Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 Final
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Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgements
1
Rational numbers
30
Problem solving 1
Literacy skills 1
Chapter review 1
31
33
34
37
Index notation
Using technology: A spreadsheet activity
Index laws
Multiplication with indices
Division with indices
Powers of powers
The zero index
Negative indices
Revising and combining
index laws
Fractional indices
Expanding and factorising
algebraic expressions
Scientific notation
Scientific notation for numbers
greater than 1
Scientific notation for numbers
less than 1
viii
x
5
6
9
12
Problem solving 2
Literacy skills 2
Chapter review 2
78
79
80
Consumer arithmetic
85
Problem solving 3
Literacy skills 3
Chapter review 3
115
116
118
121
Perimeter
The perimeter of a sector
Area
The area of a sector
Areas of composite shapes
Practical areas
Using technology: Brahmaguptas formula
Using a graphics calculator:
Inside shapes
59
63
66
67
68
c
70
76
15
18
20
24
38
42
44
44
47
50
53
56
72
74
Problem solving 4
Literacy skills 4
Chapter review 4
122
127
132
139
143
147
150
151
152
153
154
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Surds
Rational and irrational numbers
Surds
Simplification of surds
Addition and subtraction of surds
Multiplication and division of surds
Binomial products
Conjugate surds
Rationalising the monomial
denominator
Rationalising the binomial
denominator
Using technology: Square roots
Fractional indices and surds
Some general number properties
172
173
176
178
180
184
186
187
Probability
189
Problem solving 6
Literacy skills 6
Chapter review 6
Properties of
geometrical figures
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
198
200
206
208
218
220
223
226
230
231
232
232
236
S T A G E
244
247
249
252
255
256
257
263
264
264
268
273
279
284
286
Problem solving 8
Literacy skills 8
Chapter review 8
287
288
289
Trigonometry
293
Trigonometry
Naming the sides of a
right-angled triangle
The ratios of sides in
right-angled triangles
The trigonometric ratios
Using a calculator in
trigonometry
Finding an unknown side
Finding the hypotenuse
Finding an unknown angle
Angles of elevation and depression
Bearings
217
238
238
242
Problem solving 7
Literacy skills 7
Chapter review 7
Statistics
Frequency distribution and cumulative
frequency tables
Frequency and cumulative
frequency diagrams
Key statistics
Grouped data
Using technology: Frequency distribution
using a spreadsheet
Using technology: Finding key statistics
using a graphics calculator
190
190
193
211
213
214
Polygons
The angle sum of a triangle
The angle sum of a quadrilateral
The angle sum of a polygon
Regular polygons
The exterior angle sum of
a polygon
The exterior angle sum of
a triangle
The exterior angle sum of a
quadrilateral
Construction of regular
polygons in a circle
vi
158
158
160
162
165
167
170
Problem solving 5
Literacy skills 5
Chapter review 5
Probability
Taking chances
Experimental probability
Using technology: Simulating dice throws
on a spreadsheet
Theoretical probability
Getting chances right
Mutually exclusive events
Congruent triangles
Tests for congruent triangles
Applying the congruence tests
Proving properties of triangles
and quadrilaterals
Similar figures
Similar triangles
Applications of similarity
157
Problem solving 9
Literacy skills 9
Chapter review 9
294
294
297
300
304
306
310
313
316
320
324
325
326
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10 Coordinate geometry
The distance between two points
The distance formula
The midpoint of an interval
The gradient of a line
The gradient formula
The angle of inclination with the
positive direction of the x-axis
Linear equations
Gradientintercept form
General form
Parallel lines
c
Problem solving 10
Literacy skills 10
Chapter review 10
Problem solving 11
Literacy skills 11
Chapter review 11
332
335
338
342
343
344
347
347
348
351
353
354
355
357
358
358
361
369
372
372
376
378
383
384
385
392
395
397
399
415
417
418
420
423
426
429
432
433
434
367
390
Problem solving 12
Literacy skills 12
Chapter review 12
402
406
408
410
412
412
413
362
364
364
365
331
Problem solving 13
Literacy skills 13
Chapter review 13
Diagnostic test
Answers
Index
438
441
446
450
454
457
460
464
467
470
471
475
476
480
486
488
489
490
496
520
590
C O N T E N T S
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Introduction
Preface to the teacher
This book is the first of two books written for the Mathematics Stage 5.3 pathway in
New South Wales. It is written for Year 9 students who have achieved most of the Stage 4
learning outcomes and are achieving Stage 5 learning outcomes. This book, together with
Connections Maths 10 Stage 5.3/5.2/5.1, covers the entire new Stage 5.3 course.
This book develops the knowledge, skills and understanding objectives which will enhance
students mathematical thinking, understanding, competence, creativity and confidence in
the application of mathematics. It is designed to make connections to real-life contexts, it
fosters values and attitudes which help to promote student enjoyment and appreciation.
The text clearly explains the mathematical concepts used in language that is appropriate
for students.
The sequence of the work has been planned to maximise student interest and enjoyment while
assisting teachers in identifying the learning outcomes achieved. Students are encouraged to
develop their mathematical skills to achieve the learning outcomes of the course.
Most chapters have these features:
p Working mathematically Students are presented with interesting information and are
asked to apply their mathematical knowledge to explore possible outcomes and extensions.
This may be done individually or in small groups. Students have the opportunity to
develop new skills and concepts and to focus on different learning processes.
p Using technology Students are encouraged to use technology to explore and extend
mathematical concepts. Calculators, spreadsheets, graphic calculators and geometry
software are used to enhance students learning.
p Problem solving Students can explore different ways of finding solutions to
original problems.
p Literacy skills Students can review the language used in the chapter and test their
understanding of the terms they have learnt.
p Chapter review Students can complete a comprehensive review of the work treated in
the chapter using this sequence of questions, which help to determine student
learning outcomes.
The Teaching & Assessment book for this text gives additional teaching information and a
sample teaching program that is linked to student learning outcomes.
This book is intended to interest and motivate students and provide them with a firm basis
for future mathematical studies.
