NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

Name: _________________________________

CT: ____________

Section A: Review Questions

1. Write an equation to define the following standard enthalpy changes.
a) Standard enthalpy change of formation of ethane
2C (s) + 3H2 (g)
C2H6 (g)
b) Standard enthalpy change of formation of magnesium fluoride
Mg (s) + F2 (g)
MgF2 (s)
c) Standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethane
C2H6 (g) + 7/2O2 (g)
2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)
d) Standard enthalpy change of atomisation of hydrogen
H2 (g)
H (g)
e) Standard enthalpy change of atomisation of ethane
C2H6 (g)
2C (g) + 6H (g)
f)

Bond dissociation energy of hydrogen

H2 (g)
2H (g)

g) First ionisation energy of magnesium

Mg (g)
Mg+ (g) + e
h) Second ionisation energy of magnesium
Mg+ (g)
Mg2+ (g) + e
i)

First electron affinity of fluorine

F (g) + e
F (g)

j)

Lattice energy of magnesium fluoride

Mg2+ (g) + 2F (g)
MgF2 (s)

k) Standard enthalpy change of hydration of fluoride

F (g) + aq
F (aq)
l)

Standard enthalpy change of solution of magnesium fluoride

MgF2 (s) + aq
Mg2+ (aq) + 2F (aq)

Page 1 of 17

JC1 2014

Date: _____________

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Which one of the following equations shows the enthalpy change of formation of carbon
monoxide? [J88/III/13]

A
B
C

CO (g)
C (s) + O (g) CO (g)
C (s) + CO (g) 2CO (g)
C (g) + O (g) CO (g)
C (s) + O2 (g)

The enthalpy changes of formation of gaseous ethene and gaseous ethane are +52 kJ mol1
and 85 kJ mol1 respectively at 298K.
What is the enthalpy change of reaction at 298K for the following process? [N90/I/6]
C2H4 (g) + H2 (g)

A
B
C
D
4

137 kJ mol1
33 kJ mol1
+33 kJ mol1
+137 kJ mol1

Hrxn

C2H6 (g)

= Hf (products) Hf (reactants)
= 85 (+52)
= 137 kJ mol1

Which equation represents the change corresponding to the enthalpy change of atomisation
of iodine? [J97/III/7]

A
B

I (g)
I (s) 2I (g)
I (g) I (g)
I (g) 2I (g)
I2 (s)
2

The use of the data booklet is relevant to this question.

Hydrazine was used as a fuel for the Messerschmidt 163 rocket fighter in World War II and
for the American Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. It has the following structure.

What is the enthalpy change of atomisation of 1 mol of gaseous hydrazine? [J02/I/9]

A
B
C
D

550 kJ
1720 kJ
1970 kJ
2554 kJ

Hatom = energies of bonds broken

= 4(NH) + (NN)
= 4(+390) + (+160)
= +1720 kJ mol1

Page 2 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Which equation defines the lattice energy of the ionic compound XY? [J96/III/6]

X (s) + Y (s) XY (s)

X (g) + Y (g) XY (s)

X+ (s) + Y (s) XY (s)

X+ (g) + Y (g) XY (s)

For which of the following is the lattice energy likely to have the greatest magnitude? [J91/I/9]

A
B
C
D

Lithium fluoride
Lithium iodide
Sodium iodide
Sodium fluoride

For which of the following ions is the enthalpy change of hydration likely to be the most
exothermic? [J94/IV/6]
ionic radius / nm
charge on ion
0.065
+2
A
0.095
+1
B
0.135
+2
C
0.169
+1
D

Which one of the following changes is exothermic?

10

Na (g) Na+ (g) + e

NaCl (s) Na+ (g) + Cl (g)

Mg2+ (g) + O2 (g) MgO (s)

O (g) + e O2 (g)

For the reaction A + B

Reaction Coordinate

Which of the following statements about the reaction are true?

1

Ea is the activation energy for the overall reaction

2
3

The addition of a catalyst changes Ea

X and Y are the transition states of the reaction.

