ETHNO-BOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE TRIBALS

OF TORGHAR AREA DISTRICT QILLA SAIFULLAH

BALOCHISTAN

Systematic Study

Habitat and Species Conservation Project

Sustainable Use Specialist Group-C Asia
UNDP

Mohammad Yahya Musakhel

2006-2007
 . BIO SKETCH

Yahya M. Musakhel is an Affiliate of Sustainable Use

Specialist Group – Central Asia (SUSG – C Asia) and
currently working as Conservation Officer, Habitat and
Species Conservation Project, since May 2006. The main
focus of his research was on different disciplines of Flora
and vegetation. He produced many technical reports
particularly in wildlife. The Author has held various positions with DHV-
Netherland, World Wide Fund for Nature – Pakistan, Balochistan Forest and
Wildlife Department, Islamic Relief –UK in Environment and Wildlife
Conservation. He has been involved in environmental surveys, studies and
Community Mobilization since 2002. He has M. Sc. degrees in Botany.

Address: 5- A, BRSP House, SUSG- CA Office, Saryab Road Quetta

E. Mail: akyahya@gmail.com Ph. 0092-321-8074143

© 2007- Habitat & Species Conservation Project, SUSG-CAsia: All Rights Reserved.

All materials appearing in this Study report are copyrighted and may be reproduced
with permission. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must be credit
to Habitat and species conservation project, SUSG-CAsia as the copy right owner.

Prepared by: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel, Conservation Officer, SUSG- C Asia/ UNDP
Design, Layout and Formatting by: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel and Mahlaqa Qamar, SUSG- C Asia
Photographs: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel, SUSG- C Asia/ UNDP

Citation: Musakhel, M. Y (2007): An Ethnobotanical Study Report of Toghar Area, District Qilla
Saifulla Balochistan, Systematic survey Report. Pp 45
 Technical Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents i
List of Maps ii
List of Figures and Tables iii
List of Plates and Annexure iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi

1. BACKGROUND 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Brief description of the Project Area 1
1.3. Rationale and objectives of Ethno botanical survey 2
1.4. Survey plan and Methodology 6
1.5. Limitation of Study 7
2. Basic Information of Households and Villages 8
2.1 Physical and Climatic Conditions 8
2.2. Demographic and Social characteristics 8
2.3. Income and Poverty Level 10
2.4. Livestock Situation 10
2.5 Wildlife Situation 10
3. Marketing of Medicinal plants of Torghar 13
4. Plants Inventory and Uses 14
5. Enumeration 18

GLOSSARY 43
REFERENCES 44

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LIST OF MAPS

1. Map of Balochistan 3

2. Satellite Image of Torghar community Protected Area 4

3. Vegetation Map of Balochistan province 6

4. Precipitation Map of Balochistan 9

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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

FIGURES

1. Rate Comparison of proper and non-proper

harvesting of Plants 14

2. Percentage of Medicinal Plants used for various

diseases in Torghar Area 15

3. Species diversity in Torghar Area 15

TABLES

1. Rates of Some important Medicinal Plants of Torghar

Area 13

2. Checklist of Medicinal Plants of Torghar 40

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LIST OF PLATES AND ANNEXURE

PLATES

Plate 1. (Climatic feature, Sulaiman Markhore, Sand dunes habitat

in Kunder) 12

Plate 2. (Soil Types in Torghar, Vegetation Cover at Torghar, Un-

sustainable utilization of Medicinal Plants, Local recipe of
plants use as medicine) 17

Plate 3. (Sophora mollis, Pistacia cabulica, Withnea coagulans,

Allium griffithii, Artemisia maritime, Caragna ambigua) 19

Plate 4. (Ephedra gerardiana, Hertia intermedia, Mentha longifolia,

Peganum hermala, Malva neglecta, Nepeta practervisa) 20

Plate 5. (Juniperus excelsa) 21

Plate 6 (Daphne mucronata, Vegetation Cover, Achellia withelmsii,

Arnebia griffithii, Tulipa sp., ferula oopoda) 22

Plate 7 (Prunus eburana, Fraxinus xanthoxyloide, Pistacia khinjuk)

28
Plate 8 (Zygophylum sp., Hysocyamus sp., Foenium vulgare,
Lycium sp., Prunus micrcarpa, Berberis balochistanica) 29

Plate 9 (Zygophylum simplex, Heliotropium europacum, Haloxilon

sp., Tamarix aphylla, Alhagi mauroum, Cramb cardifolia)
34
Plate 10 (Bunium persicum, Senecio desfontanei, Rheum sp.,
Euphorbia osyroidea, Diplotaxis griffitii, Eremurus
stenophyllus) 35

Plate 11 (Calotropis procera, Morus alba, Ebenus sttelata, Cotonster

afghanica, Astragaalus leucophalus, Eremurus persicus) 36

ANNEXURE

Annex 1 Name of Interviewed personals during survey 46

Annex 2 Floristic list of Torghar Area 47

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am extremely grateful to all those who have helped in the production

of this report especially Sardar Naseer A Tareen Chair, SUSG- CAsia
and Mr. Tahir Rasheed, National Project Manager, Habitat & Species
Conservation Project for guiding, valuable inputs and keen interest in
compilation of this report. I acknowledge the efforts of Professor Dr.
Rasool Bakhsh Tareen, Chairman Botany Department, University of
Balochistan Quetta for his valuable help in identification of many plants
collected from the study area. Thanks also extend to Mirza Jaffer Ali
Baig, Ex scientific Officer, BDA and Mr. Roohullah for giving gigantic
support in field and data collection. I wish also to thank Ms. Mahlaqa
Qamar, Admin and Finance Assistant, H&SCP for helping in designing
the report. Mohammad Afzal, Agha Mohammad, Abdul Satar, Khushal
Khan and Malak Safar Khan be worthy of special thanks with out
whose efforts I could not collect accurate field data.

Mohammad Yahya Musakhel

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Present studies were carried out to investigate ethnobotanical information

of Torghar conservancy. The area is located in the remote north western
part of District Qilla Saifullah. The area is gifted with diverse flora. The
people are mostly poor, illiterate and depend upon biological resources
for their domestic needs. This study represents first comprehensive
ethnobotanical survey in Torghar, Pakistan and is also an attempt to sum
up the preexisting ethnobotanical information. The inhabitants of Torghar
utilize 71 plant species for more than 42 domestic needs. Based on their
type of usage, the major usage types include 36 medicinal plants, 29 fuel
wood species, 33 fodder species, 4 vegetables and pot herbs, 8
veterinary medicinal plants, 6 fruit yielding plants, 4 condiments, 3 for
construction and timber requirements, 2 ornamental plant species and 1
used as mouth wash (Maswak). Other miscellaneous uses of plants
include aesthetics sense (2 sp.), agricultural tools (3 sp.), thatching and
roofing (2 sp.), dish cleaner (1 sp.), feed (1 sp.), fencing (3 sp.),
furniture (2 sp.), honey bee attractant (2 sp), oil (1 sp.), poisonous
plants (2 sp.), ropes (1 sp.), soil binder (1 sp.), sticks/handles (3 sp.),
shade tree (3 sp.), tea (1 sp.) and utensil making (3 sp.). Most of the
plants are used for multiple purposes. Some plants are also sold in the
local markets, thus providing an additional source of income.

The vegetation predominantly consists of deciduous forest and

meadows that remain green throughout the summer. Market plants
especially Astragalus lecophalus, Rheum sp., Berberis balochistanica,
Onozma sp., and cramb cardifolia, are under severe pressure due to
ethnobotanical collections. High summer pastures are the focus area for
collection of most of the plant species and additionally intense grazing
has posed a serious threat to these areas.

Awareness program in the area about the importance of the indigenous

flora, sustainable plants collection and conservation of important
medicinal plants would be further desirable. Rotational grazing and
reducing the number of livestock will help reduce pressure on pastures.
Cultivation of medicinal plants and other plants of economic importance
will create new openings for the uplift of poor locals and will also reduce
pressures on wild population. A long-term ethnobotanical programme
that may address the issues will be a great demand in future.

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1. Background

1.1 Introduction

1. This project “Conservation of habitats and species of global significance in arid

and semi-arid ecosystems through community-based co-management in Balochistan” is
directly linked to the recommendations contained in the National Conservation Strategy
(NCS) of Pakistan, the Balochistan Conservation Strategy (BCS) of Balochistan Province,
and the Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) for Pakistan. All three documents have
described the Chagai Desert as a critically endangered ecosystem and the straight-
horned Markhor (Capra falconeri jerdoni) and Urial (Ovis vignei cycloceros) as critically
endangered mammals and therefore call for urgent measures for their conservation.
Habitat and Species Conservation Project (H&SCP) is sponsoring by the agencies;
Global Environment Facility (GEF), Society for Torghar Environmental Protection
(STEP), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Department of Forests and
Wildlife (DFW) of the Government of Balochistan (GoB) and the Chaghi Conservation
Society (CCS). Implementation period of the Project is 5 years from 2003-04 to 2007-08.
Sustainable Use Specialist Group- Central Asia (SUSG-C Asia) is the implementing
agency of the project.