J.G. Stamell A.S. Kalra
viii
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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CD-ROM
CD-ROM
For further details and troubleshooting, read the Read-Me file contained in the CD-ROM.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
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Acknowledgements
The authors and publishers would like to thank the following for granting permission to
reproduce copyright material:
Photographic material: Brand X Pictures, Comstock, Corel, Corbis, Creativ Collection,
Digital Vision, Eyewire, Goodshoot, ImageState, John Foxx, Microsoft Excel screenshots
reproduced with permission from Microsoft Corporation, PhotoAlto, Photo Essentials,
Photodisc, Photos.com., Royal Australian Mint, Stockbyte.
The authors would also like to sincerely thank Marilyn Murray for all her input into this book.
Every effort has been made trace the ownership of copyright material. However, should
any infringement have occurred, the publishers would be pleased to be contacted by the
copyright owners.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Rational
numbers
Syllabus outcomes
NS5.2.1 Rounds decimals to a specified number of significant figures, expresses
recurring decimals in fraction form and converts rates from one set of units to another
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when
explaining solutions and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and
generalisations about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
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30C
We know that the temperature is in the 20s and can say that it is somewhere
between 25C and 30C. We are now deciding the last digit, and will estimate it as 7.
25C
20C
not significant
We need more information to say for sure. These zeros may be merely place holders (if the
number was measured to the nearest hundred) or they may have been measured but just
happened to be zeros (if there are, for example, exactly 6300 people in a stadium).
Digits between the first and last significant digit are all significant.
6300.0 has 5 significant figures.
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We often round off numbers to a given number of significant figures or to the nearest ten,
hundred and so on. Rounding off is a way of approximating. To the nearest million, the
population of Australia is 20 million. This may be all the accuracy needed for a particular
purpose. At this instant the population might be 19 862 045, but as this number
constantly changes, this level of accuracy may not be required, for example, in a
document to be published next year.
When rounding, we round up if the digit is 5 or more, and round down if the digit is less
than 5.
When rounding 4.2 to the nearest whole number, we round
down to 4.
When rounding 3.7 to the nearest whole number, we round
up to 4.
3.7
3
4.2
4
Examples
1
38 427
B
0.07 841
44.8 19
B
0.246 518
C H A P T E R
R AT I O N A L
56 345
12
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0.14 03
12
E x e r c i s e 1A
B
0.0369 8
123
S I G N I F I C A N T F I G U R E S A N D A P P R O X I M AT I O N S
How many significant figures are there in each number if each measurement was made
to the accuracy shown in parentheses?
a 4000 (nearest thousand)
b 14 800 (nearest ten)
c 800 (nearest whole number)
d 1800 (nearest hundred)
Hamish counted the people in a hall as 840. How many significant figures are there in
this number?
A speeding bullet travels at about 1426.2 km/h and a rocket in orbit travels at about
28 000 km/h. To how many significant figures was each measurement made?
c 13.5
g 8.499
d 7.1
h 37.504
c 32 684
g 7812
d 11 705
h 347.25
c 0.203
g 2.199
d 0.654
h 3.999
c 3.75
g 2.18
d 18.04
h 3.99
c 12.03
g 8.095
d 18.78
h 0.002 145
10
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
d
h
l
p
8137
0.0001
3.020
0.000 000 63
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11
Given that 1000 75 1313 , in which way would you round in each of the following
situations? Explain why.
a How many $75 items can be bought for $1000?
b A bus holds 75 people. How many buses are needed to take 1000 students to a
swimming carnival?
12
4.28
ii
4.33
13
In an average human the normal platelet count in the blood is 250 000 per
cubic millimetre, correct to 2 significant figures. What might the exact measure have been?
14
15
16
17
CD-ROM
C H A P T E R
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How are the numbers in column B written? Are they all shown to 2 decimal places?
Comment.
What do you think =ROUND(346.893,0) might return? Try it. (Click in an empty cell
and type this in.)
On some computers, TRUNC (short for truncate) cuts off a number at a certain point. For
example, TRUNC(367.28,1) truncates 367.28 to 1 decimal place and returns 367.2.
5
How can you use TRUNC to round off 54.762 to 1 decimal place?
TRUNC(8.126+0.4,2)?
Estimation
Estimation involves finding an approximate value.
For example, saying that a doorway is 2 m tall does
not (usually) mean it is exactly 2 m tall, but we know
that it is closer to 2 m than it is to either 1 m or 3 m.
Similarly, a grazier could tell you roughly how many
sheep were in a flock without counting, and a painter
can usually tell at a glance approximately how much
paint is needed to paint a house.
Examples
1
Jerry wants to estimate the height of the library building at his school.
It consists of a ground floor and a first floor. Suggest one way he could do this.
He could ask a friend to stand next to the building, then estimate how
many of his friends, standing on top of each other, it would take to reach
the top of the building. Given that each friend is about 2 m tall, he could
multiply this number by 2 and so have an estimate for the height of
the building.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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E x e r c i s e 1B
E S T I M AT I O N
a 5c coin
a 10c coin
ii
iii
a 20c coin
80
60
40
4
3
100
4:36
120
D
140
20
2
0
160
km/h
a
b
c
d
9
6
1
2
4
7
12
10
11
4
7
11 12 1
10
11 12 1
3
8
7 6 5
A clock lost its minute hand, but its hour hand works perfectly. Estimate these times:
a
C H A P T E R
R AT I O N A L
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In many fast-food outlets, signs and posters are placed at strategic heights around the
room. In the event of a robbery, staff are asked to observe the robber in relation to a
sign. How can such information be useful to police?
45
D
B
A
10
11
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Examples
1
125 cm
and mean is
approximately equal to.
2700
This fraction is slightly under 700, but 700 is a fair estimate, allowing for
offcuts and breakages. This may appear to be a lot of tiles, but once you
place a tile in a room of this size you can quickly see that this is a
reasonable estimate.
C H A P T E R
R AT I O N A L
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
c
d
e
f
2
10
Throughout history people have used the body as reference points for estimations.
a Measure the following body parts on yourself or have a friend measure them
for you. Also measure your height.
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cubit
fathom
inch
foot
yard
span
The door frame in this room is 1.6 m wide. Work out the scale of the photograph
and then, without measuring, estimate:
a the height of the door
b the distance between the window
and the doorway
c the height of the window frame
d the width of the window frame
e the length of the wall
f the height of the wall
C H A P T E R
R AT I O N A L
N U M B E R S
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Estimation strategies
Each year Australians throw out about 20 million
tonnes of garbage. This number was not obtained
by weighing all the garbage that goes to all the
garbage tips. That would be a costly and pointless
exercise. It was estimated by taking samples from
around the country.
