Pei201605 DL

MAY 2016
The magazine for the international power industry
May 2016
SH
OW
Of
ISS
PO fici
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W al M
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-G ed
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EU Par
RO tne
PE r fo
20 r
16
Europes energy
evolution takes shape
POWER ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL
THE CHALLENGES OF
ENERGY STORAGE
ENGINES PUSH THE
FLEXIBILITY ENVELOPE
WHY UTILITIES MUST
REINVENT TO SURVIVE
SOLAR SETS SIGHTS
ON NEW MARKETS
ENERGY SECURITY
IN THE SPOTLIGHT
VOLUME 24, ISSUE 5
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MAY 2016/// VOLUME 24/// ISSUE 5
Contents
4
Industry Highlights
117
Technology Update
120
Ad Index
Features
6
Driving energy storage to the next level: p10

Credit: AES
Powering the decarbonization agenda

How Europe can deliver essential decarbonization in a
cost-effective manner.
10
Energy storage in 2016

A flexible power network hinges on energy storage. But
does the technology match the hype?
14
Pushing the limits of gas engine technology: p14

Credit: MAN Diesel & Turbo
Pushing the limits of gas engine technology

How gas engine OEMs are maintaining optimum
efficiency over a wide range of operating modes.
20
Viewpoint: gas engines

Why reciprocating gas engines offer unique benefits in
the new energy landscape.
22
Why utilities must reinvent themselves: p28

Credit: European Commission
A power system fit for purpose

What exactly does a flexible power system mean, and
how should Europe go about building it?
28
Utilities: Reinvent or RIP

Utilities must do more than optimize power sales in order
to survive in the new energy landscape.
34
Germanys record-setting combined-cycle CHP plant: p42

Credit: Siemens
Reality-checking power predictions

How do experts 1996 predictions about the European
power sector fit with the current reality?
42
Lausward: A new efficiency benchmark

Why a record-setting combined-cycle CHP plant in
Germany may represent Europes energy future.
How Europes wind sector can remain competitive: p72

Credit: Dong Energy
On the cover
Cover design: Samantha Heasmer
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Power Engineering International May 2016

MAY 2016/// VOLUME 24/// ISSUE 5
Contents
Features
48
86
52
62
72
80
100
102
Understanding European piping regulations

Why Europes Pressure Equipment Directive is often
misinterpreted or misunderstood.
106
Quartzelec rises to the challenge

How a flexible business model is working for a UK firm that
repairs, maintains and refurbishes power equipment.
110
The digital evolution

Digitalization in the power sector is about rethinking
services with the help of modern technology.
112
A perfect storm for UK power

Urgent government intervention is required to replace UK
energy market uncertainty with investor confidence.
Security in the spotlight

A roundtable discussion focuses on how Europe can best
ensure security of supply.
Distributed energy: Power to the people

Local power generation could completely transform the
energy sector, but it needs governments help.
Building solar in Siberia

Why Russias largest independent power firm is moving
into the solar sector.
Will a Brexit bust UK energy?

How would a vote to leave the EU affect the UKs energy
supply and security, as well as Europes power sector?
How wind can stay cost-competitive

Europe risks losing its leadership in wind energy without a
clear policy vision for renewables towards 2030.
74
96
Viewpoint: Carbon tax

A global carbon tax is an effective means to face the
climate crisis, but it was a missed opportunity at COP21.
Your industry, your voice

Dont miss the chance to have your say through the
POWER-GEN Europe Confidence Index.
Advances in SOx and mercury removal

How dry sorbent injection and activated carbon injection
are evolving as methods of SOx and mercury removal.
68
94
The energy trilemma dilemma

The energy trilemma is now an isosceles triangle and its
skewed towards two sides.
Refilling the power industry talent pool

The power sector needs to plug its growing skills gap if it is
to adapt to todays rapid changes.
Is the future of nuclear small?

We explore the opportunities and challenges for small
modular nuclear reactors in providing power and heat.
60
90
Thermal powers role in Europe

Thermal power has a vital role to play in the post-COP21
landscape of the European power sector.
56
A look at the conference and exhibition highlights and

the issues to be debated at this years event in Milan.
Viewpoint: gas and steam turbines

Gas and steam turbine technology are crucial in
Europes drive to meet its decarbonization targets.
POWER-GEN Europe preview
115
Ensuring mission critical telemetry

During outages or grid disruption, it is essential to have a
robust voice communications system in place.
The current state of Europes energy security: p80

Credit: Bilfinger
Developing solar in Siberia: p74

Credit: EuroSibEnergo
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Industry Highlights
uropes fast-changing energy sector
Meanwhile the march of renewables
is often described as undergoing a
continues although not everywhere. I write
transition sometimes a revolution but
this sitting in the UK, where a report has just
the word I use on the cover of this magazine
been published by analysts at EY which
is evolution.
states that British government policy which
Because to get to the decarbonized
favours nuclear and gas over renewables in
Europe sought after by so many is requiring
the near future is currently going against
the sector to adapt what it already has to the
the grain of almost universal global support
changes of the 21st century.
for renewables. A non-committal approach
There are no silver bullets, and most of the
to energy policy is putting the attractiveness
so-called gamechangers of recent years
of the UKs renewable energy sector on a
have yet to actually get into the game.
landslide.
For some time now the power industry has
The UK is not wrong to reassess its roll-out
been trying to make sense of the European
of renewables, but that pause should be a
energy mix jigsaw: the trouble is, this jigsaw
comma, not a full stop. Suddenly changing
doesnt come in a box with a picture of the
lanes in energy policy spooks investors (see
finished article on the lid, so no-one quite
P112).
knows what its supposed to look like.
And building large-scale nuclear in Europe
What we do know with certainty is this:
looks increasingly like a long-term, expensive
change is the new normal in the European
mistake. Do you think Hinkley Point will go
power sector and that change is driven by a
ahead? No, neither do I. Instead, nuclears
desire for a cleaner, greener economy.
role in Europe surely lies in the development of
And change is a good thing: it brings

opportunities to rethink what you do, why you
small modular reactors (see P56).

The
European
renewables
market
do it and how you can do it better, and that is
meanwhile is facing its challenges: it has
what has been happening in Europes power
joined the rest of the energy sector in facing
sector.
manufacturing competition from Asia (see
As my colleague Nigel Blackaby writes in
P72) and, to reach its full potential, it is waiting
this issue: Technology is creating a system
for the Holy Grail of commercial-scale energy
connected through an energy cloud which
storage to be realized.
features electric vehicles, energy storage,
This is not a technology issue: it will only
decentralized generation, microgrids, flexible
happen if the right market models are put in
capacity,
management,
place and investors are attracted to support
prosumers and two-way connectivity. (See
demand
side
projects and drive them to the commercial
P86)
stage (see our energy storage focus on P10).
But we are only able to realize this brave
The industry needs to find a way to
new digital world by adapting existing
commercialize energy storage to make it
technologies.
viable as a business investment.
Coal and lignite are living on borrowed
The transformation of Europes energy
time, but for now they still play a vital role in
system is a work in progress and still raises
many countries. The OEMs in this sector have
many unanswered questions. However, the
been able to ensure that coals swansong will
best people to find the solutions are those
be one of maximum efficiency by adapting
working in the industry, and they will gather in
their tried and tested technology to reduce
Milan next month for POWER-GEN Europe and
emissions and run on alternative fuels such as
Renewable Energy World Europe.
biomass.
gatherings in the events 24-year history, and
to the brink by cheap coal, nuclear and
if you work in the European power sector you
renewables, but their second coming is
should be there. I will be, and together we will
starting (see P42) and they will be essential
debate all of the above issues and find some
in the next decade and beyond alongside
solutions.
Kelvin Ross
Editor
www.powerengineeringint.com
It promises to be one of the most significant
Gas turbine plants have been pushed
already ultra-flexible gas engines.
Change is the new

normal in
the European
power sector
Follow PEi Magazine on Twitter:

@PEimagzine
Follow me: @kelvinross68
Because thats what evolution is all about.
COP21 is a signal to invest in low-carbon generation

Credit: NASA
Viewpoint: Decarbonization
Powering the
decarbonization
agenda
Decarbonization is
essential to guarantee the
long-term sustainability
of Europes economy and
electricity sector, argues
Hans ten Berge
he
European
power
sector
believes that the most effective

way
forward
in
the
electricity in the EU, comprising 28 per cent of

total power generation.
transition
As stated recently by the International
towards a low-carbon economy
Energy Agency, the power sector is a global
is through a clear, predictable
leader in decarbonization. Renewable energy
carbon price signal that will allow
has increased much faster in the power sector
industry to invest in an efficient and sustainable
than in heating and cooling. Electricity is on
manner.
track to becoming a carbon neutral energy
This will require that full consistency and
carrier and, if used widely to replace fossil fuels
coherence between the elements and targets
in transport and heating, electrification can
of the EUs 2030 climate and energy framework
lead to more energy efficiency and reductions
is ensured, as well as the development
in greenhouse gas emissions.
of an adequate governance framework
The agreement reached in December at
which enables the achievement of these
the COP21 United Nations Climate Change
objectives.
Conference in Paris should lead to an
This calls for an EU decarbonization

framework
that
recognizes
regime, which paves the way for a stable
decarbonized electricity as an essential
and predictable framework for policy and
vector for achieving a carbon-neutral and
action. EURELECTRIC is happy that the Paris
energy efficient economy in the EU.
Agreement provides a clear and unequivocal
is
role
ambitious and rules-based climate change
of
Decarbonization
the
essential
to
signal to government and investors to invest in
guarantee the long-term sustainability of
low-carbon technology in line with the long-
the global economy. As a global leader in
term decarbonization objectives.
decarbonization, the European power sector
The European power sector believes that
is committed to decarbonizing power supply

by 2050, and we are already taking important
action.
In 2014, 56 per cent of electricity in the EU
came from low carbon sources. In the same
year, the share of renewables in the power
mix became the largest source of low carbon
Strengthening the
EU-ETS is a
no-regret option
decarbonization should take place in a cost-
2030 Climate and Energy Framework, as well
efficient manner and two elements are crucial
as developing an adequate governance
in this respect: a well-functioning electricity
framework which enables the achievement of
market and a robust EU Emissions Trading
these objectives.
System (ETS). Only the combination of an
European
policies
and
implementing
effectively reformed EU ETS and an improved
instruments must therefore be designed in
EU electricity market design can lead to proper
a way that does not undermine the overall
price signals from the relevant markets to drive
economic
investments into low carbon technologies.
effectiveness of the EU ETS. Coherent and
efficiency
and
environmental
Policy measures
should not seek to
promote specific
technologies or
projects
In this context, the European power sector
integrated policy instruments based on a well-
Sharing Decision, the EUs Heating and
believes that the EU ETS should be the main
functioning EU ETS will be crucial to achieve
Cooling Strategy, as well as its efforts to
driver for renewables investments in the
the EUs greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
decarbonize the transport sector provide an
electricity sector. Strengthening the EU ETS
reduction targets on a level playing field and
excellent opportunity to enhance the role
is a no-regret option. The EU ETS, which is an
in the most cost-effective way.
of decarbonized electricity in achieving the
established, technology-neutral, Europe-wide
EUs decarbonization agenda. The key role
instrument, can also bring an increasingly EU-
Electrifying the EU economy
of electricity in the decarbonization of the
wide approach to low carbon technologies
To date, the European electricity industry has
European economy, the recognition of the
development and investment.
delivered the bulk of GHG emission reductions
synergies in the energy transport and heating
proposal
on the path to a lowcarbon European
systems many of which will be unlocked
to revise the EU ETS Directive puts the EU on
economy, with these reductions coming
through a smarter electricity system and
course to take important steps on the path
primarily from the supply side. Looking forward,
the central role to be played by customers
towards cost-effectively decarbonizing the
we see the electrification of the demand side
are all advancements that we support and
European economy. However, the success of
sectors of the economy, which do not fall
encourage.
the reformed EU ETS will depend on ensuring
under the EU ETS, as being crucial on the path
full consistency and coherence between
to decarbonization.
The
European
Commissions
the various elements and targets of the
The
upcoming
The European power sector sees that further

electrification of the non-ETS sectors (such
revision
of
the
Effort
as transport, heating and cooling) provides
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The real challenge is

to implement a market
design that underpins
the low carbon
transition of power
systems
support (taxes, levies, permitting etc) and take
to link power generation and demand, as
into account the future electricity demand
well as the evolving EU climate and energy
when deciding on the geographical scope
policy agenda. These provide unprecedented
of schemes. Experience shows that it is
challenges but also important opportunities
challenging to find the political will to establish
for the sector. In the midst of this energy
common schemes, and that their execution
transition, Europe needs to ensure secure,
involves challenges as well.
sustainable,
As further development of flexible resources

is a necessity, we need to accelerate the
integration
efficiency
of
and
competitive
The Energy Union project, based on its
short-term
five mutually supportive dimensions (energy
a technically and economically effective
markets. A future-proof market design should
security, solidarity and trust; the internal energy
way to further enhance the contribution
facilitate the integration of increased shares of
market; energy efficiency as a contribution
of renewables to the EUs decarbonization
renewables and, at the same time, ensure a
to the moderation of energy demand;
objectives. As electricity becomes increasingly
high level of security of supply. We must ensure
decarbonization
low carbon, replacing fossil fuel-based systems
the full integration of day-ahead, intraday and
research, innovation and competitiveness)
with electric technologies linked to storage will
balancing markets, implement shorter gate
is intended to address these challenges.
provide a promising pathway to decarbonize
closure to effectively make the market fit for
EU institutions and Member States should
these sectors.
renewables and ensure that wholesale prices
work together to ensure that collective and
adequately reflect scarcity situations.
national measures lead to the development
The EUs Heating and Cooling Strategy, as
and
affordable
energy for all its citizens and businesses.
of
the
economy;
and
well as its efforts to decarbonize the transport
The Energy Union should also provide
sector, must recognize that as the electricity
the necessary foundations to develop cost-
sectors
are
effective interconnection capacity and to
strongly decreasing, electricity should play a
optimize the use of existing capacity with a
Immediate action
key role in decarbonizing these sectors and
view to enabling the single electricity market,
The European power sector believes that a
will bring other important benefits, such as
the market integration of renewables and to
number of policy areas call for immediate
improvements in air quality, especially in cities.
enhance security of supply.
action in the context of the Energy Union
greenhouse
gas
emissions
of a decarbonized and fully competitive

single market in energy.
It is also important to provide consumers with
EURELECTRIC believes that well-designed
project at the EU, regional and national levels.
choice, affordability, security and quality of
capacity markets can contribute to ensuring
There is significant added value in regional
services through markets, and to recognize the
the required level of security of supply.
and EU-wide co-operation regarding market
fact that a one size fits all approach cannot
Regional adequacy assessments must be
integration, renewables and security of supply,
work. The solutions must therefore allow the
developed and should be taken into account
which EU Member States should recognize
necessary freedom to Member States to
when introducing market-based capacity
in their efforts to achieve the Energy Union.
assess their national and local challenges
mechanisms. These mechanisms should be
The Energy Union process should ensure that
and opportunities.
open to generation, storage and demand
benefits of co-ordination and opportunities
response, and
regional
for co-operation on renewables should be
A new market design
perspective to ensure security of supply in
identified, and drive co-operation on security
If Member States choose to maintain support
a cost-efficient way, for instance through
of supply.
for mature technologies after 2020, it should
effective cross-border participation.
be done in the most cost-efficient and market-
should
have
The
Policymakers should bear in mind the
to
implement
important
objective
imposed,
unrelated
on
market design, including a reformed and
demonstration and early deployment, policy
electricity customers. We believe that this
strengthened EU ETS, must deliver security of
measures should not seek to promote specific
will be an opportunity to explore ways of
supply in a cost-efficient way and provide a
technologies or projects, but rather support
making support for energy-related policies
solid basis for sustainable investment in low
renewables development in the most cost-
less distortive and burdensome on the power
carbon technologies.
efficient way. When deciding to support
bill. The Energy Union should enable a cost-
An effectively reformed EU ETS, a truly
certain volumes, it is important to take into
efficient and market-based energy transition,
internal energy market in which renewables
consideration system costs as well as the
while ensuring that energy costs for European
are
evolution of demand for electricity to avoid
customers remain affordable. Two elements
EU electricity market design can deliver
further energy oversupply.
will be absolutely crucial in this respect: a
decarbonization in a cost-effective manner.
policy
state-
is
and minimize distortions. Beyond research,
key characteristics through common EU rules
reducing
challenge
based way to maximize market integration
Further alignment of support schemes
of
real
a market design that underpins the low
add-ons
robust and well-functioning EU ETS system.

The power sector is undergoing a complex
borders and regional support programmes
and long-term transformation: accelerated
also increase cost-efficiency. Member States
technological change, shifting consumer
should address the barriers to regional
preferences, the application of ICT technology
fully
integrated, and
an
improved
well-functioning electricity market, as well as a
should take place. Partial opening across
carbon transition of power systems. The new
Hans ten Berge is Secretary-General of

EURELECTRIC.
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MiCo Milano,
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Q&A
Q&A: Energy storage
Bigger than batteries:

energy storage in 2016
A flexible power network hinges on energy storage. But does the technology match
the hype? A roundtable of industry players discusses the challenges facing the
storage sector and the steps needed to overcome them
place. A big onus will also be on investors to
Q:
support projects and drive them to the next
What is needed to drive energy storage to
stage.
the next stage?
Bernd von der Heide: People also need to

know what timings theyre working towards
ROUNDTABLE PARTICIPANTS:
Bernd von der Heide
Managing Director, Mehldau & Steinfath
Umwelttechnik GmbH
A:
for instance, in Germany were looking for
Fabien Roques: Firstly, we need to ask what
renewables to account for 60 to 80 per cent of
Partner, Osborne Clarke
we are talking about when we discuss
energy supplies by 2030 as a result of energy
Mathias Meusburger
energy storage because there are so many
storage.
Simon Hobday
Head of Excitation Department, Andritz
technologies, with so many differences in
And these targets should direct the
size and in terms of characteristics of the
industry towards developing the best possible
Hydro GmbH
storage assets. And second, there are, I would
technologies. At the moment weve come
say, many different applications in terms of
a long way, but lots of storage technologies
business model. We dont know today what
remain commercially unviable. This cant
expensive, and so for us to realize these
the winning technologies are going to be
persist if were to continue on the path towards
benefits, the economics need to be in the right
and we dont know what the winning business
increased reliance on intermittent renewable
place.
models will be.
generation.
MM: If energy storage is rolled out in an
Fabien Roques
Senior Vice President, Compass Lexecon
I think we need to put in place a market
Once the regulatory environment is in
and regulatory framework that will remunerate
place, then we need to think about funding
greatly reduced.
flexibility in a fair way, and put in place a level
too. We need to provide support for R&D and
FR: Well,if energy storage becomes a genuinely
playing field between different assets. This is
in developing the ecosystem that will surround
mass technology, the implications are massive
what is really going to enable batteries and
the eventual buyer.
for the electricity industry because, for a long
storage to find their footing in Europes energy
time, we have had a power system built
market.
Simon Hobday:
intelligent way then the supply costs could be
around different generation technology, with

I agree with Fabian that
Q:
different viable systems. Weve had baseload
theres no magic bullet, but the states with
What are the implications of energy storage
the most breakthrough so far have been
on the European energy market?
Germany and California both supported by

generous subsidies.There is not an appetite for
A:
subsidies across Europe though, and so R&D
SH: Energy storage is potentially part of
and the commercialization of energy storage
the solution that could help to safeguard
is going to be key.
the future of our energy systems. It is one of
The ultimate goal is to make alternative
the tools that can alleviate the impact of
generation cheaper than fossil fuels, then
intermittent generation on Europes power
the industry needs to begin investing in new
grids.
technologies in R&D to do so. This might
Secondly, it is one of the ways that
be in energy storage, or other new forms of
individuals or communities can become
technology.
self-sufficient. Thirdly, it is potentially a way of
Mathias Meusburger: Yes, and in addition
balancing the system, and supporting a more
to this, we will only get security from energy
efficient European power system.
storage if the right market models are put into
10
But energy storage is currently very
Liquid air energy storage project in the UK

Credit: Highview Enterprises
Q&A
units running a lot. Big units just running a few
before we consider the jobs that a growing
hours. So if weve got massive deployment of
energy storage industry could offer.
storage in the future, potentially there is much

less of the role for distributed units. At the
same time, if weve got a lot more renewable
Q:
generation then you may well have a perfect
What are the biggest challenges facing
match between storage and renewable
energy storage?
technologies. So it could really be a game

changer for the economics of different power
A:
generation technologies in the future.
SH: The three biggest challenges are existing
BvdH: Across Europe weve made a decision
technology, cost and the commercial place.
to reduce nuclear and coal generation. But
MM: Investment in energy storage projects
even though capacity is falling, we dont just
is very costly at the moment compared with
want to do less with it. Instead, the aim is to be
conventional production costs. Another key
more efficient with what we do generate.
challenge will come from public opposition.
Smarter Network Storage facility

Credit: UK Power Networks
The problem is that renewable sources
Large-scale energy infrastructure projects
is really diverse on several markets: the energy
cant be turned on or off at will it depends on
are often met with a lack of public support,
market, the flexibility market and, potentially,
the weather. So sometimes well be producing
and this means it can be very difficult to get
the capacity market. So we need business
more than we can use and at other times well
approval to build the necessary infrastructure.
models that can put the pieces of the puzzle
run a little short. The purpose of storage is to
FR: I think there are technological challenges.
together to modify the value of storage. Finally,
smooth these peaks and troughs out.
We need to bring the cost down, we need
as Ive already mentioned at length, we need
And storage will also help the renewable
to demonstrate that it is safe to operate, that
the regulatory framework and the market
industry in the eyes of the public. By doing
its not a niche technology. There are also
framework to be there.
more with less, we can potentially limit the
business model challenges because, at the
BvdH: Money makes the world go round, as
number of wind turbines in fields and thats
moment, the value you can get for the storage
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Q&A
We need finance to develop new technologies
and then of course to help roll them out.
But thats not all. Safety is also key. Any
energy project requires an element of safety
risk management, and of course thats without
considering the unique challenges of working
with hydrogen, for instance.
And of course public opinion always has
an impact. If storage is to succeed, people
need to support it. People need to feel
comfortable with the changes storage will
bring and we need to minimize the potential
for job losses to keep them on board.
The skys the limit on storage
Credit: AES
Q:
What could the industry be doing to
overcome the challenges facing energy
storage?
of these models and to identify the industrial
that it will be somewhere between the two
applications.
extreme scenarios, as usual, and it will largely
A:
BvdH: I believe in technology. As long as we
depend on whether the different legislations
SH: One of the areas is how the existing
keep developing new technologies, well be
and regulations in each country are ready for
industry documents work together. How do
able to deal with any challenges we face
storage to play a major role.
the various industry connection agreements,
along the way. By advancing technology we
SH:
the distribution codes, the licences, the
can continue to improve its offer and to reduce
industry, I would expect storage to be part
transmission
network
codes
treat
Along with other changes in the
how
the cost. Thats how you get people on board
of the mix. But Im not thinking now of just
batteries and storage technologies interact?
and build momentum. Take the electric car,
batteries. Its the wider energy storage, where
Should they be treated the same way as
for example. The target is to have one million
its conversion of energy stored in one form
a grid stabilization product at the call and
electric cars on German roads by 2020. Not
to another, whether thats electrical power in
behest of the network? Should it be viewed
long ago that would have been unthinkable!
a battery, heat stored in a thermal capacitor
as a generation product? Or something
or whether thats storage heating in a home,
else? Work will be needed to update the
or whether thats a form of, lets say, pump
documents and codes to reflect what is, in
Q:
storage water or flywheels.There are all sorts of
effect, a different type of technology, because
Where do you expect the industry to be on
ways of conserving energy and using it later.
you would be trying to make it work in a world
energy storage in 10 years time?
Its something thats being explored in a wider
that was written and existed before large-
space than just lithium-ion batteries. The time
scale storage was commercialized or even
A:
for that will be driven by data usage as well.
conceptualized! It doesnt mean that it cant
FR: There are three different scenarios that
MM:
happen, but work needs to go into getting
may occur. The first is one in which the cost
capacity for energy storage across Europe,
everything ready.
of storage continues to go down very quickly
but for the moment I dont see a big change.
MM: Yes. One thing Id like to see is a drive
and devalues with the regulatory framework,
It also depends heavily on political decisions.
towards existing facilities. For example, an
and the market framework evolves quickly to
If, in the coming years, you have big problems
automotive plant where you can use existing
put some more money towards flexibility. In
with supply and demand, then this could
storage plants and building pumps to also
10 years this could mean a massive change,
certainly be one of the solutions, but if its
use as storage.
with storage becoming a key element of
running smoothly, then I dont see that there
FR: The industry needs to demonstrate
our power system. But thats a scenario in
will be a very high need to progress in energy
through large-scale pilot projects that storage
which all of the positive forces would align. In
storage in the next 10 years.
is not just a niche, small-scale application, but
another, the value of flexibility is not really well-
BvdH: The futures bright for energy storage.
that it has a possible role at a much larger
regulated within the market framework, and
Ten years might be too soon but I can easily
scale. Either you talk about the battery that
so the value chain would remain shattered
imagine it as ubiquitous by 2036. Mobile
everybody has got in their homes or in their
and fragmented, and the cost of storage
phones are a classic case in point once a
car in the future, or you talk about very large-
wont play a role in continuing to increase
truly innovative technology starts to show its
scale projects. I think what the industry needs
flexibility. In such a scenario, storage would
value it can really take off. The skys the limit.
to do is to progress on those fronts. We need to
play a bigger role than today but would
identify at what point you start to drive down
not be a game changer at least within
the cost in order to demonstrate the impact
the next 10 years. And probably the reality is
12
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Credit: MAN Diesel & Turbo
Gas engine optimization
Flexibility to the fore

With a grid that is becoming increasingly dominated by intermittent renewables,
gas engines are now being called upon to offer flexibility and reliability in
the brave new world of distributed generation. As a result OEMs are pushing
the limits of technology to maintain optimum efficiency over a wide range of
operating modes, finds David Appleyard
many
energy
such a big impact in the energy and power
changing market dynamics are also placing
normal. The
industry. Driven by the strong drive for emission
new demands on gas engine technology.
fundamental shift towards clean and
reduction and efficient power, distributed
The requirements for gas engines will not
green has had a profound impact on
generation has come of age, and everybody is
only be to act as backup power support, they
the structure of energy generating assets
now talking about multiple power generation
need to be more flexible, agile, and need to
in many markets, both developing and
sources, explains Pritil Gunjan, Senior Energy
comply with [emissions] regulations, says
& Environment Industry Analyst at Frost &
Gunjan.
has
respects
become
the
distributed
new
developed.
Sustained
growth
in
variable-output
Sullivan.
Certainly this view is reflected by Jrgen
renewables has had a major impact, and the
Gunjan continues: Energy-efficient gas
Winterholler, Vice President, Propulsion &
need to balance this renewable capacity with
gensets would be one of the key ingredients
Power Generation at MTU Onsite Energy,
rapid-response thermal power or electricity
of the entire distributed energy sector.
who emphasizes the key challenge as
storage assets has pushed gas-fuelled
grid balancing and achieving maximum
reciprocating engines up the investment
Changing requirements
efficiency whilst offering this service. Using
priority list.
Alongside renewables and the closure of
gas engines to stabilize a distribution grid
Probably 10 years ago we were not really
many large baseload fossil- or nuclear-fuelled
dominated by renewables suggests multiple
thinking of distributed generation having
power stations, other factors such as low gas
start-stop cycles, rapid ramping in power
prices and the availability of LNG have allowed
output and the central requirement of
gas engines to gain market traction. Jussi
maintaining high efficiency and clean burn
Laitinen, spokesman for Wrtsil
low-emission combustion whilst operating in
Credit: MTU Onsite Energy
Energy Solutions, says: Gas
The global trend of renewables brings us
and with the shale
to this demand response programme where
gas
reserve
now
you have to start maybe, two, 10, 20 times a
utilized
day, maybe only for a few minutes, and you
more, gas is more
have to ramp up very fast. That means your
available and an
application is changing.
being
affordable
price.
We see the next step, the next phase as
And its now being
demand response programmes. We have
transported more
to work much more on flexibility on our gas
and more in liquid
engines and gas systems.
form.
However,
14
various modes.
is more widely available
The flexibility of gas engines is seeing

the
them applied to develop cash flow from the
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energy services company EnerNOC began

offering genset operators in German, Austrian
and Swiss markets a way to market any
available load-balancing energy. The system
enables CHP plants and emergency backup
generators to be connected to a virtual energy
system via an interface box that allows the
units so equipped to offer balancing services.
For example, the system can reduce the
amount of electricity it feeds into the grid with
CHP plants, which can reduce their otherwise
constant supply of electricity. Winterholler
observes: We see this trend now in the UK and
other areas.
Grid balancing is a key challenge says MTU Onsite Energy
He also points to the impact on system

optimization
in
the
face
of
changing
technical requirements for gas engines: With

renewables, now the game is changing.
energy market, selling power into the grid at
you would not reach when you just take a
In the past, power generation units had
peak times or when renewable output is low.
standard electrical optimized engine.
to completely disconnect immediately if
The potential revenue streams available in
Another application we need to consider
something in the frequency, the voltage or the
certain jurisdictions is also prompting existing
is baseload mode. Here we can complement
utility grid was happening. Now, its completely
installations to change operating modes.
our gas engine with a steam turbine and
different. Where before it was the big power
roughly gain an extra 10 per cent of output. As
plants, now we have to do it with our small
efficiency in the engine market is getting more
decentralized power plants, and we have to
The key to designing an appropriate system
important also for baseload plants, we have
fulfil grid codes.
is a clear understanding of the application,
been selling a number of combined-cycle
and this is of crucial importance in the gas
engine plants in recent years.
Nonetheless, as Winterholler explains: Its

stress on the high-efficiency engine.
Ttken also picks up on the trend towards

sector coupling between power, heat and gas:
engine sector. Demands for either electrical
Its all a complex optimization how to
The electricity markets in Europe, especially
efficiency or overall thermal efficiency can
meet efficiency targets, how to meet emissions
the electricity price is very low, so if you can
place competing constraints on engine
targets, and then what are the right operating
sometimes generate more heat, and you can
designs, as well as for ancillary systems such
modes to save money for the customer.
sell it to your heat consumers, you might be
as one or two turbo chargers, heat recovery
However, it is not always possible to predict
units, steam turbines and the balance of
the ultimate requirements in a volatile and
better off economically.