2 The overall goal of H&SCP is to contribute significantly to the development of

the human capacity for natural resource conservation. The principal objective of the
Project is to achieve the sustainable conservation of globally and nationally significant
habitats and species through a series of integrated activities aimed at engaging local
communities in the management of protected areas. The objective is to be achieved
through:

• To raise awareness of local communities and stakeholders about biodiversity

conservation and sustainable use of natural resources1..
• To create an enabling environment for community based biodiversity conservation
and natural resources management.
• To build institutional capacity of local communities, NGOs, and government
institutions to conserve and make sustainable use of biodiversity.
• To strengthen the Conservancies and establish management regimes for
conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
• To diversify and improve rural livelihoods and reduce pressure on habitats through
better agro-pastoral practices and sustainable resource use alternatives.

1.2 Brief Description of the Project Area

3. The Torghar2 is one of the world recognized community protected area in

Pakistan (Map 1). The community protected area (Map 2 ) covers an area of 300 sq. km
in Qilla Saifullah District, Balochistan, Province Pakistan was established in 1985
through the efforts of the local Pathan tribal chieftain, the late Nawab Taimur Shah

1
The PC 1 of the project.
2
The black Mountain (Pashto term)

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Jogezai and Sardar Naseer A. Tareen, in consultation with wildlife biologists from the
United States of America. Torghar Conservancy mainly considered of a chain of three
parallel sandstone mountain series and allied ridges that rise out of the arid plains
located with the south- eastern border of Afghanistan in Toba Kakar Range have long
been known inhabiting important wild species, most striking and valued are called
Sulaiman Markhore (Capra falconeri, jerdoni) and Afghan Urial (Ovis vignei cycloceros).
Flora of the area includes trees like Juniparus excelsa, Pistacia kinjul, P. cabulica and
Fraxinus xanthoxylides etc.

4. The community protected area is inhabited by about 256 households, scattered in

14 villages of various sizes (locally known as Killi). The inhabitants almost entirely
depend on the resources of the CPA. The area is utilized for Agriculture, livestock
grazing, and fuel wood collection. The households represent various tribal groups and
subgroups of Shaizai, Shabozai, Merozai, Pehlawan Khel, Sarmastkhel, Ahmed khel,
Mehrab Khel, etc. All of the inhabitants of the protected area belong to Pashtun tribe and
speak Pashtu3..

1.3 Rationale and Objectives Ethnobotany Survey

5. John Harshberger used the term ethnobotany for the first time in 1896, to study the
plants used by the primitive and aboriginal people. Since then it has been defined as the
traditional knowledge of indigenous communities about surrounding plant diversity and
as the study of how the people of a particular culture and region make use of indigenous
plants. Ethnobotany includes all sorts of relationships between people and plants. The
definition of ethnobotany can be sum up in four words i.e. People, Plants, Interactions and
Uses. "Ethnobotany is the study of how the people of a particular culture and region
makes the use of indigenous plants", while the ethnobotanist explores how plants are used
as food, shelter, medicine, clothing, hunting and in religious ceremonies. It is the science,
which studies "the relationship between a given society and its environment and in
particular the plant world"

6. Ethnobotany deals with the study of the interaction between plants and people,
with a particular emphasis on traditional tribal cultures. Ethnobotany is a branch of
botany, the study of plants, and is closely related to cultural anthropology, the study of
human societies. An important branch of ethnobotany called economic botany focuses
on the commercial use of plants, especially in industrialized societies. Further avenues
were explored by other researchers who began to develop quantitative methods for
estimating amounts of products used, the distribution of useful species, or the relative
importance of different values of products to people (Prance et al., 1987; Phillips and
Gentry, 1993 a and b; Caballero, 1992; Hoft et al., 1999). Besides developing quantitative
methods, ethnobotany has moved towards a wider approach, including other aspects of
the natural world. Ethnobotanists quite often identify themselves more and more as
ethnobiologists because these disciplines offer more opportunities to analyze human
interactions with the overall environment as well as people’s relation to external factors
such as the impact of trade systems on local economies and ways of life (Lama et al.,

3
Torghar conservation plan

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Map. 1 Map of Balochistan Province.

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2002). In the last 100 years, the science of ethnobotany has progressed and the trend is
shifting from mere documentation process to a more practical one with emphasize on
conservation and sustainable use of plant resources.

Map 2. Satellite Image of Torghar community protected area

7 The Objectives of the survey are to;

• The valuable information about indigenous knowledge collected from local

knowledgeable persons textualise may research a wider audience, which has
transmitted orally from the insisters.
• Discover and identify wild plants that may have possible applications.
• Studies of indigenous medical knowledge disseminate the dynamics of local
knowledge and challenge the modern health care.
• Identification of the vegetation types and their distribution within the protected area.
• Creation of the first collection of plants from the protected area, to be kept at the
herbarium in the Tanishpa camp.

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• Analysis of factors influencing the distribution and status of species and

communities to provide conservation management guidelines.

8 In applied ethnobotany, the core subjects are practical problems related to

conservation and sustainable use of plant resources, including the pressure imposed by
trade on medicinal plants and the right of communities to use plant resources in protected
areas. The two fundamental strengths of applied ethnobotany are;
• To allow the knowledge, wisdom and practices of local people to play fuller roles in
identifying and finding solutions to issues of conservation and sustainable
development.
• Local people are fundamentally involved in all stages of research and practical follow-
up, so there is a better chance of “buy in” and more robust solutions (Hamilton, 2002).

9. Pakistan is divided into nine major ecological zones, which are endowed with
over 6000 unique plant species (Map 3). Due to its salubrious climate, Pakistan is quite
rich in medicinal herbs which are scattered over a large area. These herbs are growing
in the wild and no methodical attempt has been made to collect and cultivate them.
Most of these plants have remarkable medicinal and economic value, often only
known to indigenous communities of Pakistan. In Pakistan, medicinal plants are
primarily used by tibbi dawakhanas4. Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid
to the ethnobotanical aspect of plants as hakims are only concerned with the floral and
vegetative parts of medicinal plants without any regard to their botanical
characteristics, or distribution in the various ecological zones of Pakistan. Herbs are
not only used in the Hikmat system of treatment but in the preparation of many
allopathic and homeopathic drugs: no wonder these herbs are now being commercially
exploited for the extraction of various ingredients.

10. Balochistan Province of Pakistan with unique and diverse biodiversity due to the
presence of mountains, desert and plain ranges are under tremendous pressure from
locals because of illicit cutting of valuable plants, poor collection and storage methods of
medicinal plants, smuggling of timber wood, over grazing, week forest laws and their
applications, illiterate population with no sense or lust for conservation and above all
passive and non practical policies of government as well as of NGO’s working in the area
(Yehya and Tareen, 2003).

11. The Ethno botany study has therefore been planned to collect primary data,
using suitable methodology and appropriate survey instruments, from the communities
living in the PA, and establish a baseline database for development of the area and the
local communities in accordance with the project objectives.

4
Medical centers of indigenous physicians known as hakims

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Map 3 Vegetation Map of Balochistan Province

1.4 Survey Plan and Methodology

12. The ethno botany survey was carried out during May through October 2006 in
representative central and peripheral areas of Torghar Conservancy. During this time the
project area was visited once a month for collection of data pertinent to ethnobotany,
conservation and plant diversity of the area. Each study trip was well planned and
executed effectively. The study was completed in three phases. These include literature
collection, field trips for data collection and documentation of the data obtained from field
areas.

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13. Field work was carried out in order to investigate the ethno botany, plant diversity
and conservation status of the flora of Torghar conservancy. The field work includes
interviews, observations and guided field walks / transects walks. Two methods were
frequently used during the field work; observation and interviews. Observations in
biological studies play an important role. These observations were made while visiting
different villages. During this process, local methods of medicinal plants collection,
storage, drying, harvesting time, processing and utilization were observed and noted. In
the mean time all the plants during flowering/fruiting stage, were collected, pressed and
preserved.

14. During field work, interviews were conducted with the local inhabitants, selected
informants, the herbalists ‘hakims’ (local physicians of eastern system of medicine),
pansaries (medicinal plants sellers in the local markets). Questionnaires were adopted
during the surveys in order to get qualitative and participatory approach about the plant
resources and their utilization by the local people (Annexure 1). Questions concerning the
utility of different plants, quantity of plants used, rate of consumption, availability,
economics/market value and fuel wood /fodder head loads had been asked.

