Air Pollution

ORGANICAIRPOLLUTANTS
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Butadiene
Carbondisulfide
Carbonmonoxide
1,2Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Formaldehyde
Polycycliaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)
Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)
PolychlorinateddibenzodioxinsandDibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs)
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichlorethylene

INORGANICAIRPOLLUTANTS
Arsenic
Asbestos
Cadmium
Chromium
Fluoride
Hydrogensulfide
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Platinum
Vanadium

CLASSICALAIRPOLLUTANTS
Nitrogendioxide
Ozoneandotherphotochemicaloxidants
Particulatematter
Sulfurdioxide

What is air pollution?

contamination of the
air by noxious gases
and minute particles
of solid and liquid
matter (particulates)
in concentrations
that endanger health
Air pollution only
occurs outdoors

Sources of Outside Air

Pollution

Combustion of gasoline and

other hydrocarbon fuels in
cars, trucks, and airplanes
Burning of fossil fuels (oil,
coal, and dinosaur bones)
Insecticides
Herbicides
Everyday radioactive fallouts
Dust from fertilizers
Mining operations
Livestock feedlots

A major form of air pollution is emissions

given off by vehicles.

The number of cars in EU has doubled

between 1970 and 1994 3% per year

Whats in smog

particulates
(especially lead)
nitrous oxides
potassium
Carbon monoxide
Other toxic
chemicals

Sources of Indoor pollution

Efficient insulation
Bacteria
Molds and mildews
Viruses
animal dander and cat saliva
plants
house dust
Mites
Cockroaches
pollen

Effects on the environment

Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Global warming
In human
populationrespiratory
problems, allergies,
strengthens lugs,
and a risk for cancer

Acid rain

contains high levels of

sulfuric or nitric acids
contaminate drinking
water and vegetation
damage aquatic life
erode buildings
Alters the chemical
equilibrium of some soils

Strategies

Air Quality Management Plan

Development of new
technology- electric cars,
cleaner fuels, low nitrogen
oxide boilers and water
healers, zero polluting
paints, less polluting BBQ
lighter fluids
Use of natural gas
Carpooling
Follow the laws enacted

Urban Emissions
There are small emissions of NOx from industrial
processes
The main emissions are from combustion.
There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so
the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air.
Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most
fuels.
Particulate matter describes matter below 10m
aerodynamic diameter.

Role of Engines and Fuel

Different engines and fuel

combinations give out different
emissions in different quantities.

Some engines have catalysts which

effectively remove part of the
harmful gases.

Catalytic Converters and

Particle Traps

Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to

reduce NOx emissions.
CO + HC + NOx

H2O + N2 + CO2
Platinum Honeycomb

Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and

NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if
the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur
content.
The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is
diesel.

STRATEGIE
The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach:

1.

2.
3.
4.

Based on scientific knowledge

Using best available, quality-controlled realworld data
With close involvement of stakeholders:
Project future emissions and air quality resulting
from full implementation of current EU
legislation
Explore scope and costs for further measures
Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios
Estimate benefits of policy scenarios

Scopeforfurthertechnicalemissionreductions
CAFEbaselinewithclimatemeasures,EU25
100%

% of 2000 emissions

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
SO2
2000

NOx

VOC

CAFE baseline 2020, current legislation

NH3

PM2.5

Maximum technical reductions 2020

MainpollutantsusedintheCAFEassessment

ParticulateMatter(PM)Pollution
- Traffic emissions including diesel engines
- Small combustion sources burnng coal and
wood
- Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC

Groundlevelozone
- VOC control to reduce ozone in cities
- N0x reduction from traffic
- Control of N0x emissions from ships
- Methane reduction

Multipollutant/multieffectanalysis
foridentifyingcosteffectivepolicyscenarios
RAINS
computer model

PM

Health

SO2

Eutrophication

NH3

NOx

Acidification

CAFE policy targets for 2020

VOC

Ozone

La cuisine photochimique : mais cest trs simple !

Une pince de NOx et quelques photons
pour faire un peu dozone

NO + O < 430 nm)

NO2 +
h
O + O2

O3
O3

Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui dtruit une

partie de l'ozone form,
Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop !

O3 + NO
RO2 +
NO

NO2
O2

Monitoring of NOX - COV

LES COV
40 BTX automatiques
50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes
diffusion, canisters, )
CPG automatiques
(31 composs)

LES NOX
505 NO2 automatiques
en sites fixes

Dpassements du seuil dinformation et de recommandation

de la population 180g/m3/h t 2003
Nb dvnements de dpassement

Dures cumules des dpassements

86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dpassement du seuil 180

Dure moyenne des dpassements : 34h par capteur,
Principales rgions concernes : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhne Alpes
Les zones habituellement pargnes du littoral Atlantique ont t touches

Lt 2003 sest galement caractris par des niveaux

levs de <NO2 et de particules en raison dune forte
activit photochimique
Echantillons darosols prlevs
chaque semaine au Pic du Midi
(3000m )depuis Juin 2002
(LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE)

Et 2002

t 2002

Et 2003
filtres du 1-8 Aot et
Du 8-15 Aot
Effet canicule ?

Source:C.Liousseetal.2004CNRS

Dpassements du seuil dalerte de la nouvelle directive 2002/3/CE

(240g/m3/h ) t 2003
Nb de dpassements du seuil 240/1h

Nb de dpassements du seuil 240/3h

13 jours de dpassements

2 jours en juillet : le 10 et le 15
11 jours conscutifs du 2 au 13 aot
PACA : 8j Paris :6j Centre, Lorraine : 3j
RA : 2j - Alsace , Bretagne, L R : 1j

PRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONS
Exceptional ozone pollution in time and space during summer 2003
85 days over the threshold 180/h in 2003
13 days over the threshold 240/h in 2003
strong correlation between day temperature /maximal ozone valuesq corrlation
tempratures diurnes/valeurs maximales en ozone
High values of PM10 and NO2
More than 30 millions of person exposed at threshold over

Meteorologic conditions ( high temperatures, no wind,

sunny, no cloud) explains this phenomenon

Expected benefits

Emission of road transport sector in Europe

Index
100:
1996
Indice
1995=100
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

1990

1995
CO

2000
NOx

PM-diesel

2005
COV

2010
Benzne

2015
SO2

CO2

2020

Expected benefits

(All sources in France)

-

43% NOx between 2001 and 2010

- 37% COV between 2001 and 2010
programme

of rduction 2003-2010
(simulations by Prvair) :
- duration of exposition to threshold
(180g/m3) divided by 5
- exposition to concentrations higher than
120g/m3 divided by 2

Surveillance de la pollution : les rseaux

Les AASQUA (associations agres pour la surveillance de la qualit de lair) bnficient
dune dlgation de service public pour :
Surveiller de la qualit de lair

Prvoir les pisodes de pollution

Informer les autorits et les citoyens
Evaluer limpact des mesures de

rduction des missions

Des structures pluralistes o sont
reprsents (4 collges) :
LEtat et ses services
Les collectivits locales et rgionales
Les industriels et entreprises de transport
Les associations de dfense de

lenvironnement et de la qualit de vie

Surveillance de la pollution : les alertes

La surveillance de la pollution repose encore essentiellement sur la notion de pic de pollution dfini par
des seuils et des normes nationales.
Les alertes, efficaces dans le cas de la pollution dorigine
industrielle, le sont beaucoup moins dans le cas de la
pollution photochimique.

FLOWINFORMATION