Taking this idea perhaps one step further,
system.
competitive energy market. Says Winterholler:
another area that is attracting growing interest
As Dr Tilman Ttken, Vice President and
In some cases the customer is starting with
is the development of hybrid systems. Gunjan
Head of Power Plant Sales for Europe at MAN
one application, providing heat and power to
explains:
Diesel & Turbo, explains:If we look at efficiency
industry and to a village or whatever, but then
are some challenges of renewable power
in the gas engine market these days, we
maybe some laws in the country change and
generation, and to reduce those challenges
have to look at the desired application
immediately he sees the chance to make
we will see more hybrid power generation
first, to determine which type of efficiency is
additional money.
systems coming up, where renewables are
Intermittency
and
integration
needed. There is the pure electric efficiency,
Winterholler further notes some of the
combined with gas gensets or diesel gensets
which is important if you are grid operated.
technical developments that are enabling
and act as a small micro-distributed energy
But, especially for Europe, the CHP market is
these new modes of operation: Clearly you
system.
gaining importance and efficiency is more
have to do something on engine control, so
This is an idea that is being actively
complex here. As a CHP plant not only has to
the engine has to have some new control
pursued by Wrtsil, for example, which in
provide good electric efficiency but, overall,
strategy. You have to do many things on the
April 2016 announced that it was entering
good fuel usage, the total efficiency - i.e., heat
system control side, you have to be careful in
the solar energy business by offering utility-
efficiency and thermal efficiency is really of
mixing gas, you have to have really fast ramp
scale solar photovoltaic (PV) and gas engine
the essence.
on speed control and the load control, but
hybrid systems. Aimed at PV plants of 10 MW
For an OEM this is a trade-off we have
also you have to control auxiliaries in a different
and above, Wrtsils first solar project will
to deal with. We can specify the engine to
way, and also you need a connection to the
be built in Jordan. Standing next to a plant
meet either the electric highest efficiency,
utility. You have to do, in some areas, changes
commissioned in 2014 and comprising 16 of
or combined heat and power efficiency.
on auxiliaries like the preheating system, pre-
its 50DF engines supplying up to 250 MW, a
Optimizing for CHP, you can go up to the
pump system, pre-lube systems.
further 46 MW of solar modules, covering an
range of 95 per cent fuel efficiency, which
16
And, in 2015, Rolls-Royces MTU and
area of 81 ha, is being installed. The solar unit
will reduce the carbon footprint of the power
is coming and everybody is thinking how to
Improving the cost profile
plant by saving fuel during the daytime, says
fulfil the 100 mg NOx. In Asia, engines are still
Gas engines are relatively flexible and efficient,
Laitinen: This is automated and synchronized
running on 500 mg NOx conditions. In some
but further improvements in performance can
so that the engines automatically follow the
areas, you have half TA Luft, which is 250 mg.
potentially have cost implications, as Gunjan
output curve of the solar.
So, it is not unique worldwide, and we have to
warns: The agility of gas engines is increasing,
have the right answer in each country, which
but then obviously all these companies have
makes our job more difficult.
to keep in mind that though theyre investing
Target customers for Wrtsils solar offering

are utilities, independent power producers
(IPPs) and industrials, the company says.
He continues: At the moment, on the
in new technological upgrades, new emission
emission side, the gas engine can do
standards, increasing their fuel efficiency. They
Pushing emissions control
everything without external after-treatment
still need to keep them within an accessible
The push for clean and green energy
systems. However, he adds: We expect in the
cost level, and that is a challenge that
generation is having other influences too. Udo
long term its not possible, its not the best way
probably is top priority right now.
Sander, Director Development Gas Engines
to do it, everything in the engine.
at MTU, highlights the increasingly stringent
an
expectation
Certainly, the rapid cost reductions seen

future
in electricity storage technology potentially
emissions legislation found in the US, Europe
installations fitted with catalytic converters or
represent a threat to the new buoyancy seen
and elsewhere. For example, in Europe
SCR, he continues: You can do it, but maybe
in the gas engine sector.
emissions directives set out the maximum
its better to do something outside of the
Manufacturers are therefore consistently
permitted exhaust emissions in relation to
engine scope and then you are much more
targeting lifetime cost of energy (LCOE) issues,
the power of an engine. Manufacturers must
flexible and you can react much faster to
for example in extending service intervals. Gas
ensure that new engines comply with the
applications.
engines are typically spark ignition, but as
limits set out in the Directive before placing
Suggesting
of
This is a point also noted by Ttken:
Sander explains, there are alternatives to spark
Exhaust gas cleaning is a key topic also in our
plugs under consideration: We are talking
Sander says: What we know very well
development, thats why Im saying the engine
now in laser ignition systems, how many years,
from the diesel side, but now its coming
is one thing, but more and more we have to
20 years? But I see still a gas engine is a spark,
more and more over to the gas engine side,
look also to the plant to be compliant, and to
with spark plugs.
is the emissions. In Germany, the new TA Luft
meet the customer requirements.
their products on the market.
On the ignition side, one of the first
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centres, which can give advice for operation

and maintenance.
Flexibility through diversity

Another avenue of flexibility afforded to gas
engine technology is the diverse range of
units available. The major manufacturers all
offer a comprehensive range of engines. For
example: Our smallest one is 7 MW, says
Ttken, noting that the company is set to offer
a 21 MW unit. Theres not an official launch,
but now we are putting it into the field. We
have now also factory tests for the 21 MW gas
engine. So for every power demand we have
Wrtsils planned hybrid solar project
Credit: Wrtsil
a matching element. Secondly, we also have

the option of single turbo-charged engines,
and dual turbo-charged engines.
obstacles was to improve the lifetime of the
engine, all the data of the plant systems, to
spark plug. Lets say more than 5000, up to
optimize the operation mode.
As the energy sector becomes more

diverse, with
far
greater
penetration
of
8000, sometimes 10,000 hours with one set of
The main task is to reduce lifecycle cost
distributed generation sources, the flexibility
spark plugs. More than 5000 hours is normal
for the customer. The target is to develop and
of gas-engine technology is expected to
today, and compared to laser systems it is the
get more information to produce long-term
see it occupy a considerably larger role in
cheapest way.
quality on engines and systems, and keep up
maintaining grid stability, as Ttken says: In
the operation time going close to 100 per cent
Europe we see more and more renewables
availability. This is the main goal.
and big centralized power stations of a few
Another area of growing significance is

data, and this also potentially could present
obstacles to growth, as Gunjan explains:
To have the data at the right time and with
hundred megawatts. It might be less, more
Another key challenge would be to find new
analytics in order to operate in a much better
decentralized units on the 20, 50, 100 MW
skills in the industry. Obviously, when you have
and efficient manner to save on lifecycle cost -
range.
technically intelligence equipment, you need
fuel cost, and operation costs, are much lower.
I think in the short term, I see the transition
Laitinen also highlights the increasingly
from the big, centralized peak power stations
that kind of people to service and operate it.

From a technical aspect, monitoring and
important role of digital technology: We are
and gas turbines to smaller units. There will be,
control of these engines has become critical.
consistently fine-tuning the engines to be
in my view, more engine-based power plants
Remote monitoring, control, predictive analysis,
faster and faster because this is needed in this
in the future.
even servicing of these units, the Internet of
application. We are already capable of going
Given that this is true, the expectation
Things: these are becoming exciting concepts
from zero to 100 per cent of output in less than
of increased demands for flexibility and
in the energy sector now.
two minutes, but now what is needed in the
efficiency, lower emissions and lower costs is
fuel-flexible
solar hybrid is more of a software optimization.
set to increase technical demands on gas
engines have to be intelligent enough to do
Aiming to predict the variation in solar output
engine technology. As Laitinen points out: The
things like predictive analysis or proactive
as precisely as possible to prepare the engines
very feature of fast starts and stops and the
maintenance, where they send data to, say,
a little bit in advance to ramp up when the
fast ramping of power up and down, that this
cloud data centres. Integration with smart
clouds come and cover the sun.
is very capable without any additional cost,
Gunjan
continues: These
grids, integration with renewables, that will

require intelligence and monitoring.
Were
not
really
talking
of
Ttken further emphasizes the advance

of digital technology in gas engine genset
that seems to be more and more valuable for

a few reasons.
energy
systems: What we see in the market is that
We need flexibility in the power system
companies like GE, Seimens and gas engines
the unmanned power station is a topic of
to integrate more renewable wind and solar,
manufacturers, were talking of companies like
today. Especially peaking plants. People want
thats number one. And also the demand of
IBM, and your technology providers who are
them as a resource in the grid, but they dont
electricity is less stable than before. Its getting
tying up with the OEMs and bringing in that
want to have them permanently manned,
more and more peaky. And to follow those
kind of intelligence into this equipment.
so you have to be able to operate, start, stop
peaks as precisely as possible, you need fast
You have multiple gensets which work
the whole plant and equipment remotely - it
and flexible generation, and this is what the
together as a plant.So these are new concepts,
has to be fully automated. Also, when you see
engines are capable of.
these are disruptive business models.
these peaking markets you have to act very
This is a point also noted by Winterholler:

Digitalization on our systems creates added
fast, so this has to be automatic. In reality there
value for the customer. What we are doing
Gas engines are already being hooked
now is really collecting all the data of the
up to remote monitoring and maintenance
18
David Appleyard is a freelance journalist
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Gas engines have a strong business case says Axel Kettman

Credit: GE
Viewpoint: Gas engines
Why reciprocating gas

engines make sense
for Europes
power industry
The rise of renewables
has presented a platform
for the latest technology
in reciprocating gas
engines, writes
Axel Kettmann
urope is moving towards basing
distribution
its energy needs on renewable
shortages from unstable renewable energy
energy sources.
sources, three principal solutions exist:
Already today, 27 per cent of
the European Unions electricity

requirements
are
covered
by
complement
Energy storage: storing energy in times of

high availability of wind and solar power;
Extending
the
distant
to
make
areas
reliable
15 years, the EU wants this percentage to
(e.g., hydropower from Norway or excess
are non-continuous and unpredictable
from
grid
energy
Most of the renewable sources of energy
To
water, wind, sun and bioenergy. In the next

increase beyond 50 per cent.
20
landscape.
available
capacity from distant production locations);

l
Reliable and highly flexible backup power

generation with thermal power plants.
such as solar and wind and have a rather
As it stands today, we will see a mix of
low capacity factor: roughly between 15 and
all three options develop over the coming
25 per cent.
years. What remains is that large thermal
When you do the simple math, you see
power plants which provide baseload power
that in some areas, namely Germany, the total
but cannot complement non-continuous
demand for electrical energy could already
power sources due to their inflexibility will
be covered by renewables when the sun
lose production share with the rise of non-
shines and the wind blows.
continuous sources.
As we all know, this has brought disruptive
As energy storage systems in the size
change to our energy generation and
required will not be available at competitive
Viewpoint: Gas engines
cost for some time and large-scale extensions of the grid will be realized
only in the longer term due to investment requirements and political and
regulatory difficulties, there is need for highly reliable and flexible backup power generation with thermal power plants.
This is where we see the benefits and the place of thermal power
plants utilizing reciprocating gas engines as prime movers. This list of
benefits is long and impressive:
l
Gas engines offer single electrical efficiency in excess of 50 per cent
in single cycle and up to about 70 per cent in combined cycle;

l
Multiple engine applications allow operators to run gas engine plants
Leading in development and manufacturing of oil mist

separators for combustion engines and turbines.
Emission reduction &

increased efciency
by the use of highly efcient oil mist separators
at crankcase and lube oil tank ventilation.
at maximum efficiency at virtually any load requirement;

l
Reciprocating gas engines can respond faster to load changes than
any other prime mover;

l
Gas engine plants can operate in tri-generation mode, providing
electricity and heat/cold, leading to a total energy efficiency of more

than 90 per cent;
l
LNG has a CO2 footprint that is 80 per cent lower than that of coal
(117 vs 200 pounds CO2/MBTU) and does not emit any sulphur;
l
The turnkey erection of a 200 MW gas plant with reciprocating
engines can be accomplished in less than 12 months;

l
Highly competitive initial investment cost and attractive return on
investment;
l
Proven technology with hundreds of (bio-)gas installations in Europe
already existing;
l
If fueled by biogas it is a renewable source of energy;
Dismantling and relocation of gas engine-based thermal power
plants in case of changed requirements is technically and financially
nly th
o
s
i
orld ator w
w
The separ proval
t
mis ype ap
l
i
o
t
GL
9.ch
9
t
w.u
ww
feasible;
l
As it is also possible to achieve high plant efficiency with a small
installation, it is possible to generate a distributed power supply

system which is safer in case of failure of single units or even of a total
single plant;
l
Thanks to their low environmental impact, these distributed power
plants can be located close to inhabited areas, with the additional

benefit of enabling centralized district heating;
l
Transmission losses in a gas grid are lower by a factor of 10 compared
to those of electricity power lines.

Of course, the present tariff system for electricity in Europe is not
Benets of UT99 oil mist separators
Emission reduction, even to obtain EPA Tier 4 nal
Reliable increase of efciency at gas / dual-fuel engines
shows that gas engines have a strong business case, providing electricity
No deposits on turbocharger
to the grid when needed (and therefore attractive in price) and utilizing
No leakage of oil and oil mist
the heat for centralized heating systems and even using the electrical
Long-lasting operational reliability
conducive to investment in power plants for balancing power.

However, the example of an LNG-fired gas engine plant with a
capacity of nearly 200 MW contracted for the utility in Kiel, Germany
energy for heating purposes at times of low electrical demand.

This is a striking real-life answer to why reciprocating gas engines
make sense for Europes power industry.
Axel Kettmann is Senior Vice President, Global PG Manager Medium
Speed, Low Speed and Rail Products at ABB Turbocharging. He is also
CIMAC Vice-President for Communication and will chair the CIMAC
Key features of UT99 oil mist separators
For engines from 50 kW to 100 MW

and turbines up to 2000 MW
For closed (CCV) / open (OCV) crankcase

and lube oil tank (OTV) ventilation
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Long-term supplier for many well-known

engine, turbine and power plants
manufacturer.
Flexible power
Flexible
and fit for
purpose
What exactly does a
flexible power system
mean, and how does
Europe go about building
one, asks Kelvin Ross
And he adds
that
we
also
Furthermore, if you sell your flexibility,
need the system itself
you get paid for ensuring the satisfaction
to become a lot more
of
flexible to make sure that
the
end
user.
Developing
flexibility allows power suppliers
its balanced at all times.
to arbitrage between, for
In a nutshell, the growth of
example, the price of gas,
renewables means that we need
the price of oil and
a lot more flexibility in the system to

accommodate their intermittency.
Giancarlo Benelli, senior consultant
at Green Engine Consulting, explains
the
price
that since the 1980s weve seen a
of
solar
70 per cent increase in electricity
e n e rg y,
demand within the EU. Traditionally
lexibility. Its been the
this has been matched by fossil fuels, but in
in the European power industry
recent years renewables have taken on an
Delage says that flexibility is generally
for several years now and is being
increasingly important role, although they
viewed as a constraint, but its also an
have always been rather popular in Europe.
opportunity. The issue now is, how do we
used more and more as a byword for the way

forward for the sector. But what exactly do we
But he stresses the often-quoted truth that
mean by flexibility? And why is flexibility so
solar and wind are unreliable and patchy,
important now?
so thermal and hydropower stations need to
Fabien Roques, senior vice-president of

consulting
the latter of which is mostly
b u z z w o rd
company
Compass
Lexecon,
operate more flexibly to fill in the gaps.

Delage,
consultant
at
formalize flexibility in order to better serve this

market?
So how is flexibility being delivered in new
plants and retrofits? Roques picks up from
PhD.
where Delage left off: When you come to
says: Our power systems are undergoing
Advisory, is keen to point out that flexibility is not
providing flexibility to a power system, you
a very profound transformation. Weve got
a new demand: Flexibility has always been
need to recognize that there are different
new technology coming in, supported by
important. We used to have power generation
potential
governments, and we have active consumer
units set up with specific commitments to
competing against each other.
participation the so-called prosumers
deliver an amount of power at a particular
reshaping the system.
place and time. Today, smaller initiatives are
This is leading to a true Copernician
Philippe
free, so far.
In addition, he says that the European
built to transport power from large-scale
market means that if your generation cost
centralized plants to consumers, will need to
is too high, or its quality is insufficient, you will
be redesigned to allow two-way exchanges
no longer be able to stay in the market. This
with energy produced and optimized locally
evolution has made the analysis of flexibility
to a large extent.
slightly different and so important.
of
flexibility
actually
re-addressing the equilibrium.
revolution. Our power systems, which were
22
sources
If youve got a very

flexible asset, you can
make money
Fabien Roques,
Compass Lexecon
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Flexible power
Delage adds that new plants and retrofits
instance, the UK, Ireland and France allow
require similar approaches. There are two
providers to participate in the market directly,
aspects, I think, the first of which is hardware.
whereas in Spain and Italy this level of flexibility
This is a case of continuous improvement.
isnt quite there yet.
But it also includes an element of educating
Electricity demand in the EU has

boomed since the 1980s
the requirement to eventually move from a
is motivated by its own specific techno-
20th century AC distribution system to more
economic analysis and each is different. You
efficient DC distribution and storage system.
have to consider the type of generation, the
At the end of the day, batteries work with DC,
age of the plant and the distinction between
rather than AC.
complex
question.
Every
investment
capital and fuel costs, just as a start.
Then theres software. Digital systems let
Its much better to think in terms of the
us see what hardware is and isnt working
impact of a decision on dispatching priorities.
and allow us to plan ahead. Thats the very

First youve got embedded flexibility, which
Benelli believes the issue of price is
the public, as they will need to understand
essence of flexibility, is it not?
But Delage says that we cant simply

identify a single cost of flexibility as its not a
can ramp up or down depending on the
As with any fundamental change, the
simple thing you pay for it is made up of
characteristics. Some of them are more flexible
bottom line is price. So what is the cost of
many different things. For instance, the cost
than others. Besides, the demand itself can
flexibility and how is the market going to
of different technologies can be very different.
provide flexibility. So you can have demand
incentivize it?
I would prefer to ask: what does flexibility
response programmes to ensure that you

balance the system.
Roques believes you can monetize flexibility
prevent?
through the existing energy market simply by
If flexibility means that we are preventing
In addition, he says flexibility can be
arbitraging between prices at different points
blackouts, then we have to look at the value of
provided through new supply or demand
in time. If youve got a very flexible asset, you
this in terms of the consequences of inflexibility.
solutions. On the supply side, you have flexible
can make money. Now, this begs the question
And you will see that if the consequences
open cycle gas-fired turbines or smaller-scale
as to whether your power market is designed
were, lets say, to stop an aluminium smelter,
reciprocal engines, etc. On the demand
in a way that reflects the tension in the system
so that full production is stopped and you
side, aggregation of demand response from
in real time, because if your power market
have to rebuild the factory, the consequences
industrial suppliers and/or residential users
doesnt, then you wont make that much
might be huge.
is promising. And we should not forget new
money by arbitraging. So the key here is to
Ultimately, while there is a cost to flexibility,
transmission lines that can help leverage
make sure that youve got proper responsive
its much more of an opportunity and we
flexibility across borders. The final thing is
prices.
should think of it that way. The market will
storage, either small-scale decentralized or
He adds that there are a still number of
cover the cost. And on incentives, he says:
barriers to truly responsive prices in a number
The market will be flexible anyway. I think that
been
of European markets,either because they are
the real question is: how are the operators, the
underway to extend power ramps in existing
price-capped or because of interventions by
players on the market, lets say, positioning
plants and to innovate more in new power
system operators which prevent prices from
themselves? And how are they to be regulated
stations. This includes by reducing the GT
rising high enough in real time.
to ensure theyre providing adequate power?
large-scale utility-scale applications.

Benelli
says
that
efforts
have
minimum load, approaches to starting up
There is work underway to better balance
more quickly and better utilizing the gas
the market, but we can clearly see that some
infrastructure.
countries are further ahead than others. For
Weve talked about the potential costs of

flexibility but who should bear them?
Roques is in no doubt that flexibility
should be paid for by the consumer. If they
want reliable electricity on demand, they will
have to have flexibility in the system. So we
need to put in place a market design that
will deliver flexibility at least cost for customers.
We need to reform the market to provide
We need to stimulate
investment in the
sector as a matter of
urgency
The issue now is how do we normalize flexibility, says Phillipe Delage
Credit: GE
24
Giancarlo Benelli,
Senior consultant at Green Engine Consulting
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Flexible power
Benelli adds that most power companies
The biggest
challenge will be to
put in place a market
that will remunerate
flexibility in a fair way
are committed to sustainable objectives so

were starting on good footing. The top priority
should be to direct investments towards
research into new, more efficient technologies
and better plant designs. We should aim to
make units more flexible, responsive, efficient
and effective at lower loads.
And this will only become more important
Fabien Roques,
Compass Lexecon
as we replace older plants, with each new

facility providing a new opportunity to do
the right incentives to market participants to

deliver flexibility at the lowest possible cost for
customers.
better than before.

We
should
also
incentivize
energy
recovery within these plants in order to improve
Benelli, too, says that in the short term, it
Renewables have taken on a vital role in the EU

Credit: Gamesa
consumer approval of the industry.
should be the end customer. But he adds:
Delage believes that being flexible and
will be no more centralized or decentralized
Longer-term, I think new technologies might
meeting emissions standards are two different
generation and instead there will exist a
be able to shift the load seamlessly across
questions theyre independent. You can link
kind of cloud in which you produce, consume,
the network, providing much better value for
it, but its a link that is really odd today, and
and generate your energy and you also bring
customers.
for a specific example, I believe its not really a
back the recovery of energy. Thats the long-
Delage states that the last 20 years show
strategic issue. It is only strategic for those who
term potential of the microgrid.
us that the market prices these benefits in
want to take advantage of the rules somehow.
And finally, Power Engineering International
automatically, as soon as value becomes
Those who dont want stringent emissions
wonders how the industry can overcome the
apparent. Nobody
for
controls might try to arbitrage the relative
efficiency, but in fact we all do. The same will
thinks
they
pay
vaues of flexibility and lower emissions but
challenges that have been identified?

Roques says: I think the industry needs to
apply to flexibility the market will reward
thats really unfair how is the customer meant
be proactive in checking market rules so that
those who can guarantee their supplies under
to understand that and make an informed
they provide fair remuneration for flexibility. As I
any conditions.
decision?
said, it is too often the case that flexibility is not
Where there could be a cost is in ensuring
So what are the biggest challenges of
valued properly in current markets and it is too
that the electricity produced comes in the
managing and implementing flexibility as part
often the case that there is not a level playing
right frequency. Ultimately, the end user will
of the system?
field between different flexibility sources.
pay for that. In a world of microgeneration
Roques thinks that the challenges are
So I think the industry has a role to play,
and microgrids, it would be unfair to charge
different depending on who you talk to. As
to talk to policymakers, to talk to regulators,
homeowners to convert their excess solar
a whole, I think the biggest challenge will
to really shape the rules of this market in the
production to be absorbed by the network.
be to put in place a market and regulatory
years to come.
With the COP21 Paris agreement still
framework that will remunerate flexibility in a
I think there is a big effort needed to make
making headlines, how can plants be flexible
fair way, and put in place a level playing field
policymakers and regulators understand how
and still meet tougher emissions standards?
between different assets.
flexibility is critical to maintain the stability of
Of course there are competing demands
If you look at some of these operators,
on thermal plants because, on one side,
existing units have a big challenge ahead
you want them to be more flexible, but on
of them to make sure that they upgrade their
Benelli believes that it is crucial to provide
the other hand this may go against their
assets, to be more flexible but at the same
a clear and stable energy policy that truly
efficiency and emissions, says Roques. So its
time meet emission standards.
looks to the long term.
up to operational managers to decide where
We need to stimulate investment in the
to draw the line bearing in mind that theyll
challenges are technological innovation
sector as a matter of urgency it needs
be competing with a range of other options.
and the need to provide clear and long-term
to be completely restructured through the
energy policies that offer choice between
introduction of novel technologies, allowing a
the various environmentally-friendly options,
cheaper and cleaner source of power for a
while Delage opts for new technologies, new
new generation of smart cities.
Philippe Delage,
Consultant at PhD.Advisory
26
believes
the
most
it is important to remunerate it in a fair way.
important
To some extent the

market is replacing the
notion of contractual
obligation
Benelli
the system going forward and that, therefore,
ways to operate, new architecture on the
And Delage simply states: We have to
grid, new consideration of what is distributed
tune the overall system, so that it will comply
power generation rather than centralized
with the emissions tender for any kind of
generation.
situation.
Theres a lot of change. But ultimately it

will allow us to build something better. Going
even further, we might imagine that there
Credit: Dreamstime
Viewpoint: Utilities
Reinvent or
rest in peace
The main reason many utilities are now playing catch-up
while first-mover challenger businesses are thriving is a
failure to ask themselves what is actually in demand. As
a result, they are now losing valuable customers, offering
outdated products and operating in the wrong markets,
write Ben Warren and Klair White of EY
imply generating and selling
generating capacity are being retired.
electricity or gas at a regulated
Nor does it mean utilities can rest on their
rate is no longer enough of a
laurels, though, as competition intensifies
proposition,
consumers
to more effectively and flexibly integrate an
increasingly demanding more
increasing volume of renewable energy into
tangible and integrated value
the system in parallel with recalibrating output
with
creation across their energy consumption

needs.
from conventional assets.
City and municipality

governments have
the potential to be
catalysts for change
Any reassessment of the products and
This means utilities and others need to

do more than optimize power sales they
services on offer therefore requires both new
Technology innovations are even setting the
thinking and efficient thinking.
stage for electricity to be the primary fuel
must create greater revenue security through
source for heating systems, enabling power
Beyond power: the triple line
providers to bundle offerings or go after
rapid deployment of renewable electricity,
The words energy and electricity are frequently
revenue streams traditionally dominated by
distributed
demand-side
used interchangeably, masking the fact that
gas and residential oil companies.
management to capture opportunities and
energy often the basis for national or state
low-hanging fruit in the heat and transport
level targets actually comprises heat and
the most obvious clean energy solution,
sectors, energy efficiency, smart infrastructure
transport as well as electricity. In Europe, for
and while the market is arguably taking
and in more holistic integrated resource
example, most markets are well on their way to
longer than expected to gain critical mass,
management solutions.
meeting their 2020 renewable electricity goals,
it is still experiencing steady growth, with
emissions
but have been less successful in implementing
most manufacturers now offering hybrid or
reduction is also likely to spur a broader
heat and cooling and transport solutions
all-electric cars and significant prospects
energy focus given that achieving country-
to contribute to the overarching 20 per cent
for further cost and efficiency gains. This
level targets will require a range of measures
renewable energy target.
is creating opportunities to partner with
product
The
diversification,
generation
post-COP21
emulating
and
focus
on
the
beyond renewable generation alone.
In
transport, electric
vehicles
present
Potential heat efficiency solutions are
automakers to develop, implement and
However, this does not mean abandoning
widespread from replacing fossil fuels with
manage the required charging infrastructure,
the more traditional power markets either
renewable sources such as biomass, solar
with a number of different business models
cost-effective large-scale generation will
and geothermal for immediate use or stored
emerging and some utilities already starting
remain critical in many markets where rapid
heat generation, to air- and ground-source
to include chargers as part of their base rate.
economic
industrialization
heat pumps, industrial process heat capture
Other opportunities include shifting to low-
are putting pressure on power demand or
and recycling, or solar water heaters replacing
carbon fuels such as biogas and compressed
where significant volumes of conventional
often hazardous kerosene-based cooking.
natural gas or air, fuel efficiency from lighter
28
growth
and
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components, and automation technology
to invest and the ability to navigate all the
solutions that can, for example, use data
necessary regulatory, social, procurement and
mapping to analyze traffic congestion and
implementation challenges.
identify the most fuel-efficient route or closest

charging station.
Though the smart cities agenda, like

electric vehicles, has arguably produced
Such data mapping could even help early
more hype than results to date, as is the nature
autonomous technologies such as platooning:
of any transformative process, the economic
linking pairs of vehicles to cut drag, which can
and societal case is strong for intelligent and
reduce fuel consumption by up to 7 per cent
integrated energy and resource optimization
according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance.
solutions across a citys infrastructure from
The scalability potential for transport efficiency
smart street lighting and rooftop solar energy
Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 475 GW of
solutions is also compelling and could create
to congestion management sensors and
energy storage system capacity by 2030,
opportunities that feel more like long term
wireless IT systems.
and costs are expected to fall with a similar
infrastructure investments, from national bus

fleets to large-scale marine vessels.
This
presents
significant
potential
for
technology innovators, utilities as service

providers
However, with these costs still relatively

high around $350/kWh for lithium-ion battery
Energy efficiency applications are growing
stable long-term returns. City and municipal
packs in late 2015 according to BNEF and
in
to
governments, often with budgets that can
varying significantly between applications,
achieve both reduced energy costs and
be more easily deployed at a local level and
electricity generators should also be looking
sustainable consumption. Solutions today
with fewer political barriers, have the potential
to improve supply and demand balancing
vary from increasingly intelligent smart meters
to be catalysts for change if they are able to
through better resource forecasting, more
and thermostats that can be managed
harness, manage and co-ordinate the visions
geographically diverse assets to mitigate
and monitored by smartphones to more
and ambitions of innovators, investors and
localized resource intermittency, increased
holistic software systems that collect and
technology promoters. COP21 discussions
interconnections
analyze millions of data transactions from
around the need for more climate-resilient
infrastructure
sensors tracking various energy-consuming
infrastructure should also accelerate the
applications.
applications
imperative for smarter and decentralized
to
as
consumers
diagnose
seek
patterns
and
determine inefficiencies.
willing
to
not even more dramatically.
major infrastructure projects in return for
importance
investors
trajectory to solar PV over the next few years, if
fund
Getting resourceful
and
Credit: European Commission
resource management systems.
This far-reaching potential is also spurring
This
between
and
balancing
grids,
demand
act
smart
response
becomes
even
more critical given the increasingly vocal

divestment
campaign
gathering
speed
demand for more integrated and intelligent
Balancing act
as a growing number of corporations and
resource management systems that can
At the same time, however, utilities should
financial institutions pledge to exit or avoid
incorporate efficient water usage, air quality
also be at the forefront of determining the
investments in fossil fuels such as coal.
and waste management in addition to
most economic ways of balancing the
However, its likely that the most economically
sustainable power and heat. Such systems
growing penetration of variable renewable
inflexible baseload power will be driven out of
can be embedded into infrastructure, from
power. Initially viewed as a challenge to be
the market first anyway, with the cost of such
a single home or factory to an entire city,
overcome, such integration is now becoming
plants tending to increase once they are
generating cost and energy savings through
an opportunity to enhance resilience and
taken offline, even for small periods, to make
a more efficient allocation of resources, as well
efficiencies across the energy system, as
use of cheaper renewables with almost zero
as the potential for self-reliant and/or net-zero
well as representing a major new business
marginal cost.
emissions energy ecosystems.
opportunity for incumbent utilities.
An
increasing
Storage is, of course, widely hailed as
draconian quick wins in the carbon battle
optimization could also see more heat capture
one of the most promising ways to achieve
that blindly lumps all fossil fuels together
and
processes,
this, with broad application potential at grid
or artificially accelerates peak demand to
and large-scale on-site renewable energy
level, alongside specific assets and behind
the point of destabilizing baseload power
projects being used to run desalination and
the meter. Despite the significant long-
supplies. There are no silver bullets, and all
wastewater
produce
term ambitions for energy storage, in the
generation has a role to play, initially at
clean water, or power enhanced oil recovery
first instance its major value is likely to be in
processes to avoid using potentially more
providing system-critical ancillary services
costly and polluting energy sources for
such as frequency regulation, voltage support
commodity extraction.
and reactive power albeit prompting the
from
recycling
on
However, caution is still advised to avoid
resource
recycling
focus
industrial
plants
to
Technology or affordability is rarely the
need for appropriate regulatory frameworks
barrier to achieving this. Being able to design,
and remuneration models that accurately
fund and implement an integrated rather
value such services and then, increasingly,
than a piecemeal solution often requires
to bridge gaps between renewable power
strong sponsorship, leadership, a commitment
production and demand. The International
30
The new energy

horizons cannot be
exploited in isolation
of policy at a national
and regional level
least. Further, a forced divestment campaign
individual offtakers of sufficient scale, as small
risks simply passing around the financial
becomes the new big.
Project Sunroof, for example, uses Google

