma uwyis...
romel periodSi Seqmniladac ar unda vivaraudoT qarTuli
anbani, aSkaraa, rom igi zustad asaxavs TanxmovanTa, sonantTa da
xmovanTa saerToqarTvelur sistemas; garda amisa, gvaqvs sakmarisi
argumentebi, vamtkicoT, rom qarTuli asomTavrulis Semoqmedi
uTuod icnobda rogorc finikiur, aseve berZnul anbanur siste-
mas; swored am konteqstSia saintereso erTi garemoeba:
finikiurSi gamoixateboda E da ~ bgerebi, xolo berZnulSi -
u da i; qarTul damwerlobaSi Tavidanve gvaqvs oTxive bgeris
fardi aso-niSani; vfiqrobT, rom asomTavrulis v swored wyvil-
bagismier umarcvlo bgeras gamoxatavda da ara kbilbagismier spi-
rants (dawvrilebiT ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998). warmodgenili ori
sonantis oTxive alofoni aisaxeboda agreTve runul da, gamomdi-
nare aqedan, axal goTur damwerlobaSi, romelic Zveli goTuri-
sa da berZnuli uncialuri damwerlobisagan Seiqmna (goTurisa
da uncialuri berZnulis mimarTebisaTvis ix. T. gamyreliZe, 1984,
gv.101; agreTve, r.patariZe, 1980, gv. 137); goTurisave E niSnis saxe-
li emTxveva qarTuli v (vini) niSnis saxelwodebas; SeiZleba da-
vuSvaT, rom goTuri anbanis Semqmnels an qarTuli anbanic edo
win, an qarTulic da etruskul-goTuric am niSans finikiurisgan
iReben...
SeniSvna: runuli damwerloba saTaves iRebs etruskulisa-
gan; Tu gaviTvaliwinebT imasac, rom zogi mkvlevari etrus-
kuls saerToqarTvelur enasTan akavSirebs, sainteresod
SeiZleba dadges zogi sxva sakiTxic.
sayuradReboa: qarTulSi, finikiuris analogiiT, v/E-s Sesa-
bamisi niSani gamoxatavs 6 ricxviT mniSvnelobas, goTurSi ki, ber-
Znulis msgavsad, 400-s Seesabameba; goTuri u-s asoniSani me-16 ad-
gilzea da 70 aRniSnavs; qarTulSi am adgilas o zis.
rac Seexeba u sonantis marcvlovan variants:
berZnulSi, Tavdapirvelad, 23-e aso-niSani u-s Seesabameboda;
mogvianebiT mas daakisres O-s aRniSvna da u-sTvis digrafi Semoi-
Res; 23-e niSnis ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa 400.
Cveni azriT, ganviTarebis amgvarive gza unda gaevlo qarTu-
li asomTavrulis 23-e niSan Â-sac, igi Tavdapirvelad u-s gamosa-
- 304 -
qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
xatavad Seqmnes; mogvianebiT ki, berZnulis analogiiT ukana rigis
bagismieri xmovnisTvis SemoRebuli digrafis (uÂ) damkvidrebis
Semdeg, igi ui/Ei segmentis simbolod damkvidrda; O/Ei qarTul-
Si fonema ar iyo, amitomac  niSnis gamoyenebaSi garkveuli aRre-
vebi damwerlobam Tavidan ver aicila, Tumca, rogorc xanmeti
teqstebis analiziT Cans, Â (vie) ZiriTadad ui (da ara Ei/vi) kom-
pleqss Seesabameboda...
Cvens mosazrebas amyarebs ramdenime garemoeba:
a) qristianuli kanonikuri wignebis Targmnisas mTargmneli
valdebuli iyo, mkacrad daecva dedanTan Sesabamisoba; gamomdina-
re aqedan, berZnuli anbanis mixedviT xdeboda damwerlobis "ga-
marTva"... Sdr., swored am mizeziT TiTqmis uaryofil iqna goTu-
ri runuli warmarTuli xasiaTis anbani (T. gamyreliZe, 1989,
gv.100)... savaraudoa, qristianobis Semdeg msgavsi reforma qarTu-
lSic moexdinaT, romlis erT-erTi Sedegic iyo berZnulis mibaZ-
viT digramis SemoReba u bgerisaTvis da 23-e grafemis damkvidre-
ba O/ui/Ei kompleqsis aRsaniSnavad.
b) uÂ-s ricxviTi mniSvnelobis uqonlobis axsna berZnulis
analogiiT nakleb logikuria; imave goTurSi digramis nacvlad
monograma gvaqvs, romelsac sakuTari ricxviTi mniSvnelobac aqvs.
qarTuli anbanis Semoqmedma abruptivTa (p, t, w, W, k, y) garda,
berZnulisagan gansxvavebul kidev 12 sametyvelo bgeras (E, ~, J,
R, C, c, z, q, p, j, h) mouZebna originaluri aso-niSani, srulyo ri-
cxviTi mniSvnelobebis sistema, berZnulisaTvis bunebrivi da qar-
TulisaTvis ucxo me-16 aso-niSnis adgilas qarTulisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli sonantis umarcvlo alofonis - ~-s grafema Casva,
amiT ganasxvava ra ~ da i alofonebi... anbanis Semqmnelis genia-
luri Wvretisa da Rrmad mecnieruli analizis fonze auxsnelia,
erTi mxriv, qarTuli digramis da Sesabamisi berZnuli pirvel-
wyaros sruli grafikuli erTgvaroba, meore mxriv ki, misiT mar-
cvlovani da umarcvlo variantebis gamoxatva...
aSkaraa, rom digrama amovardnilia qarTuli anbanTSemoqme-
debis procesidan, rac mis gviandelobaze unda metyvelebdes;
garda amisa, Tuki qarTuli asomTavruli anbani qristianobis Sem-
- 305 -
 qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
degaa Seqmnili berZnulis analogiiT, amdeni gansxvavebuli bgeri-
saTvis grafemis Semqmnel qarTvel anbanTSemoqmeds ratom gau-
Wirdeboda qarTul enaSi ase intensiurad gamoyenebuli bagismie-
ri spiranti Tanxmovnisa da bagismieri xmovnis grafikuli gamij-
vna, maTTvis originaluri grafemebis Seqmna maSin, roca ganasxvava
ufro rTulad gasamijni /i/ da /~/?
g) qarTuli anbanis grafemebi saocari simyariT gamoirCevian
aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT; gamonak-
liss qmnis mxolod u sonanti fonemis alofonTa gamoxatva (iSvi-
aTad SemCneulia i/~ grafemebis monacvleobac; imnaiSvili, 1982,
gv.117), kerZod, mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom v gamoxatavs E/v
alofonebs;  niSani u/E/Ei (da ara ui-s), xolo u - u/E-s (saki-
Txis istoriisaTvis ix., agreTve, k. danelia, z. sarjvelaZe, 1997)...
Tumca, am dros ara gvaqvs zusti kriteriumi, gavarkvioT, mag.,
SexuabT formaSi igi marcvlovan bgeras aRniSnavda Tu umar-
cvlos (ak.SaniZis varaudi Tanamedrove qarTulis Cvenebas efuZ-
neboda! ix. ak. SaniZe, 1976, gv.20); agreTve, Zvel qarTulSi baZEa,
xatEa tipis sawyisebSi v grafema gvaqvs; rogorc anton kaTali-
kosi Tvlis, aq E bgera unda igulisxmebodes... sxva magaliTebis
moyvanac SeiZleba...
SeniSvna: samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi,
rom Zvel qarTulSi u grafema, SesaZloa, mxolod marcvlovan
bgeras aRniSnavda; mogvianebiT E-Ti gamoixateboda u-s reduq-
ciiT miRebuli E/v (T.Jordania, 1889, gv.11-12; v. Tofuria,
1979, gv.164; m. kobaiZe, 1990, gv.150)...
vfiqrobT, sonantis alofonTa gamoxatvaSi arsebuli ryeva
swored digramis SemoRebam gamoiwvia; manamde v-s Seesabamebo-
da wyvilbagismieri E alofoni, xolo  niSans - marcvlovani
varianti. kbilbagismieri spiranti anbanSi ar gamoixateboda,
vinaidan igi qarTulisTvis arabunebrivia (t.futkaraZe, 1998,
gv.71-75); labiodentaluri Tanxmovani ar iyo finikiurSi da arc
qarTuli anbanis safuZvlad navaraudev berZnul klasikur anban-
Si; qarTuli anbanis me-6 aso-niSani, romelic Tavidan
wyvilbagismieri spirantis (sonantis alofonis) gamosaxatavad
- 306 -
qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
Seiqmna, kbilbagismierad gaazrebul iqna gvian Sua saukuneebSi
laTinuri enis gramatikebis gavleniT (Sdr., Tu enaSi gvaqvs
labiodentaluri mJReri fonema v, im enebSi vlindeba yru f
fonemac). Cveni azriT, Zveli qarTulis kuali, leku, SexuabT...
tipis formebSi sruli xmovania aRniSnuli da ara E. es ukanaskne-
li ivaraudeba qva, qveli, yveli, wyvili, xvale, pirveli, svla... ri-
gis sityvebSi. qristianuli kanonikuri Zeglebis qmnadobis mogvi-
ano periodebSi avtorebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen u alofonis Se-
sabamisi rTuli grafemis Secvlas isev  an u martivi niSniT...
d) ana dedofliseuli "qarTlis cxovrebis" xelnaweris avto-
ri zogi v-s Tavze wertils svamda (iv. javaxiSvili, 1949, gv.137); ma-
riam dedofliseul xelnawerSi am adgilas u gvaqvs (yueli); an-
ton kaTalikosma E aso-niSani SemoiRo... Cveni azriT, amis axsna
Semdegnairad SeiZleba: antonis dros qarTuli anbanis v niSniT
gamoxatuli bgera laTinuris gavleniT ukve kbilbagismieradaa
gaazrebuli... ar aris gamoricxuli, rom antonma E SemoiRo sa-
kuTriv u-sgan miRebuli umarcvlo variantis aRsaniSnavad;
sakiTxi Semdgom Ziebas saWiroebs (ix. anton kaTalikosi, 1885;
