vor Appendix N REVISED CHAPTER 5 AASHTO DESIGN GUIDE OVERLAY DESIGN SW-23 UNBONDED CPCP OVERLAY OF JRCP (I-30) EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND FUTURE TRAFFIC Slab thickness 10 00 (in) Future design lane ESALs = 17,668,158 BACKCALCULATION OF Kerr — INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT _INPUT RADIUS LOAD Dy Da Da Dy AREA—s&RELSTIFF_—K, (ibs) (mils) (mils) (mils) (mils) (in) (in) (pei) 0 ° 0 0 o ERR ERR ERR ERR DETERMINE D; Unbonded overlay modulus of rupture (psi) = 710 Unbonded overlay modulus of elasticity (psi) = 5,100,000 Vary trial D, until computed ESALs equal future design ESALS INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT Ker J Ss Py P; Ss. LOS cy (si/in) (sd) (psi) 33 32-710 45 25 5,100,000 039 000 101 TRIAL ‘COMPUTED D R z ESALs (in) (millions) 930 50 017,483,863 1040 80-084 17,272,377 110 90, 1 282 18,026,295, 1160981645 17,540,132 1270-99 2327 _ 17,638,108 DETERMINE Dar INPUT Fy, = 0 98 (assume 25 unrepaired deteriorated ateas/mi) Deis (in) = Fju * Dexia. = 975 DETERMINE OVERLAY THICKNESS RELIABILITY UBOL LEVEL THICK 30 ERR 80 362 90 531 95 628 99, B14v.98 Design of Pavement Seructures REVISED CHAPTER 5 AASHTO DESIGN GUIDE OVERLAY DESIGN UNBONDED CRCP OVERLA’ EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND FUTURE TRAFFI Slab thickness 8 00 (in) Future design lane ESALs = 18,000,000 BACKCALCULATION OF Kir INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT RADIUS LOAD Dy Da Dag Dy = AREA RELSTIFF SLAB E, bs) (mils) (mils) (mils), (mills), in) CS) (pci) (psi) 9,000 405 3.60 3.04 248 ©2935 3122 280 6 IE +06 280 6 1E+06 DETERMINE D; Unbonded overlay modulus of rupture (psi) = 700 Unbonded overlay modulus of elasticity (psi) = 4,200,000 Vary trial D, until computed ESALs equal future design ESALs INPUT INPUT INPUT. INPUT INPUT INPUT Kar J s. P, Py E, 8 LOS Gy (psifin) (psi) (esi) 140 32 70 45 25 4,200,000 035 000 100 TRIAL COMPUTED R Zz ESALs (snillions) 50 0 18,868,828 80 084 18,552,355 90-1282 17,756,688 95 1.645 17,885,002 99 2327 __ 18,092,891 DETERMINE Dir INPUT Fy = 096 (assume 50 deteriorated areas/mi in existing CRCP) Daft (in) = Bos * Dene = 768 DETERMINE OVERLAY THICKNESS RELIABILITY UBOL LEVEL THICK 50 488 80 656 90 731 95 801 99, 934Appendix N N90 JPCP, JRCP, AND CRCP OVERLAY OF AC PAVEMENT. Region- Existing Design Design Project Pavement ESALs NW9 AC 3,600,000 50 80 90 95 99 Effective k-value of 550 psi/inch used in design NW-10 AC 2,300,000 50 80 90, 95 99 Effective k-value of 425 psilinch used in design NW-I1 AC 4,200,000 50 80 90, 95 99. Effective k-value of 390 psi/inch used in design MWw-20 AC 150,000 50 80 90. 95 Effective k-value of 460 psi/inch used in design SES AC 1,100,000 50 80 90. 95 99 PCC Overlay Thickness (in) 38 68 14 78 87 35 64 69 14 B2 65 74 79 84 92 38 53 59 64 74 Effective k-value of 600 psi/inch used in design State design method indicates 6 4-inch overlay is needed Agency constructed experimental sections 6, 7, and 8 inches thick which provides for a range in design reliability from 90 to 99 percent N-99Design of Pavement Structures PCC Overlay Region- Existing Design Design Thickness Pavement ESALs Reliability Gn) ‘SW.24 AC 11,000,000 50 73 80 84 90 90 95 95 9 104 11,000,000 Effective k-value of 460 psifinch used to obtain above thicknessesAppendix N Summary of Results for JPCP, JRCP, and CRCP Overlay of AC Pavement 1 Overall, it appears that the revised AASHTO overlay design procedures provide reasonable JPCP and JRCP overlay thicknesses for AC pavements One project for which the State designed and constructed three experimental thicknesses showed consistent results The effective k-value exhibited by an AC pavement as determined by Figure 3 3, Part IL, appears to be quite high No loss of support was applied to the k-value in these examples However, the sensitivity of PCC overlay thickness to k-value is small Additional work is greatly needed to investigate effective k-values for PCC overlays of AC pavements, including deflection testing after overlay construction to verify the cffective k-value ‘The design reliability level is very significant Most of the projects were Interstate- type highways A design reliability level ranging from 95 to 99 percent appears to be reasonable for most projects N10W102 Design of Pavement Structures REVISED CHAPTER 5 AASHTO DESIGN GUIDE OVERLAY DESIGN NW-9 JPCP OVERLAY OF AC PAVEMENT EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND FUTURE TRAFFIC EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AC SURFACE 428 SUBGRADE: SANDY SILT, SANDY GRAVEL CR STONE BASE 8.00 SUBBASE 0.00 ‘TOTAL THICKNESS 1225 Future design lane BSALs = 3,600,000 DETERMINE Ky Vary B,/M, until actual My*Dy/P matches computed My*Dy/p INPUT INPUT INPUT SUBGRADE ACTUAL TRIAL COMPUTED STATION LOAD D,, in D,, in Ma Mx*Dy/P E,/Mg = MgsDy/E, Ey (ibs) (auils) (ails) (psi) 9,000 1280 355 16,901 04 252 2408 42,592 Check r > 07 ae Using Figure 3 3, Part I Kee (dynamic) INPUT Ku (statio) DETERMINE D, INPUT PCC overlay modulus of rupture (psi) 690 (mean) PCC overlay modulus of elasticity (psi) = 4,200,000 (mean) Vary trial D, until computed ESALs equal future design ESALS INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT. Kar J Py P, E, S LOS & ( 07 ae = 15 07 Using Figure 3 3, Part 11 MytDJE, By 372221611 Ker (dynamic) = 850 psifin INPUT Key (static) 425 psifin DETERMINE Dy INPUT PCC overlay modulus of rupture (psi) = (690 (mean) PCC overlay modulus of elasticity (psi) = 4,200,000 (mean) ‘Vary