Earths high-resolution aerial mapping to help
risk associated with emissions rather than
Its unsurprising, then, that the rapid growth,
homeowners calculate their own roofs solar
reducing the total amount of risk within the
availability and affordability of decentralized
energy potential and the potential energy
system, potentially calling for investors to put
generation
rooftop
bill savings. Launched in the US in 2015, the
pressure on dividends rather than divestment.
solar, microturbines, storage, smart energy
tool also matches homeowners with local
This forces fossil fuel asset owners to produce
management devices and microgrids has
solar providers. Companies are also finding
value for money, and even more so if carbon
enabled competitors to create significant
new ways to target customers, such as NRG
pricing is introduced in multiple markets as
customer churn for utilities core product of
Energy providing discounts on residential
expected. The gradual redeployment of oil
grid-connected generation by empowering
solar systems to people who list their homes
and gas sector skills to offshore or extraction-
and incentivizing many to take control of
on Airbnb.
based renewable energy or unconventional
their own energy supply and demand.
oil and gas technologies is also potentially
Navigant forecasts that around 346 GW of
becoming
preferable to forcing them out of business
distributed solar PV alone will be installed in
for customers and growing in scale e.g.,
altogether.
20152024, producing $670 billion in revenue
TriGlobals 500 MW South Plains Wind Farm in
for the industry.This compares to an additional
Texas as well as creating new service model
290 GW of utility-scale solar expected to come
opportunities for utilities, project developers
online in the same time frame.
and investment conduits. The Clean Energy
Maximising innovations
There
is
also
scope
to
enhance
the
solutions
such
as
Community-scale
more
projects
economically
are
also
attractive
performance and efficiency of both current
The question is therefore whether utilities
Collective, for example, is installing shared
and future generating capacity. Decisions
themselves are now also ready to become
solar arrays across rooftops in New York City
around repowering and life extensions of
more granular in their focus on customer
that will be administered by facilities and
maturing assets will play an important role in
needs, to either regain these lost customers or
financed by local homeowners making an
determining the value of operating portfolios,
at least learn lessons going forward. After all,
up-front investment in a portion of the system
and identifying and maximizing technology
this is not a trend that looks set to abate any
in return for net metering credits on their
innovations will also be key. Such innovations
time soon.
energy bills.
run from larger wind turbines and floating solar

installations to more revolutionary technology
shifts such as transparent solar panels
on windows and skyscrapers or Makanis
Google-sponsored wind kite, which claims to
generate up to 50 per cent more energy than
conventional turbines. There is also a growing
opportunity to tailor technology solutions
to specific markets for example, turbines
suitable for low wind yield sites in Europe
now that many high-resource sites have
been saturated, mega-scale solar projects
in India to consolidate infrastructure and
logistical efforts, or siting multiple projects on
sites with existing grid network access where
transmission systems are relatively weak.
However, even if utilities work hard to
innovate with new services and to better
integrate
clean
power
assets
into
the
worlds energy systems, what about the lost

generation of customers?
While many utilities were continuing to
view their customers agnostically, as just
account numbers to be billed periodically
for electricity sold at the highest price from
existing generation assets, the challenger
Detroit Combustion Equipment

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0 000
businesses were realizing that what energy

consumers want is different from what they
are often given. The result has been more
tailored or segmented products and services

for specific types of energy users or even

31
more tangible assurances around project

payment terms and risks. A tradition of heavily
subsidized energy prices in some markets
also makes it nearly impossible for utilities to
charge cost-reflective tariffs that enable them
to break even never mind operate profitably.
While such restructurings can be complex
and politically sensitive, policymakers must
try to prioritize the creation of long-term
Utilities face a balancing act says EY
Credit: Vattenfall
sustainable, affordable and investor-friendly

energy markets, leveraging support from
donor organizations and the private sector
economics take over, the role of policy shifts
where possible.
and competition intensifies.
Utilities should also

be at the forefront of
determining the most
economic ways of
balancing the growing
penetration of variable
renewable power
A more global market undoubtedly brings
Shifting policy
energy companies and investors greater
The new energy horizons cannot be exploited
choice and opportunities, but also greater
in isolation of policy at a national and regional
competition.
level, however. Reflection on the often distorting
While some utilities have already spread
impact of energy policies in recent decades
their wings beyond their domestic markets,
creates a call to action on governments to shift
including former state-owned utilities such
the focus from intervention to enablement,
as Enel, EDP, EDF and Iberdrola, many are still
creating conditions for competition and
relatively confined to specific jurisdictions
innovation.
A growing number of commercial and
and sectors. With most countries now facing
This is something that utilities can and
industrial corporations are bypassing utilities
some kind of energy imperative and COP21
should be leading the charge on, instead
and seeking out project development and
in particular creating greater transparency,
of lobbying for protection. It will necessitate
financing parters for direct power purchase
scrutiny and accountability for the transition
breaking
agreements (PPAs), whether to meet specific
to low carbon economics, finding ways to
frameworks
clean energy targets or as part of a broader
compete in new markets, or else gain visibility
protocols and relationships as new asset
energy optimization strategy. This can involve
for alternative business models or solutions
classes and business models are incorporated
direct consumption of on-site renewable
that could be applied in domestic markets,
to create more efficient and resilient energy
energy
energy-intensive
will be critical for utilities seeking to compete
systems. This
operations such as data centres or industrial
with more geographically diverse energy
systems that will attract the cheapest long-
processes) or virtual and back-to-back power
service providers.
term capital capital that will have certain
(particularly
for
PPAs for electricity generated off-site.
down
and
entrenched
regulatory
rethinking
standards,
includes
designing
energy
requirements but that will also be there for
Back to basics
the lifetime of the related infrastructure, in turn
the needs of the public sector as a critical
Even utilities or major energy companies
having a direct benefit on consumer pricing
segment of any customer base typically
that currently enjoy de facto monopolies in
and removing inefficiencies from the process.
the largest energy consumer in any market
their own markets are unlikely to be shielded
Critically, this shift will also require measures
and with the ability to create critical mass
from competition long-term as global energy
to enable a level playing field and determine
for the implementation of new technologies
challengers become ever more confident
the true cost of energy including removing
or solutions spanning the entire energy
to go after their customers. Governments will
all types of energy subsidies and enabling the
infrastructure spectrum.
also likely come under increasing pressure
market to price externalities, such as the right
In particular, many governments are now
to liberalize energy markets still under heavy
to pollute via carbon pricing.
setting themselves specific clean energy
state control, prompting the unbundling of
efficiency targets. For example, all US federal
generation, distribution
transmission
money and affordability should also facilitate
agencies must achieve a 20 per cent
assets in a controlled manner as a precursor
the use of public-private partnership models
renewable energy generation target by 2020,
to privatization that further drives competition
to manage major capital and infrastructure
while Bangladesh has mandated rooftop
and cost efficiencies.
programmes that may not otherwise be
Utilities
also
shouldnt
underestimate
solar on all government buildings within two

years.
and
However, in some developing markets,
More clearly defined goals around value for
developed.
the lack of a creditworthy utility offtaker is
In addition to thinking more strategically
stalling investment and growth, despite the
Ben Warren is Energy Corporate Finance
about customers and products, another
opportunity. This necessitates a period of
Leader and Klair White is RECAI editor at EY
dimension to the shifting energy landscape
restructuring and tailored credit enhancement
is the creation of a more global market and
solutions to make often debt-crippled utilities
the opening up of new frontiers as market
cash positive and provide investors with
32
Dry ESP
Power predictions
In 1996, a number of industry experts predicted how the power sector would
change over a 20-year period. That period has now passed, and David Flin looks
back to see how well these experts were able to foresee future developments
ccording to the novelist LP
nearly all the issues of financing infrastructure
regions; and one said that the economics
Hartley, the past is a foreign
development. It was generally assumed
of distributed generation made it attractive,
country. Back in 1996, the
that, around the world, transmission would
and that there would be a boom in facilities
Kyoto
hadnt
remain in state hands, while generation and
wanting reliable power supply independent
taken place, total global
distribution would be run almost entirely
of the grid.
wind power capacity was
by private companies, and there would be
Another prediction that time has proved to
6.1 GW, Facebook didnt exist, the internet
little role for governments. IPPs would be the
have been accurate was that of consolidation
was accessible on just 10 million computers
dominant source of generation capacity,
among
worldwide, mobile (cell) phones cost around
and buying and selling capacity would be
wasnt complete agreement on how many
$1000 each, and some bright computer
commonplace.
manufacturers would remain by 2016; most
conference
experts were predicting that the Millennium
the
major
manufacturers. There
According to the World Bank, a little over
suggested around five turbine manufacturers,
half the countries in the world have reformed
with one expert suggesting that two to four
In 1996, 16 experts from 15 different
their electricity sectors, mostly but not
large gas turbine manufacturers would be
organizations from different parts of the
universally with big gains in performance.
all that remained. But those who commented
industry predicted what the world would
Whether the consumer is getting a better
said uniformly that there would be mergers
look like in 20 years. Those 20 years have now
deal is less clear. Isolated communities not
among the big players.
passed, and the predictions are now due. So
connected to the national grid have not
The experts agreed that gas would
what did the panel of experts get right, what
always benefitted from privatization, and these
continue to be an increasingly dominant
did they get wrong, and what did they miss
areas have become much more dependent
fuel. Nuclear power was seen as a solution
entirely?
on distributed generation.
only where there was the political will to press
Bug might bring civilization to a standstill.
A big issue then was privatization, and
Three experts predicted the growth of
ahead with a nuclear programme, and that
eight experts predicted that privatization and
distributed generation and CHP. One predicted
the growth in privatization combined with
deregulation would not merely continue, but
that the high energy efficiency levels that can
the very long-term investments required for
would accelerate globally. It was felt that
be achieved by CHP would make it attractive
nuclear power would combine to make it
privatization would increase competition, and
as an environmentally-friendly method of
generally unattractive. Coal was seen as
would ensure that the customer got the best
power generation; one said that distributed
maintaining its position, but it would grow
possible deal.
generation would grow as a result of the
increasingly concentrated near major coal
cost of extending grid networks into remote
reserves.
Some experts said that it would solve
34
Power predictions
A subject on which the experts differed
first and second row blading by 2016. Less
was how important renewables would be by
impressively, there was near unanimity that
2016. Views included:
the continuing drive to increase combined-
The excess cost and intermittent nature of
cycle efficiency would continue, with the
supply from renewables means that it will still
peak efficiency attainable being pushed ever
be a niche supplier.
upwards, with the 70 per cent barrier being
Renewables
are
unlikely
to
provide
sufficient power to replace fossil fuels.

Renewables
and
fast-ramping
broken by 2016. Back in 1996, gas turbine

manufacturers were pushing at the 60 per
gas
cent barrier for combined-cycle plants. In
turbines will work together to provide a
2016, the barrier has been shifted to around
powerful synergy.
62 per cent.
The demand for low emissions will come,

and renewables will play a vital role in meeting
What they didnt say
that demand.
Equally interesting is looking at which burning
More than one of the experts said that
issues of today did not warrant a mention 20
the problems of CO2 emission levels would
years ago. With one honourable exception,
provide a boost to the fortunes of the nuclear
no one mentioned the development of
industry, and that renewable energy would
communication and information technology.
remain niche because it would not be cost
We now have a world in which real-time control
competitive.
of data and operations is commonplace,
Were they right? In 1996, global wind power
and consumers can download apps for a
capacity was 6.1 GW. By 2014, capacity had
mobile phone to operate devices from miles
reached nearly 400 GW, and was increasing
away. Back in 1996, mobile phones cost
by around 16 per cent annually. In 2014, wind
over $1000, and didnt have apps. It is now
and PV provided 73.4 per cent of new power
commonplace, but it wasnt even considered
generation capacity in the EU.
by the experts.
There was no real agreement as to where
The experts generally failed to foresee the
the dominant markets would be. China and
emphasis on operational flexibility that would
India were generally but not universally
arise. It was an assumption that development
predicted to continue to be big markets. Other
activity would be focused on pushing the
big markets predicted by some of the experts
technical boundary and the headline figures.
included:
Higher efficiencies and higher output were
Eastern Europe. One expert predicted that
seen as being the main drivers. It was assumed
the end of the Soviet Union would lead to
that plants would be operating at full capacity
deregulation and privatization of the former
and it would be crucial to minimize lifecycle
Soviet Union countries, leading to a massive
costs by increasing output and efficiency.
boom in demand;
As it has turned out, reducing time
Russia. Two experts said that the growth
lost to maintenance by shortening time
of demand for gas in Western Europe,
in maintenance, and increasing the time
combined with political instability in the
between maintenance periods, have been
Middle East, would lead to Russia becoming
just as important, as has been the emphasis
a major gas supplier, and using that to
placed on being able to operate flexibly.
increase its influence;
The
issue
of
CO2
emissions
was
China and India. One expert predicted
largely ignored. Three experts mentioned
that both China and India would need
environmental concerns, and one specifically
to undergo privatization to free capital to
mentioned CO2 emissions. One expert said
enable infrastructure investment;
that, by 2016, global warming would be
South America. Three experts said that
accepted as a scientific reality, and that
South America would see a dramatic
governments would be starting to take the
growth
issue seriously.
in
demand
for
power.
One
suggested that there would be a major shift

in investment from Asia to South America.
In
one
would consist largely of words and lip
expert predicted that single crystal blades
service, but that eventually, serious action on
for gas turbines would become much more
emission levels would come about. However,
significant, and would be commonplace in
other than that, the environment was simply
36
technological
development,
He went on to say that there would be a

period in which dealing with the environment

!

"

!

Power predictions
of existing turbines is a very active market.
generation would become much more
Turbine designs are typically evolutionary; for
significant. We would see new houses
Some predictions have been made in
example, the LM6000 gas turbine from GE
built with solar panels as standard, and
the past that have turned out to be less
and the SGT6-5000F gas turbine from Siemens
electricity consumers would increasingly
than perfect. Here are five that make one
were both introduced in the early 1990s, and
long for the days of astrology and the
although both have undergone numerous
reading of entrails:
upgrades and improvements over the years
and communication technology, and the
1. I think there is a world market for
increasing output, increasing efficiency,
growth in real-time access to data will lead
maybe five computers. Thomas
simplifying
improving
to a transformation of the way business is
Watson, President of IBM,1943
operational flexibility the basic turbine
carried out. Transactions being carried out
2. Television wont be able to hold on to
design remains much the same. The longevity
on-line will just be the tip of the iceberg.
any market it captures after the first six
of these turbines has become a major selling
months. People will soon get tired of
point, with both vendors pointing to the huge
And the next 20 years?
staring at a plywood box every night.
number of operational hours gathered by
Given that his predictions from 20 years
Darryl Zanuck, Executive at 20th
their turbine fleets. It is crucial to be able to
ago turned out to be so accurate, we
Century Fox, 1946
upgrade turbines already operating.
turned to Amory Lovins to predict what the
BAD PREDICTIONS
maintenance,
and
want greater control over their supply;

l
There would be a boom in information
3. There is no reason anyone would
It can easily take 10 to 20 years for an idea
industry would be like in the year 2036. He
want a computer in their home. Ken
to be transformed into a commercial reality,
looked at three areas: fuel mixture; the next
Olsen, founder of Digital Equipment
making it important to be able to determine
transformational developments; and the next
Corporation, 1977
whether a development will be of value in 20
big issues for the industry.
4. I predict the Internet will soon go
years time.
Regardless of the fuel, there is generally
spectacularly supernova and, in 1996,
no economic or operational rationale for
catastrophically collapse. Robert
Specific predictions
new central thermal power plants if their
Metcalfe, founder of 3Com, 1995
We have avoided being specific about which
alternatives are properly chosen, designed,
5. Two years from now, spam will be
experts made which predictions 20 years ago,
built and run. By 2036, massive central power
solved. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft,
simply because of the difficulties involved
plants will feel like steamships do today. The
2004
in making such predictions, and because
winners in the new competitive landscape
some of the experts are no longer involved
will be negawatts (efficient end-use), flexiwatts
in the industry and, in some cases, the
(demand response), and a diverse portfolio
organizations they were with no longer exist.
of distributed renewables, dominated by PV
not considered as being an important factor

by 2016.
However, I will mention the predictions
and wind, and cheaply applicable virtually
The possibility of a global economic
made by Amory Lovins, Chairman and Chief
crisis also received no comment. This was
Scientist from the Rocky Mountain Institute in
Electrifying the 1.2 billion people who
also missed by many economic pundits,
Colorado, US. He made four predictions, and
currently live in darkness will further accelerate
but the slowdown in the global economy,
was proved correct on each one:
the
and the funding crisis had a marked effect.
Coal-fired power generation would start
revolution
The Enron scandal and the crash of 2008
to decline when environmental concerns
quality renewables near load centres have
damaged confidence in the financial probity
take
more
about the same economics as best-quality
of companies in general.
benign methods of generation become
renewables far away, but with lower risk and
cost competitive. We are now seeing a
inconvenience, the focus will become local
Does it matter?
conscious decision to phase out old coal-
and regional rather than tending towards a
Is it important to be able to predict what the
fired plants in many countries around the
global grid.
needs of the market will be in 20 years?
world;
One could argue that most changes are
greater
prominence
and
everywhere.
distributed-renewables-and-efficiency
worldwide.
Since
medium-
Coal is in long-term decline with no
Baseload power would increasingly be
durable and sustained growth market to
gradual, and it is comparatively easy to adjust
provided by a combination of renewable
rescue it, failing on economic fundamentals
accordingly. However, power plants have
energy and fast-tracking combined-cycle
and shrinking demand. China continues to
operational lives in excess of 20 years, and
gas-fired power plants.That model is exactly
fuel GDP growth with less coal, is the worlds
what is happening in many places;
renewable leader, is improving efficiency
u p g ra d i n g
Distributed
38
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Power predictions
to deauthorizing planned coal plants as
Moreover, many utilities that feel exposed to
generating capacity has tipped into surplus.
competition from efficiency and renewables
India is aggressively shifting to renewables,
such as rooftop solar are trying to combat
and is starting to discover the benefits of high
these threats to their legacy assets by imposing
efficiency. It has quietly cancelled many of its
oppressive rules, practices, taxes, fees and
announced coal plants, and capital markets
tariffs.This will not have the intended effect, but
Mark Axford, Vice President, Stewart &
have little appetite for more.
will instead tend to result in increasing solar
Stevenson International
adoption.
Henry Bartolli, Senior Vice President, Foster
New nuclear build has no business case,
THE ORIGINAL PARTICIPANTS IN

THE 1996 ARTICLE
Job titles are those held in 1996.
being two to three times more costly than
Utilities, however, are not fated to become
modern renewables. Sales of reactors are
obsolete. They can apply their skills in many
Tom Bray, Director Industrial Power, Allied
driven by geopolitics, dual-use capability and
ways: branding and selling new offerings, co-
Signal
national pride.The UKs offer to pay three times
operating with new players, financing, and
Dr Derrick Fielden, Senior Executive of
the current market electricity price for 35 years
integrating all technically qualified offerings.
Business Development, Commonwealth
for Hinkley Point C has attracted no private
Wheeler
Development Corporation
investor. Total operating nuclear capacity will
The next big issues
Malcolm Kennedy, Chairman of Merz
begin its permanent decline by about 2020,
In 1996, the big issues affecting the industry
and McLellan
and be a mere remnant by 2050.
were privatization, fuel supply and fuel costs.
Dr Julia King, Director of Advanced
Gas will enjoy a healthy medium-term
In 2016, the dominant issue is greenhouse gas
Engineering, Rolls-Royce Industrial Power
market, but it is already uncompetitive with
emissions. What will be the big issues in 2036?
Group
modern renewables in many places, and will
There will be five main issues over the
suffer as renewables get relentlessly cheaper.
next 20 years: resilience; capital productivity;
Rocky Mountain Institute
Fast-ramp gas-fired generators will compete
recapitalization;
Peter
for balancing power in an increasingly
decisions, and implementing the full melding
Director, Smallworld
renewable, diverse, decentralized constellation
of electricity and information grids.
Chris Packard, President of Kvaerner
democratizing
energy
Amory Lovins, Director of Research at the

Moore, International
Marketing
Energy
of generators. Even in 2015, distributed power
Resilience will be necessary to ensure a
made one-fourth of global electricity and
reliable service in an increasingly restive world
Professor Klaus Riedle, Head of Fossil Fuel
accounted for over half of added capacity.
with a changing climate. This needs efficient
Power Generation, Siemens
Gas cannot count on a long-term need for
use, distributed generators, and a new grid
Dick
backup of variable renewables: demand- and
architecture of networked microgrids that
Marketing, GE Marine and Industrial
supply-side flexibility offer cheaper options
can disconnect fractally, serve isolated critical
Engines
than backup or storage.
loads without interruption, then resynch and
Dr Bill Stockdale, Managing Director of
reconnect when appropriate.
HSB Engineering Insurance
Transformational developments
Utilities will need to ensure efficient capital
Bill
Thompson,
Director
of
Global
Marketing, Black & Veatch
generation planning to distribution planning,
Bob
to
are
and shifting resources from giant to small,
Services for Utilities, ICL
beginning to realize that they can use
remote to local, and supply-side to mainly
Bill Voegtle, Executive Director of HSB
electrons more productively, produce their
demand-side.
Engineering Insurance
own, and even trade the electrons they

generate
with
other
consumers.
from
for
the energy-IT mashup, have only begun

Customers
emphasis
Manager
productivity
everything.
shifting
General
The explosion in IT, and developments in

transform
by
Ruegg,
Recapitalization of the industry will be
Dutch
necessary as sales and revenue dwindle while
customers can already buy electricity from
traditional multi-billion dollar, decade lead-
other customers on the Vandebron website,
time projects become too risky and too costly
bypassing the involvement of utilities.
to finance.
Thurlby,
Head
of
Consultancy
Kurt Yeager, President and CEO, EPRI
Resilience could become acute tomorrow,

and it is already an issue in many countries.The
Back in the 1880s, Thomas Edison didnt
Choice and accountability will shift from
other issues will grow increasingly important
sell electricity. He sold lighting services,
central technical and political authorities to
over the next decade or two. We will see some
charging to run a lamp for an hour. In 1892,
local stakeholders, leading to democratization
very interesting times, and this could be the
the New York Edison Company overruled him,
of energy decisions. This will require close
industrys most exciting era since Edison.
selling the electricity rather than the service.
engagement with stakeholders, and the
In 20 years, we will be able to judge how
Consequently, an
tactics adopted by some utilities could create
accurate or otherwise these predictions have
customer resentment.
been. In these days of instant gratification
increase
in
customer
efficiency cuts providers revenues, not their

costs. No industry can survive over the long
Utilities will need to develop strategies to
and instant global communication, it feels
term if its interests are so opposite to those of
digest and implement the InterGrid, the
strangely inappropriate to be able to say that
its customers. Decoupling and shared savings
full melding of electricity and information, as
the next update on this story will be in 20 years.
rewarding utilities for cutting customers bills
intelligent information becomes ubiquitous,
rather than for selling them more energy is
free and utterly transparent, probably at the
an essential start.
expense of privacy.
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Lausward power plant

Credit: Siemens
Combined-cycle plants
Breaking down
efficiency barriers
Fortuna may be an
apt name for a new
combined-cycle CHP
unit in Germany, as the
fortunes of Europes largescale gas turbine plants
may depend on projects
like it, writes Kelvin Ross
arge-scale gas turbine power plants
seventh most populous city. Opened as a
in Europe are commercially dead in
coal plant in 1957, Lauswards units have since
the water, right? They have no place
all been converted to gas and the latest unit
in the European power system of
has seen the plant step firmly from the 20th
today?
century into the 21st.
Wrong. The gas-fired sector may
The combined cycle power plant
be on the ropes, but it has a couple of sucker
equipped with a Siemens H-class gas turbine
punches up its sleeve and one of them is
is located in Dusseldorf harbour on the
in Germany, at the very heart of the European
banks of the Rhine and was handed over
power transition.
to its operator, utility company Stadtwerke
At a time when several gas-fired power
42
Dsseldorf, in January.
plants in Europe are being mothballed, the
The turnkey plant has set three new records
launch of a new large-scale gas turbine
by worldwide comparison. During a test
project is newsworthy. Throw in the fact that
run, the Fortuna unit achieved a maximum
the plant in question has also set three
electrical net output of 603.8 MW, a new
world records for efficiency, and it demands
record for a combined cycle plant of this type
attention.
in a single-shaft configuration, says Siemens.
This is the case with the Fortuna unit at
A new world record of around 61.5 per
Lausward power plant in Dusseldorf,Germanys
cent for net power-generating efficiency was
also achieved, enabling Siemens to beat its

own efficiency record of 60.75 per cent set
in May 2011 at the Ulrich Hartmann plant in
Irsching in the south of Germany.
In addition, Fortuna can also deliver up
to around 300 MW for Dsseldorfs district
heating system a statistic which Siemens
says is a further international peak for a power
plant equipped with only one gas and steam
turbine.
This boosts the plants fuel utilization up to
85 per cent, while reducing CO2 emissions to
a mere 230 grams per kWh, says Willi Meixner,
chief executive of Siemens Power and Gas
Division.
The
increase
in
the
capacity
and
efficiency levels is the result of consistent

ongoing developments, for example in the
design of components, in the materials
used, in the overall construction of the plant,
The plant can start up in under 25 minutes

Credit: Siemens
and in the perfect interworking of all plant

components.
We optimized the power plant to enable
it to be ideally positioned in one of the worlds
fuel) costs has seen gas come fourth behind
still exists in Germany and that is why so few
most demanding power markets.
nuclear, lignite and hard coal. But add in the
gas plants are running.
The gas turbine can run at full load in less
80 GW of onshore and offshore wind and solar
But he adds: We have a chance in the
than 25 minutes after a hot start, enabling it
that Germany had in installed capacity in
market the plants that are the most flexible
to also be used as a backup for renewables-
2015, and gas is pushed to the brink.
can step in and support solar and wind. And
based power production.
So the gas plants are the first who are
that requires highly flexible power plants.
It is this flexibility that Siemens says makes
out of operation, says Lothar Balling, Siemens
He explains that he believes the use of
Lausward and subsequent plants like it the
Energy Solutions executive vice-president of
gas will reduce between now and 2020, but
optimal power stations for now and the future.
Global Project Management.
then it is expected to expand again because
The power system merit order in Germany
Talking to Power Engineering International
which measures plants by production (mainly
at Fortuna, Balling says:This merit order model
of the reduction of coal-fired units and the

phase-out of nuclear in 2022.
Balling says that the district heating
aspect of Lausward also makes it attractive
commercially and from an emissions point of
view.
We have three extraction points extracting
low pressure steam which has already been
used for the steam turbine, and the heat
exchanger is transforming the steam into
hot water, which goes out into the city of
Dsseldorf.
He explains that Stadwerke Dsseldorf has
decided to build a storage system because
sometimes the power prices are so low that it
is not sustainable with the gas price, so they
can shut down the power plant but maintain
for two days the full support of the heating
system.
So, on good days, they are pumping out
to the storage system with hot water, and on
Delivering the gas turbine

Credit: Siemens
bad days for electricity production they can

shut the plant down but run the whole city
heating from the huge water reservoir.
44
SEEING POWER
FROM THE TOP
(REQUIRES GETTING
TO THE BOTTOM)
Power has strategy at www.ramboll.com/power-strategy
RAMBOLLS 700 ENERGY SPECIALISTS HAVE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED MORE THAN 90 MAJOR
POWER PLANTS, INCLUDING SOME OF THE MOST ENERGY-EFFICIENT PLANTS IN THE WORLD
FORTUNA FACTS
The steam turbine is designed with a
generating capacity of about 215 MW
It was delivered to Lausward by barge on
the Ruhr and Rhine rivers
The gas turbine was manufactured at
Siemens Berlin
manufacturing
plant
and was also transported by barge to

Lausward
15,500 m of concrete, 5500 tonnes of
steel, 850 tonnes of piping and 315 km of
cable went into building Fortuna
Gas turbine transport by barge
Credit: Siemens
The heat recovery steam generator

measures 35 x 26 metres at its base, is
40 metres tall, weighs some 6000 tonnes
He adds that this use of H-class turbines in
Turbine Product Management, says: With
combined heat and power mode is a large
large scale you have the benefit of the highest
market in Asia Siemens has four or five
efficiency. With the largest units you can
The total project working time was
such units in South Korea and another under
build, you will always end up with the highest
2,148,561 man-hours all without a single
construction in Malaysia.
efficiency. The smaller units you cant scale
and contains 400 km of tubing
accident to any employees
They are not, however, direct replicas of
production tolerances.
Fortuna. These combined heat and power
As an example, he explains: We had a
The project was handed over 19 days
plants are very specific to the demand. What
customer who has asked for three smaller
ahead of schedule
temperature you extract is very customized
units and one steam turbine a three-on-one
but the basic principle is still the same, says
ending up at 600 MW, versus one large one.
Balling.
I said,yes, we can give you three smaller units,
The start-up time is <25 minutes
This, he says, is another feature to cope

with the market conditions.
But why opt for a large-scale gas turbine
but you will have to pay more because that
when so much talk in Europe is about
will be more expensive at the end of the day
distributed generation with smaller units?
and it will be slightly lower efficiency.
Willibald Fischer, Director of Siemens Gas
Instead he suggested a one-on-one unit

with the best capex at the same operating
flexibility. Because the reason why they asked
for three units was operating flexibility, because
you have a staggered shutdown or startup.
The key to making large units acceptable
in the market is you need to combine it with
operational flexibility. And one of the key things
here is that, in our engine technology, we
right from the start use fully air-cooled engine
technology in the hot section we have no
steam. No external boosters which can slow
the engine and the whole process down.
And he says bigger is better when it comes
to grid support.
The larger the unit, the more rotating
mass you have, which helps you to buffer any
short-term grid fluctuations you have a more
certain element in the grid, which makes it
more robust against fluctuations.
The H-class turbine is being increasingly utilized in CHP applications