In many situations an estimate is often good
enough, and the exact answer is not needed. We
use estimates all the time.
p How far did you walk today?
p How many people watched the game?
p How many fish are there around the reef ?
Estimation is important in mathematics because it allows us to see whether the answer
we calculated could be correct. For instance, 11.25 3.9 is about 40 (10 4).
The exact answer is 43.875, but if we had an answer of 438.75, we would
know from our estimation that it is wrong.
It is easy to press
a wrong key on
the calculator, so
use estimation
to check that
your answers
are reasonable.
Examples
1
12
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
7327
2876
______
9000
______
7327
2876
______
Add.
10 100
S T A G E
1100
______
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120
60
______
118.3
57.2
______
60
______
60.0
______
118.3
57.2
______
Add.
1.0
______
61
3000
When estimating, use methods that suit the particular situations. Occasionally you may wish
to combine different estimation methods.
E x e r c i s e 1C
E S T I M AT I O N S T R AT E G I E S
Estimate the following, then use a calculator to see how close your estimates were:
a 5286 3467
b 6.59 2.27 4.65
c 0.8165 0.2134
2
d 95.28 4.63
e 34.65 2.91
f (4.1)
g 3592 62
h 7.375 0.69
8.41 2.83
i (84.93 21.2) (4.21 1.67)
j
10.1
2
2
(4.82) (7.91)
k 527 915 467
l
410
m
11.04 3
26.5
98.3
26.5
98.3
C H A P T E R
(84.6)
(7.1)2
R AT I O N A L
N U M B E R S
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A farmer has a pentagonal paddock with boundaries 312 m, 295 m, 326 m, 274 m and
302 m. About how much fencing will he need?
Estimation can also be used to determine reasonable answers. For each of questions 7 to 14,
choose the best answer.
14
Sally puts 16 shells in each bag. How many bags can she fill using 600 shells?
A 20
B 30
C 40
D 50
Drew can iron and fold a shirt in about 4 minutes. How many shirts can he iron and
fold in 2 hours?
A 20
B 25
C 30
D 40
A packet of snacks costs $2.45. How much can be saved by buying 6 packets on sale at
$1.98 each?
A $2.70
B $2.80
C $2.90
D $3.00
10
There are 24 sheets of paper in a quire. How many sheets are there in 712 quires?
A 150
B 160
C 170
D 180
11
A space shuttle can carry about 30 t of cargo. A compact car weighs about 1.1 t. What is
a reasonable number of compact cars that could be carried on the shuttle?
A 27
B 31
C 35
D 39
12
13
14
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
15
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90
ii 85
Use a calculator to check your estimates. Were you close?
i
iii
95
16
17
By substituting and then refining your estimates, find n correct to 3 decimal places:
n
n
n
a 2 50
b 3 60
c 10 500
A r
2
3
2
28.274 333 88 cm
3 cm
2.9 cm
A r
2.9
A r
3.1 cm
2
3.1
2
2
2
26.420 794 22 cm
30.190 705 4 cm
C H A P T E R
Approximately equal to
can be written with either
of these two symbols:
or
R AT I O N A L
N U M B E R S
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Examples
1
624 cm is also a
reasonable estimate,
because the number of
significant figures is the
same as the fewest
number of significant
figures in the question.
h 29.7 21.0
2
h 1323.09
h 36.374 304 12
A reasonable estimate for the diagonal length (hypotenuse) would be
36.4 cm. Certainly with a ruler you would not be able to measure the
diagonal any better than this. Also, the side lengths were given correct
to 1 decimal place, so the hypotenuse should not be given to a greater
degree of accuracy.
c
So the sheet covers
10 000 0.062 37 of a square metre. This is about 16
(0.0625) of a square metre.
2.5 cm
2.5 cm
2.5 cm
When the cube in example 2 was remeasured, it was found that the solid
was not exactly a cube but a rectangular prism. What is its volume now?
The same formula applies.
V lbh
2.51 2.52 2.48
15.686 496
2.48 cm
2.52 cm
2.51 cm
16
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Can you see that in these two examples, 16 cm as a measure for the volume
of this cube (whose sides cannot be measured exactly) is about the best you
can expect?
E x e r c i s e 1D
1
Use your calculator to find the values of these and give each answer to a reasonable
level of accuracy:
2
a 11.2 5.1
b 4.5
1
3
7
84.7
2
f 20
12.1 15.8
When estimating, always consider the context. Which of the following is a reasonable
estimate for the mass of a baby?
A 3.2 kg
B 3.196 kg
C 3.2107 kg
3
d 20
2
L E V E L O F A C C U R A C Y A N D A P P R O X I M AT I O N S
e
A room measures 18.4 m by 9.2 m. What is a reasonable estimate for its area?
The thickness of a ream of paper (500 sheets) is 51 mm. Estimate the thickness of
1 sheet of paper.
Tabatha claims to have measured the length of a table as 2.310 415 m. Can her claim
be true? Comment.
a Evaluate 45
15.87 correct to 3 decimal places using
5.3 cm
a calculator.
b Round off 45
to the nearest whole number. Now multiply the result by 15.87.
c Round off 45
correct to 1 decimal place, then multiply the result by 15.87.
d What effect does rounding have on the accuracy of the result?
C H A P T E R
R AT I O N A L
N U M B E R S
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Kim and Chris were asked to calculate the volume of this prism
correct to 1 decimal place. They used the following methods:
Kim:
p
p
p
p
p
Multiply:
4.5 6.3 28.35
Round 28.35 to 1 decimal place:
28.4
Multiply:
28.4 3.2 90.88
Round this to 1 decimal place:
90.9
3
The volume is 90.9 cm (correct to 1 decimal place).
6.3 cm
3.2 cm
4.5 cm
10
22
7
a
b
c
d
4
Show that you need to add approximately 50 terms to get a 2-digit accuracy for .
Examples
1
The ratio of the angles in a triangle is 3 : 4 : 5. What is the size of each angle?
180
3 parts
4 parts
5 parts
180
18
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So the sizes of the angles are 3 15, 4 15 and 5 15; that is, 45, 60
and 75.
2
b $750 in 30 h
$750
E x e r c i s e 1E
R AT I O S A N D R AT E S
Simplify:
a 2 m to 5 m
d 50c to $4
$2000 is divided in the ratio 7 : 3 between George and Kerry. How much does each receive?
