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Physics 231
Lecture 4-1
Fall 2008
Capacitors
Device for storing electrical energy which can then be
released in a controlled manner
Consists of two conductors, carrying charges of q and q,
that are separated, usually by a nonconducting material - an
insulator
Symbol in circuits is
It takes work, which is then stored as potential energy in the
electric field that is set up between the two plates, to place
charges on the conducting plates of the capacitor
Since there is an electric field between the plates there is also a
potential difference between the plates
Physics 231
Lecture 4-2
Fall 2008
Capacitors
We usually talk about
capacitors in terms of
parallel conducting
plates
Lecture 4-3
Fall 2008
Capacitance
The capacitance is defined to be the ratio of the
amount of charge that is on the capacitor to the
potential difference between the plates at this point
Q
C
Vab
Units are
Physics 231
1Coulomb
1 farad
1Volt
Lecture 4-4
Fall 2008
Lecture 4-5
Q
E
0 0A
Vab
Qd
Ed
0A
Fall 2008
Lecture 4-6
Fall 2008
1 farad Capacitor
Given a 1 farad parallel plate capacitor having a
plate separation of 1mm. What is the area of the
plates?
A
We start with C 0
d
And rearrange to
solve for A, giving
0
8.85 1012 F / m
1.1 108 m 2
This corresponds to a square about 10km on a side!
Physics 231
Lecture 4-7
Fall 2008
Lecture 4-8
Fall 2008
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors are often combined in series and the question
then becomes what is the equivalent capacitance?
Given
what is
Physics 231
Lecture 4-9
Fall 2008
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors become charged because of Vab
If upper plate of C1 gets a charge of +Q,
Then the lower plate of C1 gets a
charge of -Q
What happens with C2?
Since there is no source of charge at point c, and we
have effectively put a charge of Q on the lower plate
of C1, the upper plate of C2 gets a charge of +Q
Charge Conservation
This then means that lower plate of C2 has a charge of -Q
Physics 231
Lecture 4-10
Fall 2008
Capacitors in Series
We also have to have that the potential across C1 plus the
potential across C2 should equal the potential drop across
the two capacitors
We have
Then
Q
Q
V1
and V2
C1
C2
Vab
Q Q
C1 C 2
Lecture 4-11
Vab 1
1
Q C1 C 2
Fall 2008
Capacitors in Series
The equivalent capacitor will also have the
same voltage across it
Vab 1
1
Q C1 C 2
C eq C1 C 2
C eq
i Ci
Physics 231
Lecture 4-12
Fall 2008
Capacitors in Parallel
Capacitors can also be connected in parallel
Given
what is
Physics 231
Lecture 4-13
Fall 2008
Capacitors in Parallel
The upper plates of both capacitors
are at the same potential
Likewise for the bottom plates
We have that
Now
V1 V2 Vab
Q1
Q2
V1
and V2
C1
C2
or
Q1 C1V and Q2 C 2V
Physics 231
Lecture 4-14
Fall 2008
Capacitors in Parallel
The equivalent capacitor will have the same voltage across
it, as do the capacitors in parallel
But what about the charge on the equivalent capacitor?
The equivalent capacitor will have the same total charge
Q Q1 Q2
Using this we then have
Q Q1 Q2
C eqV C1V C 2V
or
C eq C1 C 2
Physics 231
Lecture 4-15
Fall 2008
Capacitors in Parallel
The equivalent capacitance is just the sum of the
two capacitors
If we have more than two, the resultant capacitance is just
the sum of the individual capacitances
Ceq C i
i
Physics 231
Lecture 4-16
Fall 2008
Example 1
a
C3
C1
C2
C
a
Where do we start?
Recognize that C1 and C2 are parallel with each other and
combine these to get C12
This C12 is then in series with with C3
The resultant capacitance is then given by
1 1
1
C C3 C1 C 2
Physics 231
Lecture 4-17
C3 (C1 C 2 )
C
C1 C 2 C3
Fall 2008
Example 2
C
C
Configuration A
C
Configuration B
Configuration C
Three configurations are constructed using identical capacitors
Which of these configurations has the lowest overall
capacitance?