Credit: Siemens
46
Viewpoint: Gas and steam turbines
The role of
turbines
in the
European
energy mix
Gas and steam
turbines are crucial for
Europe in meeting its
decarbonization targets,
writes Michael Ladwig
Credit: GE
n the post-COP21 era, you may think

that steam and gas turbines as suppliers
of heat, and as motors to drive turbo
generators to produce electricity, are no
longer needed; that a decarbonized
energy generation may imply the end of
the use of turbine technology.
The EU ETS has

failed to provide the
right incentives for
decarbonization
However, this assumption is based on

several wrong connections in the logical
together with low coal prices, keep the large
chain. A decarbonized economy will neither
fleet of older lignite and hard coal plants
be accomplished in only a few years, nor can
still very competitive despite their reduced
it be seen as the end of all fossil fuels. Thermal
flexibility and higher emissions.
power generation will be needed for a long
In the meantime, efficient and far less
time, ensuring a well-functioning, cost-efficient
carbon-intensive newly built gas-fired power
and reliable European energy system.
plants are not running at all or only for a
The largest share of electricity in Europe

is still, by far, generated from steam and gas
limited number of hours often not covering

their variable costs.
turbine-based power plants, but the amount of
The effect is that utilities struggling with the
energy generated from renewables is growing
changing energy landscape and often in a
considerably. The result is overcapacities
challenging financial situation are intensively
in power generation not everywhere, but
using their existing assets, not thinking about
overall and in several countries.
the impact of increased cycling on the lifetime
These overcapacities, together with priority

dispatch of renewables and the low price of
of the plant or even about investments in new,

more flexible capacity.
coal, push combined-cycle power plants to
Moreover, most of the steam and gas
the end of the merit order curve, despite their
turbines in the power plant fleet were
efficiency, flexibility and power density.
designed for baseload operations and not for
The challenge of the merit order was
the cycling duty they are used for today.
supposed to be solved by the carbon
48
pricing within the European Emission Trading
Policy challenges
System (ETS). Unfortunately, so far, the system
The transformation of Europes energy system
has failed to provide the right incentives
is a work in progress and still raises many
for decarbonization. The low carbon price,
unanswered questions.
Viewpoint: Gas and steam turbines
capture and storage or utilization (CCS or
Finally, cogeneration will be an important
CCU). While the importance of CCS and CCU
application: storage of heat is one of the
is mentioned in many speeches and papers
easiest
of the EU, and while the technology is known
industrial cogeneration plants and district
and available, Europe still has not managed
heating
to get at least one large-scale demonstration
and competitive applications.
project up and running. In addition, in a more
policymakers underscore more and more
decentralized system and with low running
often that electricity and heat should be seen
hours, the costs for the infrastructure are rising
in a connected approach.
energy
are
storage
among
the
solutions,
most
and
efficient
European
further.
Credit: Ansaldo Energia
New turbines are a

proven technology
with high efficiency
and are financially
affordable
The definition of the energy mix is a
A growing amount of renewable energy
Main requirements
is coming from the more volatile sources of
Turbines like most other products were
wind and sun. This volatility is considered by
designed to fulfil a certain purpose. They
most energy policymakers as one of the key
were optimized for steady use as a baseload
challenges to solve: How to ensure the security
technology. The new role requires constant
of supply and the stability of the system? The
adaptation to the changing demand and
answer: flexible backup solutions are urgently
supply situation.
needed. This flexibility can be provided by
This can be successfully done with steam
different sources including storage, influencing
and gas turbine technology but some
demand patterns or flexible generation.
adaptations are needed. The necessary
However, without sufficient flexible backup, the
research needs to be done now in order to
planned further deployment of renewables
be ready for the time without overcapacities,
risks leading to blackouts.
when additional demand cannot be met
national competence, not a topic to be
by the existing fleet.
In addition, further
decided at EU level. Each Member State may
Turbines new role
deployment of power-to-gas and CCS in large
therefore individually decide on the future
So with all of this in mind is there really a
demonstration projects needs to be pushed
of coal in its country. At the same time, the
future for steam and gas turbines in Europes
forward now, to showcase their functioning
reform discussions of the ETS will not result in
energy mix? The answer is a clear yes, but the
and abate costs.
the adoption of carbon prices high enough
future will be different in many ways.
The other key requirement is the existence
to automatically drive coal out of the energy
Gas-fired power plants will be an attractive
of a market that rewards the investment in
mix of Europe. Against this backdrop, how is it
solution once the majority of European
new technologies that partner with volatile
possible to ensure that the EU commitment on
countries have phased out old, inefficient
renewables to stabilize the system. As the
the COP21 climate targets is achieved?
coal-fired power plants. New turbines are a
new power plants will have fewer running
There is a growing amount of decentralized
proven technology with high efficiency and
hours, they will need to be able to cover their
generation from renewables, as well as larger
they are if compared to many other flexibility
costs in fewer hours. Uncapped peak prices
offshore wind parks in remote areas. The
solutions financially affordable.
are an important brick of such a concept.
existing European grid, on the other hand,
An additional role will arise when another
Investors will only invest if they see a chance
was built for large-scale central power plants,
flexibility option develops further: the excess
to earn money by building new turbine-based
for which network connection points exist. The
of energy generated by wind turbines and
flexible plants. A suitable market design for
adaptation to the new needs is one of the big
photovoltaic installations in times of low
the European electricity market is therefore a
tasks.
demand can be stored as hydrogen or
conditio sine qua non.
The only way to continue using Europes
reformed methane and burned, carbon-free,
A European market design proposal that
natural resource of coal in the mid- and long
by gas turbines at a later stage. Power-to-gas
seems to go in the right direction is in the
term would be in combination with carbon
will be an important technology in a European
works, and R&D efforts to make steam and
energy market with a high share of volatile
gas turbines ready for the new challenges are
renewables, but also a chance to integrate
ongoing, but stronger EU support is needed.
additional flexibility in thermal power plants.

The role of steam turbines will also
change, moving from the traditional large-
I believe that gas and steam turbine

technology can help Europe to deliver on its
ambitious decarbonization targets.
scale application in coal-fired and nuclear

power plants to a variety of applications
Michael Ladwig is Director of Scientific
in combined-cycle plants, as well as in
Collaboration with GE Power in Baden,
geothermal or concentrated solar power
Switzerland, and President of EUTurbines
plants. Also, the reuse of waste heat in energyintensive industries will become a growing
Credit: Siemens
50
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Existing thermal plants need little modification to use biomass

Credit: TV SD
Thermal power
Thermal power ready

for fresh challenges
Thermal power has a vital role to play in the
post-COP21 landscape of the European power
sector, says Patrick Clerens
he Paris Agreement, with its long-
the intermittent nature of renewables with
term target to limit the global
dispatchable and flexible backup generation.
temperature rise to well below
Thermal
power
been
market, providing the necessary balancing
future investments in low-carbon
and backup services whenever intermittent
will
strengthen
the
renewables
electricity
the
levels, has set a clear path for

and
the
long
backbone
technologies
of
has
2C compared to pre-industrial
cannot
cover
generation
the
in-time
European Unions efforts to reduce carbon
energy demand. A comparison of different
emissions. By the end of 2016, the European
decarbonization
Commission will release a set of legislative
amongst others, Greenpeace, the European
proposals to further increase the share of
Climate
renewable energy sources in the EU and to
Commission) shows that thermal power will
redesign the European electricity market in
continue to play a prominent role within
order to develop a secure, sustainable and
the energy mix the predicted proportion
competitive energy system. Efforts should
of thermal power generation (including
per tonne of CO2 (i.e., 20 profit per tonne of
now be focused on delivering cost-effective
biomass) in 2030 will range from 34.1 per
CO2 not emitted).
solutions to reconcile the EUs objectives on
cent to 53.3 per cent, despite or because
Considering the predicted proportion of
climate change, energy and growth.
of the increasing deployment of intermittent
thermal power generation in 2030, retrofitting/
renewables.
refurbishing aging, less efficient and more
Thermal power is part of the solution to
scenarios
Foundation
and
in
the
2030
(by,
European
polluting power plants with state-of-the-art
ensure a secure, reliable and affordable

electricity supply in Europe. Suppliers of
European excellence
efficient,
Changes
technologies is of paramount importance.

require
Innovative solutions are also emerging
generation technologies are ready to play
technological adaptations to ensure the
that integrate intermittent renewables directly
their part in tackling these challenges.
optimal
state-of-the-art
thermal
power
in
the
energy
system
power
in thermal power generation systems. One
generation in the future. Over the last two
example of this is concentrated solar power
Setting the direction
decades, energy efficiency has substantially
(CSP), where concentrated sun rays generate
Partly driven by this regulatory framework,
increased, both on the consumption side
superheated steam, which feeds into a steam
Europes electricity system and energy mix are
reducing the demand and on the
turbine to produce electricity.
experiencing rapid and significant changes,
generation side increasing the production
New developments have increased the
including
with less energy input. On the generation
dispatchability of solar-based thermal power
side, thermal
the
increasing
penetration
of
contribution
of
thermal
have
generation by dissociating steam production
Between 1990 and 2012, the relative
embraced these trends and have made huge
from solar energy absorption, for example
importance of intermittent renewables in the
improvements to become increasingly flexible,
through energy storage.
EU more than doubled, from 12 per cent to
clean and efficient.
intermittent energy sources.
power
technologies
Power plants can also be designed for fuel
25 per cent (with wind going from 0.03 per
Retrofitting/replacing thermal power plants
flexibility, for example by running on a mix of
cent to 6.2 per cent and solar from 0.0005 per
with state-of-the-art technologies has proven
1 per cent to 100 per cent biomass. Sustainably
cent to 2.2 per cent). This increase led to a
beneficial in terms of efficiency increases and
harvested biomass is CO2-neutral, meaning
reduced use of conventional energy sources
emissions abatements.
that any primary fuel replaced by it is reducing
and nuclear power for electricity generation.
Retrofits by EPPSA members show up to
the CO2 emission per kWh produced.

Existing
thermal
power
plants,
with
As the share of intermittent renewable
31 per cent in fuel savings and CO2 emission
power generation continues to grow, the
reductions. When taking into account the
relatively lower operational costs, need little
role of thermal power generation becomes
various cost savings, this was done at a
to no modification to use biomass, making
increasingly important since it complements
negative avoidance cost of almost 20 ($23)
it highly cost-effective to produce electricity
52
Thermal power
The European Union - Setting the direction

The EU has set ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020 and 2030
Targets
2020
2030
2050
The 2020 climate and energy

package, so-called 20-20-20
The 2030 framework for climate and

energy policies
Roadmap for moving to a lowcarbon economy in 2050
Reduction in EU GHG emissions
20%
> 40%
80 - 95%
Raising the share of EU energy

consumption produced from RES
20%
> 27%
n.n.
Improvement in the EUs energy

efficiency
20%
> 27%
n.n.
Binding with national targets
EU-wide binding target. No national

defined targets yet from EU level
Indicative political aim
EU policy
Level of commitment
Table 1: Targets of the European framework for climate and energy policies for 2020, 2030 and first discussions for 2050
from biomass. Increasing the use of biomass
depend on a continued active role of the
low-emission power supply. Favouring support
increases the flexibility of power generation,
thermal power plant suppliers industry an
and availability of financing options to
the security of energy supply, and reduces
industry with a turnover of around 6 billion on
certain technologies over others may foster
the dependence on fossil fuel imports, while
the global stage.
lower overall efficiency and poorer emissions
maintaining an affordable energy supply.
European Commission President Jean-
rates due to up-front capital cost differences
Modern thermal power plants are also
Claude Juncker has said: My first priority as
between subcritical and high-efficiency low
prepared for carbon capture and storage.
Commission President will be to strengthen
emission technologies, resulting in more CO2
CCS and usage technologies (CCSU) have
Europes competitiveness and to stimulate
emitted and non-EU technologies prevailing.
a huge potential for CO2 abatement for both
investment for the purpose of job creation.
The COP21 targets and the upcoming EU
the industrial and power generation sectors.
This commitment should translate into a
Winter Package will result in further national
When combined with biomass, CCSU can
balanced regulatory framework, ensuring
efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, creating
allow going CO2-negative. Efforts are now
fair competition in the global economy and
new challenges for the European energy
needed to demonstrate CCS on a large scale.
allowing thermal power to contribute to a
production system. Despite or perhaps
Failure to do so would be very costly and
greener economy and society.
because of these changes, thermal power is
make it difficult or even impossible to reach
Setting global standards with these state-of-
set to have a prominent role in the energy mix
the-art EU technologies is necessary to ensure
of tomorrow. EPPSA supports the deployment
worldwide shared efforts, CO2 abatements
of renewable energy sources and underlines
Global standards
and a level playing field. In this context, the
that thermal power generation technologies
Thermal power contributes significantly to the
support and collaboration from European
can provide the necessary flexibility and
European economy in terms of employment,
and international authorities is key. Increasing
dispatchability to ensure a stable and cost-
taxes and growth. A study by German
investments in research, development and
effective electricity supply in Europe.
engineering association the VDMA shows
demonstration are necessary to drive EU
that, in Germany alone, around 36,000 jobs
competitiveness and ensure an affordable,
the EUs climate targets.
EPPSA members look forward to working

constructively
with
EU
institutions
and
stakeholders to address these challenges,

and to ensure that the added value of the
European
Thermal
Power
Technology
is
recognized in a fair and balanced legislative

framework, supporting the move to a lowcarbon Europe.
Patrick Clerens is Secretary-General of the
European Power Plant Suppliers Association
(EPPSA),
of
their
the
companies
voice,
at
supplying
components
and
European
power
related
level,
plants,
services.
www.eppsa.eu
Figure 1. Projected generation mix in 2030
Source: EPPSA, Thermal Power in 2030
54
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SMRs may have a future in the district heating sector
Nuclear
Small modular reactors

could produce not just
electricity, but also
thermal energy for
large-scale district
heat networks.
Sam Friggens considers
the opportunities and
challenges
Is the future of
nuclear small?
n government you have to make
large reactors, such as modular design with
tough choices, UK Prime Minister
prefabrication in off-site factories and the
David Cameron told Parliament
potential for multiple reactors to be deployed
recently.
at the same site to create bigger power plants.
In response to a question about
Proponents claim they will be faster,
the cancellation of the 1 billion
cheaper, less risky to build, and safer to
($1.4 billion) competition to demonstrate
operate than large nuclear plants.
carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the
Right now there are no operational
UK, he said that the government would
nuclear plants anywhere in the world that
instead support innovation in other areas
could be considered fully-fledged SMRs. But
namely energy storage and small modular
a number of countries and companies are
reactors (SMRs) to meet the nations carbon
at different stages in the development of SMR
targets.
technologies. Two US developers NuScale
Alongside commitments from Chancellor
and Westinghouse have recently expressed
George Osborne to allocate 250 million to
an interest in the UK market.
nuclear research over the next five years and

the launch of a new competition to select the
Low carbon heat
best SMR design for the UK, the government
While SMRs could be focused exclusively on
is setting out a new vision for Britains future
producing electricity for the grid in much the
energy system.
same way as large reactors, they could also
SMRs
are
nuclear
reactors
with
an
operate as combined heat and power plants,
electrical output below 300 MW. They have
providing not just electricity but also thermal
characteristics that distinguish them from
energy to large-scale district heat networks.
Fleet Plant 6
build
Fleet Plant 5
op
build
FOAK
Refuelling outage 1
Fleet Plant 4
op
build
Fleet Plant 3
Fleet Plant 3
operation
build
Fleet Plant 2
Fleet Plant 2
operation
build
Fleet Plant 1 (NOAK)
Fleet Plant 1
Operation
(NOAK) build
Most SMR concepts are

currently at this stage of
maturity
FOAK Build
GDA
Concept Design
Detailed Design
FOAK Operation
FOAK Site
Licencing
v&v / Demonstration / Testing
Time
t=0
t=3yr
t=6yr
t=10yr t=13yr t=15yr
t=18yr
t=20yr t=23yr t=25yr
t=28yr
Figure 1. Simplified build schematic for LWR type SMR technology

Source: Mott MacDonald, System Requirements for Alternative Nuclear Technologies Summary Report
56
A new generation is born
02/ 016
02/2
0
- Pete
Pe rgra
r raf
rg
Visit us at the Power Gen Europe 2016

booth 3HD116
New products.
New technologies.
New service capabilities.
Ansaldo Energia: a global player
in the power generation market.
www.ansaldoenergia.com
Nuclear
Single Revenue Stream
Multiple Revenue Systems
1. Baseload
Electricity
Containment
structure
Containment
structure
Steam Generator
Control
rods
2. Variable
Electricity To
Aid Grid
Balancing
1. Baseload
Electricity
Steam Generator
Control
rods
Generator
Generator
Turbine
Turbine
Condenser
Condenser
Reactor Vessel
Reactor Vessel
Waste Heat Rejected To The
Environment
3. Waste Heat Recovery To Energise

District Heating Systems
Figure 2. The traditional role for large baseload reactors and the potential combined roles for SMRs
Source: Energy Technologies Institute, The role for nuclear within a low carbon energy system
and
of otherwise waste heat from the steam
New infrastructure
supplying it to homes using networks of
cycle can be extracted and supplied to
The scale of infrastructure required to support
underground pipes is rare in the UK at present.
district heat mains. This can be achieved with
city-wide district heating is comparable with
It would represent a radical change in how
relatively minor changes to SMR plant steam
modern transport networks. Analysis of heat
the country gets its heat, but is a widely used
cycles and only modest reductions in power
demand data across Britain shows that 50
solution in large cities in northern Europe, such
output.
cities are large enough to support heat
Generating
hot
water
centrally
as Copenhagen and Helsinki.
Large nuclear reactors could also perform
networks fed by SMRs. This equates to roughly
Some studies suggest this will be the most
this role, but for two reasons SMRs will be better
20 GWe (40 GWt) SMR plant capacity, or
practical solution for achieving the near total
placed. First, a district heat network fed by
400 NuScale-sized modules.
elimination of carbon emissions from Britains
numerous smaller plants is more resilient in the
Each city would require many kilometres
building stock in cities, which is required by
face of outages than a network fed by a single
of tunnels several metres in diameter to pump
2050 to meet the countrys climate change
large source. Second, due to their smaller size
hot water into city centres and around its
targets.
and lower water requirements, SMRs have the
neighbourhoods. Buildings would need their
potential to be located by inland waterways
boilers replaced with new heat exchangers
within 1020 km of urban centres.
and control systems.
Most leading SMR designs are based on

light water reactor technology. Large amounts
Is such a vision realistic? The challenge

of delivering such a transformation would
250
be huge, both in terms of infrastructure
27%
Potential cost reduction drivers

200
delivery and end-user acceptance. But the

alternatives such as retrofitting millions of
27%
Victorian houses to Passivhaus standards of

efficiency are likely to be of comparable
150
10%
2%
magnitude, and would still require additional
14%
40-50%
100
power plant capacity to be built.

Independent assessments of future energy
costs suggest SMRs may be more expensive
than large nuclear plants or onshore wind

when considering electricity only. But the
additional revenue from heat sales could

FOAK
1x100MW
Factory
production
Site based Multiple units Early power

activities
(x4)
Lower
WACC
Heat value
transform this picture.

Heat extraction will require only a modest
Figure 3. Impact of main cost reduction drivers in SMR cost scenario

Source: Mott MacDonald, System Requirements for Alternative Nuclear Technologies Summary Report
58
uplift in plant capital costs. Extra revenues from

heat supply could make SMRs competitive
Nuclear
Sampling & Analysing Systems
with other forms of generation, including other CHP technologies.
Nearly 20 GW of coal capacity supplied one-third of the UKs
electricity in 2015. The governments current proposal is to close all of
these plants within a decade.
Based on an assessment of the time required for detailed design,
testing, licensing, first-of-a-kind demonstration and supply chain
mobilization, a realistic development programme could see marketleading SMRs ready for mass deployment in the early 2030s, more than
five years after the last coal plant closes. To meet these timescales,
Components &
high-pressure technology
for supercritical
operating conditions
entering one or more SMR designs into the UKs nuclear licensing
process will need to be a near-term priority.
Modelling by the UKs Energy Technologies Institute suggests that a
fleet of SMRs could sit alongside large reactors and offshore wind farms
in the future, contributing around one fifth of the UKs electricity and one
quarter of total space heat production by mid-century.
A global race
It doesnt necessarily follow from these potential benefits that the UK
government should invest in SMR technology development. After all,
why not simply import at a later date from the US, China or elsewhere?
One reason would be to ensure that specific requirements such
as flexible heat extraction are incorporated into SMR designs. Another
would be to ensure the technology is ready for deployment when it is
needed in the 2030s.
7r5s of
Yea
lity &
High Qua ce in
n
Performa ng
li
p
Sam
ing
& Analys
But for the Chancellor, who aims to position the UK as a global

leader in innovative nuclear technologies, it is the potential economic
gains from manufacture, export and jobs that appeal most.
Technology
and
be
there
are
overcome
development
fundamental
for
is
high-risk
challenges
gigawatt-scale
endeavour,
that
will
need
to
deployment
of
SMRs
in
the UK.
Vendors need to prove their claims relating to cost reductions and
safety can be achieved in practice.
Innovation in renewables, power storage, efficiency and smart
technologies, driven by fast manufacturing cycles, is yielding rapid cost
reductions and improving performance. By the time SMRs are ready for
mass deployment in the 2030s, might their market have disappeared?
And, in any case, will SMRs be acceptable to the public? The closestto-market SMR technologies produce the same waste as current large
reactors and will need refueling every few years. New sites closer to
demand may be attractive from an energy system perspective, but
perhaps not to residents of the cities in question.
Overall, the challenges associated with SMR deployment are likely to
be of similar magnitude to those faced by CCS. At the same time, recent
work suggests that if these challenges can be overcome, then smaller,
flexible nuclear technologies could play an important role in the UKs
future energy system. With the Chancellors 250 million to accelerate
R&D and the worsening effects of climate change affecting public
attitudes, the next five years will be interesting for SMRs.
Sam Friggens is an energy economist at Mott MacDonald and was joint
author of the System Requirements for Alternative Nuclear Technologies
Project GKM 9
Sampling System
Report (2015), commissioned by the Energy Technologies Institute.
Dr. Thiedig Engineering Solutions

thiedig.com
Interview: David Walker, DNV GL Energy
The
trilemma
dilemma
The energy trilemma is no longer an equilateral triangle its an isosceles triangle
and its skewed towards two sides, David Walker tells Kelvin Ross
t always comes back to politics
all over the world, and actually started the
more important in the energy trilemma its
when you talk about the future of
solar revolution by and large.
not an equilateral triangle any more, its an
Europes energy mix.
So, from a renewables standpoint, the
So says David Walker, chief
Energiewende has been great, but as Walker
executive of DNV GL, as we discuss
stresses, the issue is the whole thing of brown
the impact of Germanys energy
coal.
isosceles triangle and its skewed towards two

sides at the moment. Thats where we are at.
On the wider European energy mix,
Walker says: I think we will continue to see an
transition. Its been five years since Germany
He says the German government was very
increase in renewables, both wind and solar.
announced its decision to withdraw from
brave in shutting down nuclear but has been
The question for me is the discussion between
nuclear following the Fukushima accident, but
unwilling to show similar courage in tackling
lignite and gas, and the fact that gas has
the so-called Energiewende was several years
coal, which he argues could be displaced by
been pushed to be the most expensive fuel,
underway by then.
more renewables and storage.
effectively.
What does Walker think has been the
Hopefully brown coals time is limited but
He explains: On a marginal cost basis it
impact of Germanys new power blueprint?
its going to be a very brave person that does
goes: wind, then nuclear, lignite, hard coal,
If you look at the effect that the transition has
it.
black coal and then you get gas at the far
had globally, it has probably been one of the
Walker who started his career as a
end. Are gas prices going to come down to
geologist for oil company Amoco and was
allow it to compete with brown coal and hard
The Energiewende push for renewables
later president of BHP Billitons petroleum
coal? I think thats going to be an interesting
encouraged solar in Germany, which made
operations says that when it comes to
question for Europes future.
Germany at one time the largest solar market
politics,it would appear that affordability and
But if politicians want to look at the climate
in the world. It then encouraged Chinese
security of supply are now more important
change issue, then they have to look at why
manufacturers to produce solar panels on a
than sustainability in many countries.
we would want to be burning brown coal the
single biggest factors in influencing solar.
global scale, pushed down the price of solar
60
Affordability and reliability have become
most polluting of fuels. Why are we importing
Interview: David Walker, DNV GL Energy
coal all the way from America to burn in power
at the moment. The key thing for the industry
put it in deeper waters over the horizon. Thats
stations in Europe when we have local gas or
is getting the price down. We have to improve
quite attractive but you have to keep the cost
access to cheaper gas. Thats what politicians
and cheapen the cost of installation, and the
down.
have to think about where do they want
cost of connecting them to the grid is almost
But in terms of resource, its huge.The wind
Europe to go? Theyve set all these goals in
double the cost of an onshore development,
always blows harder and faster offshore
terms of lowering emissions, but to me, it may
so thats something else we have got to look it.
thats a fact.
have been better if wed had the old system in
Its really a cost question for large-scale
the EU where individual countries had to meet
offshore wind. The actual turbines have been
their targets.
demonstrated and floating offshore wind
One thing Walker is certain of is the
could be a whole new ball game: you can
importance of interconnections. He says that

it is certainly possible to bring solar from the
Mediterranean into north-west Europe.
So why isnt it happening? Investment or
rather the lack of it is the answer, although
theres no shortage of investment in other
forms of power, and here Walker stresses that
FOR SALE
it is a case of picking a priority: Theres going

to be huge amounts of investment, but the
investment in a nuclear power station versus
the investment in an interconnector that
could access someone elses renewables
somewhere else in Europe thats the question:
Used Pratt & Whitney FT4

Power Generation Equipment
which one should you put your money in?

However, he adds that theres no doubt
that Britain, Belgium and Germany are well
placed in terms of accessing interconnectivity.
Thats something we can see growing. It can
displace the need for capacity markets and
it can displace the need for conventional
power, because you can use the renewables
and interconnectors together on a scale that
is greater than has been done historically.
The technology is there.
As he raises the subject of building new
nuclear, I wonder if he thinks a new fleet of
reactors as the UK plans to build is the right
choice of bedfellow for the increased number
of renewables coming onto the grid.
I think that the jurys out. But the big
question will be, how do you replace those big
nuclear stations over time? Is Hinkley Point and
the next one or two going to be the future, or
is something else going to come along in the
interim?
For the foreseeable future we are going
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He adds that if we can get the cost of

offshore wind down further then I think it would
quite easily compete with nuclear and be a
more interesting part of the energy mix than
it currently is.
Offshore wind is clearly under-developed
61
Dry sorbent injection modular test unit

Credit: UCC
Emissions compliance
Meeting European
regulations for removing
SOx and mercury
Dry sorbent injection
and activated carbon
injection are evolving and
improving as methods
of SOx and acid gas
removal at a low capital
cost, write Conner Cox
and Jon Norman
he
Council
Union
has
of
the
European
published
municipal waste combustors with sodium
Industrial Emissions Directive (IED,
bicarbonate (SBC) and hydrated lime as the
2010/75/EU) to set limitations for
primary sorbents used to reduce acid gases.
emissions.
removal with ESPs and fabric filters. When used
by a working draft of the best available
in conjunction with in-line milling, removal
techniques (BAT) from the European IPPC
rates up to 98 per cent have been recorded
Bureau to define the available technologies to
with fabric filters and over 90 per cent with
achieve those limitations.
ESPs.
This regulation reduces the amount of
In-line milling allows the SBC to be stored in
allowable emissions from industrial boilers,
a larger particle size, which promotes feeding
including SOx dust and mercury (Hg). In order
from the silo. Particle size is then reduced
to achieve the new regulations, plants are
through the mill to increase the surface area
evaluating available technologies, such as dry
available to react in the ductwork.
sorbent injection (DSI) and activated carbon
Similarly, hydrated lime is regularly used
injection (ACI) systems for the reduction of
for the reduction of acid gases from hard
acid gases and mercury.
coal and lignite boilers. The equipment is very
DSI (BREF Section 10.8) is listed as an
similar to an SBC injection system. However, the
applicable BAT for hard coal or lignite units
sorbent is delivered in a very fine and porous
less than 300 MW, when used in combination
state. Advanced hydrated lime products have
with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or fabric
achieved moderate to high levels of SO2
filter.This proven technology is used extensively
removal when used in conjunction with a
in the US for the reduction of SO2, SO3 and HCl
fabric filter.
DSI systems have also been implemented
SBC is typically used for high levels of SO2
This has been accompanied
emissions.
62
throughout Europe for years, primarily for
the
Typically, hydrated lime injection rates

required for high SO2 removals are higher than
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SBC injection rates for similar performance.
SO2 Removal vs Injection Rate
The use of hydrated lime can allow fly ash to

remain salable, whereas SBC cannot.
100
The traditional role for hydrated lime has

been the removal of HCl and SO3.
When
compared to SO2, these acid gases appear
90
80
in smaller quantities and are much more

reactive with the hydrated lime product,
and therefore injection rates are drastically
70
Log
(Baghouse - Milled SBC)
60
reduced. Hydrated lime injection has been

shown to remove >95 per cent HCl and SO3.
This method optimizes activated carbon
50
Log
(ESP - Milled SBC)
40
injection (ACI) through the reduction of SO3

30
interference.
Log
(Baghouse -Standard Hydrate)
20
Mercury reduction
The US has recently implemented the Mercury
and Air Toxics Standard (MATS), as well as the
10
0
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
Injection Rate
(MACT) regulations for the reduction of
Figure 1. Dry sorbent injection modular test unit

Credit: UCC
hazardous air pollutants, including mercury

(Hg), from electric generating units and
industrial boilers. As a result, hundreds of
ACI systems have been installed and are
oxidation with little to no halogen content due
successfully
to concerns around corrosion associated with
For units with high SO3 levels (>5 ppm),
bromine and other halogens. Other sorbents
typical on units with SCRs and/or using
achieving
compliance
by
injecting powdered activated carbon (PAC).