The ratio of two solutes, A and B, in a solution is 4 : 5. Altogether 18 g of solute was used
in 112 L. How much of each solute is present in 400 mL?
The ratio of the weights of Bill and Jane is 5 : 3. If the lighter person weighs 57 kg, who is
the heavier person, and how much do they weigh?
The new photocopier can make 32 copies per minute. This was an increase in the ratio
8 : 5 over an old photocopier. How many copies per minute could the old copier make?
Employees were granted a 25% increase in wages owing to cost savings. What is the
ratio of the new wage to the old wage?
10
Two places on a map are 3.4 cm apart. The scale reads 1 : 50 000. How far apart are
these places?
11
On another map with scale 1 : 2 500 000, two towns are separated by 7.8 cm. How far
apart are they?
12
The ratio of alcohol in a persons breath compared to that in their blood is 1 : 2100.
If there are 18 parts of alcohol in a certain volume of a persons breath, how many parts
of alcohol would there be in an equivalent volume of blood?
13
14
Cans of soft drink sold for $6.60 per dozen. What is the cost per can?
b 300 mL to 1 L
1
e 250 g to 22 kg
c
f
$4 to 50c
4 : 212
The angles in a quadrilateral are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4 : 3. What is the size of each angle?
The ratio of Kates new salary to her previous salary is 4 : 3. If her previous salary was
$42 000, what is her new salary?
C H A P T E R
R AT I O N A L
N U M B E R S
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15
An electrician charges $22 per quarter-hour. How much is charged for a job that
takes 212 h?
16
b
d
f
h
j
$44 in 4 h
1
68 L in 32 min
1
250 heart beats in 24 min
18% interest in 365 days
$1.10 for a 5 min telephone call
Converting rates
Often we are interested in converting rates from one set of units to another. Suppose it takes
60 L
10 min to fill a bath up to 60 L. The rate at which water flows from the tap is
10 min 6 L/min.
However, we may want to express this rate in litres per second (L/s). To do this, say that
1
because there are 60 s in 1 min, in 1 s the tap will deliver 60 of 6 L, so we can write:
1
60
When converting rates like this, we need to be careful that we are multiplying or dividing by
the correct conversion factor. An easy way of converting rates is to write the conversion as a
60 s
1 min
fraction (such as
60 s or 1 min ) so that the units you do not want cancel out, leaving the units
you do want. There is no limit to the number of conversions you can string together like this.
Examples
1
In example 1,
60 s was on
the bottom.
20
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Change the
hours to
minutes, then
the minutes
to seconds.
E x e r c i s e 1F
C O N V E R T I N G R AT E S
A bank quotes an interest rate of 6% per annum. What is this rate written as a
percentage:
a per half-year?
b per quarter?
c per month?
A credit card statement quoted an annual interest rate of 18.00% and a daily interest
rate of 0.0493%. Explain how the daily figure was calculated.
A credit card charges a daily interest rate of 0.050%. Calculate the equivalent annual rate.
Complete:
a 250 mm/s cm/s
2
c 4.65 ha/day m /day
e 0.42 m/h cm/h
b 842 c/L $ /L
d 18.4 t/week kg/week
f 630 L/min kL/min
Complete:
a 15 mm/s mm/min
c 1440 kg/h kg/min
e 3200 L/min L/s
Complete:
a 150 cm/s m/min
c 20 c/g $ /kg
2
e 400 m /day ha/week
C H A P T E R
[cm/min]
[g/L]
[cm/min]
[km/h]
[L/h]
R AT I O N A L
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10
11
12
13
14
15
16
A tap drips at the rate of 2 mL/min. How much water is wasted in a week?
17
Matildas car can travel 495 km on a tank of petrol. The last time she filled up she paid
$28.80 for 32.4 L of petrol.
a What is the cost of a litre of petrol (to the nearest tenth of a cent)?
b Given that Matildas car uses an average 7.2 L/100 km, what is the capacity of
her tank?
c What will it cost Matilda to drive from Sydney to Melbourne, a distance of 995 km,
assuming petrol consumption rates and petrol costs do not vary?
18
The pronghorn antelope has been observed to travel at 56 km/h for 6.4 km. How long,
in minutes and seconds, does it take the antelope to cover this distance?
19
20
When Brett makes coffee, he places 1 teaspoon (0.25 g) of freeze-dried coffee in his
coffee cup (capacity 250 mL).
a How many cups of coffee would 1 g of freeze-dried coffee make?
b What amount of coffee (in litres) would a 250 g jar of coffee make?
c Brett drinks 3 cups of coffee each day. How long would a 250 g jar last him?
d Given that each jar costs $8.50, what is the cost of the coffee in each cup?
A factory produces 240 jars each minute. How long does it take to make 100 000 jars?
Petrol costs 87c/L.
a How much petrol does $25 buy?
b How much does it cost to completely fill a car tank of capacity 55 L?
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21
A survey found that boys aged 1219 consume soft drink at the rate of 868 cans
per year.
a What is the average daily consumption rate (correct to 1 decimal place)?
b Given that boys get 44% of their 34 teaspoons of sugar a day from soft drinks, about
how many teaspoons of sugar are there in each can?
c Girls drink about one-quarter less soft drink than boys. What is the average daily
consumption rate for girls?
d Some people in this age-group drink very little soft drink. What does this say about
the sugar consumption among other drinkers?
22
Wildflowers do not require any fertiliser except when they are planted in very nutrientpoor soils. The advice for poor soils is to spread fertiliser at the rate of 30 kg/ha.
2
a How much fertiliser is needed to cover 60 m ?
b What area in square metres will 1 kg of fertiliser cover?
23
The graph shows the value of the Australian dollar compared to the US dollar over a
10-year period.
Value of Australian dollar
US dollars
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Dec.
1993
Dec.
1994
Dec.
1995
Dec.
1996
Dec.
1997
Dec.
1998
Time
Dec.
1999
Dec.
2000
Dec.
2001
Dec.
2002
Dec.
2003
December 1993?