trial D, until computed ESALs equal future design ESALs INPUT INPUT INPUT Kar J Py E, (wel) rs) 425 32 25 4,200,000 TRIAL D R Dol cD) (my 550 50 0 2,342,259 5.50 640 800842, 260,563 6 40 690 99 «1282-—=—«2,240,718 6 90 740 9516452, 358,520 740 820 99 2327 2,339,577 8.20 INPUT S. 035 INPUT INPUT Los ca 000 = 100N-104 Design of Pavement Structures |APTER 5 AASHTO DESIGN GUIDE OVERLAY DESIGN OVERLAY OF AC PAVEMENT (Warm Springs Hwy 053) EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND FUTURE TRAFFIC EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN ‘AC SURFACE 550 SUBGRADE: SANDY SILT, SANDY GRAVEL CR STONE BASE 1200 SUBBASE 000 TOTAL THICKNESS 1750 Future design lane ESALs DETERMINE Kur Vary E,/M, until actual My*Dg/P matches computed Mg*Do/p SUBGRADE ACTUAL TRIAL COMPUTED 4,200,000 STATION LOAD Dy, in D,, in Ma My+Dy/P E,/Mg — M#Dg/Ey : (ibs) anils) ils) si) AVG 9,000 -2410 4.45 13,483 3610171 3613 23,056 r 36 Check r > 07 ae = 15 22 Using Figure 3 3, Part II Ky (dynamic) 780 psi/in INPUT Gt psifin DETERMINE D; INPUT PCC overlay modulus of rupture (psi) 690 (mean) PCC overlay modulus of elasticity (psi) = 4,200,000 (mean) Vary trial D, until computed ESALs equal future design ESALs INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT. Ker J Ss. Pr, Py KE 8 LOS (wei) (psi) sd 00 a2) 650) 45 25 4,200,000 035 = 000100 ‘TRIAL COMPUTED Dy R z ESALs Dol on) (millions) Gn) 650 50 0 4,495,669 «6 50 740 8 086 4,286,492 740 790 90-282 «4,238,316 790 840 951645 4,433,596 840 920 99 2327 4,312,918 920Appendix N N05 REVISED CHAPTER 5 AASHTO DESIGN GUIDE OVERLAY DESIGN _ MW-20_JPCP OVERLAY OF AC PAVEMENT (Newmark Drive) EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND FUTURE TRAFFIC EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN ‘AC SURFACE ASPHALT BASE SUBBASE TOTAL THICKNESS 150 600 000 750 Future design lane ESALs = 150,000 DETERMINE Kyr Vary E,/M, until actual My*Dg/P matches computed My*Do/p SUBGRADE ACTUAL SUBGRADE SANDY SILT, SANDY GRAVEL TRIAL COMPUTED STATION LOAD Dy, in D,, in My Mg*Dy/P Ey/My — Mg*Dy/Ey (ibs) (mils) (mis) (psi) 0+00 9,000 1610-608 9,868 1765 3700 1772 365,132 r Check r > 07 ae 2400 9,000 1810-437 13,730 2761 «4452743 61,098 r= 36 Check r > 07 ae = 957 4400 9,000 1510 3.60 16,667 2796 = 270-2766 45,000 r= 36 Check r > 07 ae = 840 6+00 9,000 1800-567 10,582 2116 1800 2124 190,476 Check r > 07 ac MEAN = 12,712 MEAN = 165,427 Using Figure 3 3, Part II Kg (dynamic) INPUT Kea (static) DETERMINE D, INPUT PCC overlay modulus of rupture (psi) {690 (mean) PCC overlay modulus of elasticity (psi) = 4,200,000 (mean) Vary trial D; until computed ESALs equal future design ESALS INPUT INPUT INPUT. INPUT INPUT INPUT Kar J Se P Py E Ss. Los CG (ped) (psi) (psi) 460 40 690 45 25 4,200,000 035 000 100 TRIAL COMPUTED De R Zz ESALs Dol in) (millions) Gin) 0.00 50 0 0 0.00 000 80084 0 0.00 410 90-1282 153,368 410 450 95 1645 150,312 450 992327 530 155,907 530N105 Design of Pavement Structures REVISED CHAPTER 5 AASHTO DESIGN GUIDE OVERLAY DESIGN JPCP OVERLAY OF AC PAVEMENT (US 1) EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND FUTURE TRAFFIC EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN ‘AC SURFACE, 200 SUBGRADE SAND CR STONE BASE 850 SUBBASE 1200 TOTAL THICKNESS 22:50 Future design lane DETERMINE Ky Vary E,/M, until actual My*Do/P matches computed Mx*Do/p SUBGRADE ACTUAL TRIAL COMPUTED BSALs = 1,100,000 STATION LOAD Dyin D,, in My Mg*DyP Ey/Mz = Mn*DyE, Ep (tbs) (mils) (mils) (psi) 9,000 1296 186 24,604 3543 080 3563 19,683 r= 472 Check r > 07 ae = 1519 Using Figure 3 3, Part 11 Keer (dynamic) = 1,200 psifin INPUT Ker (static) 600 psiin DETERMINE D, INPUT PCC overlay modulus of rupture (psi) (635 (mean) PCC overlay modulus of elasticity (psiy = 4,000,000 (mean) Vary trial D; until computed ESALs equal future design ESALs INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT Kar J Ss. Py P E, 8 LOS CG (pei) (psi) (psi) 600 ©3235 42 25 4,000,000 035 «= 0001.00 TRIAL COMPUTED Dr R z ESALs Dot (in) (millions) (in) 380 50 ° 1,173,786 3.80 330 80 © O8t = 1,127,398 «5.30 590" 1282 1,114,201 590 640 1645 1,108,802 6 40 740 2327 1,162,870 740Appendix N N-107 REVISED CHAPTER 5 AASHTO DESIGN GUIDE OVERLAY DESIGN SW-24_ JPCP OVERLAY OF AC PAVEMENT (Proj. 6044) EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND FUTURE TRAFFIC EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AC SURFACE, 8.00 SUBGRADE: ? CR STONE BASE 3.00 SUBBASE 10 40 TOTAL THICKNESS 2140 Future design lane ESALs = 11,000,000 DETERMINE Kear Vary B,/M, until actual My*Dy/P matches computed My*Dy/p. SUBGRADE ACTUAL TRIAL COMPUTED STATION LOAD Dy, in D,, in My Mx*Dy/P Ey/My — Mu*Dy/E,, (ibs) (ails) (ails) (psi) 8,222 765 «325 16,866 1569 3.40 1562 $7,343 r= 36 Check r > 07 ae = 22 90 Using Figure 3 3, Part II Keir (dynamic) = 1,300 psifin INPUT Kere(Static) = 650 psivin DETERMINE D, INPUT PCC overlay modulus of rupture (psi) 690 (mean) PCC overlay modulus of elasticity (psi) = 4,200,000 (mean) Vary trial D, until computed ESALs equal future design ESALs INPUT INPUT INPUT. INPUT INPUT INPUT Kar J s. P, P, E, Ss, Los Ca (ped) (psi) (psi) 650 32 690 45 25 4,200,000 035 = 000100 TRIAL COMPUTED Dr R Zz ESALs Dol (in) (millions) (in) 730 50 0 11,020,270 7:30 8.40 80 © 084 11,221,706 8.40 900 901282 11,401,365 9.00 950 95 1645 11,503,539 950 1040 99 2327 11,183,953 1040 Dowels used in transverse joints due to high traffic Budge drains recommendedN-108 Design of Pavement Structures |GN GUIDE OVERLAY DESIGN ‘SW.25_JPCP