15. The survey, preceded by a rapid reconnaissance survey of villages across the
protected area, was conducted by the Conservation Officer, and Community wildlife
watchers team of the SUSG- C Asia and STEP.

1.5 Limitations of the Study

16. A number of factors limited and constrained progress of the ethnobotany study.
These had significant effects on the survey schedule as well as quality of data. The
survey schedule suffered essentially from: i) limited number of Researchers staff, social
mobilization staff, ii) constrained mobility in the field due to inaccessibility in most of
the protected area; iii) sparseness of settlements and households spread in a vast area;
and iv) nature of occupations of the conservancy inhabitants resulting in their
unavailability during most of the survey period.

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2. BASIC INFORMATION ON HOUSEHOLDS AND VILLAGES

2.1 Physical and Climatic Conditions

17. The Torghar Conservancy, abode of the largest chunk of Sulaiman Markhor and
Afghan Urial in the world, comprises of Khaisor valley, Tanishpa, Kunder and
Torghabarg in Union council Sharan Jogizai, thesil and District Qilla Saifullah
Balochistan Province of Pakistan.

18. Torghar forms the northern most part of Toba Kakari Range, a chain of rugged
sandstone mountains approximately 300 sq. km. The altitude varies between 2,500 to
3,300 meters. Johnson (1997a). It is bounded on the north by Kunder river valley and on
the south by the Khaisore Valley.

19 The community protected area is a tract of huge, precipitous, sandstone and

Granite Mountains. Topographically, the area has been divide in to three regions; the
mountainous region, sandy soil and flat plains (Plate 1&2) The mountains in the
protected area are separated from each other by flat, sandy ‘corridor’-valleys. The
southernmost ridge has a north-facing slope that gradually rises to 2,800 m and is
dissected by several deeply incised drainages. The south-facing slopes drop
precipitously from the crest forming a series of step-like cliffs to the Khaisore Valley.

20. The climate of the conservancy is subject to little bit variations. It is characterized
by strong seasonality both in the temperature and precipitation. Summer temperatures
are hot, up to 35ºC. Winters are cold, some times as low as -15 ºC, further more there is a
strong variation between day and night temperatures (Plate 1 ) .

21. Rainfall is sparse and generally occurs in summer during June through August.
Precipitation during the winter mostly occurs as snow. Rainfall is light and variable,
with the annual average about 180- 270 mm/yr (Map 4). March and April are the rain
Set months, and some summer rain fall is received in July and August.

2.2 Demographic and Social Characteristics

22. Secondary data on number of villages and households, and population of the
protected area shows that 256 households with the total population 4000. Mostly,
families have permanent houses in the mountains while some family members move
around seasonally with their flocks. The largest village is Tanishpa with about 25
households. The average population per household size is 15.

23. The Torghar Hills lie across several traditional migration routes that are
followed by the local Torghar herdsmen and other Pathan tribes on their seasonal treks
between the Afghan plains, where some of them spend the summer, and the winter
grazing in the Torghar Hills and to the south. The numbers of this transhumant are

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estimated to be about 200,000, accompanied by up to 2 million head of livestock. Almost

every adult male is armed and they hunt large and small game during their seasonal
migrations. The Game Guards of the Community Protected Area effectively control this
poaching within the Conservancy area5.

Map 4 Precipitation map of Balochistan

24. In the conservancy, the literacy rate is less the 2% as per TCP 1998 report. The
latest data on the area is not available. But it is certain that the literacy rate among men
in CPA is very poor, while among women it is almost zero.

25. The household survey found existence of 05 tribes in the area. Among these,
principal tribes are Sahaizai (126HH), Shabozai (34 HH), Merozai (34 HH), Khudzai (43
HH) and Hakim Zai (19 HH). In many villages, more than one tribe is present. Inter
tribal marriages are common. Inter-tribe feuds are few and far between. The leaders of
the tribes are Nawabs who exert considerable influence on the society and in the

5
Torghar Conservation Plan

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protected area. The local people look to them for resolving any dispute and major
decision making.

26. The traditional joint family structure is the prevalent pattern in the protected
area households. Within the household compound however, nuclear type of housing
also emerges based on age and gender considerations. The eldest male member of the
household normally takes decisions on important matters. The small villages of the
protected area known by the names of these household heads. In the settled villages,
houses are made of stone and mud. On the other hand, in the small settlements which
shift their location from one season to another, the traditional nomadic black tents of
goat hair woven materials ; called Kizdai are still used commonly. For cooking, generally
Pistacia, Fraxinus, Carragna leaves and branches are used.

2.3 Income and Poverty Levels

27. Torghar society is marked by extreme poverty. There are almost no sources of
permanent or temporary employment in Torghar, apart from the jobs provided by STEP.
A little agriculture has been developed at Tanishpa where there is some level (terraced
fields) ground and a source of water for irrigation. Crops grown include grains, alfalfa,
almonds and apricots. Many wild products (pistachio nuts, wild rhubarb (Rheum sp.)
and other edible plants are collected. The wild pistachio tree is a main source of fuel,
food and income. Unfortunately the wild pistachio trees are badly damaged by
porcupines, (Hystrix indica), whose population has greatly increased since the local
extermination of its predator, the leopard (Panthera pardus)

2.6 Livestock Situation

28. Livestock is the mainstay in the household economy of the inhabitants of the area
particularly those residing in its interior villages. Households keep five kinds of
livestock such as goat, sheep, camel, donkey and few cattle and horses for specifically
different purposes. Buffaloes are not kept in the area as they are unsuitable in the
prevailing environment. Goats are in highest number in every village, followed by
sheep, for their high profitability and convertibility into instant cash. Camels and
donkeys are used for carrying people and goods throughout the protected area which is
devoid of any road network. Both camels and cattle are used as draught animals, but the
cattle having no utility as transport means are more likely to be gradually reduced in
number with the increased use of tractors particularly in the relatively accessible areas of
the conservancy in the future. However, cows are expected to remain in the household
herds as the indispensable source of milk.

2.7 Wildlife Situation

29. Torghar, one of the richest lands of Balochistan in term of its biodiversity of
fauna as well known in the past century. Of those, the Sulaiman Markhor (Plate 1.),
Afghan Urial, common leopard and Indian wolf are significant. Due to hunting in the
past decades before 1980, the common leopard was wiped out from the range. The other
important species are; the wolf (Cains lupus), Hyena (Hyena hyena), Red Fox (Vulpes

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vupes), Blandford fox (Vulpes cana), Indian desert Cat (Felis silvestris), Pallas Cat (Felis
manual) and stone Morten (Martes Fiona). Some rodents are very important and playing
a vital role in maintaining the eco-system and releasing predation pressure from large
caprins needed in term of their conservation6.

6
C. M. Shafeeq, Ungulates survey report 2006.

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PLATE 1

Snow Fall glimpse at Torghar

Sulaiman Markhor

Sand dune habitat

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3. Marketing of Medicinal Plants of Torghar

30. Pakistan is one of the top ten medicinal plant exploring countries of the world
which an estimated volume of 8,500 tonnes worth $ 6 Million. Pakistan is also one of the
leading importers of medicinal plants, spending $130 million annually (Lange, 1998).

31. Pakistan has a wide floral diversity containing about 6,000 taxa. More then 700
plants species are being used as medicinal and aromatic plants (Pei, 1992).

32. About 71 medicinal plants found in the wild in the community protected area.
Around 10 plants collected and sold by the plants collectors and dealers Table …. The
people have only access to local shop keepers, Mobile shop keepers and Pinsars of Qilla
Saifullah.

33. The medicinal plants of Torghar are collected entirely from the wild. There is no
tradition of cultivation of medicinal plants due lack of awareness. The collectors get very
little remuneration from the sale of medicinal plants which are considered a low-income
product. The collectors have a very limited access to the markets of Quetta, Lahore as
well as herbal manufacturers.
Table: Rates of some important medicinal plants of Torghar Area.
S. No. Scientific name Local Name Parts Sell Buyer Price (Rs.)
Fruit Local Shop keepers 20/Kg.
1 Pistacia cabulica Wana
Gum Local Shop keepers 70/ Kg
2 Cramb cordifolia Pashai Leaves Qilla Saifulla Market 6/ Dozen
3 Bunium prsicum Tora Zera Seed Qilla Saifulla Market 170/Kg.
4 Onozma Spp. Larilanag Roots Mobile Shop keepers 60/ Kg
5 Astragalus sp. Miswak Root Local Shop Keepers 1.5/ feet
6 Berberis balochistanica Zarlog Roots Mobile Shop keepers 45/ kg
7 Prunus eburana Zarga Fruit Qilla Saifullah 65/Kg
8 Achillea santolina Zawal Whole plant Qilla Saifullah 40/Kg
9 Ferula Sp. Oshai Zalga Gum Mobile Shopkeeper 400/Kg

34. A large quantity of plants wasted between collection and ultimate customer. The
exact wastage is difficult to quantify. No proper methodologies has been applied, e.g.
Cramb cardifolia need to reach market in flash and fresh condition almost in between 8
hour after harvesting, while Miswak need the keep in a straight place beneath a heavy
stones or items in order to keep it straight, otherwise it loose its 75% price etc.