Page 3 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

11

JC1 2014

Which of the following are always endothermic processes? [J95/IV/32]

1
The hydration of a gaseous cation
2
3

12

Tutorial: Enthalpy

The dissociation of atoms of a diatomic molecule

The sublimation of a solid

The equation for the complete combustion of octane, C8H18, is given below.
C8H18 (l) + 12 O2 (g)

8CO2 (g) + 9H2O (l)

Using the following enthalpy changes of formation, draw an energy cycle to calculate the
enthalpy change of combustion of octane. [J98/I/3a] [Ans: 5476 kJ mol1]
Hf (C8H18)
= 250 kJ mol1
Hf (H2O)
= 286 kJ mol1
Hf (CO2)
= 394 kJ mol1
Hc(C8H18)
C8H18 (l) + 12 O2 (g)
8CO2 (g) + 9H2O (l)
Hf(C8H18)
= 250 kJ mol1

Hc(C8H18)

13

8Hf(CO2) 9H (H O) =
f
2
= 8(-394)
9(-286) kJ mol1
1
kJ mol
+ 9/2 O2 (g)
8C (s) + 9H2 (g)
+8O2 (g)

= 8(394) + 9(286) (250)

= 5476 kJ mol1

The enthalpy changes for 2 reactions are given by the equations below:

Fe2O3 (g)
CO (g)

2Fe (s) + 3/2O2 (g)

H = 822 kJ mol1

C (s) + O2 (g)

H = 110 kJ mol1

What is the enthalpy change for the reaction 3C (s) + Fe2O3 (s)
[Ans: +492 kJ mol1]

2Fe + 3CO (g)?

Must identify that the 2 H provided are Hf of Fe2O3 and CO respectively.

Hrxn = Hf (products) Hf (reactants)
= 3(110) (822)
= +492 kJ mol1

14a

Define the term bond energy.

Bond energy is the energy required to break 1 mol of covalent bonds in the gaseous state
under standard conditions
By using appropriate bond energy data from the Data Booklet, calculate a value for the
standard enthalpy change of the following reaction. [Ans: 278 kJ mol1]

HC CH + 2H2
Hrxn

CH3CH3

= energies of bonds broken energies of bonds formed

= 2(CH) + (C C) + 2(HH) 6(CH) (CC)

= 2(+410) + (840) + 2(+436) 6(+410) (+350)
= 278 kJ mol1
Page 4 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

The actual Hrxn of the reaction in (b) is 304 kJ mol1. Suggest a discrepancy between this
actual value and that calculated in (b).
Bond energies quoted in the Data Booklet are average values from many different
molecules. They are not the actual bond energies given in the molecules represented in the
equation.

15

Construct a BornHaber cycle for formation of Al2O3 from its elements and calculate the
lattice energy of Al2O3 from the following data :
[Ans: 15300 kJ mol1]
Enthalpy of formation of Al2O3 = 1676 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of atomisation of aluminium = +325 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of atomisation of oxygen = +249 kJ mol1
1st IE of aluminium
= +578 kJ mol1
2nd IE of aluminium
= +1817 kJ mol1
rd
3 IE of aluminium
= +2745 kJ mol1
1st electron affinity of oxygen = 141 kJ mol1
2nd electron affinity of oxygen = +790 kJ mol1

Energy

2Al3+ (g) + 3O 2 (g)

2Al3+ (g) + 6e + 3O (g)

2Al (g) + 3O (g)

3((141) + (+790))
kJ mol1
2(+578 + 1817
+2745) kJ mol1
L.E.

2Al (s) + 3/2 O2 (g)

Hf (Al2O3)
= 1676 kJ mol1

2(+325) +
3(+249) kJ mol1

Al2O3 (s)

By Hess Law,
1676 = 2(325) + 3(249) + 2(578+1817+2745) + 3(141+790) + LE
LE = 15300 kJ mol-1

Page 5 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Section B: Discussion Questions

MCQ
1.