OVERLAY OF AC PAVEMENT (Proj. 0512) EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND FUTURE TRAFFIC EXISTING PAVEMENT DESIGN AC SURFACE, 450 SUBGRADE ? CR STONE BASE 7:50 SUBBASE 20 00 TOTAL THICKNESS 32.00 Future design lane BSAL DETERMINE Ker Vary E,/M, until actual Mx*Dy/P matches computed Mg*Dy/p SUBGRADE ACTUAL TRIAL COMPUTED STATION LOAD Dy, in D,, in Mg MgtDg/P Ey/My My*DylE, Ey (Qbs) (mils) (mils) (psi) 9171 1929 407 15,022 S160) eat Ole eee stiaie a e2s1o36 r= 36 Check r > 07 ac = 27 05 Using Figure 3 3, Part II Ke (dynamic) = 920 psifin INPUT Key (static) = _ 460 psifin DETERMINE D, INPUT 690 (mean) 4,200,000 (mean) PCC overlay modulus of rupture (psi) PCC overlay modulus of elasticity (psi) Vary trial D, until computed ESALs equal future design ESALs INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT. J P, Py E s, LOS (ps 32 45 25 4,200,000 035 «= 000100 COMPUTED R z ESALs Dol (mnitions) Gin) 50 0 14,406,841. -770 80 O84 14,208,695 «870 90-1282 «11,497,917 9.30 95 1645 11,664,562 9 80 99 2327 11,410,746 1070AASHO ROAD TEST Background, ix to x, vii to viii In design procedures, 11-3 to I-4 Joint faulting in, 1-37 Limitations of, 1-12 to 1-13, Th4 Objectives of, 1-3 AGENCY COSTS, 1-44 AGGREGATE INTERLOCK, II-62 AGGREGATE-SURFACED ROADS ‘Aggregate loss in, 1-12 Low-volume, 11-69 to 11-77, I-81 Rutting in, 1-12, 0-72 to 1-77 AGING EFFECTS, 1-8, 1-13 ANALYSIS PERIOD, 1-43, 1-46 to 1-47 Definition of, 11-6 ASPHALT-AGGREGATE SURFACE ‘TREATMENTS, I-71, III-72 ASPHALT CONCRETE See also Flexible pavements Layer coefficients, 1-6, 1-104, 111-105 Milling of, I-81 ‘Overlay over fractured portland cement concrete pavement, I11-106 to TII-113 Overlays, over asphalt concrete, 111-94 to I1I-106 Rutting in, 11-81 ‘Temperature effects, 1-22, 1-27 BASE COURSE Bituminous-treated, layer coefficient, 1-22, 11-24 Cement-treated, layer coefficient, 1-22, 1-23 Crushed stone, layer coefficient value, I-6 Drainage, 128 Flexible pavement compaction of, I-17 definition of, 1-17 Layer coefficient for, I-17 materials for construction, 1-17 pozzolonic stabilized, 1-17 Granular, layer coefficients, I-17 to 11-20 Seasonal effects, 1-27 ‘Thickness, 1135 BITUMINOUS MIXTURES For drainage layer, 1-19 For patching, 11-63 to 11-64 BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS, IN-136 to M-14s BREAK AND SEAT TECHNIQUE, III-106, I1I-107 to 111-108 CAPITAL COSTS, I-44 to 1-47 CASAGRANDE FLOW EQUATION, 1-20 CBR VALUE, Converting to resilient modulus, T-14 CITY STREETS Load equivalency values for, I-13 COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY See Permeability COLD MILLING Prior to overlay, IHI-105, I-135 Rehabilitation, 111-67, 111-68, I-81 COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS, I-15 Load equivalency factors for, 1-10 COMPUTERS/COMPUTER PROGRAMS For design, I-4 In mechanistic-empirical design, IV-9 CONCRETE Shrinkage, 1-28 ‘Tensile strength, 11-28 ‘Thermal coefficient, 11-29 CONDITION SURVEY, 1-5, 111-28 to 111-30 See also Field data collection CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS See also Rigid pavements Asphalt concrete over, HI-113 to II1-125 Distress survey, 1-28, I-30 Friction factor, 11-29 Full-depth repairs to, 1-63, 1-114 Load transter in, 11-26 Reinforcement steel design in, 11-29, 11-51 to 1-62 Reinforcement variables in design of, {1-28 to H-I1-29 Subsealing repairs, {11-66 CORK EXPANSION JOINT FILLER, 1-21 CORNER DEFLECTION ANALYSIS, IIf-41 10 m-45 COST EFFECTIVENESS See also Economic analyses Pavement management strategies and, 1-31 CRACK AND SEAT TECHNIQUE, III-106, m11-1072 CRACKS/CRACKING Full-depth repair of, 111-62 to 111-63 Joint load transfer efficiency, I-70 to I-71 Process of, I-51 Reflection crack control in overlay rehabilitation, 11-145, 111-153 Reflection crack control in overlays, III-80, L-95, 1-108, 1-114 to I-115, 11-127 to 1-128, 11-137 Repairs in asphalt concrete overlay to asphalt concrete pavement, III-94 to T1195 Seating techniques for, 11-65, I1I-66, I-72 CRCP See Continuously reinforced concrete avernents CREEP SPEED DEFLECTION Seasonal variation, 1-26 CRUSHED STONE Layer coefficient value, 1-6 DEFLECTION ANALYSIS, III-30 to I-32 See also Nondestructive testing DEFORMED WIRE FABRIC Allowable working stress, 11-28 Development in slab, I-24 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS See also Design requirements Basic design equations, 1-5 to 1-7 Drainage, 1-27 to 1-29 Environmental effects, 1-22 to 1-27 Flexible pavement basic equations, I-5 to 1-6 materials for construction of, I-16 to 1-20 Freezing index in, 1-25 Frost heave in, 1-8 Initial pavement smoothness in, I-8 Local experience in, I-5 Jn mechanistic-empirical design, IV-8 In overlays, TI-79, III-80 to TII-83 Pavement management systems and, 1-31 t0 1-34, 135 Rigid pavement ‘basic equations, 1-6 to 1-7 materials for construction, 1-21 to 1-22 Roadbed soil in, 1-13 to 1-15 Shoulder, 1-29 Tie bars, 1-22 Traffic loads, 1-10 to I-12 DESIGNED PAVEMENT SECTION, 1-53 to 1-54 DESIGN PERIOD Definition of, 1-53 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ‘Aggregate loss, I-12 Allowable rutting, H-12 Design of Pavement Structures Analysis period in, 1-6 Drainage, 11-22 to I-25 Effective modulus of subgrade reaction, 1-16 Effective roadbed soil resilient modulus, I-12 to I-15 Environmental variables in, 11-10 Input requirements, II-5, 1-7 Layer coefficients for flexible pavements, I-17 to 11-22 Limitations, 1-4 Load transfer, 1-25 to 1-27 Modulus of rupture, 11-16 