gv.116-117; 285-286).
amgvarad, finikiur da berZnul anbanur sistemaTa gamocdi-
lebis safuZvelze Seqmnil qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi
aisaxeboda saerToqarTveluris Tu arqauli qarTulisTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli sonanti fonemebis alofonebic. am garemoebis gamo
finikiur da sakuTriv berZnul sistemebTan SedarebiT, qarTuli
anbani ufro srulyofilad gamoiyureba; Sdr.: finikiuri anbani
ZiriTadad konsonantur fonemebs gamoxatavda; xmovani fonemebis
damatebiT berZnulma gaaumjobesa sametyvelo bgerebis gamoxatvis
sistema, qarTul anbanSi ki sonant fonemaTa alofonebic aisaxa...
vfiqrobT aSkaraa:
saerToqarTvelursa da arqaul qarTulSi navaraudevi yvela
fonema da i da u sonantTa alofonebic (i/~, u/E) TiTo grafemi-
Taa dadasturebuli asomTavrul anbanSic da mxedrulSic; Sesa-
bamisad, sruli safuZveli gvaqvs, vTqvaT, rom saerToqarTvelu-
risa da samwignobro qarTulis fonematuri struqturebi igive-
- 307 -
 qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
obrivi monacemebia.
2.3.3. Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa
Camoyalibebis dro
dialeqtebis warmoqmnis dinamika Cven ase warmogvidgenia:
Tanamedrove dialeqtebi yalibdeba samwignobro enisa (oficia-
luri enis, koines) da zepiri metyvelebis mudmivi urTierTgavle-
nis pirobebSi (zepiri metyveleba SeiZleba arc iyos samwignobro
enis monaTesave enobrivi erTeuli; e.w. gadafarvis kriteriumis
Sesaxeb ix. i.gosensi); istoriuli kiloebi ki warmoiqmneba saerTo
enis divergenciiTa da mezobeli enobrivi erTeulebis gavleniT.
rogorc wesi, samwignobro enis gavlena metia politikur
da religiur centrTan axlos myofi mosaxleobis metyve-
lebaze; gamomdinare aqedan, mosalodnelia, rom meti cvaleba ga-
nicadon ganapira dialeqtebma, miT umetes, ganapira regionebSi
metia mezobeli xalxebis enaTa Tu wes-CveulebaTa gavlenebi. na-
Tqvamis sailustraciod mravali faqtis moyvana SeiZleba; sanimu-
Sod davasaxelebT palatalizebuli xmovnebis arsebobas ganapira
qarTvelur (svanur, herul da, nawilobriv, fxour, mesxur da za-
nur) dialeqtebSi...
samecniero literaturaSi saerToqarTveluri enisgan dia-
leqtTa gamoyofis drosa da Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb azrTa didi
sxvadasxvaobaa: rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, ufro logikuri
da argumentirebulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac saerToqar-
Tvelurisgan samwignobro enis formirebis paralelurad Camoi-
nakvTa ori ZiriTadi dialeqturi wre: e.w. sisina Tanxmovnebiani
dialeqtebi: qarTlur-kaxur-mesxur-fxour-heruli kiloe-
bi da e.w. SiSina Tanxmovnebiani dialeqtebi: zanur-svanu-
ri kiloebi; droTa ganmavlobaSi, SiSina kiloebis erT nawilSi
sxva enobriv cvlilebebTan erTad, rig SemTxvevebSi, ganxorciel-
da a-s labializacia o-d da e-s depalatalizacia; Sedegad mivi-
ReT Tanamedrove zanuri dialeqtebi. Crdilokavkasiel eTnosTa
mezoblad mcxovreb SiSina zanur-svanur kiloze molaparake
- 308 -
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi sxva enobriv (fonetikur, morfonolo-
giur, morfologiur...) procesebTan erTad ganxorcielda Tan-
xmovanTa da xmovanTa palatalizacia (da sxva movlenebi), ramac
saTave daudo svanTa dialeqtebis warmoqmnas.
cnobilia, rom monaTesave enobriv sistemebs Soris arsebuli
bgeraTSesatyvisobani istoriulad Camoyalibebuli movlenaa
(msjelobisaTvis ix. v.Sengelia, 1999). saerTo enobrivi sistemis-
gan dialeqturi variantebis formireba xangrZlivi fonetikuri
procesebis Sedegia, amdenad, logikuria, davuSvaT, rom amosava-
li fonemis kanonzomieri da regularuli dialeqturi bgeriTi
variantebi erT istoriul-qronologiur monakveTSi Camoyalib-
da; mag., saerToqarTveluri *s fonemisgan zanur-svanuri S-s
warmoqmnis procesi erTdroulad ganxorcielda suani > Soni,
asi > oSi sityvebSi, kac-is > koC-iS formantSic da quTaisis sa-
kuTari saxelis kargad cnobil qarTvelur variantebSic: quTai-
si/quTeisi/quTeSi/quT@S.
drois romel monakveTSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo es fone-
tikuri procesi?
zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris Camoyalibebis TariRis zeda
zRvris dasadgenad sayuradRebo argumentebs iZleva qalaq quTa-
isis istoria da misi saxelis variantTa istoriuli mimarTeba:
samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom qu-
Taisis saxeli Seiqmna saerToqarTveluri enis doneze (a.uruSaZe,
1993, gv.33; a.oniani, z.sarjvelaZe, 1971, gv.174 ; g.gabunia, 1973, gv.
23). marTlac, quTaisis saxelis variantebSi warmodgenili bge-
raTSesatyvisobebi ver gaCndeboda am dasaxlebuli punqtis daar-
sebamde; amdenad, logikuria, davuSvaT, rom warmodgenili qar-
Tveluri variantebi Camoyalibda quTaisis daarsebis Semdeg; Se-
sabamisad, quTaisis istoriisa da misi saxelis nairsaxeobaTa mi-
marTebis mixedviTac SeiZleba davazustoT zanur-svanuri dia-
leqtebis formirebis sawyisi periodi.
quTaisis daarsebis dro. quTaisis istorias mravali naSro-
mi mieZRvna. quTaisSi pirveli arqeologiuri aRmoCenis avtorad
samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebulia cnobili qarTveli sazo-
- 309 -
 Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
gado moRvawe giorgi wereTeli (g.wereTeli, 1882). quTaisis "qvey-
nis" teritoriaze sxvadasxva dros arqeologiur gaTxrebs awar-
moebdnen: r.Smidti, l.kozlovski, g.nioraZe, p.Wabukiani, m.ivaSen-
ko, b.kuftini, n.kilaZe-berZeniSvili, l.musxeliSvili, g.lomTaZe,
l.jiqia, o.lorTqifaniZe, m.nioraZe, v.liCeli, v.jafariZe, g.kvir-
kvelia, o.lanCava, g.isakaZe...
arqeologiuri masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze quTaisis isto-
riaSi ganviTarebis ramdenime ZiriTadi periodia gamoyofili:
1. Zv.w. VIII-IV saukuneebi - qalaqis dafuZnebisa da dawinau-
rebis periodi;
2. Zv.w. IV-ax.w. IV saukuneebi - qalaqis dakninebis, anu e.w.
"bneli" periodi;
3. IV-V saukuneebi - quTaisis, rogorc egrisis mTavari qala-
qis, aRorZinebis periodi;
4. VI-VII saukuneebi - quTaisi kargavs politikur priori-
tets;
5. VIII-X saukuneebi - quTaisis xelaxali aRmavloba egris-
afxazeTis dedaqalaqobidan - sruliad saqarTvelos de-
daqalaqobamde (sakiTxis istoriisa da bibliografiisa-
Tvis ix. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1994 da o.lanCava, 1996).
quTaisis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebulia ori monografia: 1960
wels daibeWda vladimer CakvetaZis "quTaisis istoriidan" da
1962, 1989 wlebSi - vaxtang jaoSvilis "quTaisi"; 1994 wels gamoi-
ca mniSvnelovani samecniero krebuli: "quTaisi uZvelesi droi-
dan XIII saukunemde"; warmodgenil gamokvlevebSi sarwmunodaa
miCneuli arqeologebis mier miRebuli daskvnebi quTaisis daar-
sebis Sesaxeb.
quTaisis daarsebis drosTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs gansxva-
vebuli mosazreba, kerZod, l.sanikiZis, a.uruSaZis, g.gabunias da
sxvaTa azriT, quTaisi warmoiqmna Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Sua pe-
riodSi; kerZod, l.sanikiZes argumentad mohyavs is faqti, rom
apolonios rodoseli "argonavtikaSi" kutaias moixseniebs mxo-
lod im qalaqTa gverdiT, romlebic arsebobdnen Zv.w. meore aTas-
wleulidan; "argonavtikaSi" antikuri periodis "axali" qalaqebi
- 310 -
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
sxva SemTxvevaSi ar saxeldeba (l.sanikiZe, 1971; a.uruSaZe, 1993,
gv.44; g. gabunia, 1973, gv.29). odnav gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi
hqonda s.yauxCiSvils (s.yauxCiSvili, 1969). r.gordeziani ar gamo-
ricxavs aia-sa da kutaias igiveobas, magram sakiTxs dasabuTebu-
lad ar miiCnevs (r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.46).