The standard enthalpy changes of formation of carbon dioxide and water are 394 kJ mol1
and 286 kJ mol1 respectively. If the standard enthalpy change of combustion of propyne,
C3H4, is 1938 kJ mol1, what is its standard enthalpy change of formation? [N88/III/13]
A
B
C
D

2.

+184 kJ mol1
184 kJ mol1
+1258 kJ mol1
1258 kJ mol1

C3H4 + 4O2
3CO2 + 2H2O Hrxn = Hc (C3H4)
Hrxn = Hf (products) Hf (reactants)
1938 = 3(394) + 2(286) Hf (C3H4)
Hf (C3H4) = +184 kJ mol1

The enthalpy change for the neutralisation given below is 114 kJ mol1.
2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Predict the value for the enthalpy change for the following neutralisation.
Ba(OH)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)
A

3.

57 kJ mol1

114 kJ mol1 C

BaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

171 kJ mol1 D

228 kJ mol1

Gaseous phosphorus pentachloride can be decomposed into gaseous phosphorus trichloride

and chlorine by heating. Given the following bond energies,
PCl 330 kJ mol1
ClCl 240 kJ mol1
What is the enthalpy change in the decomposition of PCl5 to PCl3 and Cl2? [J03/I/7]
A
B
C
D

4.

5.

420 kJ mol1
90 kJ mol1
+90 kJ mol1
+420 kJ mol1

PCl5

PCl3 + Cl2

Hrxn

= energies of bonds broken energies of bonds formed

= 5(PCl) 3(PCl) (ClCl)

= 2(PCl) (ClCl) = +420 kJ mol1

From which of the following reactions can the bond energy of the CF bond be determined
by using only the standard enthalpy change of the reaction? [N99/III/9]
A

CF4 (g) C (g) + 4F (g)

CF4 (g) CF2 (g) + F2 (g) (Req FF bond energy)

CF4 (s) CF4 (g)

2F2 (g) + C (s)

(Req Hvap)
CF4 (g)

(Req FF bond energy and Hatom(C))

The value of the enthalpy change for the process represented by the equation below
Na (s) Na+ (g) + e
is equal to
A
B
C
D

[N96/IV/8]

The first ionisation energy of Na

The enthalpy change of vapourisation of Na
The sum of the enthalpy change of atomisation and the first ionisation energy of Na
The sum of the enthalpy change of atomisation and the electron affinity of Na
Page 6 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Structured / Free Response

6.

50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, were placed in a plastic cup. To this, 50 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH, were added. The temperature rose from 31.0 to
42.0 oC. Assuming the density of the resulting solution is 1.01 g cm3 and its specific heat
capacity is 3.91 J g1 K1, calculate the enthalpy for the reaction
Heat evolved = 100 x 1.01 x 3.91 x (42.0 31.0) = 4344.0 J
Amount of water formed = (50/1000) x 2.0 = 0.10 mol
Hrxn = 4344.0 / 0.10 = 43440 = 43 kJ mol1

7.

0.0600 mol of Al powder was added to 100.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm3 silver nitrate solution in a
polystyrene cup. The temperature rose from 20.5 C to 30.2 C.
Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction for Al (s) + 3Ag+ (aq)

Al3+ (aq) + 3Ag (s),

assuming the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm3 and its specific heat capacity is 4.18 J g1
1
C [Ans: 487 kJ mol1]
Heat released = mcT = (100.0)(4.18)(30.220.5) = 4.055x103 J
n
n

Al

= 0.0600mol

Ag+

= 0.250

100.0
= 0.02500mol
1000

Ag+ is limiting reagent.

Hrxn
8.

= 4.055x103 / (0.02500/3) = 487 kJ mol1

The enthalpy change of combustion of menthol, C10H20O, is 6310 kJ mol1.

What mass of menthol needs to be combusted in order to produce enough energy to boil 500
[3]
g of water initially at 25oC? (Assume the process to be 75% efficient.)
Energy required to boil the water

= 500 x 4.18 x 75.= 156 750 J

Energy to be provided by combustion of menthol

= 100/75 x 156 750 = 209 000 J

= 209 kJ

Amount of menthol required

= 209/6310 = 0.0331 mol

Mass of menthol required

= 0.0331 x 156.0 = 5.16 g

Page 7 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

9.