The
BREF
document
states
that
the filter cake.
the
have moved away from carbon altogether
higher sulphur coals, the SO3 interferes with
primary methods for removal of Hg from flue
and strive to remove Hg using bentonite or
the PAC performance by blocking the pores
gas include Hg oxidation through an SCR
iron-based products. These products can vary
that would otherwise adsorb Hg. To combat
and capture by a wet scrubber, or sorbent
dramatically in performance, depending on
this, hydrated lime is often injected upstream
injection into a fabric filter, ESP or other device.
the application. The graph on page 4 shows
of ACI to remove the SO3 prior to injection of
Very similar to a DSI system, ACI technology
different performance for a variety of PAC
PAC. Ideally, the injection of hydrated lime
is relatively simple, low capital cost, easy to
sorbents used in a recent test in Europe.
will occur a minimum of one second prior to
install, and reliable. Problems with plugging,
the injection of PAC. When enough ductwork
abrasion, and corrosion can occur; however,
Injection locations
exists, both injections should occur prior to the
this takes place when the system is not
There is no one-size-fits-all solution for the
air pre-heater.
designed properly for the product.
multi-pollutant control that is required to
For units also needing high levels of SO2
There is a large number of ever-improving
meet the IED limits. Industry testing has shown
removal, the use of DSI to target SO2 will
sorbents available for Hg removal from flue
that performance of the acid gas and Hg
drastically reduce the SO3 and HCl levels.
gas. These include PACs with and without
sorbents depends greatly on residence time,
This can help the performance of PAC by
oxidizing agents, as well as non-carbon
particulate removal device, other air pollution
removing the SO3, but it can also negatively
products.
control equipment and mixing.
affect Hg reduction by removing halogens like
The type of sorbent required is
dependent on the unit where ACI is applied.
By injecting PAC upstream of the air
Mercury is much easier to capture on sorbents
pre-heater (GE Powers patented Mercure
Cl that would assist in Hg oxidation.

When using SBC for SO2 removal on low
or in other pollution control devices when it is
Process), more residence time and mixing
sulphur coals, a beneficial strategy is to inject
in the oxidized (Hg2+) state.
is provided before the PAC is removed from
PAC upstream of the air heater and SBC
Oxidants can be fed into the system at a
the flue gas. This is highly beneficial for
downstream. This allows the PAC to adsorb
number of locations. For some, application of
overall mercury removal performance and
Hg before the HCL is removed, and provides
a calcium bromide (CaBr2) solution on the
sorbent usage optimization. Recent testing
the ideal temperature window for SBC. If SBC
coal feeders provides the oxidation required
has shown up to a 50 per cent reduction in
is injected at temperatures above 350oC, the
and allows the use of a lower-cost, non-
PAC usage is possible. Mixing for all sorbents
product softens and loses porosity. Conversely,
oxidizing PAC. Other plants find that the use of
is further improved through the use of proper
on high sulphur coal units (with high SO3
an oxidizing PAC is required in order to achieve
distribution splitters and mixing devices. The
levels), it is usually best to inject the DSI sorbent
the removals needed to meet the limits.
use of a fabric filter for particulate removal
at the air heater inlet and PAC downstream as
Specialty sorbents, like Carbonxts CXT-
also provides increased performance due to
described in the previous paragraph. Firms
2100, have been designed to provide the
added residence time while the sorbent is on
experienced with DSI and ACI should be
64
duct. This alleviates difficult venting required

with other entraining methods.
Hg Removal vs Injection Rate
With the increased cost per kg of typical
100
PACs,
distribution
through
well-designed
splitters and lances is even more important. It
90
is recommended to design the injection grid

based on computational fluidized dynamics
80
(CFD) modelling to achieve the best sorbent

dispersion. This is true for both DSI and ACI
70
systems.
60
Project cost
50
Capital
cost
can
vary
depending
on
project scope, injection rate and degree

40
of modularization and it can typically be

completed in less than 12 months.
30
Operating costs for these systems are

driven mainly by the type of sorbent selected,
20
injection rates required, sorbent price and

freight. Injection rates and operating costs
10
can be closely estimated by experienced

DSI/ACI suppliers for a specific application,
given the details of the unit.
Injection Rate
Although DSI and ACI are well understood
Figure 2. Activated carbon injection modular unit

Credit: UCC
technologies, testing on specific units is often

recommended to understand the optimum
injection rates and balance of plant effects
prior to implementation of the permanent
consulted to determine the best strategy for a
cost of the system.
given unit/fuel.
mill, like UCCs VIPER Mill, further improves
testing equipment, similar to the modular
sorbent usage, while minimizing storage and
systems available for permanent installation,
feed issues. These systems can be custom
in both Europe and the US. Testing equipment
engineered or supplied in modular fashion
is usually installed the week prior to testing
based on the application.
and demobilized the week following. Testing
It is also recommended to test at the

specific
unit
to
demonstrate
the
best
application for the unique situation.

The equipment required for a DSI system is
The use of an in-line
system.
UCC currently maintains mobile
relatively simple, low capital cost and reliable,
ACI equipment is very similar to the
but when engineered incorrectly the systems
DSI equipment. Due to the relatively small
will regularly plug, wear and underperform.
injection rates required and the increased
Dry sorbent injection is a proven technology
Therefore, only experienced, reputable DSI
cost of the sorbent, the equipment is typically
that provides SOx and acid gas removal at
firms should provide these systems. The basic
smaller and designed for finer control of
a low capital cost. For most smaller units,
system consists of a storage silo equipped
injection rate.
DSI will also provide the lowest annualized
with one or more feed trains. The feed trains
cost solution. With a range of additional
typically include measurement for injection
to maintain injection rates to within 2 per
benefits including reduction of PAC usage, air
rate, as well as a variable speed feeder to
cent of desired, and the splitters and lance
preheater plugging and backend corrosion,
meter the sorbent into the conveying line. A
designs are even more important for proper
DSI is a flexible technology with many
positive displacement blower provides the
distribution. PAC is also less affected by
applications. Activated Carbon Injection has
motive air to convey the sorbent in dilute
temperature and humidity in the conveying
continued to evolve and improve as well,
phase from the feed point, through the splitter
line, so heat exchangers and dehumidifiers
making systems and sorbents more effective
to lances, and into the ductwork.
are not commonly used.
This allows the
and better performing. ACI has become a
equipment to be installed inside the silo skirt,
standard, proven technology for Hg reduction.
properly designed and sized to minimize
equipment
is
usually
one and three weeks.
designed
Each of these components must be
This
durations vary, but typically average between
or in a modular unit with or without a silo.
pressure drop, plugging, and wear on the
A frequent method for entraining PAC
Conner Cox is Process Engineer and Jon
conveying line, while maintaining proper
into the conveying line is the use of an air
Norman is DSI Technology Manager at United
velocities and distribution. A system that
eductor. This device provides a suction at the
Conveyor Corporation.
accurately distributes sorbent throughout the
feed point and is powered by the positive
ductwork will provide the optimum usage of
displacement blower that then provides the
sorbent, significantly reducing the operating
motive air for conveying the product to the
66
PEX
Viewpoint: Emissions
Credit: Hint
Enforcing
sustainability with
a carbon tax
A global CO2 tax is an effective means to face the climate crisis, but it was a
missed opportunity at COP21, writes Wouter Last
educing CO2 emissions and
Where
Europe
formerly
contributed
limiting global warming how
45 per cent of global investments, this is now
would you do that?
only 18 per cent.That is true even for Germany,
By consuming fewer fossil
a country that has been relatively successful
fuels and by committing to more
with its Energiewende, with a sustainable
renewable energy sources at
share of nearly 30 per cent in its total supply.
least according to the COP21 agreement.

All very true, but this transition wont
For the time being, sustainable energy is still so
few decades. Numerous climate targets have
expensive that it is not feasible for the industry
been set by countries, but the temperature
to widely use alternatives to oil and gas. The
of the Earth continues to increase. In the
petrochemical and process industries need
European Union, investments in clean energy
the supply of oil and gas to keep producing.
actually
Low energy prices also provide little urgency
to 2010.
68
CO2 tax as incentive
happen by itself, as we have noticed in the last
decreased
in
2015, compared
to switch to alternatives. In addition, fossil
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Ofces The Netherlands - India - USA - Brazil - Singapore

13
Viewpoint: Emissions
fuels are still around and there are still new oil
term objectives will create a lot of additional
reserves found and won. That will not change

quickly over the next decade.
At the moment, the biggest polluters are
the manufacturing industry, transport and the
real estate sector. All three induce high CO2
emissions. On the one hand, this is because
energy efficiency is often not a spearhead for
processes and technologies.
business opportunities. Plans for the next five
COP21 could
have been used
to issue concrete
measures with a tax
on emissions as its
flagship
or 10 years are a lot better to oversee than

objectives that are 85 years in the future,
which has the advantage of making it easier
to convince entrepreneurs and citizens of the
importance of sustainability.
One example of this is the new market
that will emerge for measuring and analyzing
On the other hand, it is because they use
emissions at factories and plants. Because
the most polluting fuels. Developing and using
we all have to comply with strict emissions
sustainable technology is not economically
An example: the maintenance of wind
requirements, a lot will need to be measured.
viable. Blowing off CO2, on the other hand, is
turbines at sea is still very expensive and
The market involved in this will strongly develop
just about free.
cumbersome.
in the coming years.
How
can
we
force
businesses
Remote
monitoring
and
to
predictive maintenance with the help of
Currently, measuring methods are not
investigate alternatives and get started with
ICT solutions can help. By working remotely,
optimal and we often dont know exactly
the development of sustainable production
you will need fewer resources, work more
which gases are being emitted and in what
methods? Relatively speaking, governments
efficiently, and be able to perform preventive
quantities. Systems to analyze gases for
and businesses get a lot of freedom in the way
maintenance. This
properties such as pressure, temperature
they comply with the agreements made. Thisis
rather than having to solve them afterwards.
prevents
interruptions,
and composition make it possible to collect
is basically a waste of a broad-based initiative
In many cases, remote monitoring saves a
such as COP21, which could have been used
lot of labour and money, because operators
Much of the required technology already
to issue concrete measures with a tax on
can prevent a technical problem getting out
exists. The software that we need is already
emissions as its flagship.
of control. But, at present, automation solutions
developed, but is currently being used for
are used insufficiently even though they are
other applications. With a few small tweaks,
already common in the oil and gas sector.
we will make great strides in transforming
A global CO2 tax is an effective means

to face the climate crisis and the idea has
supporters throughout the world. Both Shell
In
addition
to
reducing
relevant data on emissions.
emissions,
the functionalities. The market for this will be
and Greenpeace are in favor of CO2 taxation,
companies can also deal with any remaining
gigantic, because the new standards need to
as is a coalition of the World Bank and six
emissions in a more environmentally friendly
be met by everyone worldwide.
countries, including France and Germany.
way. Here, technological innovation also offers
Perhaps mobilizing support worldwide
the solution. Think of CO2 storage in old gas
is still a step too far, but introduction of the
wells, which will also free the last bit of gas
measure in the European Union should be
from the wells. The technology to consume in
feasible. Such a taxation tackles the problem
a much more economical way already offers
at its base, because it makes alternatives to oil
many possibilities, too.
and gas more attractive. This can unleash an

energy revolution within a few years from now.
However, the countries that have drawn
Heat storage in buildings and more

advanced
electric
transport
are
good
examples of this.
The industry needs

to be stimulated
financially before
theyll pick it up
seriously
up plans together in Paris to reduce carbon

emissions at the global level and to restrain
Short-term benefits
the rise in temperature on Earth dont consider
Another factor to consider in stimulating
IT and engineering specialists. At present,
such a tax to be a solution.
companies to deal with sustainable, innovative
though, many of these innovative methods
technologies is the lack of urgency that is felt
are not economically viable. The required
Sustainable technology
by organizations. The new climate objectives
capital exceeds the savings, meaning the
When the emission of greenhouse gases
are set for the year 2100. That is a long way off,
industry needs to be stimulated financially
becomes too expensive, economic concerns
85 years to be exact, and it is basically beyond
before theyll pick it up seriously.
will automatically stimulate businesses to look
anyones imagination.
at other forms of energy, and thus at other

technologies.
So, theres a lot of work in store for plant
This can be accomplished quite easily,
This makes the new climate agreement no
with a hefty tax on greenhouse gases that are
less meaningful, but because of its long-term
released in companies production processes.
Renewable forms of energy, such as wind
focus, it is too far beyond the horizon while,
or solar power, are not yet profitable. Subsidies
in fact, we should already be conscious that
Wouter Last is President of Hint, a consultancy,
are still needed to be able to generate
change is necessary. Why dont we consider
system integrator and service provider based
green energy and supply it to industries and
the short-term benefits that the environmental
in The Netherlands. www.hint-global.com
households. This is because the technologies
agreement can bring us?
have not yet developed far enough to make

sustainability profitable.
70
All the innovations and developments

that are needed to accomplish the longer-
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Credit: London Array Ltd
Wind power
If Europe wants to be
No 1 in renewables
it needs to get its
act together
So says Giles Dickson of trade body
WindEurope, who explains what the sector has
to do to remain cost-competitive.
Kelvin Ross reports
urope risks losing its leadership in
windpower than the EU and now has 145 GW
wind energy without a clear policy
of total capacity to the EUs 142 GW.
vision
for
renewables
towards
2030.
Thats the view of WindEurope
(formerly
China overtaking the EU in wind energy is

watershed moment, says Giles Dickson, chief
the
European
Wind
executive of WindEurope.
It
sends
powerful
message
to
China overtaking the

EU in wind energy is a
watershed moment
Giles Dickson, WindEurope
Energy Association), which says alarm bells
policymakers: if Europe really wants to be
should be ringing across Europe after China
number one in renewables it needs to get
overtook the EU for total installed wind energy
its act together. We need a clear EU vision for
In October 2014, the European Council set
capacity in 2015.
renewables beyond 2020. And great ambition
a target for the EU to meet at least 27 per cent
and clarity from individual Member States.
of its energy needs from renewable energy
China installed almost three times as much
Dickson says Chinas ambition on wind
by 2030. Last year, the European Commission
now far exceeds Europes. Other emerging
launched a consultation on the revision of the
economies have also made big long-term
Renewable Energy Directive which will define
commitments. But today only six out of 28 EU
how Europe will meet its collectively binding
Member States have clear commitments and
2030 target. The Commission is expected to
policies for renewables beyond 2020. This has
adopt a proposal at the end of 2016.
major industrial policy implications.
fighting against several seemingly anti-wind
40 per cent share of the global wind market
policies in Europe, and a key battleground at
and the best technology. But to stay cost-
the moment is Poland.
competitive we need a strong domestic
The Polish wind market was one of the
market. Otherwise itll be China and others that
strongest performing in Europe last year
capture the rapidly growing global market
second only to Germany installing a total of
and eventually outperform us in Europe.
1.3 GW in new capacity as developers pushed
If this happens, Dickson says Europe
forward with new projects. To date, the wind
would be hurt economically. The wind
industry in Poland supports over 8000 jobs
industry supports over a quarter of a million
and generates 600 million zloty ($155 million)
jobs in Europe today, generates 67 billion
in revenue each year.
($77 billion) annual turnover and is the lions

Average turbine height is 140160 metres
Credit: Dong Energy
72
Meanwhile, the European wind industry is
Today Europes wind industry has a
However
according
to
Dickson
the
share of Europes 35 billion renewables
country is facing growing uncertainty on the
exports. We cant take this for granted.
regulatory front.
Windpower
Burbo Bank windfarm off the northwest coast of the UK

Credit: Dong Energy
There are proposals from the Polish Law & Justice ruling party to
restrict the siting of new wind turbines and impose stringent permitting
procedures in a new draft law. The draft legislation suggests that the
minimum distance between households, buildings or nature reserves
should be at least 10 times the total height of a wind turbine.
The average height of a wind turbine from base to blade tip
is between 140 and 160 metres. This would mean that most modern
wind turbines would need to be located at least 1.5 km away from any
residential zone or protected natural area.
Dickson says: This is a clear statement of intent from the governing
party in Poland.The draft law proposed is deeply troubling. It will tie new
projects up in red tape and make life hard for existing wind turbines that
do not meet the legal demands.
HIGH PERFORMANCE
Other measures in the draft law include what WindEurope calls a

long and drawn-out permitting process. If granted, new permits would
last only two years before requiring renewal. Any planned repairs or
maintenance would also require consent.
In addition, the developer would be liable to pay service fees to the
technical authorities, according to the draft law. Non-compliance with
any of these processes could result in a hefty fine or even imprisonment
of up to two years.
Dickson says: The law has set out a lengthy and expensive
permitting procedure that would hinder the development of projects
in Poland and effectively deem new projects unviable. Imposing these
rules will damage investor confidence and put the brakes on future
deployment in a country with huge potential.
Klaus Steen Mortensen, president of Vestas Northern Europe, says he
is concerned with the Polish proposals on wind investments but we are
ready to take the dialogue. Lets look at what they have done in other
countries. In Denmark, for example, the rule is about four times tip height
and the population density is even a bit higher in Denmark than in
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And Cliff Harris, general manager at GE Renewable Energy EMEA,
says that if Poland wants to maintain its windpower momentum the
investors in the energy sector need policy certainty and long-term
goals and a stable regulatory framework to allow investments. Properly
designed, Polish energy policy will resolve the energy trilemma by
driving security of supplies, emissions reduction and eliminating energy
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73
The Abakan solar PV plant

Solar power
Solar in Siberia
Siberia may not seem like the most obvious place to build a solar power plant, but
Russias largest independent power company disagrees. Tildy Bayar spoke with
EuroSibEnergo about its new PV plant and its plans for future solar development
n the eve of Russias
that his firm has the opportunity to increase
is primarily produced by hydro plants and
Energy Industry Workers
[the plants capacity] by several times.
heating is mostly produced by coal. One of
Day in December 2015,
When we built a smaller plant, we also
the aims of the solar PV plant, he says, was to
largest
invested in infrastructure in connection to the
replace coal-fired energy production from a
power
grid and other things, so when we expand it we
plant located within Abakans city limits with a
launched
dont have to incur those costs. So expansion
more environmentally-friendly solution.
Siberias biggest solar photovoltaic (PV) plant
will be much cheaper than the initial
in Abakan, capital city of the Republic of
RUB600
Khakassia.
explained.
the
countrys
privately-held
company
million
($8
million)
project, he
The PV plant will supply around 3.3 per cent

of the citys energy needs, and is expected to
save around 8000 tonnes of carbon emissions
The launch was presided over by Prime
Although Siberia does not immediately
Minister Dmitry Medvedev via teleconference
come to mind when thinking of places in
per year.
from Moscow and attended by Viktor Zimin,
the world with high solar power potential,
The plant in operation
head of the Republic of Khakassia, and
the region actually features a high DNI and
The Abakan PV plant has now been running
representatives of Russias energy ministry.
Abakan boasts an average of over 310 sunny
for three months, and Solomin says its
The 5.2 MW plant is no longer Siberias
days per year. According to EuroSibEnergo,
performance has been stable. He adds that
largest, having been superseded by a
the citys solar power potential, if exploited,
weve had a pretty good experience with its
10
could potentially cut its annual coal-fired
performance, and I dont even think we have
power production by 5000 tonnes.
any technical issues with this plant, so its quite
MW
solar
installation.
However,
EuroSibEnergo, the company behind the

project, says it is considering an expansion of
Solomin describes Siberias energy mix as
the Abakan plants 20,000 PV modules and
primarily big hydropower plants, but because
a successful plant.
However, he adds that it does have
18 square hectares to use more of the 90 ha of
it is Siberia, heating in homes is usually through
some peculiarities, because its Siberia.
unused space that surrounds it.
a central [district] heating system. So we have
The problems normally associated with solar
Vyacheslav Solomin, EuroSibEnergos chief
combined heat and power (CHP) plants,
plants in hot climates, such as dust and sand,
executive, told Power Engineering International
and most of them are coal-fired. Electricity
are present in Abakan during the summer
74
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ne.com
Solar power
months but are not really such a big issue,

he says. Instead there is snow but even this is
not a big issue according to Solomin.
Siberia is a very dry region so theres not
much snow, he explains.Siberia doesnt have
a lot of storms, it is mostly the high atmospheric
pressure, so it is very clear. But the snow, while
it mostly slides off the solar panels, can be a
problem.
When the plant was built we did consider
[the snow] factor, he says.We did think about
it, but we didnt predict the intensity of that
event.
The main operational issue for the plant
has been condensation, as Solomin explains:
There is a river nearby, and a big hydropower
plant on that river which prevents the water
Vyacheslav Solomin
from freezing. A lot of steam goes up during

winter, so at -35oC the water is open, without
ice. The moisture evaporates into the air and
condenses on the panels like frost, not like
receive a guaranteed premium price for their
to confine the increase in power price to the
snow.
power for a period of 10 to 15 years.
region where a project is sited.
So, he says, until the sun comes up at
There are no cases where the subsidys
Then there is another idea to not give more
midday we do have low efficiency much
conditions have retroactively been changed,
government subsidies to new [renewable]
lower than we thought. Even though the
says Solomin, so the system is fairly stable
projects, he adds, but to let them be in the
weather itself is pretty good, with over 300
and renewable power project developers
marketplace to replace heavy fuel oil or diesel
sunny days throughout the year, the moisture
are able to get the expected returns on their
plants in remote areas.
from the air is a big issue. Not every day, and
investments. However, he adds that these
There are several ideas about how this
in special weather conditions when theres no
are not particularly great economic times,
market may evolve. It may stay as it is, some
wind and its very cold, thats when we have
so people are not investing at the same
limits may be imposed on it, or it may develop
[this problem].
rate as the government thought when the
into some market price idea to replace
programme was adopted.
expensive [diesel] generators.
This is a unique issue for a solar plant:

Nobody in the world has this problem,
Solomin says. EuroSibEnergo is now working
In addition, he says the subsidy is not

popular with many sectors in Russia.
For EuroSibEnergo, he says, as we have

customers in remote areas, sometimes its
with scientists to find a solution. Were
If more [renewable power] producers
cheaper to build a small solar plant instead
thinking about hydrophobic and hydrophilic
sell this premium electricity to the market, he
of building a power line to that area. Were
substances to make [the panels] clear so
explains, then somebody has to pay for it so
moving in that direction, and I think the
the sun can go through the ice, he says.
the market evenly distributes the premium
economic condition in Russia is not improving
The company expects to begin testing these
to all customers in the country. Its not just a
so the government will have to impose certain
coatings during the coming winter, so by the
choice for a certain group of people who
restrictions, because ultimately somebody has
middle of the winter we will get some solution.
want to pay for green power so there is
to pay for all this new technology.
For now, the panels are cleaned manually:
growing resistance from businesses who
Were going a very traditional way, says
do not necessarily want to be part of that
Going off-grid
Solomin.
story. They want to have an option, but so far
The idea of off-grid renewable power projects
nobody has a choice.
is gaining popularity in Russia, Solomin notes,
Renewables in Russia
For example, customers sit at the other
because grid connection prices are rising. A
Russia aims to add 6 GW of renewable power
end of the country but their electricity is more
lot of businesses choose to have their own
capacity including solar PV, wind and small
expensive because, 5000 km away, somebody
power generator not necessarily connected
hydropower by 2025, although Solomin says
builds a solar power plant.
to the grid, he says.
a lot of people are sceptical than this level
If anything changes in the [subsidy
From the Soviet past, a lot of industry and
will be achieved due to Russias current
scheme], it will be because of that distribution
energy production was highly concentrated,
economic difficulties.
mechanism.
and this meant the construction of super-long
EuroSibEnergo is among a number of
Ideas are afloat in Russia for how to deal
power lines. So we do have HV lines, but the
utilities developing renewable power projects
with this problem, he says, including initiatives
power distribution networks are not in good
under a subsidy programme approved in
designed to limit the number of renewable
shape. Sometimes maintenance of those
2013. Winners of government-run auctions
power projects that can be developed, or
distribution lines is quite expensive line losses
76
Solar power
projects to compete with hydropower anytime

soon. Our company is more about hydro
than solar, he says. Solar is our pilot project.
In the future he expects solar plants to grow
in popularity and to replace a significant
number of smaller coal-fired plants, but they
will still be fairly small compared to hydro
dams, in terms of power production.
As
hydropower
project
developer,
EuroSibEnergo has found solar power plants

easier to do, with a clear canonic model,
Solomin says.When we build hydro plants we
have to understand exactly what the offtakers
of power should be: a new consumer nearby,
and no subsidy.
Condensation on solar panels is an issue EuroSibEnergo is working to solve
When we consider building a new

hydro plant near Krasnoyarsk, were talking
about creating an industrial cluster around
can reach up to 30 per cent so there are a
to buy the equipment and produce silicon
it with metal smelters, manufacturing, a lot
lot of issues in this area.
blocks than to hire some other company to
of businesses. The hydro plant will be a core
do that. The silicon itself was also produced in
element of that industrial cluster. We havent
Russia.
come to the idea that we can build industrial
For mid-sized businesses, he says, once

all costs are considered, it is often cheaper
to generate power for self-consumption than
It may be cheaper to buy material from,
clusters around solar plants, so more auxiliary
to pay for grid restoration. These distributed
say, China, but then you dont get the subsidy.
solar plants is a good business by itself, but
power solutions can include solar systems,
The local content requirement is one of
hydro plants are more of a driver for a regional
wind turbines and small gas-fired plants.
the obstacles why renewable energy is not as
economy.
Solomin is positive about this trend. At the
popular in Russia as in other places, he says.
The impetus for building the Abakan plant
end of the day, all this distributed generation
First, it is expensive to do in small volumes.
was to get in at the beginning of solar power
will be grid-connected and that will drive the
Companies like Iberdrola would not bring
development in Russia, he adds. With a solar
construction and development of smart grid
their plant to produce wind farms in Russia.
plant, its a new technology and we wanted to
technology, he says.
If you want to build 30 MW rather than a
understand how it works. We understand that
gigawatt like in European countries, there is no
it is going to develop and we want to be part
Doing it yourself
economy of scale. So, he says, the requirement
of that story and to have the technology.
For renewable power projects in Russia that
ensures that the technology associated with
The company aims to use its experience
want to build under the subsidy scheme, there
renewable power projects comes to Russia,
from the Abakan plant in several ways. First,
is a local content requirement designed to
but has also limited its uptake.
Solomin says, we are considering building
grow manufacturing and technology in the
Solomin is cautiously positive about the
new solar power plants. Second, we are
country. You can build a solar or wind plant
future of the sector, though. If more and more
talking with other companies who work in this
for yourself and connect it to the grid, and
companies start going into such projects,
area so we can provide a service to build and
you can do it without the subsidy, Solomin
he says, it will be more economical for
produce equipment, produce inverters and
says, but if you want to get the subsidy there
component production to come into Russia.
grow the silicon ingots. And we now have the
is a special procedure with the auction and
engineering knowledge in this area; we know
a percentage of domestic technology is
Looking ahead
required.
EuroSibEnergos main business is hydropower.
EuroSibEnergo will focus initially on solar
When EuroSibEnergo built the Abakan
The company is Russias largest privately-held
project development in Siberia and other
PV plant, the local content requirement was
power producer and owns the countrys four
Russian regions, although Solomin says the
55 per cent; it has now been raised to 70 per
biggest power plants, all hydro. Its parent firm,
company is working with other countries
cent. To fulfil this requirement, EuroSibEnergo
En+ Group, also owns UC Rusal, the worlds
primarily in the area of hydro, but we might
established its own multicrystalline silicon
second-largest aluminium producer, which is
well go with solar technology too.
ingot production facility in the city of Angarsk
a key offtaker of its power. And the potential
This was our first project and we have to
in the Irkutsk region, and an inverter assembly
for hydropower in Russia is huge according
go through the learning curve before we bring
factory in the city of Divnogorsk in Krasnoyarsk
to the company, especially in Siberia, which
it to other countries. Were at an early stage
Territory.
boasts the worlds second-largest hydropower
well have to see how it goes.
Of course because the market to produce

silicon is not really developed in Russia we
calculated, Solomin says,and it was cheaper
78
how to build the plant.
potential but currently uses only 20 per cent of

the available water resource.
Solomin doesnt expect Russian solar
Q&A: Security of supply
Security in the
spotlight
Q&A
Europes energy transition has placed the sector under strain.