June 1996?
b An item costs $1000 in Australia. How much did this item cost in US dollars in
December 1998?
c A tourist has $1000 in US dollars. How many Australian dollars would this buy in
June 2003?
d When, during this period, was the best time to exchange Australian dollars for
US dollars?
i
ii
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24
The moon revolves about Earth, making a complete revolution in 27.3 days. Assume
that the orbit is circular and that its radius is 239 000 miles.
a Given that 1 mile 1.609 km, calculate the moons orbit radius in kilometres correct
to 3 significant figures.
b Use C 2r to calculate the length of the moons orbit in kilometres (to the nearest
thousand).
c Calculate the speed of the moon in its orbit in kilometres per hour (km/h) correct to
2 significant figures.
25
The knot (kn) or nautical mile per hour is still commonly used in navigation.
a Given that 1 nautical mile 1852 m, express 1 kn in kilometres per hour (km/h).
b A ship averages 25 kn. Calculate the time it takes for it to travel from Sydney to
Melbourne, a distance of 1200 km.
26
A cars petrol consumption is usually given in litres per 100 km travelled. A Hyundai has
an average petrol consumption of 7.8 L/100 km.
a How much fuel is used to travel 650 km?
b Calculate the cost of fuel at 93.9c/L.
Recurring decimals
p
Rational numbers are numbers that can be written in the form q
where p and q are integers and q does not equal zero. Rational just
means they can be written as a ratio of one whole to another whole.
3
7
3
Some examples of rational numbers are 4, 7 ( 1) and 0.3 ( 10 ).
4 is rational.
Why?
Irrational numbers are numbers that are not rational. That is, they
p
cannot be written in the form q where p and q are integers. Some
examples of irrational numbers are , 2
and 3
.
A recurring decimal is one whose digits after the decimal point do not end but repeat a
sequence forever, for example 0.121 212 , 0.111 111 and 0.745 374 53 . Recurring
decimals are also known as repeating decimals or periodic decimals. The number of digits in
the repeating pattern is called the period, so the period of 0.121 212 is 2 and the period of
0.745 374 53 is 4.
To save writing the repetitious digits over and over again, we place dots
over the first and last digits in the sequence to indicate the repetition.
Only one dot is needed for a single repeating digit. For example:
0.444 444 0.4
0.121 212 0.12
A terminating
0.235 555 55 0.235
decimal finishesit
does not keep repeating.
0.745 374 53 0.7453
24
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Sometimes the repeating cycle of a recurring decimal is so long (especially using the limited
digit display of a calculator) that it is easy to believe it does not repeat. For example:
5
43
0.116 279 069 767 441 860 465 (with 21 digits in the repeating cycle)
1
397
0.002 518 891 687 657 430 730 478 589 420 654 911 838 790 931 989 92
(with 99 digits in the repeating cycle!)
1
All terminating and recurring decimals can be expressed as fractions. For instance, 0.25 4,
1
133
0.333 333 3 3 and 0.671 717 17
198 . (Some mathematicians argue that all fractions
can be written as decimals that recur, even if that recurring digit is zero, such as
1
0.250 000 0 .) So all recurring decimals are rational numbers.
4
On the other hand, irrational numbers, when written as decimals, never repeat. From a
calculator, 3.141 592 654 and 2
1.414 213 562, and even with many more digits
shown, these decimals show no repeating patternsthe sequences appear to be random.
Until recently, calculators could change fractions into decimals but could not easily change
decimals into fractions. However, many calculators now have an in-built facility for converting
decimals to fractions. Check your calculator manual for this. To convert a recurring decimal to a
fraction, form two equations and subtract one from the other, then solve the resulting equation.
Examples
1
Write 0.4 as a fraction.
Now 0.4 0.444 444 4, so let x 0.444 444 4.
There is only 1 repeating digit, so multiply the equation by 10 to form:
10x 4.444 444 4
9x 4
4
x 9
4
0.4 9
Now subtract:
x 0.444 444 4
Convert to fractions:
a 0.7 2
b 0.645
a Now 0.7 2 0.727 272 72, so let x 0.727 272 72.
There are 2 repeating digits, so multiply by 100:
99x 72
72
8
x 99 or 11
8
0.72 11
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Subtract:
E x e r c i s e 1G
RECURRING DECIMALS
Write as fractions:
a 0.2
b 0.24
a
a
a
9
10
5
6
3
7
3
5
7
12
1
15
0.245
d 0.02
9
20
4
11
3
47
d
d
e 0.002
0.025
336
500
31
50
41
80
7
52
84
97
6
351
19
235
Some fractions do not seem to repeat when written as decimals, but they can be
written as the sums of repeating decimals.
1
Explain why 81 can be written as 0.011 111 0.001 111 1 0.000 111 11 .
9
terminating decimals. Now use your calculator to check if you are correct.
26
C O N N E C T I O N S
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10
11
12
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Write as fractions:
a 0.2
b 0.7
f 0.7 8
g 0.135
Write as fractions:
a 0.12
b 0.27
f 0.495
g 0.0678
0.07
h 0.246
d 0.2 5
0.567
e 0.36
0.048
h 0.45 31
d 0.361
e 0.643
0.2567
0.5607
1
9
ii
2
9
iii
3
9
13
14
4
9
ii
7
9
iii
How can you show that 0.9 1?
8
9
54
298
0.298 298 298
999
54
Sometimes these fractions can be further simplified. For example, 99 11 .
Write as fractions in simplest form:
a 0.555 55
b 0.808 080
e 0.234 234
f 0.678 967 89
i 0.7 2
j 0.375
15
c 0.636 363
g 0.714 671 46
k 0.5127
d 0.490 490
h 0.08
54
0.000 545 454 54
99 000
298
0.002 982 982 98
99 900
Placing zeros in the denominator places zeros before the repeating decimal. Write as
fractions in simplest form:
a 0.033 33
b 0.077 77
c 0.026 262 6
d 0.048 484 8
e 0.071 371 3
f 0.005 555 5
g 0.007 272 72
h 0.02
i 0.015
j 0.08 94
k 0.0062
l 0.000 102
16
456
0.28 0.004 564 564
100 99 900
The first fractions denominator is a power of ten. The second fraction is found using
the pattern in the previous question.
Now add these fractions by writing them with a common denominator:
27 972
99 900
456
28 428
99 900 99 900
2369
8325
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c 0.345 454 5
g 0.2593
d 0.841 111 1
h 0.356 24
17
18
19
a Given 3 0.3 , write down 30 and
300 .