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Hydrazine is used as rocket fuel and to prepare gas precursors used in air bags.
Approximately 260 thousand tonnes of hydrazine are manufactured annually. Liquid hydrazine
undergoes combustion according to the following equation:
N2H4(l)

O2(g)

N2(g)

2H2O(l)

A chemist conducted an experiment to determine the standard enthalpy change of combustion

of hydrazine. In the experiment, 0.210g of hydrazine was burnt as fuel to heat up a beaker
containing 200 cm3 of water. The temperature of water rose by 4 oC. You may assume the
process has 80 % efficiency.
(i)

Explain what is meant by standard enthalpy change of combustion of hydrazine.

[1]

Standard enthalpy change of combustion (Hc) of hydrazine is the energy released when one
mole of the hydrazine is completely burnt in oxygen at 298K and 1 atm.
(ii)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of hydrazine.

[2]

Amount of heat absorbed by water, Q = 200 x 4 x 4.18 = 3344 J

Amount of heat released by reaction, Q = Q / 0.8 = 4180 J
No of moles of N2H4

= 6.56 x 103 mol

Hc (N2H4)

= 4180 / 6.56 x 103

= 637000 J mol1 = 637 kJ mol1

(iii)

Given the following data:

enthalpy change of formation of steam = 242 kJ mol1
enthalpy change of vapourisation of water = + 44 kJ mol1
and using the value you have calculated in (ii), draw an appropriate energy cycle to determine
the standard enthalpy of formation of hydrazine.
[3]
Hf(N2H4 (l)
N2 (g) + 2H2 (g) (g))
N2H4 (l)
2 xHf(H2O (g))
N2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

2 xHv(H2O (l))

Hc(N2H4 (l)
(g))
N2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

By Hess law,
Hf (N2H4 (l)) = 2(242) (637) 2(+44) = + 65 kJmol1

Page 8 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

The standard enthalpy change of formation of hydrazine gas is +235 kJ mol1.

Using appropriate data from the Data Booklet, draw an energy level diagram to calculate the
average bond energy of NH bond in hydrazine.
[3]

energy

(iv)

2N (g) + 4H (g)
B.E.(NN) +
4xB.E.(NH)
B.E.(NN) +
2xB.E.(HH)

N2H4 (g)

Hf(N2H4)
= +235 kJ mol1
N2 (g) + 2H2 (g)

By Hess Law,
+ 235 + (+160) + 4 x B.E(NH) = +994 + 2(+436)
B.E (NH) = 368 kJ mol1
(v)

Suggest a reason for the difference in the NH bond energy value obtained from (iv) with the
value given in the Data Booklet.
[1]
The bond energy values obtained from the Data Booklet are average values and would differ
from the experimental values.

10.

Draw an energy cycle to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
PbO2 (s) + 2CO (g)

Pb (s) + 2CO2 (g)

given the following enthalpy changes.

Hf [PbO2(s)] = 486 kJ mol1, Hf [CO(g)] = 110 kJ mol1 and Hf [CO2(g)] = 394 kJ mol1
[Ans: 82 kJ mol1]
PbO2 (s) + 2CO (g)
Hf[PbO2(s)]
+ O2 (g)
(g)
Hrxn

Pb (s) + 2CO2 (g)

2Hf [CO(g)]
+ O2 (g)
(g)
(g)
Pb (s) + 2C (s)

= 2(394) (486) 2(110)

= 82 kJ mol1

Page 9 of 17

2Hf [CO2(g)]
+ (g)
2O2 (g)
(g)

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

11.

(i)

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Methanol can be produced from methane by a twostep process.

Step 1
CH4 (g) + H2O (g)
CO (g) + 3H2 (g)
Step 2
CO (g) + 2H2 (g)
CH3OH (g)

H = x kJ mol1
H = 102 kJ mol1

Use the following enthalpy changes of formation to calculate the value of x in Step 1.

