Part 1 Module 2

Set operations, Venn diagrams

Set operations
LetU={x|xisanEnglishlanguagefilm}
SetAbelowcontainsthefivebestfilmsaccordingto
theAmericanFilmInstitute.
SetBbelowcontainsthefivebestfilmsaccordingto
TVGuide.
SetCbelowcontainsthefivemostpassionatefilms
accordingtotheAmericanFilmInstitute.

Set operations
A={CitizenKane,Casablanca,TheGodfather,
GoneWiththeWind,LawrenceofArabia}
B={Casablanca,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizard
ofOz,CitizenKane,ToKillAMockingbird}
C={GoneWiththeWind,Casablanca,WestSide
Story,AnAffairToRemember,RomanHoliday}.

Set operations
FormanewsetwhoseelementsarethosethatsetsAandB
haveincommon
A={CitizenKane,Casablanca,TheGodfather,GoneWiththe
Wind,LawrenceofArabia}
B={Casablanca,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizardofOz,
CitizenKane,ToKillAMockingbird}

{CitizenKane,Casablanca}
ThissetiscalledtheINTERSECTIONofAandB,denotedA
B.
AB={CitizenKane,Casablanca}

Set operations
FindBC
B={Casablanca,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizardofOz,
CitizenKane,ToKillAMockingbird}
C={GoneWiththeWind,Casablanca,WestSideStory,An
AffairToRemember,RomanHoliday}
BC={Casablanca}

Set operations
Adifferentoperation:formanewsetthatcontainsalltheelementsofA
alongwithalltheelementsofB.
A={CitizenKane,Casablanca,TheGodfather,GoneWiththeWind,
LawrenceofArabia}
B={Casablanca,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizardofOz,CitizenKane,
ToKillAMockingbird}
{CitizenKane,Casablanca,TheGodfather,GoneWiththeWind,
LawrenceofArabia,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizardofOz,ToKill
AMockingbird}
ThissetiscalledtheunionofAwithB,denotedAB.

Set operations
Wehaveencounteredthreebasicsetoperations(including
somethingfromPart1Module1).
Intersection
ST={x|xSandxT}
Union
ST={x|xSorxT}.
Complement
S={x|xS}.

Venn Diagrams
A Venn diagram is a drawing in which sets are
represented by geometric figures such as circles and
rectangles.
Venn diagrams can be used to illustrate the
relationships between sets, and the effects of set
operations.
Venn diagrams are also used in other areas of
mathematics, such as counting, probability and logic.

Venn Diagrams - Intersection

Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
diagram below illustrates the effect of
intersection. The shaded region corresponds to ST.

Venn Diagrams - Union

Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
diagram below illustrates the effect of
union. The shaded region corresponds to
ST.

Venn diagrams - Complement

Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
diagram below illustrates the effect of
complement. The shaded region corresponds to S.

Exercise #1
U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
S={3,5,8,11}
T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11}
V={2,5,6,7,8}
W={1,3,5,6}
Find ( V S ) ( W T )
A.{}
B.{4,10,11}
C.{1,4,10}
D.Noneofthese

Solution #1
U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
S={3,5,8,11}
T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11}
V={2,5,6,7,8}
W={1,3,5,6}
Find ( V S ) ( W T )
First, find V and S
V = {1,3,4,9,10,11} S = {1,2,4,6,7,9,10}
So V S = {1, 4, 9, 10}
Next,T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11} and W={1,3,5,6}
W T = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11}
Finally,( V S ) ( W T ) = {1, 4, 10}

Exercise #2
U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11}
V={2,5,6,7,8}
Find (V T)
A.{1,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11}
B.{3,4,10,11}
C.{1,3,4,6,8,9,10,11}
D.Noneofthese

Solution #2
U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11}
V={2,5,6,7,8}
Find (V T)
T = {1, 2, 5, 9} and V = {2,5,6,7,8}
so V T = {2, 5}
Since V T = {2, 5} and U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
(V T) = {1,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11}

EXAMPLE 1.2.1 Venn diagrams

From your text:

EXAMPLE 1.2.1 #13
On the Venn diagram below, shade the region corresponding to
AB.

Solution
To shade the region corresponding to AB,weneedtounderstandthemeanings
ofbothterms,andunderstandtheoperationofunion.

within set A is
shaded.

outside set B
is shaded.

Solution, page 2
Now, apply the inclusive operation of union to the shaded figures for AandB
TheshadedfigureforABwillincludealltheshadingfromtheAfigurealong
withalltheshadingfromtheBfigure.

A
AB

Exercise #3
Select the Venn diagram whose shaded region corresponds to
AB .

Solution #3
For AB ,we need to draw the shaded figure for A,theshaded
figureforB,andthenperformtheunionoftheshadingfromthose
twofigures.
UNION

AB

Exercise #4
Select the Venn diagram whose shaded region corresponds to
(A B).

Solution #4
Tomaketheshadedfigure(A B),weneedtofirstmakethe
shadedfigureforA B,andthenapplytheideaof
complement.
INTERSECTION

DeMorgans Laws
Intheprevioustwoexerciseswesawthattheshadedfigurefor(A B)is
identicaltotheshadedfigureforAB.ThismeansthatAB and
(A B)areequivalentoperations.Thisconfirmsoneofthefollowing
generalfacts,whichareknownasDeMorgansLawsforSet
Mathematics.

ForanysetsS,T
( S T) = S T
( S T) = S T
The complement of a union is the intersection of the
complements; the complement of an intersection is the
union of the complements

Exercise #5, DeMorgans Laws

Let U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
T = {c, e}
V = {a, d, e}
Find ( T V )
A. {e}
B. {a, c, d, e}
C. {b, f, g}
D. None of these

Solution #5
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
T = {c, e}
V = {a, d, e}.
Find ( T V )
We will first simplify ( T V ) by applying one of DeMorgans Laws, which
states that we can distribute the outer complement onto both terms inside the
parentheses, if we also change the union to intersection:
( T V ) = T V
Now, finish the calculation by evaluating T V:
T = {c, e} and V = {a, d, e}, so T V = {e}

Alternative Solution #5
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
Find ( T V )

T = {c, e}

V = {a, d, e}

Instead of using one of DeMorgans Laws to simplify first, we can find the elements
of T, the elements of V, perform the union of those two sets, and then the
complement.
T = {a, b, d, f, g}
V = {b, c, f, g}
So, T V = {a, b, c, d, f, g}
and finally
( T V ) = {e}

Exercise #6
LIKE EXAMPLE 1.2.3 from your text:
On the Venn diagram below, shade the region
corresponding to B(AC)
A

Solution #6
To shade the region corresponding to B(AC),wemust
findtheshadedfigureforB,theshadedfigureforAC,
andthefindtheintersectionofthoseshadedfigures.

B

Solution #6, page 2

TheshadedfigureforACrequiresthatwedrawtheshadedfigureforA,
andshadedfigureforC,andapplyuniontothosetwofigures.
UNION
C C
A

Solution #6, page 3

Now that we have produced the shaded figure for BandtheshadedfigureforAC,
weintersectthosefigurestogettheshadingforB(AC).
INTERSECTION
B C
B
A
(A C)

Exercise #7
Select the shaded figure for ( C B ) A