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EXTRA OPPORTUNITY FOR CH.

41 AND 42 EXAM
YOU MAY CHOOSE TO ANSWER UP TO 3 ESSAY QUESTIONS FROM THE
FOLLOWING. IF THEY ARE ANSWERED IN YOUR OWN WORDS, ARE A
MINIMUM OF 2 PARAGRAPHS EACH AND ARE ANSWERED ACCORDING TO AP
STANDARDS, YOU WILL RECEIVE UP TO 4 POINTS FOR EACH QUESTION
ANSWERED. IF YOU CHOOSE TO ANSWER ALL 3, YOU MUST CHOOSE AT
LEAST ONE THAT ADDRESS EACH TOPIC COVERED ON THE EXAM:
DIGESTION, RESPIRATION, AND CIRCULATION. AN EXAMPLE MIGHT BE
THAT YOU ANSWER QUESTIONS FROM, 1976 (RESPIRATION), 1986
(DIGESTION), AND 1993 (CIRCULATION). ESSAYS ARE DUE BY FRIDAY
AT 4pm. IF YOU CANNOT WRITE LEGIBLY, TYPE YOUR RESPONSES!!!!!!!!
1973:
The action of organs and organ systems must be coordinated.
Discuss the interaction of factors involved in controlling heart
rate and breathing rate in mammals during periods of relaxation
and periods of stress.
1976:
Discuss the intake, transport, exchange, and release of
gases in mammals.
1980:
In humans, discuss the transport of gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) by the blood and exchange of these gases between
the blood and cells of the body. Include in your discussion the
cellular and fluid composition of the blood.
1983:
Describe the structure of a mammalian respiratory system.
Include in your discussion the mechanisms of inspiration and
expiration.
1986:
Describe the processes of fat and protein digestion and
product absorption as they occur in the human stomach and small
intestine. Include a discussion of the enzymatic reactions
involved.
1987:
Discuss the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that
occur at the alveoli and muscle cells of mammals. Include in
your answer a description of the transport
of these gases in the blood.
1993:
Many physiological changes occur during exercise.

(a) Design a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis


that an exercise session causes short-term increases in heart
rate and breathing rate in humans.
(b) Explain how at least three organ systems are affected
by this increased physical activity and discuss interactions
among these systems.

YOU CAN FIND THE AP GRADING RUBRIC FOR THE LAST 4 ESSAYS AT THE
FOLLOWING WEB SITE:
http://apbio.biosci.uga.edu/exam/Essays/html/questions/human_systems.html
AP essays

Edmund Fung

1983:
The mammalian respiratory consists on many structures. Well
we start with the nose which is the nasal passage. This area is
very important. It heats up the air, and has mucus to trap
bacteria or unwanted material. Next the air moves into the wind
pipe. The wind pipe is right next and behind the esophagus.
During the travel down the wind pipe, we would go through the
vocal box or the larynx. Next we get into the most famous
structure of the respiratory system of all. It is the lungs. The
air is transferred from the wind pipe to the bronchial tree in
the lungs. The bronchial tree in the lungs is like a large tree
like structure that allows the air to be spread out to different
parts of the lungs to the alveoli. The alveoli are grape like
structures with capillaries running around them. The main
purpose for these structures is the actual transfer of gases.
The thin one layer thick alveoli and capillary walls allows the
transfer of oxygen.

Inspiration and expiration is the intake and exhale of air.


Both of these are mainly controlled by one main organ. They are
controlled by the diaphragm. In inspiration, the diaphragm
contracts and in expiration, the diaphragm relaxes. We also must
remember that the breathing is involuntary. This meaning we
don’t have to think about it. The rib cage also rises when we
take breathes to allow the diaphragm to get bigger.

1986:
The digestion of fats and protein starts in the stomach and
advances to the small intestines. Although it starts in the
stomach, there is no absorption there. The main thing that
happens in the stomach, is mechanically digestion. To help with
the mechanical breakdown, the stomach produces a acid called
HCL. HCL stands for hydrochloric acid. Parietal cells produces
the acid, while on the other hand, the chief cells produces the
pepsin. Gastrin is the hormone which is suppose to be in charge
of the release of these chemicals. The stomach is very acidic,
but in the small intestine it goes more basic.

Lots of absorption happens in the small intestines. The


absorption is done by the microvilli on the villi in the small
intestines. The purpose of these villis are to increase the
surface area of the small intestines. In the microvillis, there
are the capillaries, which absorbs the amino acids in the food.
Glycerol is also absorbed by the capillaries. Fatty acids are
absorbed into the lymphatic system.

To absorb protein, there must be enzymes to break them


down. Here are some of the enzymes the does this. Trypsin,
chymotrypsin, and tripeptidase, endopeptidase, exopeptidase
which are for breaking peptide bonds. Fats are emulsified by the
bile. Emulsified means to destroy or break apart.

1973:
The heart rate, breathing rate, stress and relaxation are
very closely tied. During the period of relaxation, the mammal
is most likely sleeping or sitting. A heart rate is the
frequency of a cardiac cycle. When your relaxing, your heart
will naturally go down because there is no hormone which are
secreted to make your heart rate faster. Also, when your body is
still, none of the cells use or needs any energy. Therefore no
signal is given for more oxygen thus the breathing would slow
down. Since the body works at the most efficient way possible,
the heart will in turn slow down with the less need for oxygen.

On the other hand, stress increases the heart beat


tremendously. When you get suddenly scared or stress, the
adrenaline gland secretes two types of hormones. These two
hormones which brings up the heart rate and in turns needs more
air so the diaphragm and lungs would begin to work harder. The
two types of hormones are cortisol and adrenaline. In
adrenaline, the hormone is secreted because of sudden and fight
or flight situations. Adrenaline increases the oxygen and
glucose supply to the brain and muscle. In this case, the heart
would need to pump more to get the circulation going. Cortisol
is for long term stress. Overall, it increases blood pressure
and blood pressure. With increased blood pressure, it means that
the heart has increased its heart rate and that the breathing
have also increased.

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