35. On the other hand the collectors us unsuitable equipments and unsustainable
harvesting of medicinal plants. Due to lack of awareness of proper collection of desired
plant parts, some collectors harm to the whole plant as well as nearby plants (Plate 2).

36. The inhabitants of Torghar earn a nominal income from wild plants. Annually
500 mond Pisacia's fruit, 10-15 mond gum of Pistacia Sp. 2,00,000 ft of Miswak plants,
near about 100 monds of Cumin etc. detail is given in the Figure 1. Sense of awareness,
capacity building of local communities regarding wise and sustainable use of natural

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resources and linkages with related pharmaceutical companies is necessary for growth
in income of local communities.

Figure: 1 Rates comparison proper and non proper harvesting of plants.

Annually income If harvested properlly

1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

-200000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

4. Plant inventory and Uses

37. Pakistan; with a vast heritage of diverse ethnic groups and rich biodiversity is a
great emporium and treasure house of ethno botanical wealth. The herbal remedies are
the world’s primary therapeutic arsenal to fight diseases. The medicinal plants have
been used since ancient time for the treatment of human ailments. It is reported that
more than 150 pure chemical compounds, derived from higher plants, find their place in
modern science. In Pakistan; till in 1950s, up to 84% of the total population dependent
on traditional medicine for all or most of their medical needs. (Goodman 1992).

38. In Balochistan especially, hilly and remote areas folklore medicine continue to
play an important role in the health care system of the population at large. Various tribal
and aboriginal populations of Qilla Saifullah District of Balochistan still practice the
herbal remedies for treatment of their common disease and disorders. This vast
knowledge of tribal people needs to be scrutinized and evaluated pharmacological for
the development of herbal medicines based on tribal claims

39. During the survey and studies among the tribal populations of Torghar
conservancy, attention was given to document ethno-medicinal plants having potential
utilization for the treatment of different diseases by medicine men and healers (Details
presented in the Figure 2). The survey and studies were conducted in Torghabarg,
Kunder, Tanispa and Khaisore valleys.

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Figure: 2 Percentage of medicinal plants used for various diseases in Torghar.

Poison Tonic
Blood Head
Bones Skin 3% 1% 3% 8%
1% 3%
Stomach Miscilleneus
12% 27%

Intestine
8%
Liver
1% Chest Asthama
7% Teeth Eye 3%
Narcotic
1% 3%
1% Fever
18%

40. The flora of Torghar area is dominated by annual and perennial herbs followed
dwarf bushes details in the Figure 3. They grow on the onset of summer on mountain
slopes and pastures give a spectacular view of varieties of flowers in the month of April
and May. During the rest of the year the plant species remain dormant, most of the
plants got medicinal value and these plants are utilized by the local inhabitants of
Torghar for human diseases as well as veterinary practices from the very beginning.

Figure: 3 Species diversity in Torghar area.

Shrubs
30%
Trees
7%

Herbs
63%

41. In present study about 71 plants species represents the common most
conspicuous and most utilized species in Torghar with known uses. This number
probably represent the 60- 70% of the all species. Although some species without

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reported use include in this report. It is estimated that the floral diversity of Torghar
could be four to five times greater than shown here.

42. The plants of ethno botanical importance were collected and classified on the basis
of their utility in the area. Local people including plant collectors and other on the basis of
age group were interviewed for ethno botanical information of the area. The timings for
field work were selected according to the growth and collection season of the plants.
Population size and its distribution, languages, ethnic affiliation, history of settlement,
major social groups or classes, productive activities, subsistence crops, migration trends
etc. were also explored during the field work.

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PLATE 2

Soil Types in Torghar

Vegetation cover at Torghar

Un-sustainable utilization of plants Local recipe of plants use as medicine

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Enumeration
43. In the enumeration plants used by the tribal to cure various diseases and for other
purposes have been dealt.

Achillea wilhelmsii Pl. 6

Local name: Zawal (Pashto)

Syn. Name: Achillea santolina Linn.
English Name: Devil’s nettle
Family: Composite
Type: Herb
Occurrence: Tanishpa and Torghabarg
Flowering Period: Mar-Apr.
Parts used: Whole plant
Uses: Decoction is given to children’s for stomachaches. The
flowers encourage circulation, lower blood pressure.
Mixture with Peppermint used in fever, treating cold,
measles. Mixing in whey used for body heat

Allium griffthianum Bioss. Pl. 3

Local Name: Makoka

English Name: Onion
Family: Alliaceae
Type: Herb
Flowering period: March-April
Occurrence: Common
Parts Used: Bulb and leaves
Uses: Bulbs are used for indigestion and useful in earache.
Leaves; used as salad, vegetable and appetizer.
Alhagi maurorum Pl. 9
Family: Fabaceae
English name: Camel thorn
Local name: Zoz (Pashtu)
Locality: Tanishpa, Torghabarg (Torghar)
Flowering period: March-April
Uses: Commonly grazed by camel and goat. Flowers are edible

Arnebia griffithii Pl. 6

Family: Boraginaceae
Local Name: Zar Gulai (Pashtu)
Flowering period: March-April
Locality: Khaisore(Torghar),
Habit: Annual herb
Uses: The pretty spotted flowers are fragrant and give an
additional beauty to the area.

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PLATE 3

Sophora mollis Pistacia cabulica

Withania coagulans Allium griffithium

Artemisia meritima Caragna ambigua

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PLATE 4

Ephedra gerardiana Hertia intermedia

Mentha longifolia Peganum hamala

Malva neglecta Nepeta praetervisa

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PLATE 5

Juniperus excelsa

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PLATE 6

Daphne mucronata Vegetation cover in Tanishpa

Achillea wilhelmsii Arnebia griffithii

Tulipa sp. Ferula oopoda

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Artimisia maritima L. Pl. 3

Local Name: Tarkha Spara

Botanical Name: Artemisia meritima
Syn. Name: A. brevifolia
English name: Wormwood
Family: Asteraceae
Flowering Period; July-August
Type: Herb
Occurrence: Very Common
Parts Used: Leaves, Flower
Uses: The whole plant is Antiperidic, apparent, stomachache,
tonic, anathematic. It is used as respiratory and cardiac
stimulant. Decoction of leaves used in ague, intermittent
and remittent fevers and jaundice.

Astragallus leucocephalus Pl. 9

Local Name: Miswak

Botanical Name: Astragalus leucocephalus
Family: Papilionaceae
Flowering Period; May-June
Type: Shrub
Occurrence: Common throughout the sand dunes areas Kunder
Parts Used: Root
Uses: Miswak chewing sticks are prepared from the roots of
plant. They are widely used as traditional oral hygiene tool
in several communities.

Berberis balochistanica Pl. 8

Local Name: Zaralg

Botanical Name: Berberis balochistanica
Family: Berberaceae
Flowering Period; July-August
Type: Shrub
Occurrence: Common throughout the protected area.
Parts Used: Root, Branches, and fruit.
Uses: Root -used in diarrhea, piles and chest infections, also used
in human and animals cough. Fruit is sure and used as
appetizer. Leaves used as fodder of camel and goat. The
branches are used as fuel wood and fencing. Considered as
checking soil erosion

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Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch Pl. 10

Local Name: Tora Zera

Botanical Name: Bunium persicum
Synonym: Carum ballocastanum Koch
English Name Carum
Family: Apaceae
Occurrence: Common In Hilly areas.
Type: Herb
Fl. Period: Mar.-Apr.
Parts Used: Fruit
Uses: It is used as a condiment and a spice, Carminative,
stomach and stimulant.

Buddleja crispa Bth.

Local Name: Sparawangi (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Buddleja crispa
English Name: Banna
Family: Buddlejaceae
Flowering Period: Mar- Apr.
Type: Herb
Occurrence: Common
Parts Used: Leaves
Uses: Leaves are use for toothache. Decoction of leaves is used in
throat swelling. Used as fodder species. Plant having
ornamental value

Calotropis procera (wild.) R.Br. Pl. 11

Local Name: Spalmai (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Calotropis procera
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Eng. Name: Mudak
Type: Shrub
Fl. Period: Through out the Year
Occurrence: Very common
Parts Used: Whole plant
USES: Roots and Bark are diaphoretic, Used in dysentery, Paste
from bark used in dog bites. Leaves smoke used for
asthma. It is Poisonous too. The plant is an ornamental and
Beautify in looking and checking soil erosion

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Caragna ambigua Stocks. Pl. 3

Local Name: Khar Zarga (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Caragina ambigua
Family: Papilionaceae
Type: Shrub
Occurrence Common in area
Flowering Period: April-June
Parts Used: Bark, Stem
Uses: Extract (stem &bark) is given to cattle in cough. Used as
fodder and fuel wood, Best source of fencing. Increasing
the fertility of area. Considered being useful in checking
soil erosion.