to 11-17 Pavement layer materials characterization, 1-16 Pavement structural characteristics, II-22 to I-27 Performance criteria in, 11-10 to I-12 Reinforcement variables, 1-27 to 1-29 Reliability as variable in, I-9 to 1-10 Scope of, 11-3 to II-4 ‘Time variables in, 11-5 to 11-6 ‘Traffic variables in, 1-6 to 1-9 DESIGN TRIALS, 1-34, 1-37 Overlays for, 1-34, 1-35, 1-36 DESTRUCTIVE TESTING, III-45 Asphalt conerete overlays, HI1-97, I1I-101, TH-110 Jointed pavement evaluation, HI-120 Necessity for, 11-49 For structural capacity evaluation, 11-88 DIAMOND GRINDING, 11-67 to 111-68, 111-76 DISCOUNT RATE, 1-43, 1-47 to F-48, 149 DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD in Continuously reinforced pavements, 1-26 Design inputs, 11-25 Directional, C11 In jointed pavements, 11-25 to 11-26 Joint transfer load analysis, 10-32, I-35, I-38 to ML-4I Lane distribution, I-11, 11-6 to 11-9 Load transfer coefficient for, 1-25 In tied shoulders, 11-26 to 1-27 DOWELS Full-depth repairs, 11-62 Load-transfer, 1-22 Placement, 11-25 In restoring joint load transfer efficiency, 11-71 DRAINAGE Climactic zone map, I-26 to 111-27 Flexible pavement design inputs, 11-22 to 1-25 Major sources of water infiltration, IIJ-65 to IIJ-66 Pavement surface, 1-28, Quality levels, 1-22 In rehabilitation, 1-28 to 1-29 Rehabilitation survey, 11-21 to 11-28 Rigid pavement design inputs, 11-25Index Roadbed soil considerations, I-15 Subdrainage design in rehabilitation, I-68, 111-76 to I-77 Thawing effects and, 1-23, 1.27 ‘Water entrapment effects, 1-27 to 128 DRAINAGE LAYER, 1-28 Casagrande flow equation for, 1-20 Flexible pavement cross section, I-17, [18 materials for construction, I-17 to 1-20 Subbase as, 1-16 DURABILITY ADJUSTMENT FACTOR, 111-123 ECONOMIC ANALYSES See also LIFE-CYCLE costs ‘Agency costs in, 1-44 Analysis period in, 1-46 to I-47 Basie concepts in, I-41 to 1-42 Discounting in, I-47 to 148, Equations for I-49 to I-51 Inflation costs in, [48 to 1-49 Investment costs in, 1-44 to 1-47 Pavement benefits in, I-46 Pavement evaluation expenditures, I-12 Of rehabilitation, 1-44 to T45 Reliability in, 1-63 Residual/salvage value, I-43, 1-45 Terminology, 1-42 to 144 Transportation improvement costs in, I-42 User benefits in, valuation of, 142 t0 T-44 Valuation methods, 1-47 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Present worth calculation, 1-49 to I-51 ELASTIC MODULUS, I-16 See also RESILIENT MODULUS (M,) Correlation for portland cement concrete, 1-16 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS See also ‘Temperature effects In deflection testing, [11-32 AAS design variables, 11-10 Resilient modulus varying with, 123, 124, 125 0 F-27, H-13 Seasonal variation in resilient modulus, H-13 Serviceability and, I-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11 EQUIVALENT SINGLE AXLE LOADS (ESALS), 110 In calculating performance period, 1-10 to I-12 In overlay design procedures, II-80 to HI-81 In reliability ealeutations, 1-54, 1-55 Truck equivalency factors in estimating, 1-10 EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL COST (BENEFIT), 1-43, I-47, 151 Equation for, 149 ESALS See EQUIVALENT SINGLE AXLE LOADS (ESALS) EVALUATION PROCEDURES For pavement rehabilitation, 1-5 EXPANSION JOINTS In rehabilitation, TI1-69 to TII-70 Sealing materials, 1-21, 11-50 FIELD DATA COLLECTION See also Nondestructive testing Asphalt concrete/continuously reinforced concrete, MHL-129, 1-132 Asphalt concrete/jointed pavements, II-129, 11-132 Asphalt concrete over portland cement concrete, 11-109, 11-110 Asphalt conerete pavements, I-96, 11-97 Condition survey, I-28 to 11-30 Continuously reinforced concrete evaluation, M147 Destructive testing for, I-45, {11-49 Drainage survey, IIF-21 to 1-28 Functional condition, assessment of, I-60 Goals of, 11-19 Jointed pavement evaluation, IN-117 to 1-120, 111-138, 111-140, TL-141 to II1-143, 11-146 to M-147 Jointed pavement overlays, HI-154 Joint load transfer efficiency, 11-70 to HN-71 Limits of statistical accuracy, T1149 to IIL-50 to mLS7 Major parameters of, I-49 {In mechanistic-empirical design, IV-8 to 1V-9, 1V-10 For nonoverlay rehabilitation, T1159 to III-60 For overlay design, 11-83 to III-84 For partial-depth pavement repair, 11-64 Pavement response variables, IlI-19 to I-21 Rehabilitation concepts, II1-9 to I-12 Sampling tests, 111-43, 111-49 For structural capacity evaluation, III-86 to I-88 Unit of analysis in, 1-19 to H-21, 1-49 FILTER LAYER Flexible pavement, 1-20 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS Asphalt conerete overlays over, IH-94 to II-105 Base course, I-17 Basic design equations, 1-5 to 1-6 Cold milling in rehabilitation of, 111-67, I-68 Cross section, 1-3, 4 Distress survey, I-28, 1-29 Drainage design inputs, 1-22 to 1-25 Drainage effects, 1-28Drainage layer, I-17 to 120 Effective roadbed resilient modulus, 11-13 to 1-15 Filter material, 1-20 Frost heave in, 11-33 to 1-35 Layered design analysis, 1-35 to 1-37 Low-volume road design, 1-69, 11-77 to T-81 Materials for construction, I-16 to 1-20 Mechanistic-empirical design procedures for, 1V-3 Nonoverlay rehabilitation strategies, 11-60, 11-61 Prepared roadbed, definition of, 1-16 Resilient Modulus for, 1-15 to 1-16 Roadbed swelling, I-33 to 1-35 Selection of layer thickness, 11-35 Shoulder design and, 129 Stabilization materials, 1-16 Stage construction of, 11-33 Structural capacity of, I-85 Structural capacity survey, I-87 Structural number design nomograph, 11-31 to 1-32 Suibase course, I-16 