CH4 (g)
CO (g)
H2O (g)

Enthalpy change of formation / kJ mol1

75
110
242
[Ans: +207 kJ mol1]

Hrxn

= Hf (products) Hf (reactants)
= (110) (75) (242)
= +207 kJ mol1

(ii)

Using the enthalpy change of reaction you have calculated in Step 1 in (a), and any relevant
bond energy terms in the Data Booklet, deduce a value for the bond dissociation energy of the
carbonoxygen bond in carbon monoxide. [Ans: +1045 kJ mol1]
Hrxn

= energies of bonds broken energies of bonds formed

= 4(CH) + 2(OH) (CO) 3(HH)

+207

= 4(+410) + 2(+460) (CO) 3(+436)

BE(CO) = +1045 kJ mol1

12.

By using the following data, draw an appropriate energy cycle and calculate the enthalpy
change of hydration of the
(i)
Chloride ion [Ans: 378 kJ mol1]
(ii) Iodide ion [Ans: 317 kJ mol1]
and comment on the difference in their values.

Na+ (g) + Cl (g)

Hhyd (Na+) +
Hhyd (Cl-)

Energy

Energy

Enthalpy change of solution of NaCl (s) = +4 kJ mol1

Enthalpy change of solution of NaI (s) = 8 kJ mol1
Enthalpy change of hydration of Na+ (g) = 390 kJ mol1
Lattice energy of NaCl = 772 kJ mol1
Lattice energy of NaI = 699 kJ mol1
Na+ (g) + l (g)

LE(NaI)

Hhyd (Na+) +
Hhyd (l-)

LE(NaCl)

NaI (s)
Na+ (aq) + Cl (aq)
Hsol(NaCl)

Hsol(NaI)
NaCl (s)

Na+ (aq) + l (aq)

Page 10 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Hsol = LE(NaX) + Hhyd(Na+) + Hhyd(X)

Hhyd(X) = Hsol + LE(NaX) Hhyd(Na+)
Hhyd(Cl) = 772 +4 (390) = 378 kJ mol1
Hhyd(I) = 699 8 (390) = 317 kJ mol1
More energy given out during hydration of Cl compared to I
Because Cl has larger charge density (q/r) than I, leading to stronger iondipole
interactions
Given the following information,
Enthalpy of atomisation of potassium = +90 kJ mol1
First ionisation energy of potassium = +418 kJ mol1
Bond energy of hydrogen = +436 kJ mol1
First electron affinity of hydrogen = 78 kJ mol1
Lattice energy of potassium hydride = 710 kJ mol1
Draw a suitable BondHaber cycle to enable one to determine the enthalpy change for the
reaction 2K (s) + H2 (g) 2KH (s) [Ans: 124 kJ mol1]
2K+ (g) + 2e + 2H (g)

Energy

13.

2 x 1st IE of K

2K+ (g) + 2H (g)

2K (g) + 2H (g)

2K (g) + H2 (g)

2 x 1st EA of H

BDE(HH)
[or 2xHatm (H)]
2 x LE (KH)

2K (s) + H2 (g)
2Hf (KH) = Hrxn

2xHatm (K)

2KH (s)

By Hess Law,
+ 2(+90) + (+436) + 2(+418) + 2(78) 2(710) = Hrxn
Hrxn = 124 kJ mol1

(note that Hrxn = 2Hf(KH))

Page 11 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

14.

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Calcium reacts with water to form aqueous calcium hydroxide.

Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) + H2 (g)

Ca (s) + 2H2O(l)

Hrxn

Some enthalpy changes are listed below.

= +178 kJ mol1
= 58 kJ mol1
= 1577 kJ mol1
= 796 kJ mol1

Enthalpy change of atomisation of calcium

Enthalpy change of neutralization
Enthalpy change of hydration of Ca2+ (g)
Enthalpy change for 2H+ (aq) + 2e
H2 (g)

By using data in this question and relevant data in the Data Booklet, draw an energy level
diagram to determine Hrxn for the above reaction.