Coriandrum sativum L.

Local Name: Dhania (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Coriandrum sativum
English Name Coriander
Family: Apaceae
Occurrence: Common In Torghar.
Type: Herb
Fl. Period: Mar.-Apr.
Parts Used: Whole Plant
Uses: Carminative, Used in Digestive system disorder
Condiment, flavoring agent, leaves and seed used in Curry
and Chutney

Cotoneaster afghanica Klotz. Pl. 11

Local Name: Sharovga

Botanical Name: Cotoneaster afghanica
Family: Rosaceae
Type: Shrub
Occurrence: Rare
Fl. Period: Mar. Apr.
Uses: Fruit used as tonic and edible, used as fodder and fuel
wood.
Cramb cordifolia Pl.9
English name: Elephant ear
Common name: Rawash
Family: Brassicaceae
Local name: Pushai (Pashtu), Satrenj (Brahovi)
Habit: Herb

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Locality: Hills and foot hills (Torghar)

Parts used: Whole plant
Use: The plants used as a cure of itch. Roasted leaves (Rai) used
for controlling abdominal heat. Roots and leaves are
edible. It has a good socioeconomic value.

Daphne muronata Royle. Pl. 6

Local Name: Laghoni (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Daphne mucronata
Family: Thymelaeaceae
Type: Shrub
Occurrence: Common
Flowering period: April-September
Parts used: Bark, Leaves
Uses: Extract of bark used in skin diseases of cattle’s. Leaves are
used as Mosquito repellent.
Diplotaxis griffithii Pl. 10

Local name: Thrikh sag (Pashtu)

Family: Brassicaceae
Type: Herb
Occurrence: Khaisore
Parts used: Leaves, flowers
Flowering period: February- March
Uses: Use as vegetable. Flowers are the favorite food of partridges. It is a
fodder species.
Ebenus sttelata Pl. 11

Family: Papailonaceae
Local name: Sas-sai (Pashtu), Chukipith (Brahovi)
Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar)
Flowering period: March-May
Uses: Used as fodder, fuel wood and fencing, asthetic

Ephedra gerardiana Wall. Ex. Stapf. Pl. 4

Family: Ephedraceae
Eng. name: Ephedra/ Ma-haung
Vernacular name: Oman (Pashto)
Type; Shrub
Flowering period: April-June
Parts used: Whole plant
Occurrence: Common
Uses: Extract with addition of sugar used in hard cough. Extract
with addition of raw sugar (Ghur) used in cattle’s cough.
Grinded branches in capsulated form with DesiGhee for

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underbody wounds. Insect and cockroaches repellent. Dry

branches used in ripening skins of goat and sheep
(Mashkeeza) for water. Dense plant, looking beautiful.

Euphorbia osyroidea Pl. 10

Local name: Zhaar botai (Pashtu)

Family: Euphorbiaceae
Type: Shrub
Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar)
Flowering period: March –April
Uses: Used for livestock allergies. Smoke of leaves-insect
repellent. Non paltable specie.
Eremurus persicus Pl. 11

Local name: Shaiz (Pashtu)

Family: Liliaceae
Habit: Herb
Occurrence: Common in Torghar
Flowering period: March-April
Uses: Leaves are used as vegetable. The paste of leaves used for
eye ache
Eremurus stenophyllus Pl. 10
Family: Asphodelaceae
Local name: Shaiaz (Pashto)
Flowering period: February-March
Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar)
Habit: Herb
Uses: Leaves used as vegetable, its flowers attracts pollinator
insects which become pray of the birds. The blooming
flowers boost up the beauty of particular habitat.

Ferula oopoda Bios & Buhse. Pl. 6

Family name: Apiaceae

Scientific name: Ferula oopoda
Vernacular name: Uchnar (Pashto)
Type; Herb
Flowering period: April-May
Parts used: Gum & Leaves
Occurrence: Torghabarg
Uses: Dried leaves used for adulteration. Gum is very costly sold
in market and source of income. Dried gum spread on
Landi (traditional dried meat) forms fungal and bacterial
attack

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PLATE 7

Prunus eburnean Fraxinus xanthoxyloides

Pistacia khinjuk

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PLATE 8

Zygophylum sp. Hysocyamus sp.

Foenicum vulgare Lycium sp.

Prunus mirocarpa Berberis balochistanica

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Haloxylon sp. Pl. 9

Family: Chenopodiaceae
Local Name: Surgul (Pashtu), Pirkai (Brahovi)
Flowering period: April-May
Habit: Shrub
Locality: Lawa (Torghar)
Uses: Used as fuel wood, mainly browsed by camels

Heliotropium europaeum Pl. 9

Family Name: Boraginaceae

Flowering period: Mar-Apr
Local name: Sago (Pashtu), Popat (Brahovi)
Locallity: Natu (Torghar)
Part used: leaves
Annual herb, branched, branches greyish, green, leaves
petiolate, unicostate, reticulate, margin smooth,
Uses: Leaves are boiled in water and used in case of ulcer.

Hertia intermedia Pl. 4

Local Name: Gonga (Pashto)

Syn. Name Othonosis intermedia
Family: Asteraceae
Type: Shrub
Occurrence: Very Common
Flowering Period: April-May
Parts Used: Leaves
Uses: Used as a cure for headache, boils. Smoke is for cure of
pimples. Leaves are used in delivery cases. Poisonous to
livestock. Leaves used in shelter making, Fuel wood.
Beautiful in looking.
Hyoscyamus sp. Pl. 8
Family Name: Solanaceae
Part use: Leaves
Local Name: Grsonoi Panrhay (Pashtu)
Occurrence: Shin Narai (Torghar)
Flowering Period: March- June
Habit: Annual herb
Uses: Dried leaves powder are smoked for cough and asthma.

Iris songarica

Local Name: Badodi(Pashto)

Botanical Name: Iris songrica
Family: Iridaceae

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Flowering period: April - May

Type: Shrub
Parts Used: Branches, stem and fruit
Occurrence: Common through out area.
Uses: Decoction of seeds used in diarrhea and dysentery, Fruit is
edible
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. Pl. 5

Local Name: Obusht (Pashto)

Scientific Name: Juniperus excelsa
English Name: Pencil Cedar
Family: Cupressaceae
Habit: Evergreen Tree
Flowering Period: October
Occurrence: Common most Through Area Torghar.
Uses : Seeds mix with Ephedra, Ghur, Desi Ghee used for
Pneumonia and hard cough. Mentioned mixture in liver
diseases. Seeds boil and with the addition of hair oil for
earache. Seed directly used for cough. Extract of seeds
given to children for stomach disorder. Used as timber,
fuel wood, fencing, thatching and use full in soil erosion
control.
Lyceum sp. Pl. 8

Family: Solanaceae
Local Name: Spaira Zaralog
Habit: Shrub
Locality: Kunder
Flowering Period: March-June
Uses: White to light purple flowers increasing the beauty of area.
Branches used as fencing material, and fuel wood
Mentha longifolia Pl. 4

Local Name: Shinshobi (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Mentha longifolia
Syn. Name: M. sylvestris
English Name: Horse mint
Family: Lamiaceae
Type: Herb
Flowering Period: July-August
Parts Used: Whole Parts
Occurrence: Common Throughout area.
Uses : Infusion of plant used as cooling medicine, Antiseptic,
carminative, stimulant. Used in constipation, fever and
gastric problems, flavoring agent Aromatic and
ornamental value

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Malva neglecta Waller. Pl. 4

Local Name: Karga (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Malva neglecta
Family: Malvaceae
Type: Herb
Occurrence: Very Common
Flowering period: April-May
Parts used: Leaves and flower
Uses: Used as vegetable for constipation control. Leaves applied
over inflamed sores and wounds. Fruit is edible. Use as
fodder plant and increase the fertility of area
Morus alba Pl. 11
Family: Moraceae
Local name: Tooth (Pashtu)
English Name: Mulberry
Type: Deciduas tree
Flowering period: March-April
Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar), Kishingi (Noshki)
Parts used: Fruit, leaves, Branches and Trunk
Uses: The fruit is used both fresh and dry. The extract of black
mulberry is used for cough and throat infection. Baskets
are made from flexible branches. Wood is used in furniture
making. Leaves are used as fodder species for sheep and
goats.