The net capacitance for A is just C
a) Configuration A
In B, the caps
1
1 1 2
C
b) Configuration B
net
are in series and C
C
C
C
2
net
the resultant is
c) Configuration C
given by
Lecture 4-18
C net C C 2 C
Fall 2008
Example 3
A circuit consists of three unequal capacitors C1, C2, and C3
which are connected to a battery of emf The capacitors
obtain charges Q1 Q2, Q3, and have voltages across their
plates V1, V2, and V3. Ceq is the equivalent capacitance of the
circuit.
Check all of the following that
apply:
a) Q1= Q2
b) Q2= Q3
c) V2= V3
d) E = V1
e) V1 < V2
f) Ceq > C1
Lecture 4-19
Fall 2008
Example 4
o
1
1 1
C1 C C
Physics 231
Ceq
(c) Ceq = 3C
C1
C
C1
2
Lecture 4-20
C eq
C 3
C C
2 2
Fall 2008
q dq
dW v dq
C
Physics 231
Lecture 4-21
Fall 2008
1
W
C
Q2
q dq
2C
Q2 1
1
2
U
C V QV
2C 2
2
where U is the stored potential energy
Physics 231
Lecture 4-22
Fall 2008
Example 5
Suppose the capacitor shown here is charged
to Q and then the battery is disconnected
Now suppose you pull the plates further
apart so that the final separation is d1
Which of the quantities Q, C, V, U, E change?
A
++++
d -----
C1
d
C
d1
V1
d1
V
d
Lecture 4-23
U1
d1
U
d
Fall 2008
Example 6
Suppose the battery (V) is kept
attached to the capacitor
Again pull the plates apart from d to d1
Now which quantities, if any, change?
Q: Charge Decreases
C: Capacitance Decreases
V: Voltage on capacitor does not change
U: Potential Energy Decreases
E: Electric Field Decreases
How much do these quantities change?
Answers:
Physics 231
d
Q1 Q
d1
d
C1 C
d1
Lecture 4-24
d
U1 U
d1
d
E1 E
d1
Fall 2008
1
CV 2
2
Ad
where A and d are the area of the capacitor plates and their
separation, respectively
Physics 231
Lecture 4-25
Fall 2008
1
2
u 0 E
2
Even though we used the relationship for a parallel capacitor,
this result holds for all capacitors regardless of configuration
This represents the energy density of the electric field in
general
Physics 231
Lecture 4-26
Fall 2008
Dielectrics
Most capacitors have a nonconducting material between
their plates
This nonconducting material, a dielectric, accomplishes
three things
1) Solves mechanical problem of keeping the plates
separated
2) Increases the maximum potential difference allowed
between the plates
3) Increases the capacitance of a given capacitor over
what it would be without the dielectric
Physics 231
Lecture 4-27
Fall 2008
Dielectrics
Suppose we have a capacitor of value C0 that is charged to
a potential difference of V0 and then removed from the
charging source
We would then find that it has a charge of Q C 0V0
We now insert the dielectric material into the capacitor
We find that the potential difference decreases by a factor K
V0
V
K
Or equivalently the capacitance has increased by a factor of K
C K C0
This constant K is known as the dielectric constant and is
dependent upon the material used and is a number
greater than 1
Physics 231
Lecture 4-28
Fall 2008
Polarization
Without the dielectric in
the capacitor, we have
+++++++++++++++
V0
E0
---------------
+++++++++++++++
---------------
Lecture 4-29
Fall 2008
Polarization
These rearranged charges set up an
internal electric field that opposes
the electric field due to the charges
on the plates
The net electric field is given by
E0
E
K
Physics 231
Lecture 4-30
Fall 2008
Redefinitions
We now redefine several quantities using the dielectric
constant
We define the permittivity of the dielectric as being
K 0
A
A
C KC 0 K 0
d
d
with the last two relationships holding for a parallel
plate capacitor
Capacitance:
Energy Density
Physics 231
1
1 2
2
u K 0 E E
2
2
Lecture 4-31
Fall 2008
Example 7
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are given the same charge
Q, after which they are disconnected from the battery. After C2
has been charged and disconnected it is filled with a dielectric.
b) V1 = V2
c) V1 < V2
V1
Q1
C1
and
V2
Q2
Q
1
1 V1
C 2 KC 1 K
Lecture 4-32
Fall 2008