1
2
1
b Show that 15 30 and hence express 15 as a recurring decimal without using
11
a calculator.
20
1357
1
13
135
9 11 13 15
3
57
7 9 11
1
b What is the next term in this pattern? Does it also equal 3?
a Show that:
Explain why 5 7 4 2 .
2
1357
4
d Explain why
9 11 13 15 82 42 .
1 3 5 15
e Write an equivalent fraction involving squares for .
17 19 31
1 3 5 365
f A student wrote . What value must replace the square for
367 369
1
this fraction to equal 3 ? How did you obtain this value?
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Cyclic numbers
1
When you convert 7 to a decimal, you get the recurring decimal 0.142 857 142 857 .
The repeating block of this decimal (142 857) is called a cyclic number because when it is
multiplied by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, the product contains the same 6 digits:
142 857 1 142 857
142 857 2 285 714
142 857 3 428 571
142 857 4 571 428
142 857 5 714 285
142 857 6 857 142
p Use your calculator to verify these products.
Note that not only do the products contain the same 6 digits, they also retain their order.
28
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Imagine the 6 digits written around a ring. Cutting the ring between
any pair of digits and then reading off the numbers clockwise,
starting from the cut, will give one of the products.
p What is the product of 142 857 and 7, the prime number used to
generate it?
2
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
p Compare your answers with the products given above. What do you notice?
All cyclic numbers are the repeating blocks of recurring decimals formed when simple
fractions with certain prime numbers as their denominators are changed to decimals. Cyclic
numbers always contain 1 less digit than the prime number used to generate them. The cyclic
number generated by 7 has 7 1 6 digits.
There are 9 prime numbers less than 100 that generate cyclic numbers: 7, 17, 19, 23, 29, 47,
59, 61 and 97. There is likely to be an infinite number of cyclic numbers, although this has
never been proven.
p Use a calculator to investigate the patterns formed by these other cyclic numbers,
1
especially 17. Since 17 has the 16-digit repeating block 058 823 529 411 764 7 (17
0.058 823 529 411 764 7), it will not be very useful to use the 10-digit display found on
most hand-held calculators. However, the calculator on a computer (see Programs
Accessories Calculator) allows you to use many more decimal places.
C H A P T E R
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Problem-solving strategies
P Use a table.
P Look for patterns.
P Simplify the problem.
P Draw a diagram.
P Guess and refine.
p Examine
Examine the answer. Does it fit the facts? Compare it with your estimate. If the answer is
not reasonable, make a new plan. You can also check the answer by solving the problem in
a different way.
Example
The committee for the school dance wants to cover the ceiling of the hall with
helium-filled balloons. The hall measures 20 m by 30 m. What is the least number of
balloons needed?
Explore
p What do we know?
n The hall dimensions are 20 m by 30 m.
n The entire ceiling is to be covered.
p What are we trying to find?
n We want the least number of balloons needed.
n First we need to find the space that each balloon covers.
Plan
30 m
? rows
20 m
? balloons in a row
30
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Solve
p Suppose that each balloons diameter is 25 cm.
Then 4 would fit across a metre, and 120 would fit across the length of the room.
There would need to be 4 20 80 rows.
Altogether this is 120 80 9600 balloons needed.
Examine
The calculation agrees with the estimate. We may need to order a few more balloons
to cover burst or lost balloons and so on. Then again, the committee might consider
this whole idea too extravagant.
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 1
1
Patrice has dowel pieces measuring 20 cm and 22 cm. She places a number of pieces
end-to-end, forming a line 1 m 52 cm long. How many of each size does she use?
Nick walks once around the edge of a swimming pool that is 50 m long. If he walks a
total of 158 m, how wide is the pool?
Tim is replacing the ceiling tiles in the school hallway. The hallway is 30 m long and
2 m wide. Each tile measures 12 m by 12 m. How many tiles are needed?
The city bus passes Maddies house every 20 minutes and the local bus passes every
1
hour. The last time they passed together was 11:25 pm. What will be the next time
2
they pass together?
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32
Will collects baseball cards. Each week he buys 20 cards and sells 45 of them. How many
cards will he have after 8 weeks?
10
Nadia was given 30 tablets by her doctor for a sore throat. She has to take 2 tablets with
every meal (breakfast, lunch and dinner) for the first 2 days, then 1 tablet with each
meal until they are all gone. If Nadia started taking the tablets with breakfast on
Thursday, when will she finish them?
11
Lukes house number has 4 digits and is divisible by 3. The second digit is the square of
the first digit. The last 2 digits are the square of the second digit. What could Lukes
house number be?
12
Ling is painting a border of stars along 3 walls in her room. The walls are 3.6 m, 3.3 m
and 2.7 m long. If each star is 0.25 m wide, how many stars will she need to paint?
13
Cindy has 5 different colours of ribbons. She uses 3 colours for each braid she is
making. How many different colour combinations for the braids are there?
14
Every tonne of recycled office paper saves about 18 trees. Pascal Press recycled 3400 kg
of paper in a year. How many trees did this save?
15
Each year the average person throws away about 10 times their adult weight in garbage.
Suppose an adult weighs 75 kg. How many tonnes of garbage will that person throw
away in a lifetime spanning 72 years?
16
1000 trees are planted in a straight line. Between the first and second trees, 1 post is
erected. Between the second and third trees, 2 posts are erected. Between the third and
fourth trees, 1 post is erected. This pattern of 1212 posts is repeated up to the last
tree. How many posts are needed?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
literaacy skillsil
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literacy
acy skillsil
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
SKILLS 1
approximate
significant figures estimation
about measurement round nearest
truncate compare express convert accurate
ratio rate
recurring terminating
1
Write the number 0.040 20 and underline its significant figures. Explain why these
underlined digits are significant using the rules at the beginning of this chapter.
Complete each sentence, including the word in brackets in the sentence. The solution
for each one must be 44.8.
a Round off ____________________________________________ (nearest)
b Rewrite ______________________________________________ (significant)
c ________________________________________________ place. (approximate)
Another way of writing the instruction Express 4 L/min in litres per second (L/s) is
Change 4 L/min to litres per second (L/s).
What other words can you use instead of change or express?
b an approximation?
Describe situations in which you would be likely to hear these two statements.
6
Complete the following procedure, which you and a friend could use to estimate the
height of a tall tree. The first step has been done for you.
Step 1 Tell your friend to stand next to the tree.