to 1-17 Surface course, 1-20 FOG SEAL, I-72 FREEZING INDEX, I-25 FREEZING-THAWING Effects of, 123 to 1-27 Seasonal variations, F FRICTION Funetional evaluation of, 11-84 Resistance at pavement-tire interface, 7 FRICTION FACTORS Continuously reinforced concrete pavement, I-29 Jointed reinforced eonerete pavements, 1-28 FROST HEAVE ‘Cause of, 123 Design considerations, 1-8 Effect on present serviceability index, 1-8 In flexible pavement structural design, 11-33 to 1-35 Predicting frost penetration, 1-25 In rigid pavements, 11-47 to 11-48 Roadbed effects, I-14 10 1-15, 1-23 t0 1-27 FULL-DEPTH REPAIRS, [11-62 to IIl-64, I-76, ML14 FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE Definition of, 1-7 Structural performance vs , in overlay design, MSI Surface friction evaluation, TI-84 Surface roughness evaluation, I-84 to I-85 124 GRANULAR LAYERS, Base, coefficients for, I-17 to 11-20 Design of Pavement Structures Drainage assessment of, 11-25, 11-26 Subbase, coefficients for, II-20 to I-22 GROUT MIXTURES, 111-66 to 111-67 HIGHWAY INVESTMENT COST, I-42 HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE COST, 1-42, 1-44 HIGHWAY USER COSTS, I-42, 1-44, 1-45 0 146 HYDROPLANING EFFECTS, 111-84 INCREMENTAL COSTS, 1-43 INFLATION, ECONOMIC, I-48 to 1-49 INITIAL SBRVICEABILITY INDEX Definition of, 1-8 In performance criteria, 1-10 INTEREST RATE, 1-43 INVESTMENT COSTS, I-44 to 1-47 F-FACTORS See Distribution of load JOINTED PAVEMENTS ‘Asphalt concrete overlay over, IH-113 to I1-125 Distress survey, I-28, I-29 Full-depth repair of, III-62 to 11-63 Load transfer in, TI-25 to 1-26 Overlay design, IT-153 to TII-156 Plain, 1-27 Reinforced concrete, 1-27 friction factor, 1-28 slab length, I-27 to I-28 steel reinforcement design nomogeaph, I-51 steel working stress, 11-28 Restoration of joint load transfer, 1-70 to I-71 Slab length, design variables in, 11-27 to 11-28 Subsealing repairs, 111-66 JOINT LOAD TRANSFER Analysis, 11-32, I-35, 11-38 to HI-41 Asphalt concrete/continuously reinforced concrete pavements, II-131 to T11-132 Restoration, I1I-70 to I-71 JOINTS Tn bonded concrete overlay, I1I-143, Cracks as, 111-66 Dimensions of, 11-49 to 11-50 In jointed pavement overlays, II-155 Layout of, 1-49 Load transfer efficiency, restoring, 1-70 to III-71 Longitudinal, 1-22 Nondowelled, J-factor for, 11-37 Portland cement concrete overlay, HI-82 Pressure relief, I11-69 to T11-70, III-76 Rigid pavement, structural design, 11-48 to 11-50 Role of, 11-48 to 1149 Sealing of, 1-21, II-50, I11-65 to 111-66, 111-76 Slab-void detection, 111-32, I-35, I-41 to IIL45Index Spacing of, 11-49 ‘Transverse, 1-65 to 1-66 load-transfer devices for, 1-22 In unbonded overlays, 1-151 JOINT SEALING MATERIALS Categories of, 11-66 Jn construction joints, I-50 In contraction joints, 11-50 Cork expansion joint filler, In expansion joints, 1-50 Liquid, 121 Preformed elastomeric, 121 21 LANE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS, I-11, 11-6 to 1-9 LAYER COEFFICIENTS Asphalt concrete surface course, I-17, 1-18 Average values, 1-6 Biturninous-treated base, 11-22, 11-24 Cement-treated base, I-22, I-23 Drainage, I-22 to 1-25 For flexible pavement base course design, I-17 For flexible pavement subbase design, 1-16 Granular base, 11-17 to 11-20 Granular subbase, 11-20 to 11-22 For in-service asphalt concrete pavements, IM1-104, 11-105 Resilient modulus test for, 11-3, ix Role of, 1-17 LAYERED DESIGN ANALYSIS, 11-35 to 1-37 LIFE-CYCLE COSTS Definition of, I-41 In design trials, 1-34, 1-36 Discounting and, I-47 to 1-48, 1-49 Inflation in, 1-48 to 1-49 Mechanistic-empirical design procedures and, va OF nonoverlay rehabilitation techniques, Ill-73 to m4 Pavement management systems and, 1-34 Role of, in economic analysis, 1-31 In selecting rehabilitation solution, 11-15 LOAD EQUIVALENCY FACTORS Limitations of, 1-12 to 1-13 Source of, 10 For urban streets, 1-13 LOAD TRANSFER See Distribution of load LOAD-TRANSFER DEVICES, 1-22 LOCAL CONDITIONS Climactic zones, map of, III-26 to I-27 In design considerations, 1-5 In drainage evaluation, 111-25 Effective roadbed resilient modulus calculations for, 1-13 Freezing index, 1-25 regional season length, map of, 11-69, 11-70, I-71 Seasonal effects, I-27 LONGITUDINAL JOINTS, 1-22 LOSS OF SUPPORT Design inputs, I-27 Role of, 1-37 LOW-VOLUME ROADS Ageregate-surfaced, 11-69 to I-77, II-81 Design catalog, 11-77 to TI-86 Flexible pavement, 11-69, 11-77 to I-81 Rigid pavement, 11-69, 11-81 MAINTENANCE COSTS, I-42, I-44 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Of flexible pavements, 1-16 to 1-20 Nonstandard, 1-3 Overlay considerations, I-81 Pavement layer, characterization of, I-16 Recycling, 1-45 Reinforcement, design variables in, 1-27 to 11-29 Rigid pavement, I-21 to 1-22 MECHANISTIC-EMPIRICAL DESIGN PROCEDURES, x Background, IV-3 to IV-4 Benefits of, 1V-4, IV-10 Design considerations, IV-8 Equipment for, 1V-9 Framework for, IV-4 to IV-7 Implementation, IV-7 to IV-10 Input data, IV-8 to 1V-9 ‘Testing procedures, IV-10 Training personnel in, IV-9 to IV-10 MODULUS OF RUPTURE Concrete, 1-28 Field data collection for, 11-49 Portland cement concrete, II-16 to I-17 MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION, 11-16 Estimating, 11-37 to 1-44 In low-volume road design, 11-69 Variables in, 11-37 MOTOR VEHICLE RUNNING COSTS, 1-42, 1-46 NETWORK LEVEL PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT, 131, 139 Project feasibility analysis in, I-41 Reh: considerations in, III-12 