Zv.w. VII-VI saukunidan moyolebuli, quTaisi metad dawinau-
rebuli da cnobili qalaqia, kolxeTis dedaqalaqia, amdenad, lo-
gikuri iyo, antikur periodSi apolonios rodosels daeSva, rom
miTuri aia igive kutaia iyo; Sesabamisad, 1000 wlis winandeli ai-
etisa da iazonis gamiTebuli ambis Txrobisas bunebrivia quTai-
sis moxsenieba saberZneTis uZveles qalaqebTan erTad. kvlevis Ta-
namedrove etapze, ramdenime mizezis gamo, upirveles problemad
Cven swored aietis samkvidrosa da kutaias igiveoba gvesaxeba;
kolxas dedaqalaqi Woroxis xeobaSia Tu rionis?
mecnierTa erTi nawili (n.mari, g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe,
1974, gv.84 da sxv.) varaudobs, rom istoriuli kolxas dedaqalaqi
- aietis rezidencia - iyo samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (arta-
nujSi); Sesabamisad, iazoni movida ara rionis, aramed Woroxis xe-
obaSi;
aqve sayuradReboa isic, rom Zv.w. XV-X saukuneebis kolxuri
brinjaos cnobil ganZTagan ufro meti samxreT-dasavleT saqar-
TveloSia aRmoCenili, vidre dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria-
ze (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.40); sakuTriv quTaisis teritoriaze (go-
razec da rionis pirasac) mikvleuli masala ki Zv.w. pirveli aTas-
wleulis VIII saukunes ar scildeba.
adgilis zusti gansazRvriT, "qarTlis cxovrebaSi" quTaisi
pirvelad ax.w. VIII saukunidan dasturdeba (o.lorTqifaniZe,
1994, gv.20), qarTul sabuTebSi ki - XI saukunidan (T.yauxCiSvili,
1994, gv.33). berZnul wyaroebSi 11 saukuniT Zveli, kerZod, Zv.w. III
saukunis damowmeba gvaqvs. ufro adreuli wyaroebi sando loka-
lizacias ar gvaZleven.
kolxas dedaqalaqis Sesaxeb SegviZlia vimsjeloT mdinare fa-
zisis mixedviT, magram, Zv.w. III saukunidanve moyolebuli, fazi-
sad moixsenieba Woroxic, rionic da kidev, yubanic da araqsic (sa-
- 311 -
 Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
kiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. m.berZniSvili, 1969, gv.89 da g.grigolia,
1994, gv.49-50, 55); Woroxic sanaosno mdinare iyo (arTvinamde) da
rion-yvirilac (Sorapnamde)... berZnuli wyaroebiTve, zRvidan ai-
etis qalaqamde manZili 55 km ar aRemateba, rac saZiebel qalaqad
ufro artanujs gvavaraudebinebs (ix. g.meliqiSvili, 1954; Sdr. o.
lorTqifaniZe, 1966); Tumca, Woroxis kalapotidan artanujamde -
TurTumis msgavsad maRali mTebiT dacul xeobaTa Sesayar
qalaqamde - 10-15 km manZilze SeuZlebelia naviT mgzavroba.
sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.
quTaisis aRmocenebis drois TvalsazrisiT, jerjerobiT, uf-
ro sarwmunod arqeologTa daskvnebi migvaCnia: danamdvilebiT
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom quTaisis saqalaqo cxovreba dawyebulia Zve-
li welTaRricxvis VIII-VI saukuneebSi (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1988;
o.lorTqifaniZe, 1994; o.lanCava, 1996).
quTaisis saxelis variantebi. istoriul wyaroebSi quTai-
sis saxelis aTze meti variantia dadasturebuli, kerZod, 1993
wels gamoqveynebul akaki uruSaZis gamokvlevaSi: "quTaisi ber-
Znul da romaul wyaroebSi" damowmebulia:
kutaia, kute (likofroni, Zv.w. III s.),
kutaiisi (apolonios rodoseli, Zv.w. III s.),
kuteisi ("orfikuli argonavtika", ax.w. IV s.),
kuta (stefane bizantieli, ax.w. VI s.),
kotiaioni/ko~taioni, kutaisi, kutatisi, kutatusi ["ase eZaxi-
an lazebi"] (prokopi kesarieli, ax.w. VI s.),
kotaisi (agaTia sqolastikosi, ax.w.VI s.)...
a.uruSaZis dakvirvebiT, "damowmebul yvela formaSi Tavda-
pirveli da amosavalia kut/quT Ziri, romlis u xmovans kanonzo-
mierad enacvleba o, o~, oE xmovnebi" (a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.31).
VII saukunis e.w. somxur anonimur "geografiaSi" quTaisis aR-
saniSnavad gamoyenebulia kota forma.
"qarTlis cxovrebaSi" da sxva werilobiT ZeglebSi CvenTvis
saintereso qalaqis saxelis ramdenime varianti gvidasturdeba:
quTaTisi, quTaTi, quTaisi; qarTvelur dialeqtebSi ki damowme-
buli gvaqvs: quTeisi, quTeSi da quT@S.
- 312 -
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
quTaisis saxelis warmodgenili mravali varianti xuT Ziri-
Tad jgufad warmodgeba: 1.kota/kuta, 2.kutaia, 3. kuTaiisi/quTa-
isi/ quTeisi/quTeSi/quT@S, 4.quTaTi, 5.quTaTisi/quTaTusi...
amaTgan sainteresoa mesame jgufi, sadac toponimis qarTvelur va-
riantebSi ueWvelad dasturdeba s/S bgeraTSesatyvisoba.
toponim quTaisis etimologia. toponim quTaisis ramdenime
etimologia arsebobs; mas qva/qua sityvasTan akavSirebdnen d.me-
RvineTxucesiSvili, v.CakvetaZe (1960, gv.55), v.jaoSvili (1989,
gv.57). g.Jordanias mixedviT, quTaisi darqmeulia misi amgebis sa-
xelis - quTaTis - mixedviT. n. balanCivaZis azriT, "albaT arse-
bobda kutas gvari Tu tomi, romlis saxeli miuRia quTaiss". qa-
laqis etimologias quTas gvars ukavSirebs g.eliavac. g.gabunias
(g.gabunia, 1996, gv.244; g.gabunia, 1999, gv.97-99) varaudiT, quTaisi
SeiZleba miRebuli iyos kompozit quT-aia-sgan; mkvlevari ar
gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom saxelwodeba aia-quTaia-quTaTi-
si dakavSirebuli iyos qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis proble-
masTan; kerZod, an erT-erTi mTavari qarTveluri eTnarqis, an ci-
ur mnaTobTa Zvelkolxuri RvTaebis saxeli iyos.
arc erTi avtoris mosazrebas sarwmuno lingvisturi dasa-
buTeba ar axlavs...
mecnierTa erTi nawili toponimis fuZes araqarTveluri
warmomavlobisad miiCnevs; kerZod: n. mari da s.kakabaZe afxazur
q˚Ta ("sofeli") sityvas ukavSireben; i.jiSkariani - arCibul qu-
Tas ("qali"), k.hani da a.uruSaZe SesaZleblad Tvlian, amosavlad
berZnuli kutos "tyavi" davsaxoT (am da sxva mosazrebebis mimo-
xilvisTvis ix. v.CakvetaZe, 1960, gv.49-55; a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.42-43 da
m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64).
Cveni azriT, quTaisis qarTuli warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs.
aseve, qarTveluri variantebis SepirispirebiT aSkaraa, rom uZve-
lesi forma da qalaqis oficialuri saxelwodebaa quTaisi;
ucxour wyaroebSi qalaqis saxeli qarTveluri arealidanaa Se-
Tvisebuli. quTaTi SedarebiT gvian Seqmnili dialeqturi (zanu-
ri) forma Cans. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom quTaTisi/quTaTusi am
- 313 -
 Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
ori formis kontaminaciiTaa warmoqmnili (Sdr., a.oniani, z.sa-
rjvelaZe, 1971, gv.174).
svanuri quT@S formis warmoqmnis Semdegi gza unda vivarau-
doT: quTaisi > *quTa-iS-i > quT@-iS/quT@S (Sdr., a.oniani,z.sa-
rjvelaZe, 1971, gv174); zanuri quTeSi ki Semdegnairadaa miRebu-
li: quTaisi > quTeisi/quTeiSi > quTeSi.
quTaisis saxelis yvela variantis morfologiuri analizi
(gansakuTrebiT svanuri quT@S < *quTa-Si < *quTa-iS-i) mxars
uWers toponimis fuZed quTa-s (berZnuli formiT: kota/ko~ta)
ganxilvas.
p.ingoroyvas azriT, SemTxveviTad ar unda CaiTvalos is gare-
moeba, rom erTmaneTs emTxveva jiqeTSi mdebare "Zveli lazikis"
Temis saxelwodeba (quTasi/qoTaSi) da amJamindel qalaq quTaisis
saxeli. a.uruSaZis azriT, amave fuZes SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes
qsenofontes mier dasaxelebuli erT-erTi qarTvelur-kolxuri
satomo saxeli ko~tebi (a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.32); amgvari azri gamo-
Tqmuli aqvs T.yauxCiSvilsac (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.59).
vfiqrobT, ko~tebi formisTvis amosavalia *quTebi; Sdr., VI sau-
kunis moRvawis, prokopi kesarielis cnobiT, Zvelad quTaiss
ko~taioni erqva; m.inaZis mixedviT ki, quT- fuZiani saxeli kolx-
Ta miwas, mxares aRniSnavda (m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64). aseve, ar gamoiri-