C H A P T E R
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Chapter review 1
1
There are 30 students in a class. Does this number have 1 or 2 significant figures?
Explain.
Samples of drinking water were tested and found to have 0.001 87 mg/L manganese.
Write this number to the nearest thousandth.
9.099
b 120
7.2
8.68 3.4
8.68 3.4
11.65
7.3 2.4
34
4.123
304 000
d
8
c
f
e
Adults
Children
$15.50
$9.50
Seniors
$10.50
Family
$38.50
Given that one Australian dollar is valued at 68.82c US, approximately how many US
dollars could you obtain for $150 Australian? How could you arrive at this answer
without using a calculator?
10
D 13 000 cm
11
D 700 kg
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12
A tree casts a shadow 12.5 m long when the suns rays make a
55 angle with the ground. Lisa used this information to
calculate the height of the tree as 17.851 85 m.
a Comment on the level of accuracy of her calculation.
b What is a reasonable estimate for the height of the tree?
13
14
12.5 m
Write as decimals:
a
15
55
7
12
50
99
93.5
3.6
3
1067
365
1
7.2
34 23
16
A bank offers an interest rate of 34% pa. Express this as a monthly rate correct to
4 significant figures.
17
A council charges 0.283% pa on the land value of a property. Calculate the amount
due on a property worth $250 000.
18
The number 57.8 is rounded to 58 (correct to the nearest whole number) but
is truncated to 57 (as a whole number). Explain the difference between rounding
and truncating.
19
16.7
16
2.1 3.7
24
16
8
2
a
b
c
d
e
20
21
22
Write as fractions:
a 0.2
b 0.23
0.23
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23
Convert a cars speed of 100 km/h to metres per second (m/s) correct to
1 decimal place.
24
Sound travels at 1430 m/s through water. Convert this speed to kilometres per hour
(km/h).
25
36
0.13 0.5
0.4 6 0.2
26
Simplify:
27
NASAs rover Spirit landed on Mars in January 2004 and sent back pictures of the planet
across 169 million kilometres of space. Travelling at 300 000 km/s, how long (in minutes
and seconds) would it take the pictures to travel back to Earth?
28
The mass of a bucket full of water is 1465 g. When the bucket is half full, its mass is
932 g. Calculate the mass of the empty bucket.
29
30
The dimples on a golf ball allow it to travel faster. Describe a method you could use to
estimate how many dimples are on a golf ball (without counting them all).
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Syllabus outcomes
NS5.1.1 Applies index laws to simplify and evaluate arithmetic expressions and uses scientific notation
to write large and small numbers
PAS5.1.1 Applies index laws to simplify algebraic expressions
PAS5.2.1 Simplifies, expands and factorises algebraic expressions involving fractions and negative
and fractional indices
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when explaining solutions
and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations about,
existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
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Index notation
Index notation or index form is a short way of writing a product. It shows how many times a
number is multiplied by itself.
index
5 5 5 25
base
basic numeral
In this example:
p 5 is the base.
p 2 is the index.
p 25 is the basic numeral.
Sometimes the index is called the
power or the exponent.
When we write a product in full, we are writing it in expanded form. When we write a product
using an index, we are writing it in index form. For example:
4
33333
8
1
expanded form
index
form
Examples
1
7a b
d 3xy
a 2 22222
6
b (3) 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
7a b 7 a a a b b
4
d 3xy 3 x y y y y
c
2
8
5 factors
b 222233333
d mmmmnnn
b 222233333
6
8
4 factors
5 factors
4
2 3
5
6 6 6 6 6 (6)
4 3
d mmmmnnnm n
c
38
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400
4 9
4 100
22 33
2 2 4 25
36 2 2 3 3
2
36 2 3
A prime number
has only 2 factors,
1 and itself.
22 55
400 2 2 2 2 5 5
4
400 2 5
E x e r c i s e 2A
1
I N D E X N O TAT I O N
12
11
(3)
10
23
(5)
14
a b
d 6
h (7)
l
4
3
g 12a b
k
25
12
5
d 8
h 3an
l
4x y
3
d 9k m
h (5)
(1.2)
I N D I C E S
h (3)
l
2
3 4
g 5x y
2
k 2xy z
c
d (1.3)
k 3
g 3 4
C H A P T E R
h 5
k 9
i
6
d 2
3
5
g 4
3
k 9
c
(7)
b 3333333
d 7777
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
39
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e 6666666
g 8888888
1
3
f 44444
h 2 2 2 2 2
b
d
f
h
j
l
3333555
22233344
6667777
3 3 3 3 11 11 11
3 3 3 2 2 2 2
222xxxx
b
d
f
h
j
l
xxyyy
aabbbcccc
333aaaa
xxxyy
222mm
555xxxxx
Evaluate:
4
a 3
3
e 5
2
i 8
10
11
b 2
f
j
2
3
7
12
(1)
3
3
1
3
10
12
C O N N E C T I O N S
d 10
h 9
l
(2)
2
g (5)
1
k 4
3
c
d 10
h (3)
l
1
5
2
The value of 3 is 9.
b 2 5
Many calculators
have x 2 and x 3
buttons for squares
and cubes. For
higher powers, use
y
x
x or y .
d 5 2
1 2 3 4
7
2
h 2 7
f
2
4
3
6
2
3
k
4
Evaluate:
3
a 12
4
e 7
6
6
i 1 2
10
2
g 6
3
k 2
c
40
3
3
5
2 9
b 15
10
f 2
5
j (9 6)
M A T H S
S T A G E
c 2
3
g 11
3
3
k 13 12
d 3
3
h 17
5
2
l 2 5
13
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 41
Base
Index (exponent)
Basic numeral
(4)
(6)
6
2
4
3
4
3
5
4
7
4
5
14
Write each number as the product of its prime factors in index form:
a 24
b 32
c 42
d 72
e 64
f 96
g 625
h 1800
i 5000
j 3888
k 216
l 576
15
c 1 000 000
g 10 000 000
d 100 000
h 1 million
16
Write as a power of 2:
a 16
b 64
e 512
f 256
c 128
g 4096
d 2048
h 1024
17
Write as a power of 5:
a 5
b 125
e 25
f 625
c 3125
g 15 625
d 78 125
h 390 625
18
Write as a power of 3:
a 27
b 2187
e 243
f 19 683
c 729
g 6561
d 81
h 59 049
19
c m powers of 6
g p powers of q
d 3 powers of 4
h 9 powers of 2
20
C H A P T E R
b 6 powers of 2
f n powers of m
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
41
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 42
21
22
b 3 81
3
e n 729
c
f
2
10 10 000
5
n 1024
b 4 5 and (4 5)
3
2
2
2
2
2
and 34
d
3
4 and
3 4
4
2
3
p and q are single-digit whole numbers. Find the values of p and q, given that p q .
c
23
24
25
26
Given that 3 100, evaluate x correct to 2 decimal places. Use guess, check and refine
methods.