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING Asphalt concrete pavements, III-101 to I11-102 Deflection interpretation in, I1T-30 to I1I-32Evaluating structural capacity, I-32, I-35 to 1-38 Joint load transfer analysis, I-32, I-35, I-38 to I-41 Slab-void detection, I-32, I-35, 111-41 to I-45 For structural capacity evaluation, 11-88 For subgrade resilient modulus, 11-91 In thickness deficiency approach, II-4 ‘Types of, 1N-32, I-35, iii-4S NONOVERLAY REHABILITATION STRATEGIES Cold milling, 11-67, 11-68 Development of, {11-60 to 11-62 Diamond grinding, I-67 to TH-68, 11-76 Evaluation of pavement condition for, I-59 to 111-60 Full-depth repair, I-62 to 1-64, 111-76 Partial-lepth repair, 11-68 to HI-65, TH-76 Performance prediction of, I-73 to I-78 Pressure relief joints, 11-69 to I-70, I-76 Restoring joint load transfer efficiency, [11-70 to wit Subdrainage design considerations I-76 to 1-77 Surface treatments, I-71 to WI-73, I-76 1-68, OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSES, I-71, m-72 OVERLAYS See also Rehabilitation ‘Adjustments to thickness design considerations, 11-83 Alternatives to, 1-5 Asphalt concrete over asphalt concrete construction tasks, I-94 feasibility, 11-94 preoverlay repair, 11-94 to 1-95 reflection crack control, TH-95 shoulders, I-05 structural number calculations, 1-101 to I-04 subdrainage, 1-95 surface milling, 11-105 thickness design, HI-95 to 1-105 widening, 1-106 Asphalt concrete over asphalt conerete/continuously reinforced concrete construction tasks, 1-125 feasibility, II-125 to 1-127 preoverlay repair, 1-127 reflection crack control, 11-127 to 11-128 shoulders, 1-135 subdrainage, II-128 surface milling, 11-135 Design of Pavement Structures thickness design, 1-128 to 111-135 widening, 111-136 Asphalt concrete over asphalt concrete/jointed pavements construction tasks, 11-125 feasibility, IH-125 to 1-127 preoverlay repair, 111-127 reflection crack control, II-127 to 1II-128 shoulders, 111-135, subdrainage, I-128 surface milling, TH-135 thickness design, 11-128 to 11-135, widening, 11-136 Asphalt concrete over continuously reinforced concrete construction tasks, 0-113 feasibility, II-113, preoverlay repairs, 1-113 to I-14 reflection crack control, I-114 to MI-115 shoulders, 111-125 subdrainage, 11-115 thickness design, [11-115 to 111-125 widening, III-125 Asphalt concrete over jointed pavements construction tasks, 1-113 feasibility, IN-113 preoverlay repair, IN-113 to 1-114 reflection crack control, HT-114 to I-15 shoulders, 1-125 subdrainage, HI-115 thickness design, I-115 to 1-125 widening, 11-125 Asphalt concrete over portland cement concrete construction tasks, III-106 to T1I-107 feasibility, IN-107 to I1-108 pavement widening in, III-82 to I-83, M111 preoverlay repair, 1-108 reflection crack control, I1I-108 shoulders, TH-111 subdrainage, HI-108 thickness design, 1-108 to I-11 Bonded concrete bonding procedures, 111-145 construction tasks, 111-136 feasibility, IN-136 to 1-137 joints, 1-143, preoverlay repair, 111-137 reflection crack control, III-137 shoulders, 111-143 subdrainage, TI-137 thickness design, 11-137 to 11-143, widening, I1-145Index Design considerations ‘existing portland cement concrete slab durability, I-82 levels of reliability, TH-82 materials, 1-81 milling asphalt concrete surfaces, I-81 pavement evaluation, TII-83 to 111-94 pavement widening, III-82 to I-83 portland cement concrete overlay joints, 11-82 portland cement concrete overlay reinforcement, 1-82 preoverlay repair, [11-80 recycling existing pavement, [11-81 reflection crack control, II1-80, III-108 resilient modulus in, 11-91 to 111-94 rutting in asphaltic concrete, I-81 shoulders, III-81 to 111-82 structural, vs functional, overlays, TII-81 subdrainage, I-81 traffic loadings, III-80 to I-81 Feasibility of, 11-79 to 111-80 Functional evaluation for, I1I-84 to TIL-85 Jointed pavement construction tasks, 11-153 feasibility, IN-153, joints, 11-155 preoverlay repair, 111-153 reflection crack control, II-153 reinforcement, I-15 shoulders, 11-15 subdrainage, 111-153 thickness design, II-1S4 to III-155 widening, 11-155 worksheet, II-156 ‘Mechanistic-empirical design procedures for, 1V-4, 1V-7 Point-By-Point Approach, III-84 Role of, 11-79 ‘Skid-resistance considerations, III-3 ‘Structural analysis methodology, I-3 to Ll-4 Structural evaluation for, I-85 to HI-91 ‘Thickness deficiency concept of, I1I-4 ‘Types of, 1-79 Unbonded construction tasks, I1I-145 Joints, 11-151 preoverlay repair, 1-145 reflection crack control, III-145 reinforcement, I1I-151 separation interlayer, HI-153 shoulders, 11-151 subdrainage, II-146 thickness design, III-146 to HI-151 Uniform section approach, I-84 PARTIAL-DEPTH PAVEMENT REPAIR, III-64 to I-65, 1-76 PATCHING, III-63 to I-64 Partial-depth, III-64 to 11-65 PAVEMENT BENEFITS, 1-46 PAVEMENT DESIGN-PERFORMANCE PROCESS, I-56 to 1-62 PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS) Definition, 1-31 Design and, I-31 to 1-34, 135 Guidelines for, 1-39 Mechanistic-emnpirical design procedures in, 1V-4 Network level in, I-31, 1-32, 1-39 Pavement type selection in, 1-39 Project level in, I-31, I-32 Role of, I-31, 1-34, 136 State use of, 1-34, 1:39 PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE Definition of, 1-56 Drainage effects, 1-28 Elements of, 1-7 to 1-8 PERFORMANCE PERIOD Definition of, 1-10 to I-11, 1-5 10 1-6 Maximum, 1-6 Minimum, 1-6 PERFORMANCE TRENDS, 1-8, I-9 PERMEABILITY (Of drainage layer materials, 1-17, 1-19 PMS See PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM POROUS CONCRETE LAYERS, 1-21 PORTLAND CEMENT CONCREI ‘Asphalt concrete overlay on, II1-106 to I-13 Diamond grinding of, I-67 to I-68, 1-76 Elastic modulus correlation for, H-16 Frost penetration, calculating, 1-25 Modulus of rupture, 11-16 to 1-17 Overlay design considerations, III-82 Specifications for, 1-21 PREPARED ROADBED Definition of, I-16 PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX (PSI) In definition of pavement performance, 1-56 Environmental effects on, 1-8, 19, 1-27 Minimum, 1-44 Pavement life-cycle and, 1-8 In reliability calculations, 1-54, 1-55 Role of, I-10 Source of, L7 to 18 PRESENT VALUE, 1-43 PRESENT WORTH Calculation for, 149 to 1-51 PRESSURE RELIEF JOINTS, I-69 to 11-70, 1-768 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Fatigue in, 11-66 Magnitude of prestress in, 11-66 Pavement thickness, 11-66 to 11-67 Prestress losses, 1-67 Slab length, 11-65 to 11-66 Structural design, 11-65, 11-66 to 67 Subbase, I-65 Subgrade restraint, 1-67 ‘Tendon spacing, 11-66 RECYCLING, 1-45 Rehabilitation and, 1-7, 1-81 REHABILITATION See also Nonoverlay rehabilitation strategies, Overlays Construction considerations, 11-7 Cost analysis in, I-15 to I-16 Definition of, 1-45, 1-7 Drainage considerations in, 1-28 to 1-29, 0-21 Evaluation procedures, 1-5 Initial capital costs in, 1-44 wo E45 Limitations, HI-4 Maintenance vs , 11-7 Major categories of, 7 Major factors in, 11-7 to IL-8 Method of, selection process for, II-8 to TH-16 Nonmonetary considerations in, I-15 to IH-16 In performance-based approach, 113 Problem definition in, IH-9 to MI-12 Project constraints, I-12 Project specific decision-making in, II-8 to TIL9 Recycling concepts in, 1-45, 11-7, 11-81 Slab subsealing, I-41, 11-66 to I-67, 11-76 Traffic delay costs in, 1-46 REINFORCEMENT ‘See also Jointed pavements, reinforced concrete Design variables, 11-27 to 11-29 In jointed pavement overlays, 11-155 gid pavement, structural design, I-51 to 1-65 Steel, in rigid pavement slab, 1-21 ‘Transverse, I-62 to I-65 In unbonded overlays, I-151 RELIABILITY ‘Axle load variables in, 1-54 Compounding of, in stage construction, 1-33, 144 Definition of, 1-53 Definition of pavement condition in, I-54 to 1-56 Design factor, 1-56 to 1-62 ‘As design variable, IL9 to 11-10 Factor, 16 to 17, 112, 1.9 Level, 1-60 to 1-63, 1F-9 Overall standard deviations in calculating, 1-62 Design of Pavement Structures In overlay design, II1-82 Pavement performance variables in, 1-56 Probability distribution of basic deviations, I-57 to 1-60 Role of, 1-3 ‘Stage construction alternatives and, 1-63 REMAINING LIFE EVALUATION, IIL-88 to I-91 ‘Asphalt concrete pavements, II-104 to TH-105 Continuously reinforced concrete pavements, 1-123 to HI-125 Jointed pavement, 111-123 to TH-125, 11-143 Portland cement concrete pavements, 1-151 RESIDUAL VALUE, 1-43, 1-45 RESILIENT MODULUS (Mr) CBR conversions to, I-14 Climactic region and, I-71 Definition of, 1-13 Design value, I-15 Direct measurement of, ix Effective annual, 1-27 Effective roadbed soil, 11-12 to 11-15 Laboratory, vs field, tests for, 1-17 For low-volume roads, 11-69, 1-71 Overlay design, 11-91 to 11-94, III-96 to I-97 Role of, I-13 to 1-14 R-value conversions to, 14 Seasonal variations, 1-23, 1-24, 1-25 t0 1-27, I RIGID PAVEMENTS. See also Continuously reinforced concrete pavements, Jointed pavements Application of rehabilitation procedures to, III-4 Basic design equations, 1-6 (© F-7 Cross section, 1-3, 14 Diamond grinding in rehabilitation of, 11-67 to 111-68, 111-76 Drainage design inputs, 1-25 Drainage effects, 1-28 Frost heave in, 1-47 to I-48 Joint dimensions, I-49 to 11-50 Joint layout, 11-49 Joint load transfer analysis, 111-32, HI to 35, 1138 to H41 Joint sealant dimensions, 11-50 Joint sealing materials, 1-21, 11-50, 11-66 Joint spacing, 11-49 Joint types, I-48 to I-49 Load transfer in, 1-22, 11-25 Longitudinal joint materials, 1-22 Loss of support in, 1-27 Low-volume road design, 11-69, 11-81 Mechanistic-empirical design procedures for, v3 Modulus of rupture for, 11-16 to I-17Index Modulus of subgrade reaction, II-16, 1-37 to 144 Nonoverlay rehabilitation strategies, 1N-60, 1-61 Partial-depth repair, I-64 to TIL-65 Patching, with bituminous mixtures, II-63 to T1-64 Pavement slab, I-21 Portland cement concrete for, 1-21 Reinforcing steel in, 1-21 Roadbed swelling in, I-47 to 1-48 Slab thickness design nomograph, I-44 Slab-void detection, 11-32, 10-35, I-41 to T-45 Stage construction, I-44 to 1-47 Structural capacity, I-85, I-87 Subbase, 1-21 Subsealing of, 111-66 to 11-67, 11-76 Tie bars in, 1-22 Transverse reinforcement design, 1-62 to 11-65 ROADBED SOIL(S) Compaction eriteria, I-14 In design equation, 1-53 to 1-54 Drainage considerations, I-15 Exceptional types of, 1-3, I-14 to E15 Expansive soils, I-14 Freezing-thawing in, 1-23 to 1-27 Frost effects, I to F-15, 125, 1-26 Highly organic, 1-15 Placement considerations, I-14 to I-15 Resilient modulus of, 1-13 to 1-15, I-12 to I-15, 1-16 Resilient soils, 1-14 Subbase course design and, 1-16 Swelling soils in, 8, I-33 to I-35, I-47 ‘Thaw-weakening effects, 1-25 to 127 ROAD OILING, I-72 ROUGHNESS Funetional evaluation of, 11-84 to 111-85 In Present Serviceability Index, 1-7 to 1-8 User costs and, 88 to 6 RUBBERIZED ASPHALT SEAL, 1-71 to III-72 RUBBLIZE AND COMPACT TECHNIQUE, 1-106 to 111-107 RUTTING, 1-27 Allowable, 1-12 In low-volume aggregate-surfaced road design, U-72 to 1-77 In overlay design procedures, I-81 R-VALUE Converting to resilient modulus, I-14 