Nepeta praetervisa Rech.f. Pl. 4

Local Name: Chin-chin-bote

Botanical Name: Nepeta glomerulosa
Family: Lamiaceae
Occurrence: Rare
Type: Perennial Herb
Parts used: Leaves and roots
Uses: Roots boil in water and sugar use for pneumonia and chest
aches. Leaves used to clear the veins of chest. Leaves used
as green tea. Costly, source of income, fodder. Leaves of
the plant are chewed in cold water and used for fever and
dysentery
Nerium oleander Soland. Pl.

Local Name: Gandairai (Pashto)

Syn. Name: N. indicum Mill.
Eng. Name: Kanair
Family: Apocynaceae
Flowering Period: April-October
Habit: Evergreen shrub

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Occurrence: Torghabarg
Parts used: Roots
Uses: Roots burn and ashes used as powder for cleaning teeth.
Root paste is used in Scorpion sting and Snake bite, bark is
used in skin diseases especially in Leprosy, highly
poisonous.
Peganum harmala Linn. Pl. 4

Scientific Name: Pegnum Harmala

Common Name: Spanda (Pashto)
Vernacular Name: Spanda
English Name: Syrian rue/ Harmal
Flowering Period: March-July
Occurrence: Very Common
Parts Used: Seed and Leaves
Uses: Seed smoke used for toothache. Fried seed used for gas
troubles. Medicinal alkaloid “ Harmaleen” obtained from
plant. Source of income, insect repellant, greenery to area.

Pistacia khinjuk Stocks. Pl. 7

Local Name: Uzgai(Pashto)

Botanical Name: Pistacia khinjuk
Eng. Name: Wild pistacia
Family: Anacardiaceae
Fl. Period: March-April
Type: Tree
Occurrence: Common
Parts Used: Fruit (Nuts), Gum, Leaves and Trunk
Uses: Nuts use as tonic and nutritious. Oil obtained from fresh
nuts and used for intestinal pain. Grind nuts boil in water
and use as curry. Nuts used as time pass and having good
taste. Gum obtained from thin branch use as chengum.
Gum grind and mix with collyrium for eye pain. Smoke of
Gum burning used for eye pain. Good source of income,
Leaves are used as fodder.
Prunus eburana Pl. 7

Family: Rosaceae
Local name: Zarga (Pashtu) Karoskai (Brahovi)
Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar)
Habit: Shrub
Flowering period: March-April)
Uses: Used as fodder, gum obtained from the plant used for cure
of spinal card and bones weakness. Seed and gum having
economic value. It also use as fuel wood and fence in area.

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PLATE 9

Zygophylum simplex Heliotropium europaeum

Haloxilon sp. Tamarix aphylla

Alhagi mauroum Cramb cadifolia

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PLATE 10

Bunium persicum Senecio desfontanei

Rheum sp. Euphorbia osyroidea

Diplotaxis griffithii Eremurus stenophyllus

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PLATE 11

Calotropis procera Morus alba

Ebenus sttelata Cotoneaster afghanica

Astragalus leucocephalus Eremurus persicus

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Prunus mirocarpa Pl. 8

Family: Rosaceae
Local Name: Nangah(Pashtu)
Habit: Shrub
Locality: Natu, Obashtai (Torghar)
Flowering period: April-May
Uses: Fruit is appetizer, branches used as fencing. It is fodder sp.
preferable by goats and camels.
Rheum sp. Pl. 10

Family: Poligonaceae
Local name: Sakhar-yaie
Common name: Gawozaban
Locality: Tanishpa, Khaisoe and Torghabarg (Torghar)
Flowering period: June-August
Uses: 10-40cm broad leaves, Root of the plant have economic
value. Stalks (Narlai) used as vegetable. It is camel’s
favorite fodder.
Rosa lacerans L. Pl.

Local Name: Suria (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Rosa lacerans
Family: Rosaceae
Occurrence: Common
Type: Shrub
Flowering Period: May-Jun
Uses: The plant is carminative. Fruit boil and use as tonic. Source
of fuel wood, branches used for fencing, fodder species.
Beautiful flowers multiply the beauty of area
Senecio desfontanei Pl. 10

Family: Compositae
Local name: Zharh Zarhai (Pashtu)
Type: Herb
Flowering period: March-April
Locality: Khaisore (Torghar)
Uses: Used as fodder species. The plant have aesthetic value

Sophora mollis Pl. 3

Local Name: Ghuzaira (Pashto)

Botanical name: Sophora mollis
Family: Papilinaceae
Fl. Period: Mar-Apr
Occurrence: Common

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Type: Shrub
Uses: Roots burn used for Gums diseases, Branches used in
Shelter making, Plant used as fuel wood, increasing
fertility of area. Pods are favorite hay of donkey.
Tamarix aphylla Pl. 9
Family: Tamaricaceae
Local Name: Ghaz (Pashtu), Gazz (Barahovi - Balochi)
Locality: Common in conservancy
Flowering period: February-August
Parts used: Branches
Uses: Evergreen tree increase the fertility of area. Branches of
plant used in shelter making also used as fuel wood.
Thymus linearis Benth.

Local Name: Tora Morai (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Thymus linearis
Syn. Name: T. serphyllum L.
English Name: Wild thyme
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Type: Herb
Occurrence: Rare
Flowering Period: Jun-Aug
Parts Used: Whole Plant
Uses: Fruit of plant is used for colds, coughs, digestive troubles.
Carminative, used in week vision. Extract is used in pain
of kidneys. Leaves used as green tea. Infusion is used in
skin diseases.
Tulipa Sp. Pl. 6

Family: Lillaceae
Local name: Khatole
Habit: Herb
Part used: Tuber, flower
Locality: Tanishpa, Torghabarg and Khaisore
Uses: It is an ornamental plant, tuber is edible

Withania coagulans Dunal Pl. 3

Local Name: Khamazora (Pashto)

Botanical Name: Withania coagulans
English Name: Askan
Family: Solanaceae
Flowering Period: Through out the year
Type: Shrub
Occurrence: Very Common
Parts Used: Fruit, leaves and root

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Uses: Infusion used in abdominal pain, and for cooling

purposes. Leaves, fruit and root grind and applied over
fire burn parts of body. Infusion of plant used for take a
bath for cooling. Spray of infusion is insect repellent.
Zygphylum sp. Pl. 8

Local Name: Gharawangi (Pashtu)

Family: Zygophylliaceae
Occurrence : Kunder (Torghar)
Habit: Shrub
Flowering Period: March- April
Uses: The plant used as fodder , fuel wood. The plant play an
important role in sand dunes stabilization in Kunder area.

Zygophylum simplex Pl. 9

Family: Zygophyllaceae
Local name: Sukrondai (pashtu)
Locality: Kunder
Habit: Succulent herb
Uses: infusion of leaves applied to eye in ophthalmia and
leucoma. Use as fodder species.

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Check list of Medicinal Plants of Torghar

Local name
S.# Scientific name Family Type Uses
(Pashtu)
1 Achillea santolina Linn. Zawal Astraceae Herb Cure for fever, stomachic, abdominal pain
cooling medicine
2 Alhagi maurorum Zoz Fabaceae Herb Flowers edible, fodder specie
3 Allium griffithianum Bioss. Makoka Alliaceae Herb Indigestion, eaten raw as salad.
4 Amaranthus spinosus Skhin- a-pnrhi Amaranthaceae Herb Used as vegetable
5 Arnebia griffithii Zair Gullai Boraginaceae Herb Aesthetic, Fragrant
6 Artemisia meritima Tarkha spaira Astraceae Herb Antiperiodic, aperient, tonic, respiratory and
cardiac stimulant.
7 Artemisia stenocephala Turkha Astraceae Herb Anthelmintic, stomachic, carminative, malaria
Krasch ex Poljakove fever.
8 Astragalus leucocephalus Miswak Papilionaceae Shrub Oral hygiene, marketing value
9 Berberis balochistanica Zarlog Berberaceae Shrub Chest infection, human cough, animal cough,
Ahrendt. body pain.
10 Berberis calliobotry Aitch. KharZarolg Berberaceae Shrub Jaundice
Ex Koehne
11 Buddleja crispa Bth. Sparawangi Buddlegaceae Herb Tooth ache, throat swelling
12 Bunium persicum (Boiss) Tora zera Apaceae Herb Carminative, condiments
Fedtsch
13 Bupleurum grcillimum k I. Gara Zera Umbelliferae Herb Used as condiments, spice
14 Calotropis procera Spalmai Asclepiadaceae Shrub diaphoretic, expectorant, emetic, used in
dysentery
15 Capparis spinosa L Kumarah Capparaceae Herb Tooth ache, rheumatism
16 Caragna ambigua Stocks. Makhai Papilionaceae Shrub Internal injury of goat and sheep
17 Cerasus rechingerii Darmundi Herb Tonic, fruits are edible
Browicz.
18 Coriandrum sativum L. Dhania Apaceae Herb Carminative
19 Cotoneaster afghanica Sharovga Rosaceae Shrub Tonic, fruits are edible
Klotz.
20 Cotoneaster vulgaris Sara Sharovga Rosaceae Shrub Fruit is edible
21 Crambe cordifolia Pashai Cruciferae Herb Edible leaves, used for digestion regulatory
22 Daphne mucronata Royle. Laghoni Thymelaceae Shrub Tooth ache, wounds of live stock
23 Descurania sophia (L) Khakshir Brassicaceae Herb Abdominal pain of children
Webb. & Benth.
24 Diplotaxis griffithii Thrikh sag Brassicaceae Herb Vegetable, fodder
25 Ebenus sttelata Sassai Papalionaceae Shrub Fodder, Ornamental
26 Ephedra prcera Fisch & Nari oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.
Mey
27 Ephedra gerardiana Nari oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.
Wall. Ex Stapf.
28 Ephedra intermedia Parar oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.
Schhrenk & Meyer