cxeba, rom warmodgenili quT- fuZe momdinareobdes xaT-/qaT-
fuZisgan: xaT/qaT > quT (a-s labializaciiT).
amgvarad, quTaisis saxelis lingvisturi analiziT aSkaraa,
rom toponimSi warmodgenilia quT-/quTa Ziri da -is saerToqar-
Tveluri formanti. ramdenadac, arqeologiuri monacemebis mi-
xedviT, qalaqi quTaisi daarsebulia Zveli welTaRricxvis VIII-
VI saukuneebSi, bunebrivia, unda davuSvaT, rom -is saerToqar-
Tveluri formantis zanur-svanuri varianti -iS/-S da, Sesabami-
sad, zanur-svanuri dialeqtebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konso-
nanturi sistema Camoyalibda Zveli welTaRricxvis pirveli
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi.
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa formirebis drois qveda
- 314 -
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
zRvris dadgenis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa welTaRricxvaTa mi-
jnisdroindeli berZnuli cnobebi lazebis, svanebisa da suano-
kolxebis arsebobis Sesaxeb; mag., klavdios ptolemaiosis (100-178)
cnobiT, bzifidan rionamde cxovroben lazebi, manralebi, ekrik-
tikes qveynis mcxovrebni... maT CrdiloeTiT cxovroben aqa~ebi,
kerketebi da suanokolxebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.160); Sdr., le-
ontisTvis egrisi da suaneTi zogjer sinonimebia...
dRes rTulia msjeloba, Tu konkretulad ra saxisa iyo am
tomTa metyveleba; naklebadaa savaraudo, rom welTaRricxvaTa
mijnaze lazur-megruli ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo CvenTvis cno-
bil lingvistur sazRvrebSi, Tumca zanur-svanuri dialeqturi
wris formirebis procesi uTuod dawyebulia.
***
dasavlurqarTveluri (SiSina) dialeqturi wris Camoyalibe-
ba, vfiqrobT, SeiZleba daukavSirdes or istoriul movlenas:
_ Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls qarTveluri tomebiT dasax-
lebuli teritoria ramdenime samefodaa warmodgenili (ponto,
lazika, iberia...); sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv velSi moqceva
aferxebs qarTveluri modgmis TemTa (eTnografiul jgufTa)
kulturul Tanacxovrebas; samxreT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi
ufro knindeba qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro-oficialuri
enis statusi, Sesabamisad, aqtiurdeba zepiri metyvelebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri movlenebi. vfiqrobT, am periodi-
dan saerToqarTveluri enis aRmosavlur variantSi gvaqvs pala-
talizebuli bgerebis mqone sparsuli enis gavlena (Zv.w. II sauku-
neSi mtkvar-araqsis auzSi mZlavroben sparsuli tomebi), dasav-
lur-qarTvelur zepir metyvelebaSi ki piriqiT: aqtiurdeba wi-
naenismieri labiovelarizebuli bgerebisgan velarizebuli har-
moniuli kompleqsebis (Jg, Sq, jg, Cq, Wk...) warmoqmna, labiovela-
rizebul Z, c, w, z, s bgerebisgan j, C, W, J, S fonemebis formireba.
Semdgom etapze dasavleT saqarTvelos baris mosaxleobis
metyvelebaSi momijnave TanxmovanTa labialuri komponentis mona-
- 315 -
 Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
wileobiT xorcieldeba a > o, e > a gadabgereba; mTis mosaxleobis
metyvelebaSi xmovanTa labializaciis process aferxebs (da
cvlis) palatalizacia, romelic axasiaTebs svaneTis mosazRvre
Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis enebs; Sdr.:
qarTveli mematianis cnobiT, mefe saurmagma Tavisi xelisuf-
lebis gansamtkiceblad Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmoasaxla "kavkasis
naTesavTa naxevarni, da romelnime maTganni warCinebul yvna, sxua-
ni dasxna mTiuleTs - didoeTidan vidre egrisamde, romeli ars
suaneTi" (q.c., 1955, gv.27). droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelurma mo-
dgmam CamosaxlebulTa asimilacia moaxdina, magram Crdilokavka-
sielTa dialeqtebi (Tu enebi), Cans, ukvalod ar dakargulan: ma-
Ti superstratuli kvali aSkarad Cans svanTa dialeqtebis fone-
matur struqturaSi palatalizebuli xmovnebis (dawvrilebiT
ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998), saxelis paradigmaSi e.w. ormagi brunvebisa
da Crdilokavkasiuri tipis ergativis, leqsikuri nasesxobebisa
da svanTa metyvelebis zogi sxva Taviseburebis saxiT.
zanur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis drosTan dakavSirebiT
sainteresoa, aseve, Tbilisis istoria: Tavidanve zogadqarTve-
luri Rirebulebis mqone am qalaqs qarTvelur dialeqtebSi Sesa-
tyvisobebi ara aqvs.
zanuri da svanuri enobrivi erTeulebis warmoqmnis dasru-
lebis dadasturebul TariRad SeiZleba miviCnioT daviT da kon-
stantines wamebis dro: nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba toponimi Wyondidi
(warmomavlobis saxeli - Wyondideli); Sdr.: berZnul-bizantiur
Tu qarTul wyaroebSi manamde dadasturebuli toponimebi sisi-
na tipis enis models mihyvebian.
gorgaslis Semdeg dawyebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebri-
vi ngreva arabobam daasrula: sarwmuno Cans, rom swored am peri-
odSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebze sabo-
lood Camoyalibda ori didi dialeqturi wre: megrul-lazur-
Wanur-svanuri da imerul-qarTl-kaxur-mesxur-herul-fxour-
Takveruli; Sdr., a.jafariZis saintereso msjeloba (1994, gv.65):
"Cveni mematianeni aTaswleulTa manZilze yovelgvari yoyma-
- 316 -
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
nis gareSe Cveni saxelmwifos rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT
nawilSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas qarTvelebs uwodeben (xazi,
aqac da qvemoTac, Cvenia – t.f.)... sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis er-
Tian xalxad gadaqcevas xeli uTuod imanac Seuwyo, rom saxelmwi-
fos Camoyalibebis dros qarTuli fuZeenis daSlis xarisxi didi
ar iyo. tomebis enebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan; qarTebis, zane-
bisa da svanebis enebi, cxadia, am ori aTas xuTasi wlis win erTma-
neTis mimarT dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen. isini damoukidebel
enebad (? - t.f.) Camoyalibdnen Semdgom, safiqrebelia, mas Semdeg,
rac farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo daiSala - vaxtang gor-
gasalis Svilebis dros" (Sdr., svanurs Zveli qarTuli enis dia-
leqtad ganixilavs T.mibCuani; ix., 1993, gv.464).
Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloTa (zanur, svanur, fxour...)
Camoyalibebis drois TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa enobriv mona-
cemTa SepirispirebiTi analizic; ganvixilavT ramdenime faqts:
qarTvelur kiloebs samwignobro enis msgavsi brunvaTa siste-
ma aqvT; sxvaoba dasturdeba ergativis gaformebisa da nar-Tania-
ni mravlobiTis TvalsazrisiT:
samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom -man/-ma/-m forman-
tiani moTxrobiTi saxelobiTTan erTad gvianaa Camoyalibebuli
(msjelobisa da sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. T.uTurgaiZe, 1986,
gv.16-22). arqaul samwignobro enaSi ergativi warmodgenilia
saxelis fuZiT (abraam), me, Sen, Cven, Tqven, man, maT, vin, TviTon
nacvalsaxelebiT, an man nawevriani yalibiT (kac-man); svanur ki-
loebSi e.w. adiRuri tipis ergativia gabatonebuli, xolo zanur
kiloebSi ergativs awarmoebs -q segmenti, romelic, Cveni azriT,
megrul, raWul, taour, imerxeul da sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi
farTod gavrcelebuli qe/qi/qo/qve/ki/xo/ho nawilakis naSTia:
qo/qve/qe dadasturebiTi nawilaki droTa ganmavlobaSi Seer-
wya zog SemTxvevaSi saxelur fuZes, zogan ki - zmnis pirian for-
mas; kerZod, iq sadac mosalodnelia dadasturebiTi nawilakis
povniereba, magram saxeluri fuZe saxelobiTi brunvis formiTaa
- 317 -
 Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro

(awmyosa da myofadis formebi pirvelsa da meore pirSi), zmnur rigi (b > E/v?). arqauli tipis ergatiuli konstruqciisa da piris
formas -q sufiqsad miuerTda, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki - saxelur fu- niSnebis e.w. inversiis Sesaxeb sxvagan gveqneba sagangebo msjeloba.

Zes. amosaval konstruqciad vvaraudobT: kac qo/qve dauZaxa > faqtia: saxelobiTis Tavdapirveli forma erTnairi gvaqvs
yvela qarTvelur kiloSi (fuZe+i / fuZe+e), e.i. misi formireba
koCq duZaxu...
SeniSvna: sakiTxis istoriisaTvis: q.lomTaTiZes mxolod megru- momxdaria zanur-svanuri wris kiloebis Camoyalibebamde. aqve
li zmnebis I da II pirSi arsebuli -q sufiqsi miaCnia qo dadastu- vityviT, rom zog kiloSi saxelobiTis i formantis dakargva ix-
rebiTi nawilakis naSTad (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 133); T.maxarob- sneba maxvilis zemoqmedebis gamo bolokiduri xmovnis mokvecis
liZis azriT ki, megruli ergativis -q da megruli zmnebis -q masa- tendenciiT (ix. mag. a.arabuli, 1981, gv.120-124). logikuri Cans da-
lobrivad erTi da igivea: orive momdinareobs koC- fuZis pirveli skvnac, rom: -ma/-q niSnebiani ergativis formebi samwignobro
Tanxmovnisgan (T.maxarobliZe, 2005, gv. 46-56).
enasa da zanur kiloebSi warmoqmnilia zanur-svanuri dialeq-
vfiqrobT, aSkaraa, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri specifikuri
turi wris gamomijvnis Semdeg (Sdr., i.imnaiSvili, 1961, 641-642).
brunvis - ergativis -man da -q nawilakebiani variantebi Camoyalib-
T.gvancelaZis varaudiT, samwignobro qarTulis nar-Taniani
da zanur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis Semdeg, xolo svanur ki-
mravlobiTi, xucesi da zanuri kiloebis uCaSi saSualebas unda
loebSi adiRuri tipis ergativis damkvidrebis dro SeiZleba da-
iZleodes, zanuris gamoyofis drod ganvsazRvroT ax.w. V sauku-
ukavSirdes welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze kavkasiis xalxebis did Camo-
ne; kerZod, xucesi asaxavs xanmetobis periods, xolo uCaSi – hae-
saxlebas; gamomdinare aqedan, logikuria, rom amJamindeli
metobisas (azri gamoTqmulia zepiri saubris dros). igive x- pre-
ergativis Camoyalibebis drod vivaraudoT ax.w. I aTaswleuli.
fiqsia svanur xoSa "ufrosi", "didi" sityvaSi (x-ucesi/uCaSi/x-
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iberiul-kavkasiurSi, saerToqarTvelur-
oSa sityvebSi xanmetobis x- prefiqsi gamoyo a.SaniZem; ix. g.roga-
sa da arqaul qarTulSic arsebobda ergativi, romelic orgva-
va, 1956, gv. 293).
rad gamoixateba:
warmodgenil mosazrebebTan mimarTebaSia gasaazrebeli xan-
saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobis ergatiul (aranominati-
ur, araakuzatiur) konstruqciaSi aRmqmel subieqts warmoad- metobis problema da saerToqarTv. sa – zan. o Sesatyvisobis sa-
kiTxic:
gens saxeluri/nacvalsaxeluri fuZe, an micemiTSi dasmuli saxe-
_ svanur da fxour kiloebSi garkveuli modificirebiT
li (e.w. Zveli ergativi?), romelsac zmnur formaSi Seesabameba: m,
piris niSnad dRemdea SemorCenili e.w. xanmetobis droindeli
g-, s-/h-/x-, gv- piris niSnebi: mindis, mSiis, mwyuris, mwads, mi-
x- prefiqsi:
yvars... rogorc wesi, am tipis zmnebi uZvelesi formaciisani arian
ax.w. V-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xanmeti teqstebis normis
(arn.Ciqobava, 1948, gv.5); Sdr.: istoriul ergatiul konstruqci-
msgavsad, svanurSi x- piris niSani daculia xmovniT dawyebul
aSi moqmed subieqts warmoadgens saxeluri/nacvalsaxeluri fu- zmnebTan subieqtur meore da obieqtur mesame pirSi (x-iSxi "iw-
Ze, an -man/qe nawilakdarTuli saxeli (axali ergativi), romelsac vi", x-asyi "akeTeb", x-atbide "aTbob"... x-alat "uyvars", x-ahEdi
zmnur formaSi Seesabameba: v-, s-/h-, -s, -a, -en, -es... "aZlevs", x-agdi "sZinavs"...). igive x- prefiqsi unda gamoiyos pirve-
SeniSvna: orive rigis niSnebi gvevlinebian rogorc realuri obieq-
li piris x+E- segmentSi (sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis
tis, aseve realuri subieqtis gamomxatvelad; maTi ganawileba Sepi-
ix.: g.rogava, 1956; m.suxiSvili, 1986; n.maWavariani, 1986), kerZod,
robebuli Cans zmnuri semantikiT: aRmqmel subieqts gamoxatavs m-s
rigi (ufro arqauli warmoSobisa: me > m), xolo moqmed subieqts - v-s saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis msgavsad, svanur