Energy / kJ

Ca2+(g) + 2e + 2H+(aq) + 2OH

2(58) = 116 kJ mol1
1577 kJ mol1

Ca2+(g) + 2e + 2H2O(l)
+590 + 1150
= +1740 kJ mol1

Ca2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + 2e

Ca(g) + 2H2O(l)
+178 kJ mol1
796 kJ mol1

Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)
Hrxn
Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + H2(g)

Hrxn

15.
(i)

+178 + 1740 (116) 1577 796

339 kJ mol1

Solubility of Group II sulfates vary down the group.

With an appropriate equation, define the enthalpy change of solution of calcium sulfate.
CaSO4(s)

Ca2+(aq) + SO42(aq)

Energy change when one mole of CaSO4 is completely dissolved in a solvent to form an
infinitely dilute solution under standard conditions.

Page 12 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

(ii)

Given:

Tutorial: Enthalpy

2704 kJmol

Hohydration

1562 kJmol

1160 kJmol

2+

(Ca )

Hohydration (SO42 )

JC1 2014

Holattice (CaSO4)

1
1

Using Hess Law, calculate the enthalpy change of solution of calcium sulfate. Based on the
value that you have calculated, comment on the solubility of calcium sulfate.
Hsoln

= Hhyd Hlatt
= [Hhyd(Ca2+) + Hhyd(SO42)] Hlatt
= [(1562)+(1160)] (2704)
= 18 kJ mol1

Hsol of calcium sulfate is slightly exothermic (negative), thus it is most likely soluble in water.
(iii)

Using relevant data from the Data Booklet, predict the relative solubility of calcium sulfate,
barium sulfate and lead(II) sulfate.
Ionic radius: Ca2+ (0.099 nm) < Pb2+ (0.120 nm) < Ba2+ (0.135 nm)
H sol = Hhyd LE

q
qq
q
= + + +
r
r+
r+ + r

Since q+, q and r is the same for all 3 sulfates,

as cationic radius increases from Ca2+ to Pb2+ to Ba2+,

the magnitude of

q+
q+q
for Hhyd of cations decreases to a greater extent than that of
r+ + r
r+

in LE
[because the sum of ionic radii, (r+ + r), in LE increases by a smaller extent due to the
large anionic radius of SO42.]

q+
becomes less exothermic faster than the reverse lattice energy, L.E., becoming less
r+
endothermic.
Hsol becomes increasingly endothermic (i.e. sulfates becomes less soluble)
Solubility: CaSO4 > PbSO4 > BaSO4

Page 13 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

At a certain temperature, the decomposition of NO2Cl follows a twostep mechanism as

shown:
Step 1 :
NO2Cl NO2 + Cl

NO2Cl + Cl NO2 + Cl2

Step 2 :

The enthalpy change for the overall process is 15 kJ mol1. For the first step, the activation
energy for the forward reaction is 35 kJ mol1 and that of a reverse reaction is 25 kJ mol1. The
activation energy for the reverse reaction of the second step is 35 kJ mol1. Draw a labelled
energy profile diagram based on the above given data.
[2]

Energy

16.

Ea1 (revserse) (1st step)

-1
= +25 kJ mol
Ea1 (1st step)
-1
= +35 kJ mol

Ea2 (2nd step)

-1
= +10 kJ mol

NO2Cl

Ea2 (reverse) (2nd step)

-1
= +35 kJ mol

-1

Hrxn = 15 kJmol

NO2 + Cl2
Reaction pathway

Page 14 of 17

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

Section C: Assignment [20 marks]

Name: ____

Suggested Solutions_______

CT: ____________

Date: _____________

1. By drawing an energy cycle, determine the enthalpy change of formation of methanoic acid,
HCOOH, from the following enthalpies of combustion:
Hc(carbon) = 394 kJ mol1, Hc(H2) = 286 kJ mol1, Hc(HCOOH) = 263 kJ mol1,

C (s) + O2 (g) + H2 (g)

Hc(carbon)
+ Hc(H2)

Hf

[3]

HCOOH (l)