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS, 1-7 SALVAGE VALUE, 1-43, 1-45 SAND SEAL, IlI-72 SANDY GRAVEL, layer coefficient value, 1-6 SEASONAL EFFECTS, 1-23 t0 1-27 See also Environmental effects CClimactic zones, map of, I-26 to I-27 Effective resilient modulus, 1-26, U-13 In modulus of subgrade reaction calculations, 1-37, I-44 Regional season length, map of, I-69, 11-70, 0-71 SEPARATION INTERLAYER, 111-153 SERVICEABILITY Definition of, 1-10 In design trials, 1-34, 1-37 Environmental effects on, 1-8, 1-10, 1-11 Factors in loss of, 1-8 Frost-heave effects, 1-23 Initial serviceability index, 1-8, 1-10 Pavement benefits and, 1-46 Present serviceability index (PSD, 1-7 to 1-8, 19, 144, 154, 1-55, 1-56, I-10 ‘Terminal serviceability index, 1-8, I-10 SERVICEABILITY-PERFORMANCE CONCEPT Basis of, 1-7 SHOULDERS, 1-22 Definition, 1-29 Design criteria, 1-29 Overlay design considerations, 11-81 to TI-82, UE-105, HH-111, H1-125, H-135, 1-143, TIF-ASI, H-1SS Tie bars in, 1-26 Tied definition of, 1-26 to 11-27 load transfer calculations for, 1-26 to 11-27 SKID-RESISTANCE Of overlays, 1-3, SLAB LENGTH Jointed reinforced concrete pavements, I-27 to 128 Prestressed concrete pavement, 165 to 1-66 SLAB-VOID DETECTION, III-32, 111-35, 11-41 t0 I-45 SLURRY SEAL, I-72 SMOOTH WIRE MESH Development in slab, I-21 SOIL(S) See ROADBED SOIL(S) SOIL SUPPORT NUMBER, 11-3 SOIL SUPPORT VALUE Definitive test for, ix STABILIZATION Flexible pavement base, 1-16, 1-17 STAGE CONSTRUCTION Compounding of reliability in, 1-33, 14d10 Cumulative trafic calculations in, 1-6 Design considerations, 1-12 Flexible pavement, 1-33, Reliability and, 1-63 Rigid pavement, II-44 to I-47 STEEL REINFORCEMENT Allowable working stress, 1-28, 11-53, 11-56 Bar/wire diameters, I-29 In CRCP, design variables of, 1-28 to I-11-29 Design nomograph for jointed reinforced concrete, TSt, H-S2 Design procedure for CRCP, I-51 to I-62 Jointed pavement design variables, I-27 to 11-28 Role of, 1-51 ‘Thermal coefficient, 1-29 Transverse, 11-62 to 11-65 STEEL WORKING STRESS, 11-28 STRESS-ABSORBING MEMBRANE INTERLAYER, IIL-72, 11-95 STRESS STATE Flexible pavement, I-15 to 1-16 STRUCTURAL CAPACITY Evaluation for overlays, I-85 to TU-91 Nondestructive deflection analysis of, I-32, HIL-35 to 11-38 Remaining life evaluation of, I-88 to I-91 STRUCTURAL NUMBER ‘Asphalt concrete pavements, determination of, E-101 to H-104 Flexible pavement design nomograph, 11-31 to 132 For rigid pavements, IN-110 to I-11 Role of, 16 STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE Definition of, 1-7 Functional pesformance vs in overlay design, TIES! SUBBASE COURSE Drainage, 1-28, M125, 11-26 Flexible pavement as drainage layer, 1-16 layer coefficients for, 1-16 materials, I-16 to 117 role of, 1-16 to [17 Friction factors, 1-28, 11-29 Granular, layer coefficient, I-20 to 1-22 Prestressed concrete pavement, 165 Rigid pavement, 1-21 Sandy gravel, layer coefficient valve, 1-6 Seasonal effects, I-27 Subsealing repairs, I-41, 51-66 to I-67, 1-76 Thickness, 1-35 Design of Pavement Structures SUBDRAINAGE Design, II-68, I-76 to 1-77 In overlay design procedures, I-81, 1-87 to INL-88, 11-95, 11-108, TII-115, 111-137, 111-146, 1-153 Survey, I-87 to 11-88 SUBGRADE RESTRAINT In prestressed concrete pavements, 11-67 SUBSEALING TECHNIQUES, III-41, 111-66 to U1-67, 11-76 SURFACE COURSE ‘Asphalt concrete, layer coefficients, 1-6, 1-17 Drainage, 1-28, 1-25, 11-26 Flexible pavement, 1-20 Functional assessment for overlay design, I-84 to I-85 Nonoverlay rehabilitation of, IHI-71 to I-73, 101-76 ‘Thickness, 11-35 SURFACE TREATMENTS, 111-71 to 111-73, 111-76 SWELLING SOILS Effect on pavement serviceability, I-8 In flexible pavement structural design, 11-33 to 11-35 In rigid pavements, 11-47 to 1-48 ‘TEMPERATURE EFFECTS, 1-22 to 1-23 See also Freezing-Thawing, Frost heave Asphalt concrete performance, 1-27 Climactic zones, map of, I-26 to 111-27 Concrete thermal coefficient, 1-29 Design temperature drop, 1-29 Freezing index, 1-25 ‘Scel thermal coefficient, 1-29 ‘Thaw-weakening, 1-25 to 1-27 ‘TENDONS. In prestressed concrete pavement, 11-66 TERMINAL SERVICEABILITY INDEX Definition of, 18 Public acceptance in defining, 11-10 TERMINOLOGY, 1-3, 1-4 Economic analysis, I-42 to 144 THAWING See Freezing-thawing ‘THAW-WEAKENING EFFECTS, 1-25 to 1-27 ‘THERMAL COEFFICIENT Concrete, 11-29 Steel, I-29 TIE BARS, 1-22 Design procedure, 1-62 to 1-65 Full-depth repairs, 111-62 Placement in tied shoulders, 11-26 TIME Constraints, as design variable, II-5 to 11-6 ‘Cumulative ESALS vs , 1-8Index Environmental serviceability loss vs , 1-10, 1-11 ‘And expansion joint installation, 111-70 Fatigue in prestressed concrete pavement, 11-66 Interactive effects of, 8, I-13 In life-cycle costing, I-47 to 1-48 Value of, in economic analysis, I-42, 1-43 TIRE INFLATION, 1-12 ‘TRAFFIC Accident costs, 1-42, 1-46 Delays, cost of, 1-46 As design variable, 11-6 to 11-9 Estimating growth in, I-11 to I-12 Evaluation of, 1-10 to 1-12 Mixed, converting to ESALs, I-10 Reliability factors in estimating, I-12 Scheduling repairs around, 11-63, I1I-70 u TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT COSTS, 142 ‘TRIDEM AXLES, I-10 TRUCK EQUIVALENCY FACTORS, 1-10 ‘Truck weight information for, I-11 to I-12 UNDERCUTTING, III-62 UNIT VALUE OF TIME, 1-42 USER BENEFITS, 1-42 to 1-44, 1-46 Indirect, 1-50 USER COSTS, 1-42, 1-44, 145 0 146 VALUE OF TRAVEL TIME, 1-42, 1-46 VEHICLE TRAVEL TIME, 1-42, 1-46 WELDED WIRE FABRIC Allowable working stress, 1-28