- 318 - - 319 -
 Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
kiloebSic pirveli piris niSania E/v, romelic arabagismieri
xmovnebis win daculia ucvlelad, bagismieri bgerebis mezoblad
ikargeba, xolo TanxmovniT dawyebul zmnebSi Semonaxulia infiq-
sis saxiT (msgavsi distribucia Cveulebrivia sxva qarTvelur ki-
loebSic). rac Seexeba x+E- segmentis x-s: logikuri Cans, davuS-
vaT:
x- pirveli piris zmnur formaSi arsebuli iribi obieqtis ni-
Sania; droTa ganmavlobaSi, svanur formebSi xE- erTian morfe-
mad gadaazrianda da sxva SemTxvevebSic ganzogadda; gviandeli
analogiuri movlenaa -nar- da -neb- e.w. rTuli sufiqsebis warmo-
qmnac (t.futkaraZe, 1986).
h/x/s (< sa-/ra-) prefiqsisaTvis amosavali Cans klas-katego-
riis niSnoba (arn.Ciqobava, 1944), vinaidan sxvagvarad gaugebari
iqneboda ori, gramatikulad gansxvavebuli piris – mesame obieq-
tisa da meore subieqtis warmodgena erTi da imave niSniT; Sdr.,
Zveli samwignobro enis monacemebi: aRxumarTe, SexuabT... hvscode,
hkiTxe.
Zvel samwignobro qarTulSic da svanur, TuSur, xevsurul
masalaSic (mi-x-gvrian, x-qonda, da-x-kazmavs, x-mkidi, da-x-farven...)
amosavalia s/h; dialeqtebSi savaraudoa Semdegi fonetikuri
procesi: s/h > h > 0 da s/h > x > (R): saTanado fonetikur garemoc-
vaSi swored x-s (da ara h-s) SeuZlia mogvces mJReri R: maRgvris,
Rgvandi, Rgonebav (Sdr., a.SaniZe, 1920 da a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.96-
98). gurul-aWarul kiloebSic gvaqvs piris niSnad fonetikur ni-
adagze miRebuli x (ix. q.lomTaTiZe, 1938; m.cincaZe, m.faRava, 1998
da sxv.), oRond, aq h > x procesi fuZiseuli TanxmovniTacaa ganpi-
robebuli; Sesabamisad, gurul-aWarulSi gamovlenili x xanmeto-
bis periodisad ver miiCneva.
aSkaraa:
meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad x
– e.w. xanmetoba saerToqarTveluri movlena Cans. saerToqarTve-
lurSive arsebuli h/x monacvleobis Sedegi unda iyos zog kilo-
Si h > 0 procesis ganviTareba, zogan ki – x-s damkvidreba (Sdr.:
- 320 -
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom xanmetoba da haemetoba sakuT-
riv qarTuli enis or kilos asaxavs).
gasarkvevi rCeba amosavali fonemis sakiTxi:
fonetikuri procesebis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, logikuri
Cans arn.Ciqobavasa da g.rogavas Tvalsazrisi s-s uwinaresobis Se-
saxeb. nivTis klas-niSani s, rogorc g.rogava varaudobda, fone-
tikur niadagze gvaZlevda h-sa da x-s Soris gardamaval bgeras
(arn.Ciqobava, 1944; g.rogava, 1956). Cans, samwignobro enis stan-
dartizaciis Zvel etapebze zogi literaturuli skola piris
niSnad h-s azogadebda, zogi skola ki – x-s; saboloo normad ki
damkvidrda zmnuri fuZis dasawyisis Sesabamisi bunebrivi fone-
tikuri variantebi: bagismierebTan da ukanaenismierebTan - h, wina-
enismierebTan – s, sxva SemTxvevebSi - 0. e.i. zanur-svanuri kiloe-
bis formirebis procesSi meore subieqturi da mesame obieq-
turi piris niSnad saerToqarTvelur enaSi (enobriv koineSi)
gaaqtiurebuli iyo x varianti.
_ cnobilia, rom samwignobro qarTulis sa- prefiqss za-
nurSi Seesabameba o-; jer kidev n.marisgan samarTlianad miCneu-
lia, rom zanurSi dakargulia TanxmovniTi nawili: saqaTme/ oqo-
Tume, saxli/oxori, *socxali/cocxali/oCxari... savaraudoa Sem-
degi fonetikuri procesi:
saerToqarTv. *sa-/ha > zan. ho/o (ar aris aucilebeli, davuS-
vaT, rom zanurSi gvqonda s-s Sesatyvisi iseTi S, romelic ver
Zlebs o-s win; Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.338).
vfiqrobT, samwignobro qarTulis V-X saukuneebis xanmetoba-
haemetoba-sannarevoba, svanur-TuSur-xevsuruli xanmetoba, zanu-
ri *huCaSi > uCaSi da *ho > o procesebi drois erT monakveTSi
iRebs saTaves. ramdenadac, svanur-fxourma kiloebma piris niSnad
Semoinaxa -x/R, logikuria davuSvaT, rom zanur-svanuri dialeq-
turi wre formirdeba haemetoba/xanmetobis periodSi; es dro
ki emTxveva zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris gamomijvnis Cven mier
zemoT navaraudev periods – axali welTaRricxvis dasawyiss (aq-
ve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored am droidan Cndeba wyaroebSi
- 321 -
 Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
termini soanas/Soanas "svani").
ganvlili 20 saukunis manZilze samwignobro qarTulis
gavlena ufro aqtiuri iyo centralur qarTvelur kiloebze da,
amitomac, isini naklebad daSordnen saerToqarTvelurs, maSin
roca gramatikuli normebis CarCoebisgan Tavisufali ganapira
kiloebi metad Seicvalnen: qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis
farglebSi aq bevri saintereso, imanenturi enobrivi movlena
gamovlinda; aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelos nairgvari
landSaftis (zogadad, garesamyaros) niWierad aRqmis gamo,
dialeqtebze molaparake sazogadoebam mravali mxatvruli saxe
da saerToqarTveluri leqsikuri erTeuli Semoinaxa;
Sesabamisad, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro - normirebuli
mravalsaukunovani ena da aTeulobiT dialeqti - erTi mTliani
da didi zogadqarTuli kulturaa.
kganvlilifjg
- 322 -
daskvnis nacvlad
a. naSromSi gamoyenebul zog terminTa
ganmarteba da ZiriTadi debulebebi
terminebi
eTnikuri erTobis, eTnikuri jgufis, eTnosisa da eris Zi-
riTadi maxasiaTeblebia:
istoriuli dedaena (erTiani enobrivi xedva-aRqma), istori-
uli kultura (tradiciuli religiur-kulturuli Rirebule-
bani), istoriuli mexsiereba, istoriuli fsiqikuri wyoba (tra-
diciul garemosTan mimarTebiT formirebuli enobriv-kultu-
ruli mentaloba) da istoriuli teritoria/saxelmwifo.
eTnikuri terminebiT: eTnosi, eTnikuri jgufi, subeTnosi
da misT. unda aRiniSnos damoukidebeli eTnostruqturisa da sa-
kuTari enis mqone adamianTa erTobebi.
teqnikuri termini Temi gulisxmobs erTi eTnosis SigniT ar-
sebul lokalur jgufebs; Sdr.: eTnosi - Temi - pirovneba ise mie-
marTeba erTmaneTs, rogorc ena - kilo - idioleqti. eTnolin-
gvisturi aspeqtiT, dRes qarTveli eris calkeuli Temebia: aWar-
lebi, gurulebi, imerlebi, imerxevelebi (SavSelebi), kaxelebi,
lazebi, leCxumlebi, livanelebi, maWaxlelebi, megrelebi, mTiu-
lebi, moxeveebi, raWvelebi, samcxelebi, svanebi, taoelebi, fere-
idnelebi, fSavelebi, qarTlelebi, CaRmaTuSebi, wovaTuSebi, xev-
surebi, javaxebi, herebi (ingiloebi)...
ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - enobriv
niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic warmo-
adgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis da ko-
munikaciis saSualebas.
 ZiriTadi debulebebi
dedaena (Muttersprache; Mather tongue, Native language) aris winap-
rebis mier Seqmnili kulturis ena, romelic, rogorc samyaros
xedva-aRqmis sistema, mraval Taobas aerTianebs (magram Tu, mag.,
romelime afrikeli daibada safrangeTSi da is Tavis dedaenad
franguls Tvlis, bunebrivia, mis dedaenad franguli miiCneva).
dedaena mTavari enaa da ara maincdamainc mxolod biologiuri
mSoblis ena.
dialeqti aris mocemuli eris/naciis saerTo-saxalxo (ofici-
aluri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis teritoriis erTi nawilis
mosaxleobis an romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficialu-
ri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens. konkretuli samety-