As the industry prepares to convene for POWER-GEN Europe in
Milan in June, Power Engineering International invited a panel
of experts to debate Europes security of supply
Q:
What is the current state of security in the
are only a small percentage of the system.
system?
You might have five interconnectors, but if

each is only one megawatt then theyre the
equivalent of a 5 MW power plant. Until we
A:
get a much more meshed network across

Rudy Koenig: Precarious might be the right
countries then theres only a limit as to how
word, though it depends how you define it. In
useful they can be.
ROUNDTABLE PARTICIPANTS:
Azad Camyab
Chief executive, Pearlstone Energy
Simon Hobday
Partner, Osborne Clarke
Rudy Koenig
the wider sense I think were okay for the time
Also, interconnectors arent a one-way
being, but I think many of the things that are
bet. Think about it. If were facing a period of
currently happening, across Europe at least,
inclement weather, we are not going to be the
Chief
are threatening that and not all of those
only ones. So, there are two areas of interest
Power Europe
threats are being addressed.
around security: on a local level, where people
Simon Hobday:
Is security of supply Are
want to know if the lights are staying on, and
the lights going to go out? Or do we mean
then theres the wider fuel source. The two are
as theyre too unreliable. The central question
Is there enough fuel to produce power? I
related but theyre separate.
is: how do we keep the lights on a cold winters
think the two have been slightly mixed up at
Azad Camyab: Simply put, its not very good.
day in February when theres no sun and very
some levels. We have a challenge in the UK
Changes to the regulatory landscape across
little wind?
around producing enough electricity, which
the continent are taking capacity out of the
With that in mind, Id say the gross revenue
could cause brownouts or blackouts. But its
system. EU Directives, such as the Industrial
for our dispatchable plants is a bit low, and this
not just about energy production; its also key
Emissions Directive and the Large Combustion
is a worry since it leads to pressure to mothball
to understanding the value of electricity and
Plant
taking
our most reliable power sources. Security of
when you use it and when you dont.
15 to 20 per cent of UK capacity out of the
supply will become an issue when weve shut
So, for example, a widget maker who
market between 2016 and 2020. So credible
these plants down and renewable sources
makes an hourly profit of 5000 ($7300) might
organizations such as the Royal Academy
struggle to make up the difference. Well find
be able to save 10,000 in energy costs at
of Engineering say were heading towards a
ourselves asking if it was really worth it.
a time when power is expensive. If potential
capacity crunch.
Directive
for
example, are
Principal, QENIQ Advisory

Peter Ramm
Operating
Officer, Advanced
When regulations have that effect you
savings outweigh projected profits, why would
In fact, the regulator predicts that the UKs
need to build new capacity back into the
they make widgets at that time? Theyd get
reserve capacity margin is set to fall to less
system, but thats not really happening.
more value from powering down, conserving
than 1.5 per cent from 2016 onwards. To put
Whether its because of the effect of the oil
energy and manufacturing at a different time.
that figure in context, when I joined the market
price on CCGTs or on the slow development
So, you know, again its difficult to look at
just over 20 years ago this margin was around
of nuclear even if we were to build now,
these things in isolation. From an international
23 per cent.
capacity wouldnt come online until at least
perspective, people place a lot of emphasis
Peter Ramm: We need to be careful when we
2026, leaving us hugely vulnerable in the
on interconnectors. But the interconnectors
think about this and to dismiss renewables
meantime.
80
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This ability enables them to sh at a much
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Q&A
rapidly, which could have a huge effect on the
it puts a lot of stress on the system due to the
market from that perspective as well.
volatility of the supplies that theyre bringing
SH: Its that combination of events that no one
into the market.
could predict beforehand. Imagine, its a cold
But, on the other hand, they also cost a lot
period in March for three or four weeks with
of money. So they not only hurt conventional
snow, towards the end of the winter so stocks
supply, they also absorb huge amounts of
are low. A plant has to go offline for unforeseen
capital.
maintenance, rather than it being scheduled
future and taking capacity out of the market.
a blade shatters or a pump blows and
SH: Increased intermittency is driving TGCT
youre in a situation where youre already
and coal to not be economically efficient and
constraining off demand and theres nothing
putting new costs onto operating networks.
else to give. For me, thats the biggest one.
AC: Theyre directly affecting it. Promoting
Historically weve had the margin to cope,
Credit: Dong Energy
Were almost taking a mortgage out on the
in the summer, and then something happens
intermittent
generation
that
transmission
but we dont at the moment. It will come back,
operators cant rely on has led to a real sense
but its just not there now.
of inertia.
AC:
In a way its quite simple. Theres a
Ill give you an example. I went to a National
fundamental mismatch between supply and
Grid conference just before Christmas and
demand. On the one hand, there have been
the Grid said that, of its 7.2 GW of solar
Q:
delays to large-scale generation projects
capacity, it cant really account for about
What are the vulnerable points?
across the continent particularly nuclear
4 GW. Thats nearly 60 to 70 per cent. Because
projects. On the other hand, in the UK theres
its unpredictable and they cant really
A:
a mandate to maintain a power balance on
recognize it as such in the system so that is
RK: On the one hand weve got the subsidy
the National Grid. But renewable generation,
a real issue.
system, which is driving developments but
environmentally brilliant though it is, is so
without an underlying plan. And parallel to
unpredictable as to make this very difficult.
the energy landscape has changed for
that is the so-called digital revolution, which,
PR: Theres a fundamental structural issue at
large corporate consumers too. Power is no
while it comprises relatively minor changes in
play here, in that we pay for electricity on a
longer just a commodity. It needs careful
production methods, is leading us into a very
megawatt-hour basis when we should be
and proactive management. So consumers
different future market one which remains
paying for capacity.
are much more sophisticated, using digital
somewhat of a mystery.
Beyond that, the transmission system is
With energy having become more volatile,
methods to control their usage and protect
So we have that big uncertainty to deal
the issue, but were making good progress
their reputations.
with. And, at the same time, were slowly
on improving the interconnectors between
PR: Its as Ive said renewables are at the
chipping away at what we currently have, in
countries
centre of the whole issue as we cant count
the case of Germany, for example. So, on the
through offshore wind.
and
bringing
capacity
online
them towards our capacity when theyre not
one side were taking down the old system,
So then we need to consider the weather.
and in parallel theres a new system that were
Those cold nights in February are getting
dispatchable.
not familiar with and cant be quite sure what
colder and this means a greater demand
Q:
it will lead to.
for energy while renewables are at their lowest
What is being done, and should be done, to
The third thing is that we have a political
supply. It wont be easy to balance supply
address this?
situation wherein fossil fuels are currently
and demand if our technologies cant be
extremely cheap for various reasons, but as
dispatched.
A:
RK: You could have the market fix it, but I think
it is a commodity market it can change very
thats unlikely because politicians intervene.
Q:
The second option is to tackle the three
How is increased renewables penetration
objectives that we always mention in general,
affecting this?
which are security of supply, sustainability and

affordability.
A:
Credit: Siemens
82
Were already doing a lot on sustainability,
RK: Renewables have positive and negative
CO2
effects. On the one hand they introduce
discussions, so politics is doing a lot in this
volatility into the market. That can have
regard. A lot is being done by politicians with
benefits in the long term but, of course, our
regard to affordability.
reduction
and
all
those
climate
market models arent set up to really take
Of course, for the time being, theres not
advantage of those benefits. In the short term
that much they need to do because weve
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equipped with Doosan Skoda Power axial
exhaust steam turbine, 211 MVA electric generator w. AVR brushless excitation system,
high-pressure hydraulic valve drives, electronic TCS/TPS and independent monitoring of
turbine rotor/stator vibrations w. rub diagnostics. The steam turbine is currently the lar-
Turbine respects local preferences and local content is maximized w. most auxiliary
systems being designed and delivered from
India. Execution of the project has been
handed by skilled team of engineers located in New Delhi and Chennai collaborating
w. teams in Czech Republic.
Doosan Skoda Power single casing reheat turbine design is based on veried modular concept of inlet valves, inlet/outlet casings, and last stage blades w. pre designed
LP ow path section. Steam turbine can be
connected by radial exhaust to water cooled condenser or equipped w. axial outlet.
eccentricity measurement module, transient high back-pressure tip LSB-timing measurement, lifetime counter and remote monitoring system w. 24/7 assistance. Long term
service agreement further boosts machine
superior availability.
The turbine machine hall incl. auxiliaries
has been designed, manufactured and
commissioned in 30 months from contract
signature. A power output of 182 MW was
achieved during guarantee measurement
compared to 180 MW contracted. The heat
rate of the steam cycle measured was also
considerably lower compared to guaranteed
180 MW
steam turbine
Doosan
koda Power,
Gummidipoondi,
India
gest single casing reheat steam turbine in India and one of few of its kind in the world
and is based on successful model of Skoda
single casing reheat steam turbines.
The turbine weight of ~200 tons and its
length of ~9 meters (w.o. electric generator) represents signicant savings in STG investment cost, overall machine hall size,
mechanical losses and maintenance costs.
Weight of similar steam turbines in double
casing configuration is in 300+ ton range
w. length of ~15 m. Due to advances in ow
path aerodynamic modelling, strength calculation, dynamic response models and material
properties & quality, this compact machine offers fully comparable efciency to larger and
much more investment extensive solutions.
Maximum size of last stage blades available

for this single casing machine is 48 including
LSBs for operation in very high backpressures particularly suited for ACC. Depending
on STG design parameters, turbine rotor can
be either monoblock 2%Cr differentially heat-treated or heterogeneous welded rotor
w. 9%Cr/3.5%Ni type materials to achieve optimum material properties at stem inlet/outlet
and maximum lifetime. Welded rotor design
can be delivered w. internal cavity for rapid
start up and fast load changes. Steam inlets
from top and bottom for largest size of this
model secure uniform preheat of the casing.
Turbine can be operated is automatic or
semi/automatic mode. Operator-assisted
start up can be supported by patented rotor
value. Similar single-casing reheat steam

turbine for combined cycle is now being commissioned at Pioneer Gas Power Plant near
Pune.
Doosan Skoda Power single-casing steam
turbines in 70-200 MW range represent optimum solution for cost effective small and
middle size plants ready to guarantee operation in tough grid requirements driven by
increasing renewable electricity load share
and rapidly changing power markets.
Lubo Prchlk
Director of Turbogenerator Product
Q&A
is the change of government policy around
need a classic remuneration mechanism
support for renewables. Across Europe theres
to overcome bottlenecks in areas like the
been a reappraisal of priorities.
Pyrenees, or the relatively weak connection
AC: The supply side is one thing, but you need
between France and Spain.
to match a good robust supply strategy with a

good demand strategy.
Credit: Bilfinger
People are also talking a lot about energy

storage. I suppose some battery storage could
This needs a modern approach. Take
work in the short term but its a very expensive
Airbnb. Its a virtual asset business they dont
option. Despite the talk, I dont really think the
own any properties but can provide flexible
technologys realistically ready to play a part
accommodation for their customers. This is
yet especially not if you want a cost-effective
starting to happen in energy as well, where
solution, which we do.
virtual power plants can leverage the flexible

load that people can shift from peak to off-
got fairly low prices in the energy market, but
peak demand.
Q:
as soon as they just pick up a little bit they start
This is new thinking, and regulators are
shouting and complaining that this is unfair
beginning to recognize and promote this. The
To what extent is the system open to cyber
and we need to protect energy poverty. So
changing landscape has allowed for exciting
they do a lot on those two items, but security
opportunities to leverage this load-shifting
A:
of supply is not something thats been high
alongside distributed generation to provide a
RK: Well, I suppose there are two kinds: one
on anybodys agenda since Tony Blair in
truly flexible supply.
would be a cyber-attack to our current
2001. Thats something that we need to think
PR: From a commercial perspective, we need
systems, and Im not an expert in that but I
about.
an appropriate pricing signal for dispatchable
would assume that our systems are not terribly
SH: We need to be more flexible. This means
capacity. This needs to be cognizant of the
well-protected.
different ways of looking at supply such as
fact that this is a fully integrated grid with
The other issue is that we are developing a
localized usage and also playing into that
electricity flowing right across Europe. So you
system that is getting ever more cyber-based,
security threats?
84
Q&A
and I dont know that we have a master plan guiding that. In other
words, were getting into a future without being sure of what that future
is so how can we know that we will be sufficiently protected? Its a
Brave New World type of situation we face risks were not even aware
of.
The more digitized our system gets, the more vulnerable we
Milan
01 6 B92
3rd, 2
1st - 2 , Booth 3H
2
e
n
3
Ju
s: Hall
visit u
become. For example, cyber threats might have a bigger impact in

a decentralized system based upon a smart grid and smart objects
on the demand side. Thats before you take into account large-scale
centralized attacks.
The trouble with a decentralized system is that nobody has a holistic
view of vulnerabilities, and nobody can tell that an organically growing
ANDRITZ pumps
Cooling water applications
system is in fact growing healthily.

AC:
Its a particular issue on the demand side. Technologys the
enabler of the whole system now, so we need to protect it from cyber

threats and terrorism. We need to innovate and to provide regulatory
and financing support. But lets not despair were already making
progress. For instance, the UKs capacity market auctions work on
15-year contracts. Part of the bidding process involves addressing
negawatts, or negative watts or basically looking to provide long-term
solutions to these issues.
Q:
Are there any additional challenges to security of supply? If so, how
can they be overcome?
A:
RK: If we take just one example, our energy system so far has been
based on having utilities with strong balance sheets that basically run
the energy business. Its these balance sheets that allow them to make
the necessary investments. As we move to a more digital situation, we
can see companies such as EON or RWE close to bankruptcy. If, in the
future, they are replaced by companies such as Google, Facebook
and Amazon, or by telecoms companies, banks, financial institutions
and funds, how competent will they be to run a public supply system
that depends on an infrastructure that needs to be in place? To what
extent are we able control whats going on there and manage it?
Theres a fundamental change happening to our industry, how it
works and how it interacts with the market and the public, and I dont
know how prepared we are for it.
Its hard to tell because the digital revolution enables new
participants to replace old ones. And how we decide to regulate it is
ANDRITZ offers energy utility pumps worldwide such as

cooling water pumps for thermal power plants. Experience
and know-how in hydraulic machinery and pump engineering
guarantee the high standard of ANDRITZ pumps, providing consistent high quality and the effective use of energy. Our in-house
laboratory for fluid dynamics, ASTR, develops pumps according to customer requirements with very high efficiencies, thus
significantly lower energy costs and excellent cavitation properties.
crucial because there are potential pitfalls that come with this change
as well as the widely touted benefits.
We see the same thing now with Airbnb. How do you regulate
Airbnb? How do you regulate a power supplier with a completely
different approach?
AC: There are three critical barriers: policy, capital and infrastructure.
Theyre interdependent, so what we need is to develop a strong, longterm policy framework to ensure that capital is attracted and deployed
at scale, so that sufficient infrastructure is established, particularly on
the demand side. Thats the key.
ANDRITZ AG
Stattegger Strasse 18
8045 Graz, Austria
Phone: +43 (316) 6902 0
pumps@andritz.com
www.andritz.com/pumps
85
POWER-GEN Europe Focus
Sunrise on Europes
electric future
Next months POWER-GEN Europe and Renewable Energy World Europe in Milan
promises to be one of the most significant stagings of the event in its 24-year
history, writes Nigel Blackaby
he Summer Solstice seems as
flexible capacity, demand side management,
set-piece features of the show, which are
good a time as any to be in the
prosumers and two-way connectivity. All this
open to all attendees. These are, firstly, the
city of Milan and to be thinking
may seem a bit daunting, but it does offers
Opening Keynote Session in the morning
about energy.
the prospect of business opportunities for
and, secondly, the Plenary Panel Discussion
visionary developers of infrastructure and their
in the afternoon. The keynote promises to
technology and service providers.
be an upbeat celebration of an industry
Midsummers day 21 June

affords around 17 hours of
daylight, with the sun not due to set until
With such a comprehensive and varied
which, across Europe, has led the charge in
professionals
conference programme in prospect, set
decarbonization of power production and is
can therefore look forward to long, warm
against a background of significant change
keen to seize the opportunities that will arise
evenings in which to unwind and reflect on
and opportunity within the industry, it promises
from this ongoing transition.
the information they have obtained and
to be one of the most significant stagings of
the technology they have encountered at
the event in its 24-year history.
9:53
pm.
Power
industry
Europes largest electricity sector conference
and
Development conferred upon it, in recognition
and exhibition POWER-GEN Europe and
Renewable Energy World Europe event returns
of its importance to the electricity supply
Renewable Energy World Europe.
to Italy after a gap of five years, and will be held
industry and towards energy efficiency. A new
However, it may not be an entirely relaxing
in the MiCo Milano exhibition and congress
Minister, Dr Carlo Calenda (the former vice-
prospect,since attendees are going to discover,
centre (formerly known as FieraMilano City) on
Minister), was inaugurated in May, and among
if they dont already know, that change has
2123 June. Over the years, Milan has staged
his in-tray items is a letter of invitation to deliver
become the norm in the power sector. In
some of the largest and busiest power sector
a Keynote address at POWER-GEN Europe.
Europe, the goal of producing ever-cleaner
gatherings. The city is located in the epicentre
Other Keynote presentations will come from
power will continue in the wake of a rebooted
of Italys industrial and manufacturing region,
Enels Head of Global Generation, Enrico Viale,
COP 21-inspired environmental agenda. New
in which the power industry has played such
and the Chairman of WEC Romania, Dr Iulian
developments in technology are placing
a big part and where so much industrial
Iancu.
renewable energy in the mainstream, while
innovation has taken place over the years.
at the same time opening up the market to
So, as well as being one of Europes most
moderator
new participants. The integration of the digital
attractive and vibrant cities, it is also a most
programme, Stephen Sackur, is back to tease
world with physical assets is opening up huge
suitable place for Europes power industry
out and challenge opinions, as our panel are
efficiency and optimization opportunities as
professionals to convene.
invited to describe how effectively the industry
well as the prospect of new services.
The
joint
POWER-GEN
The event in Milan has had the official

Patronage of Italys Ministry of Economic
Europe
As alluded to earlier, the power industry
For the big TV-style debate, our regular

from
the
BBCs
Hardtalk
is moving from Survival to Success. With a
They will learn that technology is creating
looks very different today to five years ago
panel
the potential for a future energy system where
and, as a result, so does this years conference
from Sorgenia, Ansaldo Energia, Siemens, GE
electricity dominates through a complex
programme, which is entirely concentrated
Energy and the association of Mediterranean
system connected through an energy cloud
into the second and third days of the show.
Energy Regulators (MEDREG), it promises to
which
vehicles, energy
This new format means that the first day of
reveal much about the future direction of the
storage, decentralized generation, microgrids,
the event, 21 June, is reserved for two grand
industry.
86
features
electric
featuring
top-level
representatives
CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
19-21 JULY 2016

SANDTON CONVENTION CENTRE
JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA
CREATING POWER
FREE B2B
MATCHMAKING
FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
Too busy to pre-organise

your onsite meetings?
Pre-register for our new
highly targeted
free service
POWER-GEN & DistribuTECH Africa is the must-attend event for the most comprehensive and
up-to-date information on power generation - fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy
under the theme: Creating Power for Sustainable Growth.
Register to attend the conference and exhibition to meet with both domestic and international
experts and sub-Saharan Africa VIP delegation from the following companies:
Amec Foster Wheeler
Eskom
Lesotho Electricity and Water Authority
Ansaldo Energia
Edison Power
Ministry of Natural Resources, Swaziland
Botswana Power Corporation
FCMB Capital Markets Ltd, Nigera
Nvision Energy
CPCS Transcom International Ltd, Uganda
Garanti Koza Energy
Rosatom
Delta Energy Communications
GE Energy
Sahara Power Group
EA Power, Tanzania
GE Hydro (EA) Consulting, Tanzania
Siemens
Exhibition: Free entry for visitors. Premium exhibitor booths still available.
Conference: Benefit from discounted rates and flexible attendance options.
Register today at www.powergenafrica.com

100+
Speakers
Owned & Produced by:
70+
Exhibitors
Host Utility:
Endorsing Association:
50+
Africa VIPs
Official Publication:
2,500+
Attendees
and decentralized generation, reflecting the
delegates
growth of this approach to meeting electricity
from, allowing the opportunity to examine
12
demand. A dedicated decentralized power
the
pavilion in Hall 3 will be a feature of the
individually or in the context of a fast-
exhibition floor. This is the first POWER-GEN
integrating power system, and to make
Europe since the division of Alstoms power
sense of the changes occurring. This year the
businesses between GE and Ansaldo Energia,
programme includes an entire day devoted
and it will be interesting to see this reflected in
to Energy Storage, exploring European policy,
their booths in Milan.
regulation, case studies and research. Other
industrys
main
themes
disparate
to
elements
choose
either
The Advisory Boards of POWER-GEN Europe
new feature themes include those covering
and Renewable Energy World Europe have
finance, hydropower and a guide to electrical
worked to ensure that topics relevant to
generators. Another new feature and highlight
todays industry in transition are at the forefront
within the conference will be the Utility
The opening day of the show will also be
of the programme and that traditional topics
Leaders Roundtable a moderated panel
an opportunity to visit the exhibit floor before
are approached in a fresh and relevant way.
discussion featuring several Italian utilities
the conference kicks off the following day.
POWER-GEN Europe and Renewable Energy
and municipalities who will outline views on
The 400 exhibits will be open all day from
World Europe is the industry event which
the remodelling of traditional utilities, and the
09:30 until 18:00 and will feature the cream
continues to embrace the entire spectrum of
potential for new services and new market
of the worlds power equipment and services
power generation sources from both strategic
entrants.
companies. The scale of the exhibition, across
and technical viewpoints. It does not shy away
Back on the exhibition floor there is a
halls 3 and 4 at the MiCo Milano, never ceases
from addressing issues around nuclear and
programme of presentation, panels and
to amaze visitors and with so much state-of
clean coal-fired power generation alongside
roundtables, open to all attendees, taking
-the -art engineering technology on show,
wind, solar and hydropower, because these all
place in the Presentation Theatre. This is a new
it seems somehow fitting that the event is
form part of the energy mix across Europe and
feature of the event and is conveniently located
staged in a former Alfa Romeo factory. Many
their integration is a high priority for the sector.
next to a refreshments concession where
The BBCs Stephen Sackur will once again

chair the Plenary Panel discussion
exhibitors have offerings suited to distributed
The
conference
programme
offers
attendees can take in some educational
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88
presentations over lunch or a coffee. The Diplomatic Quarter is back

again, with an expanded number of countries, represented by trade
officials who are able to discuss international business opportunities in
the energy sector.
The printed show newspaper is being replaced this year by a video
show daily, delivering news, opinions and excerpts from the event
straight to participants email inboxes. Its editor and videographer will
be roaming around the show, reporting on interesting news stories and
product releases.
Another video camera crew will be based at the PennWell Hub
studio booth, reporting on POWER-GEN Europe and Renewable
Energy World Europe with filmed interviews and features which will be
broadcast on the PennWell Hub power news web portal. They will be
filming all the conference sessions and making them available to all
registered conference delegates to stream via the internet after the
event.
POWER-GEN Europe and Renewable Energy World Europe this
month launched its second annual market-wide survey, the POWERGEN Europe Confidence Index. Attendees at the show will be invited
to register their opinions on a range of issues confronting the sector,
which will culminate in the publication of study later in the year. This
years Index results will allow the industry to begin tracking trends in
industry confidence, and to compare changes year-on-year. The
POWER-GEN Europe Confidence Index is unique because it voices the
collective opinions of power industry professionals themselves, above
those of independent analysts and forecasters. This makes it truly
grounded and a valuable guide to the future of our industry. For those
unable to be there in person, the survey can be completed online by
visiting www.powergeneurope.com.
Those planning to attend the show would be well advised to
download the POWER-GEN Europe & Renewable Energy World Europe
smartphone app, which will act as a pocket guide to all that is
happening at the MiCo Milano on 2123 June. It is a convenient and
lightweight alternative to the printed Show Guide, which will still be
available on-site.
The opportunity to escape the office or plant environment for a few
days can be enormously valuable in refreshing industry knowledge,
gaining new insights and building valuable business networks. The
combination between the extensive multi-track conference and large
exhibition provides ample scope to collect new information and
connect to the trends and changes in the industry. In this respect,
POWER-GEN Europe and Renewable Energy World Europe represent a
unique meeting place for power industry professionals.
The worlds leading technology providers and thought leaders will
be attending, bringing with them solutions that are addressing the
needs of an increasingly complex and interconnected energy system.
Attendees at POWER-GEN Europe and Renewable Energy World
Europe will leave Milan with much inspiration about how electricity
can play an ever greater role in driving Europes economies and
modern lifestyles, and how they can contribute to this noble cause.
Nigel Blackaby is Director of Conferences, PennWell Global Power
Group.
89
Credit: Honeywell
POWER-GEN Europe focus
Why the power

industry must refill its
talent pool
The power industry needs

to plug its growing skills
gap if it is to adapt to the
shifting demands of a
rapidly changing world,
argue Jane Hutt and
Rob Thornton-Jones
think, at a childs birth, if a mother
people. And of course people who want a
could ask a fairy godmother to
hands-on relationship with large electrical
endow it with the most useful gift,
and mechanical devices.
that gift should be curiosity. So said
But theres a problem. Experienced talent
Eleanor Roosevelt, the former First
with the skills and expertise to innovate is in
Lady and founding chairperson of
diminishing supply. As the older generation of
the United Nations Commission on Human
power engineers hangs up its hard hats, there
Rights.
is an alarming lack of new blood ready to take
And while some may say that the gift of

curiosity proved a curse that ultimately killed
Instead, young engineers are heading to
shown it to be, in fact, the fuel that powers
the silicon hubs. And why not? The tech scene
progress.
is a glamourous one and the prospect of
sector, which faces its toughest challenges yet.
by todays new challenges.
the cat, the history of human endeavour has
Nowhere is this truer than in the energy
90
up their spanners and fix the problems posed
earning billions by creating the next Google

or Facebook can have a strong pull.
From combating climate change to keeping
But this leaves the power industry with a
the lights on, if its to continue meeting the
potential skills crisis. Fewer engineers means
growing demands of an electrified, connected
spreading those remaining more thinly across
and globalized society, itll need more curious
a greater number of projects or technical
register
by july 18th
to save big!
#PGNG2016
august 23-25, 2016
greater columbus convention center
Columbus, Ohio, USA
MEET OUR KEYNOTERS
Ms. Kathryn Z. Klaber

Founder
The Klaber Group
Mr. Lucian Pugliaresi

President
Energy Policy Research
Foundation
Mr. Roger Lenertz

Executive Vice President
Black & Veatch Power
Mr. Dan Lee

Senior Vice President
Fossil and Hydro
Generation
American Electric Power
Meet Our Conference Tracks

Oil and Gas Track
Large Frame Gas Turbines Track
Operations and Maintenance Track
Siting and Construction Track
Small Gas Turbines and Gas Engines Track
for details on registration types and rates, please visit www.power-gennaturalgas.com.

PRESENTED BY:
HOST UTILITY:
p o w e r - g e n n a t u r a l g a s . c o m
OWNED & PRODUCED BY:
is a case in point. Keeping the lights on

during the transition to intermittent renewable
As the older
generation of power
engineers hangs up its
hard hats, there is an
alarming lack of new
blood ready to take up
its spanners
generation requires a creative approach on

both the supply and demand sides.
So how does the industry attract the young
talent needed to plug its growing skills gap?
We reignite an interest in energy by sparking
their curiosity.
There are three things the sector needs
to do. For a start, we need to accept that we
cant compete on glamour. The simple truth
responsibilities. In this climate, a young
is that while we may be energy geeks, when
engineer will need a wide range of practical
asked about their dream job, the majority of
skills and a more diverse knowledge of
kids are more likely to aspire to work for the
engineering than ever before.
likes of Google and Facebook.

Credit: EDF
Of course, theres a limit to how much an
But that doesnt mean we cant still wow
engineering student can learn across the
potential recruits. The scale and complexity
course of their degree. And what they may
of the projects and the diversity of machinery,
the energy sector in the process. Power
gain in breadth they must lose in depth. The
large and small, that we can offer is unrivalled.
engineers have a unique opportunity to
result? The industry is in danger of producing
There is more than enough substance for an
push this technology down the value chain
a Generalist Generation.
ambitious engineer to fulfil his or her dreams to
and spur commercially viable consumer
build something meaningful. Lets show them
solutions that could very quickly see swathes
exactly how they can.
of savvy households becoming totally energy
In producing Jacks and Jills of all trades

with little time left to master a specialism, the
industry would risk losing its ability to innovate.
Energy
storage
is
great
example.
neutral.
If this is lost, well be dangerously exposed to
After years of hype, this could be the year it
Next, we need to make students see the
the problems of tomorrow. Security of supply
breaks through completely revolutionizing
sector as fun once more. At the moment,
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meaningful and useful window into the world

of generators to those who wish to understand
these complex machines.
Aware that the transfer of knowledge
goes both ways, roundtable discussions will
enable young engineers to learn lessons from
the old school. And, in return, the old guard
can gain from the broad skillsets and fresh
Credit: Siemens
perspectives of todays young hotshots. Where

these generations collide, real innovation
emerges that can spark the curiosity needed
energy issues are often taught in an academic
about approaches that might help close the
to work toward common goals. This is how
fashion but the sector needs practical
skills gap.
new ideas, approaches and novel solutions
engineers. If you design it, you want to see it
Finally, this practical education should
working as a reality, not in theory. If you fix it,
continue when recruits enter the workplace.
to challenges, both old and new, will emerge.

So make no mistake, this is crucial. We
you want it to work better than ever.
We need to become better at passing down
need new ideas. Without them we might find
Its not often you find a power plant
specialist skills from generation to generation
that it was, in fact, a lack of curiosity that killed
engineer who wants to be tied to a desk
ensuring that expert knowledge stays within
the cat.
and this is as true in the classroom as it is in
the industry where it can be put to good use.
the world of work. If more universities could
Thats why, this year, POWER-GEN Europe
Jane Hutt is webmaster at the International
incorporate hands-on elements into their
and Renewable Energy World Europe are
Generator Technical Community and Rob
courses theyd be more likely to capture their
bringing a new style of conference track
Thornton-Jones is Head of Technology
students imaginations.
to attendees, focused on extending and
Controls Engineering at BRUSH Turbogenerators
refreshing technical competencies. The track
to tell universities how to teach, but that
will feature a series of three sessions. Each
doesnt mean we cant speak to them
one will build on the last, to offer a technically
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Credit: Dreamstime
YOUR INDUSTRY,
YOUR VOICE
Confidence Index 2016
Dont miss the chance to have your say about the future direction of your industry
OWER-GEN Europe in June is an
whether you work in the boardroom, on the
unrivalled gathering of the major
power plant floor or out in the field.
players in the European power

sector.
And
those
attending
the
The subject that topped the list of important

issues in the short term was unsurprisingly
The Confidence Index is now in its second
the growing share of renewables in the energy
year and will build on the insights gathered
mix, and this issue slipped to just number two
last year from over 700 participants.
as the forecast expanded to 20 years, being
exhibition and conferences in
Last years Index revealed that energy
overtaken by energy storage a reassuring
Milan will also have a unique opportunity to
storage will become the most important issue
finding given that storage will be the linchpin
express their opinion on the industry in which
facing the European power sector in the next
of renewables integration.
they work.
two decades an opinion supported by
Four issues held steady in the same league
many featured in the pages of this issue of
position over the whole 20-year period: offshore
Power Engineering International.
wind at number four; the transition from
The POWER-GEN Europe Confidence Index

is a comprehensive pan-European report
for the power industry providing key market
However, in a list of the 20 most important
centralized to decentralized energy systems at
information, insights and trends to aid strategic
topics, those polled in 2015 put carbon
number five; combating cybersecurity threats
decision-making.
capture and storage at only number 17 as
at number eight; and, as mentioned before,
It gives you the power industry professional
a current priority and it rose just one place
wave and tidal power at number 19.
the opportunity to make your voice heard
when they were asked to consider how
Will that change in the results of this years
alongside those of your peers.
its importance would change in the next
Index? How would you rank the importance
20 years.
of energy storage and CCS? What power
Every
opinion
is
extremely
valuable,
developments do you anticipate in the next

few years?
This is your chance to have your say about
your industry and your vision for its future,
and you can do this at POWER-GEN Europe
in Milan, where there will be a dedicated
booth on the exhibition floor where you can
complete the survey.
Its
your
industry, so
dont
miss
the
opportunity to make your voice heard.