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29 Eremerus stenophyllus Shazi Liliaceae Perennia Rheumatism, used as vegetable

(Boiss. & Buhse) Baker. l herb
30 Eremurus persicus Shaiz Lillaceae Herb Aesthetic, vegetable
31 Euphorbia osyroidea Zahar butai Euphorbiaceae Shrub Livestock allergies, insect repellent
32 Ferula oopoda (Boiss. & Uchnar Umbelliferae Perennia Rheumatism, condiments
Buhse.) Boiss. l herb
33 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Khuza walanea Apaceae/umbellifer Herb Carminative, fever, stomachic, abdominal pain
ae of children
34 Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Shang Oleaceae Tree Fodder, fuel wood, tools of Agriculture
35 Halixilon recuroum Sargul gai Chenopodiaceae Herb Used in color making, fodder plant
36 Helotropium europaeum Sago Boraganaceae Herb Vegetable, fodder
37 Hertia intermedia (Boiss.) Gangu Astraceae Shrub Headache, analgesic
O. Ktze
38 Hymen ocrater sessilifolius Spina sursada Limiaceae Herb Cooling medicine, carminative
Bth.
39 Hysocyamus sp. Gharson-Rhanai pana Solanaceae Herb Cough asthma
40 Iris songaric Schrenk. Badodi Iridaceae Herb Diarrhea, dysentery, seeds are edible
41 Juniperus excellsa M. Bieb. Obshat Cupressaceae Tree Cure for cold, fever, chest infection
42 Licum sp. Spaira Zarlog Solanaceae Shrub Fencing, fuel wood, fodder
43 Malva neglecta Wallr. Pato kukurae Malvaceae Herb Cooling medicine, indigestion, diarrhea
44 Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Wailanay Lamaceae Herb Constipation, stomach pain, gas, malaria,
typhoid, carminative.
45 Morus alba Tut Moraceae Tree Cough, fodder, pillar
46 Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Tarmirah Brassicaceae Herb Tonic, rheumatism
47 Neium oleander Gandalai Apopinaceae Shrub Roots-powerful resolvent, attenuate, skin
diseases.
48 Nepeta praetervisa Rech. f. Chin chin Boti Lamiaceae Herb Pneumonia fever, used as tea
49 Peganum harmala L. Spanda Rutaceae Herb Snake bite, toothache, stomachic
50 Pistacia atlantica Desf. Badawan Shrub Antiseptic, diarrhea, fruit are used as
nutrition.
51 Pistacia khinjuk Stocks. Uzghai Anacardaceae Tree Tonic, fruit used for nutrition.
52 Plantago lanceolata L. Isphaghol Plantagnaceae Annual Purgative, abdominal pain
herb
53 Platytaenia multicaule Kumala Herb Carminative condiments
E.Nasir.
54 Portulaca oleraceae L. Sakan Portulaca ceae Herb Tonic, cooked as vegetable, cooling medicine
55 Prunus eburnea. Aitch. & Zarga Rosaceae Shrub Chest infection, fodder
Hensl.
56 Prunus micro carpa Nangan Rosaceae Shrub Appetizer, fodder, fencing
57 Rheum sp. Sakharyai Poligonaceae Herb Economic value, bone cure, vegetable, fodder
58 Rosa lacerans L. Suria Rosaceae Shrub Carminative, tonic ,fruit are edible
59 Salvia cbulica Bth. Karpola Lamiaceae Herb Cold, fever, lung diseases, and skin diseases
60 Salvia boucheria M. Pop. Sursanda Lamiaceae Herb Constipation. Cooling medicine, malaria
61 Senecio desfontanei Zharh Zharhai Compositae Herb Ornamental, fodder
62 Sophora mollis (Royle) Ghuzaira Paplinaceae Shrub Headache, antiseptic
Baker.

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63 Tamerix aphylla (L). Karst Ghaz Tamaricaceae Tree Timber, fuel wood
64 Teucrium stocksainum Karpola Lamiaceae Herb Malaria, typhoid, heart diseases
Boiss.
65 Thymus linearis Bth. Tora mori Herb Chest infections, cold, fever, stomachic.
66 Tribulus terrestris L. Kandi Zygophyllaceae Herb Tonic, cooling medicine
67 Withania coagulans Khamazori Solanaceae Shrub Cooling medicines
68 Ziziphora clinopodioides Spina mori Lamiaceae Herb Cold, swelling of body, typhoid
Lam.
69 Z. tenuir L. Mouri Lamiaceae Herb Fever, carminative
70 Zygophyllum simplex Sukrondai Zygophyllaceae Herb applied to eye in ophthalmia, fodder
71 Zygophyllum sp. . Ghrha-wangai Zygophyllaceae Shrub Fodder, fuel wood

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Glossary

Antiseptic Substance that destroy the growth of micro organisms

Aromatic Fragrant or sweet scented
Asthma Difficulty in breathing
Carminative Drug to aid digestion and relieve flatulence
Colic Abdominal/ intestinal pain
Condiment Flavoring agent used in foods
Constipation Difficulty in passing stool
Cough Expulsion of air from lungs marked by sudden noise
Decoction An extract obtained by boiling
Diabetes A chronic disease characterized by excessive sugar in the blood
Landi Traditional dried meat
Laxative A mild aperient
Mashkeza Water fetching item made from goat or sheep skin
Narcotic Drug that relieves pain
Repellent Causing distaste , repulsive
Stimulant Drug that rouses or increase action
Stomachic Substance that increases appetite.
Tonic A drug which gives vigor to the system

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REFRENCES
Aumeeruddy, Y. 1996. Ethnobotany, linkages with conservation and
development. Proceedings of first training work shop on “Ethnobotany and
its application to conservation” NARC, Islamabad. Pp: 152-157.

Delcourt, P. A., H. r. Delcourt, P. A. Cridlebaugh and J. Chapman. 1986.

Holocene ethnobotanical and paleoecological record of human impact on
vegetation in the Little Tennessee river Valley, Tennessee, USA.
Quaternary research (NewYork) 25 (3): 330

Hamayun, M., A, Khan and M. A. Khan. 2003. Common medicinal folk recipes of
District Buner, NWFP, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobotanical leaflets, SIUC,
USA.

Hamayun, M., M. A. Khan and S. Begum. 2003. Marketing of medicinal plants of

Utror-Gabral Valleys, Swat, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobotanical leaflets, SIUC,
USA.

Hassan, N. 1980. Dir-Swat relations. M. A. Thesis Pakistan Study Center, Univ. of

Peshawar. P. 22.

Haq, I. 1983. Medicinal plants. Hamdard Foundation Press, Pakistan.

Hussain, F. and A. Khaliq. 1996. Ethnobotanical studies on some plants of

dabargai Hills Swat. Proceedings of first training work shop on
“Ethnobotany and its application to conservation” NARC, Islamabad. Pp: 207-
215

Khan, A. 2001. M.Phil thesis on Ethno botanical potential, Phytosociology and

Conservation status of Mount Elum, buner, Pakistan.

Khan, A. A., R. A. Rajput and U. Khalid. 1996. Plants in co existence with man
and wild life of Deosai, Himalayas. Proceedings of first training workshop
on “ethnobotany and its application to conservation”, national herbarium,
PARC, Islamabad. Pp. 26-42

Lange, D. and M. Maladenova 1997: Bulgarian Model for regulating the trade of
plants for medicinal and other purposes; Medicinal plants for forest
conservation, FAO; 135-146.