+ O2
+ O2 H (HCOOH)
c
(g)
(g)
CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

[ m for each arrow]

By Hess Law,
Hf(HCOOH) + (263) = 394 + (286) [ m]
Hf(HCOOH) = 417 kJ mol1
[ m]
2. Carbon reacts with oxygen to form 2 oxides: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
The standard enthalpy changes of formation for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are
111 kJ mol1 and 394 kJ mol1 respectively. The standard enthalpy changes of atomisation of
graphite and oxygen are +715 kJ mol1 and +248 kJ mol1 respectively.
a) Define the terms standard enthalpy change of formation and standard enthalpy change of
atomisation.
[2]
Hf : Energy change when one mole of compound is formed from its constituent elements
in their standard states under standard conditions [1]
Hatm: Energy required to form 1 mol of gaseous atoms from its element under standard
conditions [1]

Energy

b) Using the information given above, and by drawing a suitable energy level diagram,
calculate the carbonoxygen bond enthalpy in carbon dioxide.

[3]

C (g) + 2O (g)

C (s) + O2 (g)

Hatom(C) +
2Hatom(O)
2xBE(C=O)

Hf(CO2)
CO2 (g)

Hatom(C) + 2Hatom(O) - 2BE(C=O) = Hf(CO2)

715 + 2(248) - 2BE(C=O) = -394
BE(C=O) = +803 kJ mol1
Page 15 of 17

[1 m]

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

JC1 2014

c) The carbonoxygen bond enthalpy of carbon monoxide is +1074 kJ mol1. Why is the
carbonoxygen bond enthalpy in carbon monoxide different from that in carbon dioxide? [1]
The carbonoxygen bond in CO is a triple bond but the carbonoxygen bond in CO2 is a
double bond. A triple bond (1 sigma, 2 pi) is stronger than a double bond (1 sigma, 1 pi) and
will require more energy to break.
d) Carbon monoxide may be used as a fuel. Using the information given above, calculate the
amount of carbon monoxide required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water by 50 C if
the process is only 35% efficient. (Specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g1 K1)
[3]
CO (g) + O2 (g)

CO2 (g)

Hc(CO) = Hf(CO2) Hf(CO) = 394 (111) = 283 kJ mol1

Heat absorbed by water = mcT = (100)(4.18)(50) = 20.90 kJ

Since process only 35% efficient,
Heat evolved from combustion of fuel = 100/35 x 20.9 = 59.71 kJ required
nCO = (Q / H) = 59.71 / 283 = 0.211 mol (3sf)
e) Suggest a possible reason why the process is only 35% efficient.
Heat loss to surroundings / container.
3. The formation of magnesium oxide from its elements may be represented by a Bornhaber
cycle as described below.

Mg2 (g)

O2 (g)

H3

H6

Mg (g)

O (g)

H2

H5

Mg (g)

O (g)

H1

H4

Mg (s)

H7

O2 (g)
Hf
MgO (s)

Page 16 of 17

[1]

NYJC H2 Chemistry 9647

Tutorial: Enthalpy

a) Name the enthalpy changes represented as H1, H3 and H5.

JC1 2014

[3]

H1 = Standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Mg

H3 = Second ionisation energy of Mg
H5 = First electron affinity of O
b) Use IE values from the Data Booklet together with the values:
H1 = +150 kJ mol1, H7 = 3889 kJ mol1, H4 + H5 + H6 = +950 kJ mol1
to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of magnesium oxide.

[2]

By Hess Law,
Hf = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 + H5 + H6 + H7
= +150 + 736 (1st IE Mg) + 1450 (2nd IE Mg) + 950 3889 [1]
= 603 kJ mol1 [1]
c) The value of H7 for barium oxide is 3152 kJ mol1. Account for the difference in values of
H7 for magnesium oxide and barium oxide.
[2]

q +q
LE + , Charges are equal [1]
r +r
Since rMg 2+ < rBa 2+ due to fewer filled electron shells, [1]
LE of BaO is less exothermic than LE of MgO.

Page 17 of 17