Feeling confident? Visitors at 2015s POWER-GEN Europe hear about the launch of the Index
94
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Official Publications
Credit: Dreamstime
Energy policy
Will Brexit bust

UK energy?
If the UK votes to leave
the European Union, how
will it affect the countrys
energy supply and
security and that of the
wider European power
sector? Diarmaid Williams
and Kelvin Ross find out
here
topic
what the future of their industry is going to look
dominating British politics this year
has
been
one
like. They need to be involved in R&D across
the referendum on whether the
borders and play a role in setting standards.
UK should leave the European
And while Maier said that it is not for us
Union. The issues topping the
in business to tell people how to vote, we just
debate have been trade and
want to inform the debate and enable people
immigration but what effect would a no
to make a better decision, he added: If we
vote have on the UKs and in turn Europes
Brexit, we would end up in a more protectionist
energy system and the businesses that
environment. Over time it would decrease
operate within it?
competitiveness and harm the economic
Some companies have been vocal in
96
growth of the UK.
their opposition to the UK leaving. Speaking
Uk Energy Secretary Amber Rudd is a
at a conference organized by the German
staunch advocate of the UK staying in the EU.
British Forum in London, Juergen Maier, chief
In a speech delivered in March, she said: Why
executive of Siemens UK, said: For Siemens,
do I believe that energy is an important issue
the UK would not be interesting enough as
in this debate? Sixty-five years ago, a treaty
a country on its own. We are interested in
was signed in Paris that created the European
developing R&D and technology. The UK is an
Coal and Steel Community.
attractive market. But after weve developed
first concrete step towards the EU we know
we want to export the technology around
today. European co-operation began with an
the world, and by developing it just to British
agreement on energy resources, to ensure
standards we would not be able to do that.
we didnt fight for them, but traded freely and
This was the
Siemens has 13 factories in the UK and
fairly. And energy co-operation remains at the
directly employs 14,000 people and Maier
heart of the Union today, whether its about
added: This is not about protecting what we
making us collectively more energy secure,
have today. For our 13 factories to be able to
making energy cheaper, or dealing with the
thrive in the future they need to be influencing
global issue of climate change.
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She said that over the next five years the UK intends to double
our ability to import electricity with similar new connections to France,
Belgium and Norway. And there are potential new projects with
Denmark, Iceland and Ireland further down the track.
These new connections as an extension lead to the vast European
energy market, bringing cheap electricity from the continent. They are
the perfect example of how being in Europe helps to deliver energy
security at home.
Rudd said that Britains geography means it is exposed: We are an
FROM DESIGN TO AFTERMARKET SERVICES
island. It is potentially much harder for us to import and export electricity

and gas. In 2015 we imported almost half of the gas we need to heat
our homes and power our businesses. And two thirds of this imported
gas comes through pipelines from the continent. By 2030, even if we
develop the potential of UK shale gas, we are expected to import about
three quarters of our gas.
In other words, we will have to continue to work with our closest
neighbours to deliver energy security in the future.
And she added that the UKs membership in the European Union
helps keep our energy bills down. If we left the internal market, wed get
a massive electric shock because UK energy costs could rocket by at
least half a billion pounds a year the equivalent of peoples bills going
up by around one and a half million pounds each and every day.
The UKs system operator National Grid asked economics
consultancy Vivid Economics to undertake an analysis of the possible
effects of an exit from the EU. In its subsequent report published in March,
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Vivid Economics states: In the hotly contested Brexit debate, one thing
is clear: Brexit will create economic uncertainty. This is because there
are a wide range of possible outcomes from post-Brexit negotiations
leading to a number of regulatory and market options for the UKs
relationship with the EU, with differing implications for investment and
trade.
The report concludes that, from an investors perspective, higher
returns are required to compensate them for the risk of less favourable
post-Brexit arrangements. This puts upwards pressure on the cost of
financing, raising the cost of investment in the UK energy sector.
The scale of planned infrastructure investment in the electricity
sector over the next decade means that even small increases in the
cost of financing could have large consequences for total investment
costs.
Further upwards pressure on costs would result from the likely
devaluation of the Pound, given the role imported goods and services
play in UK energy supply.
It added that Brexit would also result in some opportunities if it were
the case that EU legislation constrained the UK to higher-cost technology
pathways. However, this is unlikely as the UKs domestic commitments to
reducing emissions, coal closure and deploying renewables are similar
or stronger than current and planned EU requirements.
Phil Hewitt, analyst at UK consultancy EnAppSys, says that the impact
of a Brexit on the UK energy system would be very little directly because
it would be impossible to disentangle from the EU energy market.
VISIT US AT
WWW.NEM-GROUP.COM
He told Power Engineering International:In the event of Brexit, the UK

would be like Norway and Switzerland, with no ability to influence high
level policy but with some influence on the detail of implementation.
P.O. BOX 22, 2380 AA ZOETERWOUDE, THE NETHERLANDS

TELEPHONE +31 71 5792444 FAX +31 71 5792792 EMAIL INFO@NEM.NL
In other words, we will have to go with the policy of the EU without

having a voice to prevent the overall thrust of what happens. It would
make sense therefore to remain in the EU to have a voice in determining
98
Energy policy
Amber Rudd
Ireland via interconnectors. The SEM market
project called TERRE, which goes live in 2017
links the Republic of Ireland and the province
and there are other projects to deliver a cross-
of Northern Ireland into one market. The EU
border, within-day market, and closer to real-
single energy market includes Norway and
time balancing too.
Switzerland, so it will be possible for both parts
It would be difficult for the UK to stop these
of the UK to continue to participate and there
processes without significant cost increases to
is no reason why not.
consumers.
The SEM arrangements are currently
And by way of an example of the position
being rebuilt to make them compatible with
the UK could find itself in, he shares an
the EU target model, so it would be difficult for
anecdote: EnAppSys are data experts so I sit
Northern Ireland to leave this market without
on groups in Brussels that are implementing
significant impacts on costs for Northern Irish
increased transparency. In the first meeting of
consumers. The GB market would remain
one group, the guy from Switzerland explained
unchanged, but the interconnectors are a
that there were some legal issues in the
source of cheaper power from the continent
implementation of the proposed transparency
so it would not make sense for British
platform for the Swiss market.
consumers to cut those ties.
The response from ENTSO-E and the
policy. However, he adds that if the UK leaves
Hewitt adds: The EUs vision is a single
Commission was clear this is a project
the EU, there are different impacts on the
energy market. This is being driven by the Third
mandated by the EU and you do not have
countries that make up mainland Britain and
Energy Package which is a fully-integrated
the right to prevent its implementation: If you
also Northern Ireland and the Republic of
market.
wish to access our market you play by the
Ireland.
Day-ahead markets are already coupled
The GB electricity market of England,
and there are proposals for integration of
Wales and Scotland is one market overseen
balancing markets the GB market, along
by National Grid for operational reasons. It is
with SEM, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland,
connected to the continent and the island of
Italy and Greece, is participating in a pilot
Commissions rules. On a Brexit, the UK will be

in the same position with reduced influence.
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99
Cogeneration plant, Eindhoven, Germany

Credit: Siemens
Distributed generation
Viva la revolucin
Power to the people with
distributed generation
Local power could
completely transform the
energy sector. And while
most revolutions fight
against states, this one
depends on governments
to get going, writes
Herbert Piereder
here is a revolution underway. The
of consumers, allowing them to produce their
energy industry is undergoing a
own energy and sell the excess back into
radical transfer of power from the
the grid.
make it fall.
GDP growth. And although energy demand
generator to the consumer. But as
The timing couldnt be any better for
another famous revolutionary, Che
Europe. Its no secret that, across the continent,
Guevara, said,the revolution is not
countries have struggled since the financial
an apple that falls when it is ripe. You have to
crisis and are still seeing little in the way of
The lesson is that revolutions cant be left
has fallen in recent years due to mild winters
untended. People need to drive change to
and increased energy efficiency, Europe still
take place. They need to steer it to ensure the
needs to replace aging fossil fuel power plants
outcome is better than the status quo. This
and deal with the phasing out of nuclear
is true of the European power industry right
generation in some countries.
now. Such rapid change can be tricky and
This is an urgent concern. In 2014 alone,
governments need to do more to secure a
13 GW were removed from the European
smooth transition.
market while only 8 GW were added. Thats a
So, what is this revolution? It comes with

a familiar cry of power to the people.
100
5 GW net reduction in capacity in the space

of a year.
Moves towards distributed and community
And that figure just goes to show that
generation are putting power into the hands
its not easy to replace decommissioned
Distributed generation
If Europe is serious about its aims for

flexible power, then it must implement
market levers and design schemes
baseload power plants with large-scale capital intensive installations alone.
These are expensive projects to undertake and, in the current economic
climate, large infrastructure plans can be difficult to get off the ground.
So, across Europe, power is going back to the people and going local.
It has to. In fact, there are more than 5000 energy communities in the UK
alone, and the numbers are increasing across Europe as a whole.
This is welcome. Distributed generation is more secure than traditional
centralized models, given that it decentralizes risk and relieves dependency
on large assets, the failure of which would be catastrophic. And its more
efficient too. Community generation can act as the foundation of a more
flexible power system, one that scales up or down according to demand,
avoiding the production of unused energy and keeping the lights on when
the supply cant quite meet peaks.
But of course its not perfect. For a start, community generation is typically
based on renewable generation sources like wind and solar power. And, as
we all know, such sources are all too intermittent in their output.
So, what needs to change to make this type of distributed generation
really take off? Storage, for starters.
Energy storage has the potential to be the biggest breakthrough of our
time. By allowing the system to hold on to our excess energy instead of
letting it go to waste storage will play a crucial role in keeping the lights
on when margins are squeezed. And it will also reduce the pressure on the
sector to build more capacity into the system just to cover for big peaks in
demand.
However, energy storage isnt quite there yet. Its potential to be a game
changer wont be realized until commercial solutions are widely available.
While products like the Tesla Powerwall represent real progress, governments
will need to help if the technologies are to really take off. Only states can
incentivize the market to develop new solutions weve seen this work well
for both solar and wind power. If Europe is serious about its aims for flexible
power, then it must implement market levers and design schemes that
support innovative technology development and its implementation.
The other big issue is the grid. The current system was designed to carry
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power down the line from large baseload plants. It simply wasnt created
with the idea of multiple inputs from decentralized generation in mind.
This century calls for a truly smart grid. But building one is no mean feat. It
requires a fundamental rebalancing of the relationship between generators
and networks. They will need to form closer links, communicating how the
network needs to be adapt and where best to add connections.
These are real and difficult challenges. But no revolution was ever easy.
This one is worth it. A flexible power system, underpinned by community
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Thats a future worth fighting for.
Herbert Piereder is Consultant Director at Applied Materials.
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101
A typical installation featuring grooved mechanical couplings

Credit: Victaulic
Piping regulations
Understanding
European piping
regulations
Pressure piping systems
that transport liquids and
gases in European power
installations must meet
the safety requirements
laid out in the Pressure
Equipment Directive.
However, this directive
is often misinterpreted
or misunderstood, writes
Len Swantek
ince their introduction nearly 100
expect that mechanical piping products
years ago, mechanical grooved
follow some type of pressure rating protocol
piping systems have provided
based on the system temperature, or that a
a wide range of performance
mechanical coupling is considered pressure
benefits for system designers,
equipment. Another misconception is that
installers and end users in the
these types of products require a CE mark
power sector.
and must be accompanied by a Declaration
Pressure piping systems that transport

a wide range of dangerous and nonpower installations must meet the essential
Product classification
safety requirements laid out in the Pressure
Mechanical couplings and fittings for grooved
Equipment Directive (PED 97/23/EC). This
end piping systems do not meet the definition
legislation will be updated in July and
of pressure equipment or pressure accessories
establishes consistent safety practices in
as defined in the PED and other industry-
pressure
accepted
equipment
and
related
piping
Those who commonly use the directive
PED
guidelines, including
the
Guidelines Related to the Pressure Equipment

Directive 97/23/EC and PD CEN/TR 14549.
and its various annexes have come to rely on
By themselves, these material components
these guiding principles in the preparation
do not contain a specifically defined pressure
of their conformity assessments, technical
boundary and primarily serve to connect
construction files, Declarations of Conformity,
two grooved pipe ends, grooved end fittings,
and application of the CE mark.
or other grooved end components within
In relation to mechanical piping systems
a pressure system. Therefore, in order to
and their components, this directive is often
maintain compliance with the directive, these
largely misinterpreted or misunderstood.
components are not CE marked, and they do
For example, many system designers
compliant with the directive.
dangerous liquids and gases in European
system design, operation and maintenance.
102
of Conformity in order to be considered
not require a PED Declaration of Conformity.
Piping regulations
Because of some misunderstanding in

regard to these requirements, system owners
may be mistakenly presented with products
bearing the CE mark accompanied with
dossier packages containing declarations
or conformity statements that are simply not
valid for these types of products.This can result
in further confusion between notified bodies
and their clients as they strive to complete
their pressure equipment installation review
and related safety inspections in time to meet
system commissioning schedules.
However,
in
contrast,
when
pressure
equipment or a pressure piping system is fully

constructed using mechanical couplings
The modelling process in product design is a critical step, as potential exposure to static and
dynamic loading conditions must be considered
Credit: Victaulic
and fittings, this entity that functions as a

pressure retaining unit does qualify for testing
and certification for CE marking by the end
Product design
design and materials studies is a dedicated
user under the control of their notified body.
When designing products for multiple uses
and
This is also a clear requirement for certain risk
and service conditions, the structural elements
Design safety factors are just one part of this
categories based on the system pressures,
and materials of construction are equally
review, as the designer also incorporates a
temperatures or fluid type and classification.
important. The modelling process in product
comprehensive risk analysis and safety review
include
design is a critical step, as potential exposure
in accordance with the PED.
geothermal systems, turbine cooling water
to static and dynamic loading conditions
lines, heat exchanger piping compressed air
must be considered.
Some
applications
here
and hydraulic systems, among many others.
A process that runs in conjunction with
In
focused
this
components
review
review,
are
of
the
product
safety.
pressure-bearing
thoroughly
analyzed
against rigourous criteria outlined in the
103
Piping regulations
PEDs
essential
information
safety
includes
requirements. The
stress
calculations,
section thicknesses, material properties at
material. This certification validates the ductile
compliance systems. The Victaulic Regulatory
iron manufacturing process in accordance
group remains aware of pending changes
with PED requirements
in regional piping codes, through direct
ambient temperature with correlation data at
In addition, Victaulic conducts customized
and dedicated involvement in the codes &
elevated temperatures, product performance
testing for clients who must have performance
standards development process. The goal is
testing, validation of established ratings and
data for review by their notified body, which
to not only stay informed of changes in the
additional correlations between European,
closely simulates the system performance
codes, but also play a direct role in shaping
US and other international norms. This process
characteristics of the end use application.
these
requirements
through
membership
alone is very time-consuming, but is viewed
The results of these custom evaluations
and active participation on a wide range of
as one of the most important in establishing
are used by clients and their notified bodies
product safety data for critical applications.
to conduct internal studies on their system
Within these groups, the aim is to apply
designs and are often used by the designer
expertise to technical discussions, and also
Validation
of record in preparing a particular material
to represent the voice of the customer by
Ongoing physical property testing of the
appraisal (PMA) in accordance with PED
working toward problem resolutions that
ductile iron casting material is performed by
Annex I, Section 4.2.
For valve products,
will have a positive influence in the relevant
both internal foundry metallurgical labs and
Victaulic again utilizes the services of TV
markets and, at the end of the day, to
external independent testing authorities.These
Rheinland for its Module H Certification in
continuously improve safety for the operators
tests include detailed evaluations of tensile
accordance with Annex III of the Pressure
and end-users of these components and
strength, yield strength, material elongation,
Equipment Directive.
systems.
standards committees globally.
hardness, and Charpy impact resistance.
Remaining diligent
Len Swantek is Director of Global Regulatory
Victaulic is maintained on file and audited
As applicable codes, standards and directives
Compliance at Victaulic.
by TV Rheinland (Notified Body 0035) as a
continue to evolve in various industries and
requirement of its Material Manufacturer QMS
markets, manufacturers are challenged to
Certification of Victaulics ductile iron casting
keep up with these changes by applying new
The data generated from these tests at
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Quartzelecs facility in Rugby, UK

Credit: Quartzelec
Maintenance and service
Rising to the
challenge
Tildy Bayar finds out how
a flexible business model
enables a UK-based
firm to repair, maintain
and refurbish power
equipment including HV
generators, motors and
associated electrical
systems, providing a valid
alternative to the OEM
ower equipment maintenance
Within the rotating machines umbrella, the
and repair are ongoing concerns
Rugby business is the companys flagship
for plant operators, and aspects
workshop facility while also the location of
of their business that they need
the organizations headquarters. Typically,
to get right to enable smooth
the Rugby business focuses on the larger-
operation
scale AC high voltage and DC machines
and
avoid
costly
downtime.
and undertakes around 50 to 60 high value,
How to do each better is of perennial

interest, and finding new ways to avert the risks
associated with equipment breakdowns is a
key theme that runs through these pages.
With original equipment manufacturers,
intensive
engineering
repair/refurbish
contracts per year.

Densley notes that the cost of rewinding
most large machines is less than the
replacement
cost,
and
unless
fully
an easy (although not always cost-effective)
interchangeable replacement is available,
choice when maintenance or repair is
then the rewind will usually be a quicker
required for the power equipment they supply,
option than purchase of a new machine.
one company is challenging this choice.

UK-based
Quartzelec
is
an
In many cases, he notes, opting for the
electrical
procurement of a new machine may prove
engineering firm with a grassroots history in
to be impractical, not only due to the lengthy
the design, manufacture, installation and
time-scales involved but issues with electrical
commissioning of rotating electrical machines
and mechanical interchangeability.
and an enviable reference list that confirms

support for a plethora of OEM equipment,
proving it is well placed to develop a business
model to challenge the OEM in the more
complex repair and refurbishment projects.
Stephen
Densley,
Quartzelec
Rugbys
general manager, introduces the company

as a business with an interesting heritage
resulting in diverse interests in the key areas of
electrical contracting and rotating machines.
106
We dont compete
with the OEMs in terms
of manufacture we
complement them
Stephen Densley
Quartzelec
The firm also offers preventive maintenance/long-term maintenance

contracts, more typical for aging equipment or those with critical
duties. A machine may be 30 years old, Densley says, still operating
as intended, but it will likely be beyond its design life as the winding
insulation ages and if left alone will ultimately break down.
Condition monitoring along with detailed inspection and testing
can assist, and is often used as a tool to monitor key machines in a
bid to predict and prevent possible failure, but ultimately, to ensure
reliability and effectively give the machine a new life, a rewind must be
considered.
Non-competing
Densley is quick to note that we dont compete with the OEMs in terms
of manufacture we complement them. Jon Burton, factory manager
at Rugby, concurs: We have a different direction and philosophy, he
adds. Were absolutely not an OEM, but a repair business, uniquely in
this industry with an OEM heritage, that is committed to offering a valid
alternative in maintenance and support services.
In fact, says Densley, Quartzelec is able to work with the major OEMs
as a service partner or sub-contractor. Densley notes that Quartzelec
aims to foster good relationships with manufacturers, because we
need to co-exist, we prefer to find opportunities to support our potential
OEM competitors as well as end users.
He notes that while some areas of Quartzelecs business, such as
condition monitoring, diagnostics and electrical testing, do compete
well with OEMs offerings, Quartzelec has no drive in the direction
to be a manufacturer. While Quartzelec has made a handful of new
machines in its Rugby factory over the past two years, these machines
have been made from legacy designs for which we hold the
intellectual property. Increasing our capability to make new machines
is not part of the companys vision for the future, Densley says.
Owners choice
When a machine has been in operation beyond the original warranty,
its owners then have a choice. They can agree a further maintenance
contract with the OEM, a practical move as they know the OEM has all
of the design criteria, Densley explains. However, he notes that there
Producing high quality

industrial ventilation
on demand since 1976.
are other options, such as choosing to have maintenance undertaken

by a company thats prepared to be more flexible, cost-effective and
competent.
Flexibility, he says, is a key aspect of Quartzelecs business model,
Visit us at Booth 4HD 137
Quartzelec is able to work with the major OEMs as a

service provider or sub-contractor
Credit: Tildy Bayar
www.pbn.it
107
According to Densley, we see every

manufacturers machines, a variety of failure
modes, wear and tear, lots of different design
styles a far greater variety of problems that
require solutions than a typical OEM engineer,
only
exposed
to
their
own
companys
products, is likely to encounter.
The challenges
When
asked
about
challenges, Densley
the
firms
describes
biggest
one: We
recently undertook to develop an existing

product, a starting hub normally bolted to the
At the Rugby workshop
Credit: Tildy Bayar
end of a rotor shaft, to be mid-shaft mounted.

This meant adapting the design to be split into
two pieces and assembled on the shaft. This is
and it is where the firm can differentiate. For
large business internal controls and, as a well-
example, he notes that OEMs quite often
governed company, this includes not having
We sold two to a customer in the Middle
dictate the detailed work-scope. Quartzelec is
rules which prevent ourselves from being
East, undertook detailed planning and design
more than happy to discuss and adapt scope
flexible.
reviews and agreed a delivery schedule with
to suit.
He offers an example: A clients generator
Burton adds: It has to be that way for us.

Working like an OEM, we wouldnt survive.
a fairly complex assembly.
the client. Regular communication was critical

as we set about designing, prototyping and
experienced a winding failure. The OEM
testing the new product. The end result was
proposed a full rewind, which would have cost
Stretching support
a success and the unique starting hubs were
the customer in the region of 250,000.
In a white paper written for POWER-GEN Europe
delivered to a happy client.
We discussed in some detail with the
in 2014, four Quartzelec engineers described
client a repair option: replacing seven coils
repair work to a severely damaged generator
complete rewind of the rotor and stator on a
in the stator at a cost of 50,000. The client
rotor as potentially a first which could well
65 MW generator that the OEM was not able
ultimately chose to follow the repair route with
replace current practice: rotor bodies which
to fully support became a project that we
the machine back to working order in weeks
would normally be condemned can now be
secured, repairing and rewinding the rotor, as
rather than months. The customer closely
successfully repaired.
well as redesigning and renewing the stator
monitored the repair work and was delighted
Liaising
with
another
client
for
the
Were quite prepared to take the risk that
winding, he continues. A project made more
we will have the capability to repair a machine
challenging due to the generators location
Potentially OEMs, he says, find it difficult
before we know the design details, Densley
with restricted access, which required a large
to deviate from a well-proven repair strategy
explains, adding an example: We undertook
crane to extract the machine from site to
because they typically take conservative
a rewind of a generator which was built in
Quartzelecs Rugby workshop.
engineering decisions.
1957 in Hungary. The winding of the stator and
with the quality and the speed of the work.
Densley explains that Quartzelec is a
rotor were highly unusual.
We often find that we have learned a

lot from particular machines that help us
small enough business that all of the decision-
Our designers, with all of their wide
to develop our knowledge of design intent
makers can sit in one room. Its very easy for us
experience, had not previously encountered
and novel methods of solving problems, he
to make quick decisions.
such electrical connections or end winding
concludes.
He continues: We adapt our behaviour to
design, but
to
despite
this
re-engineer,
obstacle
upgrade
they
the
Looking ahead
meet opportunities. We listen carefully to our
managed
customers needs and we also can be much
insulation and deliver the machine back to its
Quartzelec
more flexible when it comes to contractual
original performance, with a much improved
worldwide. 2016/17 will, Densley admitted,
relationships. We dont have the extent of
life for the windings.
prove challenging for the business as the
has
over
600
employees
industry faces a global downturn; however,

he notes we are a company which faces our
challenges head on.
Taking a local approach, Densley explains,
the company is keen to locally support major
clients and new market opportunities. We fully
appreciate the need to be physically close
to our customers, and in some countries
A rotor at the Rugby workshop
Credit: Quartzelec
108
this means opening a branch, appointing

local agents, or collaborating with local
We have a unique technical expertise in DC
Middle East and Asia. We have found that
technology and historically we have previously
businesses there are keen to work with an
been involved in the design and manufacture
OEM alternative.
of large DC machines for the African mining

industry.
Jon Burton, Rugby factory manager

Credit: Tildy Bayar
Quartzelec reported growth consistently

since 2008, throughout the global economic
He adds: If youre an owner of a mine or
crisis. However, Densley sees some challenges
a steel rolling mill and youre looking for a
ahead. Its only really now that were
company willing to service and support DC
beginning to see, in our UK customers, some
machines, you wont find many. Considered
maintenance budgets under real pressure,
unfashionable
he says.
technology, OEMs
moved
away from DC to sophisticated AC technology
We know the low oil price is having a
and in doing so, left an existing base of large
big effect, reducing maintenance budgets,
DC machines with few valid engineering
he adds. The next few years will be very
support choices. Today, we will service old
challenging.
companies. The Rugby facility handles repair
machines or manufacture new there are
Looking ahead, We are very aware
and maintenance work as well as spares
not many organizations in the world with this
of the necessity to build and position our
supply worldwide. Around 6065 per cent
capability.
company able to meet the varied needs of
of activity is attributed to the UK and Europe
Whats
helped
define
the
markets
our customers through our diverse skills set,
(Densley lists France, Sweden, Poland and
we target is closely linked to the heritage
a difficult task in the face of stiff opposition
Italy as active markets, as well as coil sales in
machines weve built and where long-
in our field. Our team of design engineers,
Belgium, France and others). The firm is active
standing relationships are in place, Densley
site engineers, fitters and winders are the true
in Africa, Asia and Australasia, he adds.
adds.As Quartzelec was effectively born from
life blood of our organization and one we
Quartzelec is upgrading its operation
an OEM giant (reference: British Thompson
continue to build upon and invest in.
in Abu Dhabi, and is in the final stages of
Houston, AEI, GEC Alsthom) we had insight
opening a branch in the Philippines. Africa is
into where machines have been supplied
a key market for the company. Densley says:
from the records we hold, particularly in the
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109
Interview: Stefan Nygrd, Wartsila
The digital journey

Digitalization is not about the hardware, its about the service, Stefan Nygrd of
Wrtsil tells Kelvin Ross
ome years ago someone said
effect on our lives on many levels, from our
of the energy from that solar plant to heat the
that players in the publishing
daily interactions with each other to job
engine because the engine needs to be
industry must digitize or die if
descriptions.
heated if its standby-cold so we could use
they were going to successfully

transition from print to online.
I dont think anyone has
ever presented the power industry with
This is much bigger than our company

its not just about our sector, its about the
whole of the industry. In fact, its about the
whole of our lives.
that solar energy to heat the engine and then

we can start it immediately.
And we can optimize it so that it starts at
a certain point we know that it takes three
such an ultimatum, nor does it need it the
Nygrd says that while Wrtsil has been
minutes to start the engine and weather
industry is embracing the latest cutting-edge
delivering services in this area for some years,
forecasts are getting better and better, so if
technologies in its equipment and plants.
now we are taking the next leap into the
there is a 30 per cent chance of cloud, we
dawn of digitalization.
could pre-heat the engine so that we could
But what exactly does digitalization mean

in the energy sector?
He says the companys offering can
start it in one minute.
Its about rethinking services with the
be divided into three: We optimize, we
Which sounds a lot like a move towards
help of modern technology to make those
predict and we solve. Optimizing fuel and
the autonomous power plant. When does he
services easier, faster and more valuable,
performance efficiency; to be able to predict
think we will see a number of plants that are
says Stefan Nygrd, General Manager of
maintenance actions and costs, and looking
operated remotely?
Product Management Asset Performance
into the future of the environment: what will
I think that it is not a technology problem
Optimization at Wrtsil.
happen in six months? Are there any major
it is a responsibility thing. So its difficult to
overhauls?
say who will make the decision to say this is
The Finnish company was an early adopter

of digital technology, and continues to roll out
solutions under its Wrtsil Genius banner.
But Nygrd is keen to stress that its not
about the hardware its about the service.
Digitalization is driven by technological
developments, but its significance is in
the
changes
made
possible
by
these
technologies. It is changing how companies
Nygrd sees the success of digitalization
safe to do. But technology-wise, we are there
depending on a sharing of information: if you
already. We have customers who are running
can gather data on a power plant from a
their operations remotely and we are running
number of sources, you can build a pattern of
power plants in very challenging areas where,
performance and pinpoint in advance when
more or less, the people on site are backup
maintenance will be needed.
for security reasons, but the operations have
But he stresses that if you are protective of

data then digitalization will not fly.
been moved to a central location already.