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Malghani, MAK, M A. Zaidi, R B. Tareen, Q .A .Ali, M. Asif and A. Husain 2002:

Development and propagation of Medicinal plants in Balochistan. pp. 10-12.

Musakhail, M. Y. 2003: An Ethnobotanical study of Musakhel area. M.Sc. Thesis

UoB Quetta

Pei, S.J. 1992. Mountain culture and forest resource management of Himalayas.
In: D. W. Tiwari, “Himalayan Ecosystem”, Intel. Book Distr., Dehra Dun,
India.

Shinwari, M. I. and M. A. Khan. 1999. Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla

Hills National Park, Islamabad. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69 (2000). 45-
56.

Shinwari, Z. K., A. A. Khan and T. Nakaike. 2003. Book on Medicinal and other
useful plants of District Swat, Pakistan.

Shinwari, Z. K., S.S.Gilani, M. Kohjoma and T. Nakaike.2000. Status of Medicinal

Plants In Pakistani Hindukush Himalayas. Proceedings of Nepal- Japan
Joint Symposium, 2000.

Shareque, M. 1998: Drug plants of Balochistan. Published at Hyderabad,pp.1-37.

Tareen, R.B, M. A. Zaidi, M.A.K. Malghani,Q.A. Ali and M. Asif 2002:

Ethnobotanical study of Medicinal and Aromatic plants of Juniper Forest,
District Ziarat, Balochistan. Res. J. U.o.B, 1(2).

Williams, J. T. and Z. Ahmad. 1999. Priorities for medicinal plant research and
development in Pakistan.

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Annexure 1 Interviews Conducted from the local people during

Ethnobotanical Survey.

S. No. Name Location Profession

1 Abdul Satar Salwata Game Guard
2 Agha Mohammad Tanishpa Game Guard
3 Akhtar Mohammad Khaisore Nomade
4 Daroo Khan Khaisore Mobile Shopkeeper/ G G
5 Gul Khan Kunder Ahmed Khel Game Guard
6 Gul Rang Khaisore Game Guard
7 Haji Gul Kunder Arab khel Sheep herder
8 Jalal Khan Obashtai Game Guard
9 Kareem Dad Natu Game Guard
10 Mella Kunder Hazar khel Plant Seller/ Game Gaurd
11 Mohammad Afzal Tanishpa Game Guard
12 Mohammad Essa Tanishpa Shop Keeper
13 Musa Kaleem Tanishpa Plants Seller
14 Qadar Aqa Torghabarg Local elder
15 Safar Khan Torghabarg Game Guard
16 Salam Khan Loi Hahal Kunder Nomad

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Annexure 2 Floristic list of Torghar Area

S. No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Habit Locality

1 Achellia santolina Zawal Asteraceae Herb Tanishpa
2 Adonis aestivalis Zarh Gulai Ranunculaceae Herb Khaisore, Tanishpa
3 Allium griffithanum Khokhai Lillaceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,
Khaisore
4 Arenaria griffithii Spain gullai Polygonaceae Herb Khaisore
5 Artimesia martima Tarkha Asteraceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg
6 Astragalus psilocentros Khar zarga Papillionaceae Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarg
7 A. anisacanthus Kanda zara Papillionaceae Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarg
8 A. stocksii Zarai Papillionaceae Shrub Tanishpa, torghabarg
9 B. calliobtrys Zarloga Berbeidaceae Shrub Tanishpa
10 Berberis balochistanica Zarloga Berbeidaceae Shrub Torghabarg
11 Bunium persicum Tora zera Umbelliferae Herb Khaisore, Tanishpa,
Torghabarg
12 C. vulgaris Sharove Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa Torghabarg
13 Calligonum poligonides Polygonaceae Shrub Kunder
14 Callotropis procera Spalmai Asclipiadaceae Shrub Khaisore
15 Caragna ambigua Makkai/ Papilionaceae Shrub Throughout the protected
Kharzarga area
16 Cardia chalepense Buskai Crucifereae Herb Tanishpa
17 Cerafus rechimgeri Anangan Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa
18 Cistanche tubulosa Kharghanai Orobanchaceae Herb Kunder
19 Cotoneaster afghanica Tora Sharove Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa,
20 Cousinea prolifera Zhara Gazara Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,
Khaisore
21 Cousinea thomosonii Gazara Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,
Khaisore
22 Crambe cordifolia Pushai Crucifereae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg
23 Daphne mucronata Laghonai Thymelaceae Shrub Torghabarg, Tanishpa
24 Diplotaxis griffithii Brassicaceae herb Khaisore
25 E. persicus Shaiz Alliaceae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,
Torghabarg
26 Echinops cornigerus Lawanai Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,
sandarshai Khaisore
27 Eleagnus angustifolia Sinzlai Elaeagnaceae Tree Tanishpa
28 Erbenus stellata Sasai Papillionaceae Shrub Tanispa, Kunder
29 Eremostachys vicaryi Khushbainrhi Labiateae Herb Tanishpa
30 Eremurus stenophyllus Shaiz Alliaceae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,
Torghabarg
31 Eryngium Khar Aghazai Umbelliferae shrub Kunder
biebersteinianum
32 Francoueria undulata Fumariaceae Herb Kunder
33 Fraxinus Shang Oleaceae Tree Tanishpa, Torghbarag
xanythoxyloides
34 Gaillonia macrantha Kharbutai Rubiaceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,
Khaisore
35 Halixilon persicum Shorai Shrub Kunder
36 Hertia intermedia Gango Compositae Shrub Tanishpa
37 Hysocyamus insanus Loi Panra Saolanaceae Herb Kunder
38 Inula grantioides Zerh Gulai Compositae Herb Kunder

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39 Juniperus excelsa Obushata Cuppersaceae Tree Tanishpa, Torghabarg

40 Launaeae procunbens Sandraza Compositae Herb Kunder
41 Lonicera hypoleuca Spaira kunai Shrub Tanishpa
42 Malva neglecta Badodai Malvaceae Herb Khaisore
43 Melica cupani Lawanai Buti Gramineae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,
Torghabarg
44 Mentha langofolia Shinshobai Asteraceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg
45 Nepetan glomerulusa Shin shin buti Labiateae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg
46 Nerium oliender Gandailai Apocynaceae Shrub Kunder
47 Onobrychus Shingulai Orobanchaceae Herb Kunder
tavernierifolia
48 Orobanche cernua Kharghanai orobanchaceae Herb Kunder
49 P. cabulica Uzgai Anacardiace Tree Throughout the protected
area
50 P. eburna Zarga Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa Torghabarg
51 p. pavoninum Surgulai Papaveraceae Herb Torghabarg
52 Papaver dubium Sasai, Koknar Papavaraceae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore
53 Peganum hermala Spanada Zygopyllaceae Herb In all areas of Torghar
54 Pistacia khinjuk Wana Anacardiaceae Tree Throughout the protected
area
55 Prunus amygidalus Badam Rosaceae Tree Tanishpa
56 Pteropyrum olivari Krawan Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarg
karsgka
57 R. hybrida Zarrh gulai Papaveracea Herb Torghabarg
58 Recemeria refracta Papaveracea Herb Torghabarg
59 Rhamus persica Sharvanga Rhamnaceae Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarga
60 Rosa lacerans Saria Rosaceae Shrub Tanishpa
61 Salvia spinosa Spara pongai Labiateae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore
62 Silybum marianum Gazara Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,
Khaisore
63 Sonchus asper Spain Gulai Compositeae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,
Lowarm Khaisore
64 Sophora mollis Ghuzaira Legumanaceae Shrub Throughout the protected
area
65 Stockia bruchica Angai Saepindaceae Shrub Tanishpa, Torghabarg
66 Tameix aritculata Tamaricaceae Shrub Torghabr, Kunder
67 Tamerix oxyphylla Shin Aghzai Tamaricaceae Tree Tanishpa, Torghabarg
68 Taraxacum officinales Sandraza Compositae Herb Tanishpa
69 Taverniera spartea Lowaram Papillionaceae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,
Kunder
70 Tribulus terristress Zygophyllaceae Herb Kunder
71 Tulipa lehmanniana Khatool Lillaceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghabarg,
Khaisore
72 Withenia coagualanse Khamazora Solanaceae Shrub Kunder, Tanishpa
73 Zygophyllum Gharawanga Zygophyllaceae Shrub Kunder
propinquum
74 Ghash Gramineae Herb Tanishpa
Chichundai
75 Khalai gul Boraginaceae Herb Tanishpa
76 Kakai Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore,
Torghabarg
77 Angai ( Red air Shrub Tanishpa, Kunder
pods)
78 Spin gulai Labiateae Herb Tanishpa, Khaisore

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79 Shin gulai Boraginaceae Herb Tanishpa, Torghjabarg

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