velo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis mqone oficialuri, sa-
mwignobro (standartuli) enis dialeqtad CaiTvleba, Tuki am sa-
metyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriulad monawile-
oba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi. Sesaba-
misad:
umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis
mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac sakuTar dedaenaze
ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoe-
bis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. um-
werlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokavebis, Tqmebis,
Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs.
winareqarTveluri da qarTveluri tomebi/xalxebi
uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde
Zv.w. V_III aTaswleulebSi kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi farTod
iyvnen ganfenilni ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone kavka-
siur-xuritul-xaTuri tomebi. ZiriTadad kavkasiur-xuritul
mosaxleobas ukavSirdeba mtkvar-araqsis kultura.
Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi indoevropuli da sxva tomebis dawo-
liT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxi" iwyebs
swraf divergencias.
- 324 -
ZiriTadi debulebebi
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde
saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze cxovrobdnen qarTvelu-
rad misaCnevi da, Sesabamisad, qarTvelur ena-kavebze anu dialeq-
tebze molaparake Semdegi monaTesave tomebi: muSqebi/mosxebi/me-
sxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, kolaelebi, tibarenebi,
iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/koitebi/kvitebi, koraqse-
bi, marebi, beqe~rebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi,
mosino~kebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi,
makronebi/makrokefalebi, fasianebi, melanqlainebi, ekrikti-
kes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sa-
nikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi, afsarebi, svanebi/misimie-
lebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi (kolxuri tomi), tuskebi, ka-
xebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi, herebi... araiSviaTad,
qarTvelur (zogjer ki monaTesave iberiul-kavkasiur) tomebs
Temonimebad/eTnonimebad/avtoeTnonimebad aqvT erTi fuZisgan
nawarmoebi saxelebi; Sdr., mag., sityva-formebis sami rigi:
sani, zani, svani... afxazi, afsili, afSili, afsua, abaza...
xaldebi, qaldebi(Wanebi), xalibebi...
halisis, mtkvris, Woroxis, rion-yvirilis, enguris, liaxvis...
xeobebSi ganfenili qarTveluri modgma imierkavkasiaSi mosaxle
zog monaTesave tomTan erTad Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan
aqtiurad qmnis did kolxur-yobanur kulturas; kolxuri kul-
turis Semqmneli xalxis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi ena, savaraudoa,
iyo saerToqarTveluri koine/ena.
qarTvelTa istoriuli samwignobro ena – sasuliero mwer-
lobis ena (e.w. Zveli qarTuli ena) efuZneba saerToqarTvelur
enobriv koines; qarTuli samwignobro enis Tanamedrove varian-
ti da qarTveluri dialeqtebi (lazur-megruli, svanuri, me-
sxuri, qarTl-kaxuri, raWuli, heruli, fxouri...) uSualo ga-
grZelebaa saerToqarTvelurisa da istoriuli samwignobro
enisa; Sesabamisad, naklebsarwmunoa mosazreba, rom qarTuli sa-
literaturo ena efuZneba qarTlurs, kaxurs, an sxva romelime
erT qarTvelur kilos.
- 325 -
 ZiriTadi debulebebi
samwignobro qarTulsa da qarTvelur kiloebs Soris sxvaoba
matulobs dedaqalaqTan (sasuliero-kulturul da mmarTvelo-
biT centrTan) kilos daSorebis pirdapirproporciulad. samwig-
nobro qarTulis gavlenis velis klebis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa
Tanamedrove saSinao-sametyvelo erTeulebi unda daiyos centra-
lur, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT
arsebul dialeqtebad; Tavis mxriv, ganapira dialeqtebs eqvs jg-
ufad warmovadgenT, kerZod:
centraluri kiloebi:
kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri, guruli.
ganapira kiloebi:
mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWaxluri, imerxeuli,
taouri, samcxuri, javaxuri;
heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri;
fxovuri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSavuri, xevsuruli, moxe-
vuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT wovaTu-
Suric;
raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli;
svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqve-
mouri, balszemouri
zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabu-
li, aTinuri).
saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli
qarTvelTa kiloebi:
fereidnuli, "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-inegolSi,
adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da kaizeris midamoebSi gadasaxlebul
qarTvel muhajirTa metyveleba) da yizlar-mozdokuri qarTuli.
mezobel xalxTa enebSi qarTveluridan Sesuli onomastikuri
masalis, qarTveluri nasesxobisa da e.w. TariRian toponimTa ana-
lizi safuZvels gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove qarTveluri
ena-kiloebi (samwignobro qarTuli, megrul-lazuri, svanuri,
fxovuri, mesxuri da sxva kiloebi) saTaves iReben welTaRricxvaTa
mijnidan.
- 326 -
ZiriTadi debulebebi
urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaeba xaldis saxeli, qarTveluri
warmomavlobis eTnonimebi: xaldebi, qaldebi (Zveli xalibebi –
straboni), karduxebi; qarTvelur tomTa sacxovrisebis aR-
mniSvneli qoronimebi: qaldia/xaldea/xaitiqi (igive WaneTi/Wa-
nivqi - movses xorenaci; giorgi mTawmindelis "akaTistos sakiTxa-
vis" qarTuli versiis mixedviT - megrelTa mxare), adiRuri enis
SafsuRuri dialeqtis xayuCur kilokavSi qarTvelis aRsaniSni
Zveli saxeli xalHde, Woroxis saTaveebTan mdebare vercxlis saba-
doebis qalaqis - qaldias saxeli da sxva faqtebi safuZvels gvaZ-
levs davuSvaT, rom qoronimi qarTli da eTnonimi qarTueli mo-
mdinareoben urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaebis - qaldi/xaldi/qar-
Tu/kardu-s saxelisgan; amosaval formad savaraudoa: *qard-
/qald-: *qard- > xald-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarT+l-; *qard-/*qarT- >
qarTu > qarTu-el-i... qarTu-el-i qarTvelTa uZvelesi avtoeT-
nonimi (endogenuri eTnonimi), qarTli ki - qarTvelTa saxelmwi-
fos uZvelesi qarTulenovani qoronimi Cans.
obieqtur kritikas eqvemdebareba kaxelTa, herTa, imerTa,
lazTa, megrelTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa da a.S. qarTvelur tomTa
qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis Teoria - sxva tomTa asimilacia e.w.
qarTis tomis mier:
istoriuli wyaroebi saerTod ar icnobs qarTis toms, Sesa-
bamisad, logikuri Cans varaudi: ZiriTadad mravali qarTveluri
tomis konsolidaciiT Zv.w. II d I aTaswleulebis mijnaze Seqmnili
didi qarTveluri/kolxuri gaerTianebis TviTsaxelwodebad
mkvidrdeba ara romelime tomis saxeli, aramed saerTo RvTaebis-
gan momdinare saxeli qarTu-el-i.
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 ZiriTadi debulebebi ZiriTadi debulebebi

b. iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis, saerToqarTveluri enis, sa-

mwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelTa Zv.w.VII- winaaziur-kavkasiuri enobrivi veli
Tanamedrove dialeqtebis mimarTebis IV aTasw.
amsaxveli sqema
Zv.w.II xaTuri qarTvelur- xurituli Sumeruli
enaTa genealogiuri xe igeba monaTesave enobrivi erTeule- I kavkasiuri … …

bis mimarTebis mixedviT, magram xSirad gaTvaliswinebulia kon-

kretuli eTnosis (eris) istoriac: enad saxeldeba xdeba eris Zv.w.II s.Cerqezuli s.qarTvel. s.vainaxuri s.daRestnuri
(eTnikuri erTeulis) mixedviT; Sesabamisad, genealogiuri sqeme- aTasw. koine koine koine koine
bi ver gamodgeba enobriv erTeulTa statusis zust ganmsazRvre-
lad (Sdr. g.cocaniZe, 2002). welTaR- S i S i n a arqauli qarT. s i s i n a
Cven mier wignSi warmodgenili msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ricxvaTa kilouri veli saxelmw. ena kilouri veli
mijna
msoflios enaTa genealogiuri sqemis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa
StoSi Seva mxolod yovelTa qarTvelTa saerTo ena - qarTve-
luri ena; yvela sxva enobrivi erTeuli am zogadqarTuli enis ki-

qarTv. saeklesio-saxelmw.

haemet.xanmet.sannarev.
zanuri(lazur-megruli)
loebad unda warmodges. Zvel winaaziur enebTan mimarTebis ga-

Takverul-raWuli
ax.w. IV-X
saukuneebi

enis variant.:
TvaliswinebiT, qarTvelTa sametyvelo erTeulebis istoriuli

svanuri

centraluri

mesxuri

fxouri
heruli
sqema Semdeg saxes miiRebs (warmodgenili divergenciuli sqema pi-
robiTia, vinaidan nebismieri enobrivi erTeulis formirebisas
gasaTvaliswinebelia mezobel enebTan/dialeqtebTan Serevis per-
speqtiva da konvergenciuli procesebi; mag., aSkarad Cans, rom
qarTvelurisaTvis ZiriTad iberiul-kavkasiur fenaSi asaxulia
xaTuri da xurituli Sreebi; garda amisa, gvaqvs indoevropuli
superstratuli dafenebac...):

ax.w. XV-XVIII
saukuneebi

lazuri: aTin.viw.xof.

samcxur-javaxuri...
balsqvemouri
balszemouri

maWaxluri

fereidnuli
laSxuri...
lentexuri

kaxuri...
qarTluri

aWaruli

fSauri...
megruli

livanuri
imeruli

taouri
XI-XXI s.s.

samwignobro enis variantebi: saeklesio,

saero mwerlobisa da samecniero stilebi

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ZiriTadi debulebebi

- 330 -