In fact, he says plants in remote areas will
create value for their customers, and these
As an example of how digitalization can be
be a growth area for the digital power plant.In
changes can be profound, going as deep
employed on top of an already flexible system,
developing countries there is often a shortage
as re-evaluating the nature of their business
he suggests a hybrid solar plant, running on
of labour, and a shortage of engineers who
as completely new business models become
state-of-the art gas engines, utilizing a digital
can be on site, so in those areas they would
available.
system that responds to the latest weather
like to run their plant remotely.
However, ultimately, he says digitalization
reports and real-time changes.
is about change in human behaviour. Its a
If we have a solar plant and clouds are
cultural change thats having a net positive
coming or its getting dark, we can use part
110
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UK focus
Why a perfect storm

awaits UK power
Urgent government intervention is required to ensure that current uncertainty in the
UK market is replaced by developer confidence, writes Paul Webber
he recently confirmed closure
nuclear
and
2015/16 Capacity Market Auctions provided
of all large UK coal-fired plants
newbuild nuclear continues to be delayed.
little encouragement to developers of large
by 2025, along with the planned
The UK potentially needs up to 30 new CCGT
CCGT power plants. According to National
closure of older and less efficient
power plants to fill the gap, but the problems
Grids Transmission Entry Capacity (TEC)
gas-fired plants, means Britain
in achieving this target are numerous.
Register, there are 13 large new-build CCGT
replacement capital power. Yet the ongoing
Auction issues
delay in constructing the new nuclear plants
The
for
minimum entry requirement to the Capacity
that will replace the advanced gas reactor
Electricity Market Reform has a number of
Market Auction, with a combined capacity
(AGR) nuclear fleet, which is nearing the end
mechanisms to drive reform. One of these
of around 12 GW. Another two large CCGT
of its life, means the UK will become more and
places National Grid in the role of the Delivery
projects are in the scoping and consenting
more reliant on building additional modern
Body administering the Capacity Mechanism
phase, with a combined capacity of 3 GW.
and efficient combined cycle gas turbine
(auction) which was first introduced in 2014.
plant
is
decommissioned
should be investing in large-scale
(CCGT) plants to meet its electricity needs.
projects that have been consented and have

governments
a grid connection agreement, which is the

ongoing
strategy
In fact, there are only two large-scale
The annual Capacity Market Auctions
newbuild CCGTs that have got through
Lack of certainty in the regulated power
of 2014 and 2015 were each designed to
the Capacity Market Auction to date. In
market has meant that private developers,
ensure that adequate generating capacity
the 2014 auction, Wainstones Energy (1656
including the so-called Big Six utilities, are
will be available four years from the auction
MW) was awarded a 15-year agreement
currently struggling to build new large-scale
date, by awarding agreements to existing
at
gas-fired power plants. Meanwhile, existing
and
operators
($28/kW/year) and in the 2015 auction
coal plants and some gas plants must
and newbuild power plant developers. The
Carrington Power (810 MW) was awarded
close in order for the government to meet its
mechanism is designed to help balance
a 15-year agreement at a clearing price of
commitments to environmental targets.
supply
18/kW/year.
refurbished
and
power
demand,
plant
and
maintain
clearing
price
of
19.4/kW/year,
Urgent government intervention is required
adequate reserve capacity for periods of
In 2014, a total of 15.7 GW of capacity
to ensure that the current uncertainty in the
high demand, for example during severe
exited the Capacity Market Auction above the
market is replaced by developer confidence,
winters.
clearing price; only 8.8 GW (35 per cent) of
and that a realistic timeline is established
The viability of investment in new CCGT

plants
obtaining
the figure was slightly better at 11.4 GW, of
newbuild capital generating capacity.
agreement through the Capacity Market
which 5.5 GW (47 per cent) was related to
A recent paper by the Institution of
Auction at a clearing price which provides
newbuild CCGT.
Mechanical Engineers points to a potential
an acceptable return on the investment for
UK electricity shortfall, as existing coal-fired
developers and lenders.
power plants are phased out by 2025, existing
112
is
dependent
upon
which was newbuild CCGT capacity. In 2015
that will deliver the necessary construction of
However, the results of the 2014/15 and
The story isnt much better if we look solely

at newbuild capacity, rather than CCGT. The
2014 Capacity Market Auction resulted in
UK focus
2.6 GW of newbuild capacity awarded; just
came into force on 1 January 2016 and will
5 per cent of the total awarded capacity.
force the closure of virtually all existing coal
2015 was slightly worse, with 1.9 GW

of newbuild capacity awarded, equating
to around 4 per cent of the total.
The
two newbuild CCGT plants with capacity

agreements make up approximately 55 per
cent of the total awarded newbuild capacity
to date. The remaining awarded capacity
The UK potentially
needs up to 30 new
CCGT plants to fill its
energy gap, but the
problems in achieving
this are numerous
was made up mostly of a large number of

sub-20 MW diesel and gas plants.
and a number of gas plants on or before

31 December 2023 under the Limited Life
Derogation option. The total capacity of coalfired generation with agreements for 2019/20
is just 7 GW, approximately.
As a result, the UK may need many more
newbuild CCGT developments to replace this
capacity. Given a typical four-year period to
factor). Developers typically require a payback
design and construct a CCGT plant, these
period of at least 15 years at a relatively high
newbuild projects must start now if they are to
Too much uncertainty
load factor.When added to other uncertainties,
be completed in advance of the coal station
The Capacity Market Auctions of 2014 and
including the future cost of fuel, electricity price
shutdowns.
2015 clearly favoured existing generation,
and demand, and environmental legislation,
refurbishments and relatively low-CAPEX plants,
there is great uncertainty for developers and
Addressing the shortfall
such as small-scale diesel and gas plants. This
lenders wishing to make a viable long-term
To ensure security of supply beyond the
provides limited headroom for newbuild large-
investment.
next few winters, the Department for Energy
scale capital plant until existing coal and
and Climate Change (DECC) stated in its
nuclear plants are scheduled to shut down.
Capacity constraints
Single Departmental Plan for 20152020
The clearing price is currently too low to make
Worryingly, the 2014 and 2015 capacity
that it intends to review the operation of the
large newbuild CCGT plants viable.
agreements for coal-fired generation showed
Capacity Mechanism to ensure it provides the
Additionally, the Capacity Mechanism
a drop in capacity from 9.2 GW for 2018/19
right investment incentives for new gas plants.
currently offers no guarantee to developers
to 4.6 GW for 2019/20. This is going to be
The urgency for action was exacerbated
on the amount of electricity the plant will be
further exacerbated by the impact of The
in February 2016 when SSE announced that it
required to produce in its working life (load
Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), which
is proposing to end commercial operations at
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113
UK focus
three of the four units at its Fiddlers Ferry coal-
Which CCGT plants go ahead and
supply and demand economics through the
fired power plant from April 2016.This is despite
when they start is wholly dependent on the
Capacity Market Auction the lowest price
SSE having secured a capacity agreement
individual project economics related to the
wins as opposed to designing a balanced
for 2018/19 under the 2014 Capacity Market
clearing price at future Capacity Market
mix of technologies as was done in the past.
Auction. This leaves a potential generating
Auctions, along with the cost of risk associated
shortfall that the government will need to
with the uncertainties. There is broad industry
designed with the intention of helping to
address.
anticipation
that
government
will
The
Capacity
Mechanism
has
been
make
ensure that the lights dont go out, and new-
An additional factor is the timing of the
the necessary changes to the Capacity
build CCGT should play an important part
shutdown of existing AGR nuclear plants, and
Mechanism to remove some of this uncertainty
in that. However, the buffer provided by the
their replacement by new nuclear capacity.
and to encourage newbuild CCGT.
infrastructure that was previously built, in the
The timing of the new capacity coming online
main, by the nationalized Central Electricity
will be key to determining how much new
The future for UK power
CCGT capacity will ultimately be required.
to an end. This and the other factors have
of
sector in the UK would generate significant
combined to create a perfect storm of
existing nuclear capacity in the system, with
employment, but may be constrained in
uncertainty for developers of and investors in
approximately 17 GW nuclear newbuild
the short-to-medium term. As a result of
large CCGT projects.
planned. It is uncertain when existing capacity
the prolonged lack of investment, multiple
The Capacity Market Auction needs to
will drop off and when new replacement
simultaneous CCGT projects underway in the
change to support CCGT, and it needs to
capacity will be connected, but currently we
UK would be required to compete for the same
change now.
dont expect new nuclear capacity to be
scarce design and construction resources.
connected until at least 2025.
is
currently
around
GW
power
plant
Generating Board (CEGB) has all but come

construction
There
revitalized
Similarly, the numbers of original equipment
Paul Webber is Partner at Arcadis, a global
However, positive news came in February
manufacturing organizations active in this
design and consultancy firm for natural and
when EDF announced it planned to extend
market have reduced and the manufacturing
built assets.
the life of some of its existing nuclear plants
capacity of their plants has fallen.
beyond 2025. If this is achieved, it would

mitigate the scale of the potential energy gap.
The
pace
of
newbuild
CCGT
implementation is currently being driven by
STEAG
Energy Services.
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114
Case study: SCADA systems
Running Head
Ensuring
mission
critical
telemetry
During outages or grid disruption, it
is essential to have a robust voice
communications system in place.
Mike Northfield explains how a UK
company tackled this issue
tility
around
large amounts of data over broadband
and WPD strategy has been to enhance this
the world are facing more
networks, it is typically reliable low-band
core network and introduce services such
demands than ever.
telemetry data that becomes essential for
as SCADA (supervisory control and data
resources
diagnosing problems in the event of outages.
acquisition) technology.
continue to diversify to include
Despite this, many companies are using a
WPD asked Simoco to consider using
a range of traditional and
mix of telemetry interconnecting technologies
the PMR systems in the Midlands to carry
renewable technologies, there is also a need
that each have limitations. This includes the
secondary SCADA telemetry data owing to
to manage this widening portfolio in a smarter,
use of cellular systems, such as GPRS, which
poor coverage, interference and reliability
leaner and more efficient way.
are often patchy and unreliable. There are
issues. WPD was looking to move away from
Increasingly, companies that are striving to
also a number of other unlicensed radio
its current GPRS solution, used in this area to
deliver the dream of smart grid technologies
frequencies, such as 446 MHz, which are prone
connect some 8000 devices.
are finding that they are faced with major
to interference and overcrowding and could
Following a number of lab- and field-based
communications challenges when it comes
leave companies exposed in emergency
trials, Simoco developed a solution that uses a
to providing the information and control
situations.
digital mobile radio (DMR) network to transmit
required for insight into grid performance and
UK
As
companies
Credit: Simoco
energy
issues when outages occur.
utility
company
Western
Power
Distribution (WPD) provides electricity to
In addition to these growing demands,
7.8 million customers across a 55,300 square
there remains the constant pressure of keeping
kilometre service area which covers the
the lights on. Utility companies face major
Midlands, South West England and South
fines if power is not restored quickly after an
Wales.
outage so need to be able to respond quickly

using reliable communications systems.
During
outages
or
grid
The WPD network, which spans the width

of the country from Penzance on the tip
disruption,
of Cornwall all the way to Skegness on the
it is essential to have a robust voice
North Sea, consists of 220,000 km of overhead
communications system in place. However,
lines and underground cables, and 185,000
the increasing demands of smarter grid
transformers.
systems mean data is also becoming an
Since 2007, Simoco has worked closely
equally important part of the mission critical
with WPD to install one of the largest analogue
mix. And while there are a growing number of
MPT1327 private mobile radio (PMR) voice
applications run on smartphones, tablets and
networks in Europe, based on the Simoco Xfin
other connected devices which exchange
system. The network was expanded in 2012
Robust voice cummunications

are vital during an outage
115
Running
Case
study:
Head
SCADA systems
Licensed channels are more effective in

mission critical environments as they do not
suffer from interference, data call collisions
or variable usage. The system is designed to
connect tens of thousands of devices and,
with low operating costs thanks to its inherent
reliability, it can be quickly scaled to provide a
Data from modems is

connected to SCADA masters
solution across wide geographical areas.

Simoco Pulse installation at WPD
Credit: Simoco
A further feature of using DMR to transmit
providing connections to wide bandwidth
telemetry data is its ability to carry voice
devices such as smart phones and tablets,
communications over the same infrastructure.
it remains an unreliable and sometimes
mission critical low-band data. It utilizes
This means Simoco Pulse can cost-effectively
insecure way of transmitting mission critical
the available VHF spectrum but adopts an
be scaled to co-exist with voice on a full
data.
architecture design similar to the existing UHF
mission critical solution capable of meeting
In contrast and by their very definition, PMR
solution currently deployed in the Midlands.
the voice and data needs of utility companies
networks are private, less open to security
WPD describes this alternative solution as
in the smart grid age.
threats and less congested than unlicensed
licensed VHF open channel.
The three-year programme to upgrade the
radio alternatives or broadband networks.
Surf Telecoms, a wholly-owned subsidiary
current WPD network and introduce 100 new
The latest digital radio standards include
of WPD, is responsible for monitoring and
sites with DMR infrastructure will include an
the necessary levels of security demanded
maintaining the utility network. The company
initial rollout of 8000 data modems across the
by public safety services and government
operates two network management centres
Midlands region. Delivery of the infrastructure
agencies.
24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Maintenance
and first 2000 Pulse Air Data Modem units was
Private Radio systems also provide a
teams have an immediate response time and
completed in November 2015, with the first
predictable cost of ownership. WPDs system
four-hour fix targets for all bandwidth service
sites going live early this year. On completion
has been designed to its exact requirements
affecting faults.
of the rollout in the Midlands, the solution will
and, once installed at the budgeted cost, there
be expanded into the WPD South West and
are no further call charges or unexpected
Wales regions.
upgrades as new technologies are rolled out.
Saving time and costs
solution also has the benefit of being able
Surf Telecoms Manager Kevan Scott says:

WPD operates a Target 60 initiative, which
aims to restore power within 60 minutes in the
vast majority of cases.
Finally, the Simoco Pulse DMR Tier III trunked
If lengthy power outages occur, utility
Simocos Pulse solution has enabled WPD to
to offer WPD and other users a flexible way
companies can be fined heavily by the
add smart grid management and control
of migrating voice communications from
industrys regulator if it is not possible to fix
functionality to its operations.This includes real-
analogue systems to a DMR network. By using
them in a quick and cost-effective manner.
time monitoring, network optimization, delivery
DMR to transmit both voice and low band
WPD was provided with Simoco Pulse, a
of proactive maintenance programmes and
data, mission critical communications can
DMR Tier III trunked solution, which uses a fully-
the remote implementation of commands
be unified on the same, reliable and cost
integrated IP network to connect information
and updates.
effective licensed network.
sent from data modems or RTUs to SCADA
If a problem on the network occurs, WPD
Kevan Scott explains: DMR is a standard
masters. This functionality makes it easy to
saves time and costs by knowing exactly
that has a proven track record for mission
scale the solution to include more modems,
where the problem is located rather than
critical
RTUs or even voice transmission to the same
having to dispatch teams to manually search
transmissions remain an essential part of this
network. It means DMR becomes a practical
areas of the grid. Before the introduction of
mix, low-band telemetry data is just as critical
way of managing a large and complex
telemetry data this involved physical visits to
if you are a utility company in 2016.
amount of information, with operators and
the site in order to locate the source of an
maintenance teams having constant insight
outage.
into grid performance and any locations

where issues have occurred.
Setting up a communications infrastructure
communications.
While
voice
By moving SCADA to DMR we have a

secure and reliable picture of our network and
the ability to react quickly when issues occur.
to support reliable low-band data transmission
He adds that WPDs target of restoring
As WPD already had existing RTUs in place,
can be challenging for utility companies like
power within 60 minutes of an outage is well
it was supplied with the Simoco Pulse Air data
WPD, where cellular coverage can be patchy
on the way to being achieved, meaning we
modem. The solution uses the widely-adopted
and intermittent, and installing wired networks
are well placed to meet the demands of
DNP3 protocol when communicating across
has significant cost implications. However, the
today and the future.
the DMR network. The modem provides a
Simoco Pulse solution provides a stable path
robust connection to the SCADA master using
for the limited but critical amounts of data
Mike Norfield is Chief Executive of Simoco
reliable digital radio over licensed VHF and
associated with SCADA communications as a
Group. www.simocogroup.com
UHF radio channels and is also capable of
result of the use of robust DMR.
directly interacting with any RTU that uses this

standard telemetry protocol.
116
While larger amounts of data can be

carried across overlaid broadband networks,
Technology Update
Roxtec hails free web-based safety tool
International cable and pipe seal provider
We have more than 10,000 registered
Roxtec claims its free, web-based tool Roxtec
users in more than 100 countries. The number
Transit Designer makes it easy for designers
is increasing as professionals all over the world
Making sure that the team gets it all right
and engineers to ensure safety.
realize they can design transits in minutes,
from the start is a smart way to reduce project
said Roger Johansson, Roxtec executive vice-
risks in all phases, said Mattias Persson,
president.
application specialist at Roxtec. There is also
Sealing solutions for cable and pipe

penetrations are important to protect against
a variety of risk factors including fire, gas, water,
dust and the risk of explosion.
Users
enter
cable
schedule,
sealing
requirements, installation preferences and
as well as bills of material and installation

instructions.
a lot of time and money to save by speeding

up the entire process.
Roxtec created the design tool to help
preliminary opening sizes to find the solution
He added: Designers can safely share
designers select the most suitable solution
they need. The tool helps them filter by
their work online with project teams anywhere
and to simplify the process of designing,
application, certificate and requirements, and
in the world. The tool can also be used offline,
purchasing and installing multi-cable transits.
generates approved 3D models and drawings
as long as the design is finalized online.
Norvento targets new wind turbine at UK market

Medium-scale wind turbine manufacturer
The launch of the new turbine comes
Norvento has unveiled a new model of its
amidst
nED100 turbine aimed at the UK market.
tariff support for onshore wind, which, in
The
re-engineered
unit
introduces
ongoing
reductions
to
feed-in
whereby the generator is placed immediately

behind the rotor, with a smaller shaft.
Ivo
Arns,
director
of
UK
business
conjunction with steadily rising retail electricity
development at Norvento, said: nED100 is
number of innovations that Norvento says will
prices and falling technology and installation
the product of extensive research into the
simultaneously increase the efficiency of the
costs, is driving a fundamental shift in the way
UK market, and as the medium wind sector
machine and reduce its up-front and long-
medium wind projects are deployed in the UK.
continues to evolve, were simply putting into
The new turbines direct drive permanent
practice a number of lessons learnt from our
compact
magnet generator is now lighter and more
operational experience to refine a proven
generator, as well as a lighter, redesigned
compact, which Norvento says is tailored to
design.
nacelle and a more efficient 12 metre blade
the operational demands of the UK climate.
design, the new 100 kW model is designed to
It maintains the same high performance
manufacturing
enable landowners and commercial users to
levels as the original generator, whilst enabling
to offer a machine that delivers the same
maximize financial returns and savings in the
Norvento to use a more traditional nacelle
unparalleled performance and efficiency as
post-subsidy UK medium wind market.
design and a proven direct drive layout,
the existing model at a lower cost.
term generation costs.

With
smaller
and
more
Having reviewed and enhanced our

process, were
now
able
Prysmian claims HVDC cable technology breakthrough

Cable company Prysmian Group is launching
in the cable industry, said Massimo Battaini,
XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene). Manufacture
what it calls a breakthrough technology
senior vice-president of energy projects.
is performed in a single and continuous
for the development of power transmission
We are proud to offer this advanced

technology
engaged
reactions to achieve the properties required
sustainability, higher electrical performance
in developing, extending and upgrading
for the long-term electrical integrity of HVDC
and lower costs.
their power grids, while seeking to reduce
insulation systems.
The group has announced the successful
to
customers
solutions
This feature, says Prysmian, gives the benefit
development and testing of its new P-Laser
that provide them with superior system
of shorter production times and results in both
525 kV cable system for high voltage direct
performance and cost benefit, he added.
reduced energy consumption as well as lower
current (HVDC) applications.
environmental
our
process and does not require chemical
grids that will ensure better environmental
impacts
with
Prysmian said P-Laser is a technology that
This is a significant and important new
permits a more efficient cable production with
technology that shapes the progress of HVDC
lower environmental impact than traditional
greenhouse gas emissions.

The company added that P-Laser is
particularly suitable for HVDC applications.
117
Technology Update
POWER
GENERATION
WEEK
Awards
Rolls-Royce to showcase portfolio

at POWER-GEN Europe
Rolls-Royce will be showcasing its portfolio of power generation solutions
at POWER-GEN Europe in Milan.
Products from Rolls-Royce and MTU Onsite Energy include highspeed and medium-speed diesel and gas gensets ranging from 24
to 9400 kWe. The brand MTU Onsite Energy is part of Rolls-Royce Power
Systems.
Matthias Vogel, vice-president of power generation at Rolls-Royce
N O M I N AT I O N S A R E O P E N
Power Systems, said: At POWER-GEN 2016, we will be showcasing our

entire range of high-speed and medium-speed gas and diesel gensets,
which we supply from a single source and deliver worldwide from our
Submit by: August 31
regional centres.
Our advanced products are designed to generate load-balancing
energy and, due to their accredited capabilities, help to maintain the
frequency and voltage stability of the grid.
Rolls-Royce experts will taking part in the Power-Gen Europe
PRESEN
HE
TING T
conferences to talk on topics including Intelligent load balancing

supports grid stability and Requirements for combined heat and
power systems demanded by the European Grid Code.
PROJECTS OF THE YEAR AWARDS
At POWER-GEN Europe, MTU Onsite Energy is presenting its product

portfolio for high-speed gas engine systems up to 2530 kWe and diesel
gensets up to 3250 kWe.
Honoring excellence in design, construction and

engineering of power generation facilities worldwide.
Awards will be given in the following categories:
A model of a 6-metre container genset will also be on show. Based

on the new generation of Series 2000 engines, the genset is fitted with a
common rail injection system.
Best Coal-fired Project

Best Nuclear Project
Best Natural Gas Project
Best Renewable Energy Project
Best Project of the Year
Best CHP Project
WOMAN OF THE YEAR AWARD
Gamesa in wind turbine software

deal with Iberdrola
Providing role models to inspire young women to pursue careers in energy.
Gamesa is to install its Energy Thrust software in 54 wind farms operated
Nominated by industry peers and selected by a committee of women in the

power generation industry, the PennWell Power-Gen Woman of the Year
award is given each year to a woman who has, through hard work,
vision,and determination, moved the industry forward.
by Iberdrola, with a total capacity of 1602 MW.

The software boosts turbine efficiency and will be fitted at wind farms
in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece and Cyprus.
This contract reinforces our work as technology experts and valueadded O&M specialists, said Xabier Urcelay, director of services at
PAPERS OF THE YEAR AWARDS

Recognizing the top paper for POWER-GEN International,
COAL-GEN, NUCLEAR POWER International and
RenewableEnergyWorldInternational.
Gamesa.
Gamesa developed Energy Thrust to make its 660 kW, 850 kW and
2 MW platforms more efficient. By leveraging operational experience
and cutting-edge software and hardware, each wind turbine is fully
customized, tailored and optimized for its site, the company said.
The system is endorsed by DNV-GL and is already installed in 1967
For requirements and to submitnominations, please visit
WWW.POWERGENERATIONWEEK.COM
turbines in operation in 14 countries.

Using the software means turbine output is increased by up to 5 per
cent on average, said Gamesa.
Energy Thrust enables adaptation of wind turbines to specific site
Owned & Produced by:
Presented by:
conditions, boosting the volume of power delivered to the grid in all wind
conditions, the company added in a statement.
118
Exhibition debut for Kelvion at POWER-GEN Europe

At this years POWER-GEN Europe in Milan,
water, and cooling systems for generators and
Kelvion formerly GEA Heat Exchangers will
transformers. In addition, the Kelvion portfolio
exhibit its portfolio to the European power
includes oil coolers for power plant turbines
generation industry for the first time under
and coolers for closed water cycles.
its new name. Visitors will be able to gain
Many Kelvion heat exchangers feature
information on Kelvion products such as
modular design that the company says can
plate, finned-tube, and shell-and-tube heat
be easily adapted to individual requirements
exchangers.
which results in low investment costs. Other
Kelvions areas of application include heat
heat exchangers are, in turn, exactly adapted
recovery from exhaust gas or steam, supply of
to specific demand in the sense of minimal
district heat from cogeneration plants, steam
life cycle costs, which enhances total plant
condensation, preheating of air and feed
efficiency.
WE
KEEP
YOUR
ENGINE
RUNNING!
ArgusOMDS
Caterpillar unveils new natural gas

generator set
Caterpillar has launched a new natural gas
generator set.
monitoring system.
Featuring Caterpillars new EMCP 4.3
The Cat G3512 is rated rated for standby

power at 750 kW or 1000 kW at 60 Hz.
generator set controller, the G3512 easily

integrates
with
building
management
Caterpillar said that the genset is ideal
systems. The expanded set of features also
for emergency, legally-required or optional
includes complete SR5 generators, gas train,
standby systems [such as] office buildings,
package-mounted radiators and simplified
data
wiring connections.
centres, retail
government
complexes, schools,
buildings,
universities
and
research facilities.
With an updated package design, the
G3512 is modelled after the standby diesel
solution to minimize installation costs and
commissioning time on-site.
Designed for reliability, the engine is built
on established 3500 technology and features
Mike Yohe, product line management with

Caterpillar Energy Solutions, said the genset
checks all the boxes for the standby market
segment.
This is built upon a robust diesel 3500
platform with a proven track record, and
dependability is critical for customers who use
these generators during utility outages.
a design with steel pistons and a protection
Schneider Electric launches future-ready circuit

breakers
Schneider Electric has launched a new range
circuit breaker with a smart phone, even in
of high power, low-voltage circuit breakers.
power outage.
Monitoring & Protection for
. Combustion Dynamics
. Rotor Dynamics
. Compressor Instabilities
. Gearboxes & Bearings
. Pumps & Motors
Visit us at
Booth #3HG22
Measurement | Analysis | Monitoring | Protection
The company said the key benefits of the
Philippe Delorme, executive vice-president
Masterpact MTZ include improved metering
of building & IT business at Schneider Electric,
to save saving project time and energy
said: We are redefining power distribution in
IfTA Systems GmbH
usage; improved mechanical and electrical
this new world of energy we live in today and
+49 (0) 8142 - 650 51 60
performance, even in harsh environments;
our future-ready Masterpact MTZ is a great
www.ifta.com
and the ability to monitor and control the
proof point of this.

119
Ad Index
AARDING THERMAL ACOUSTICS BV
ABB TURBO SYSTEMS LTD
ALIMAK HEK AB
AMETEK
ANDRITZ AG
ANSALDO ENERGIA
ASIA POWER WEEK 2016
AUMA RIESTER GMBH
BFI AUTOMATION
BUSINESS MEDIA DOCU GROUP CO
CAMFIL FARR GROUP
CD-ADAPCO
CMI ENERGY
COAL-GEN 2016
COMPACT GLOBAL GMBH
CONCO SERVICES CORP
COVESTRO DEUTSCHLAND AG
DETROIT STOKER
DOOSAN POWER SYSTEMS
DR THIEDIG
EXERGY SPA
FACO SPA
FINCANTIERI
GAMA POWER SYSTEMS
HADEK PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS BV
HEMPEL A/S
HITACHI POWER
IFTA INGENIEURBUERO FUER THERMOAKUSTIK GMBH
IGEL ELECTRIC GMHB
JASC JANSENS AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS CONTROLS INC
KELVION
KRAFTANLAGEN MUENCHEN GMBH
KRAL AG
LU-VE SPA
M&I MATERIALS LTD
69
7
101
39
85
57
95
73
88
83
17
113
79
97
109
104
13
31
55
59
3
63
53
41
5
47
9
119
113
29
19
49
92
84
11
MAGALDI POWER SPA

MAN DIESEL SE
MAPNA INTERNATIONAL FZE
MECC ALTE UK
MERSEN
MTU FRIEDRICHSHAFEN GMBH
MWM GMBH
NEM ENERGY BV
NOL-TEC EUROPE SRL
NOOTER ERIKSEN
NRG GLOBAL POWER LTD
NUCLEAR POWER INTERNATIONAL 2016
PBN SNC
PENTAIR
POWER GENERATION WEEK AWARDS
POWER-GEN AFRICA 2016
POWER-GEN EUROPE 2016
POWER-GEN INTERNATIONAL 2016
POWER-GEN NATURAL GAS 2016
POWER-GEN RUSSIA 2016
PSEG
RAMBOLL ENERGY
SENSOPLAN GMBH
SIEMENS AG
SOUTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL INC
STEAG ENERGY SERVICES GMBH
TAMA SPA
TEKSAN JENERATOR ELEKTRIK SANAYI VE TICARET AS
TURBODEN SRL
UT99
VAISALA OYJ
VALMET
VALMET AB
WELLAND & TUXHORN AG
YOUNG & FRANKLIN INC
77
23
65
81
51
27
C2
98
103
75
104
111
107
89
118
87
C4
105
91
C3
61
45
37
15
33
114
114
67
43
21
93
71
25
99
35
PennWell Global Energy Group, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN, United Kingdom.
Phone: +44 1992 656 600 Fax: +44 1992 656 700 Web: www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
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120
Featuring:
PLAN YOUR
PARTICIPATION
NOW!
PROVIDING
SOLUTIONS
& INNOVATION
25-27 OCTOBER
NEW
EVENT
DATES
FOR
2016
16
EXPOCENTRE, MOSCOW, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
MAKE PLANS TO EXHIBIT AT POWER-GEN RUSSIA

POWER-GEN Russia includes a world-class exhibition floor filled with many of
the energy markets largest players showcasing their latest technologies and
innovations.
Complimenting the traditional POWER-GEN Russia power generation
marketplace, our 2016 event will incorporate the industry growth in on-site
power production. This new feature enables this established and premier
event to reach those within many markets including petrochemical, steel,
agricultural and oil and gas where such on-site power production has become
a rising trend, enabling those interested in such activities to network, learn
and do business with like-minded others.
FOR EXHIBITION AND SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES CONTACT:

Director of Sales
Gilbert Weir Jnr
International
Leon Stone
T: +44 (0)1992 656 617

M: +44 (0)7968 287 532
E: gilbertw@pennwell.com
T: +44 (0)1992 656 671

M: +44 (0)7983 473 774
E: leons@pennwell.com
Owned and Produced by:
Presented by:
In Partnership with:
Supported by:
www.powergen-russia.com
21-23
JUNE 2016
MICO - MILANO
MILAN, ITALY
EUROPE
Preliminary Event
Guide now available
Visit event
website to view
or download
DISCOVER THE POTENTIAL FOR YOUR BUSINESS IN

EUROPES EVOLVING ENERGY SECTOR
The changing European power sector is seeing established forms of generation being
repurposed and innovative technologies become mature. Discover how the two come
together and where your business fits in at
POWER-GEN Europe and Renewable Energy World Europe in Milan this June.
Tap into the strategic debate in the conference rooms and the technological innovation on the exhibition
Identify what the latest trends are, where growth is expected and who will need your expertise.
Come to Milan and realize your business opportunities in Europes new energy landscape.
Visit www.powergeneurope.com to find out more
Under the Patronage of the Italian Ministry of Economic Development
Owned and Produced by:
Presented by:

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MAY 2016

The magazine for the international power industry

THE FUTURE ROLE OF

GET A HEAD START.

Just twelve days of installation.

For more information, enter 1 at pei.hotims.com

POWER ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL

Driving energy storage to the next level: p10

Powering the decarbonization agenda

Energy storage in 2016

Pushing the limits of gas engine technology: p14

Pushing the limits of gas engine technology

Viewpoint: gas engines

Why utilities must reinvent themselves: p28

A power system fit for purpose

Utilities: Reinvent or RIP

Germanys record-setting combined-cycle CHP plant: p42

Reality-checking power predictions

Lausward: A new efficiency benchmark

How Europes wind sector can remain competitive: p72

Free Product Info

Power Engineering International May 2016

POWER ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL

Understanding European piping regulations

Quartzelec rises to the challenge

The digital evolution

A perfect storm for UK power

Security in the spotlight

Distributed energy: Power to the people

Building solar in Siberia

Will a Brexit bust UK energy?

How wind can stay cost-competitive

Viewpoint: Carbon tax

Your industry, your voice

Advances in SOx and mercury removal

The energy trilemma dilemma

Refilling the power industry talent pool

Is the future of nuclear small?

Thermal powers role in Europe

A look at the conference and exhibition highlights and

Viewpoint: gas and steam turbines

POWER-GEN Europe preview

Ensuring mission critical telemetry

The current state of Europes energy security: p80

Power Engineering International May 2016

Developing solar in Siberia: p74

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