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Abstract, The most important archueological source material related 10 the IInCi1'1I1 Pt'OI'/e cametrom cctnrteries. The undisturbed burials and theirfinds IfUH' be regarded 11.1 cultural units. indispensablct:» anv INIous archaeological analysis. According 10 archaeological .1 till rccs. there are tl vubstanuully treater number of graves ill Sudan than what currently available archueoloeicul luerature would ,1111(1;<"/. III l'1I1I1I'(1\1. there are verI' fl.'lI' archaeological theones and approaches whic hare used 1I.f (/ base of studv ofthese <,,''''£'/,'1'1<:1. III [his paper IH' will discuss the role of archaeologtcul theones IIl1d upproac lie» 1Tl III( uurrpr ,'WI,,/11 (Ii' {//I, ctent Sudanese cemeteries during the period between 131100 8.C lind 04,0. 5S0.

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