A spreadsheet activity
CD-ROM
42
b 20 y (20 y)
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 43
You will see this formula written in the formula box above the spreadsheet when your cursor
is in cell A3. The = tells the computer you are entering a formula and not a value. In this case
it is telling the computer to take the contents in cell A2 (the number 1) and add 1 to it. So 2 is
entered into A3 after you press Enter.
You are going to test all the integers from 1 to 100, so you need the numbers from 1 to 100
entered into column A. You can do this easily without typing in every number.
5
Click in cell A3 and, while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor down
the column until you reach cell 101. These cells should now be highlighted. Release
the mouse.
While the cells are highlighted, click on Edit, then Fill Down. What do you notice?
Why did you fill down to cell A101 instead of A100 for the first 100 integers?
There is an easier way to perform steps 3 to 6. Type 1 into cell A2 and 2 into cell A3.
Highlight both cells, then move your cursor to the bottom left-hand corner of cell A3; it
should change to a sign. Now click and drag down as many cells as you need numbered.
Release the mouse.
Now you will need to fill in columns B and C.
8
The caret, ^, is on the 6 button on your keyboard. The caret is the computers way of raising
to a power. So A2^2 tells the computer to take the value in A2 and square it. The result is
placed into the cell you are currently in, that is cell B2.
9
Highlight cells B2 down to B101 by holding the mouse button down and dragging. Go
to Edit Fill Down as before.
10
11
Now that you have the first 100 digits, their squares and cubes, you may want to print a copy
so that you can use it to answer the original question.
12
Check through the squares and cubes of all the numbers to see if you can find one
whose square and cube use all ten digits once and once only.
13
Are there any squares and cubes that you did not need to check? Why?
In this activity you found the squares and cubes of all integers from 1 to 100, but we did not
2
3
need to find all of these. After all, 5 ( 25) and 5 ( 125) give a total of only five digits and
the question asked for ten digits.
14
Write down how you could improve this activity by using a slightly different, more
efficient method. Complete your revised activity.
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
43
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 44
Index laws
Various index laws can be used to simplify expressions that contain indices and have terms
with the same base. The laws apply to expressions involving multiplication, division, powers
of powers and other specific operations.
2 or 2
3
35
m m (m m m) (m m m m)
Similarly:
34
m or m
a (a a a) (a a a)
5
5
m factors
n factors
aaa
5
m n factors
mn
a
m n
a a
That is, when multiplying terms that are in index form and
that have the same base:
p Multiply any coefficients (if there are algebraic expressions).
p Keep the same base.
p Add the indices.
The coefficient is
the number before
the variable.
In 3x , the
coefficient is 3.
Examples
1
a 2 2
44
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
b 3 3
S T A G E
12/8/04
11:10 AM
a 2 2 2
2
2
Page 45
4 5
b 3 3 3
3 7
3
10
Simplify:
2
a a a
2
a b a b
a
2
a a a a
23
b 7m 5m 7 5 m m
a b a b a a b b
b 7m 5m
a
24
6
a b
35m
24
35m
35
E x e r c i s e 2B
1
12
a 2 2
i
3 3
g 7 7
k 10 10
6 6
9 9
d 8 8
10
h 2 2
4 4
4 4
b 3 3 3
e 6 6 6
h 3 3 3
a 2 2 2
g 2 2 2
j
10 10 10
k 9 9 9
44 4
7 7 7
5 5 5
8 8 8
When multiplying
terms containing
indices, if the bases
are the same, add the
indices. The base will
remain the same.
a 22
b 3 3
e 22
4
b 3 3
d 5 5 5
M U LT I P L I C AT I O N W I T H I N D I C E S
5 5
66
7 7
55
g 2 2
d 4 4
h 33
k 88
2 2
b 53 3
d 74 4
a 72 2
c
42 2
3
e 3 2 2 3
g 3 4 3 4
i
6 7 7 6
5
k 93 3 3
C H A P T E R
2 5 5 2
h 5 5 3 3
9
676
585 8
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
45
12/8/04
11:10 AM
d 7 7 7
g
12
4 4 4
10
11
12
46
Page 46
2 2
1 3
e 3 3 3
1 5
10
Simplify:
4
2
a n n
2
e pp
4
8
i t t
h 8 8 8
k 5 5 5
3
b m m
f
j
Simplify:
2
5
a 3x x
7
7
d n 6n
2
3
g 10a 5a
3
j 9t 5t
4
3
2
m 3g 4g 2g
Simplify:
2
3
a m m n
3 2
4 5
e ab ab
2
5
i a ba
3 5
2 2
m pq pq
h 9m 5m
k 8x 9x
12
3 3
3
2 3
3 7
2 2
n 9s t 2st 3s t
3
6t 2t
3
5y 6y
a
b 2 2
a
7b
e 5 5
9x
5x
h a a
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 4
3 7
2 5
d xy y
h xy xy
2
ab ba
7 9
9 7
p kl kl
l
3t 5t
2
1 6
g 3x 3x
2
3
k 8a 7a
c
8a a b
6
3
f 7ab 4a
3 2
2
i 9a b 2a b
2 5
l 7x y 3xy
2 2
o 5a 3b 2a b
3 2
nn n
k 8x y 2x y
Simplify:
x
y
a 3 3
x
6
d 7 7
3m
2m
g x x
3
2
h 5ab 4a b
h ww w
e 5x y 3x
d p p
m 4m
4
6
4x 6x
6
8a 5a
5
3
6x 4x
Verify
means check
or confirm.
pq q
2 5
3 4
g ab ab
7
7
k mn m n
12 6
9 5
o x b xb
3 3 3
b x 5x y
b 3a 2a
f
mn mn
7
16
j ax x
3 7
5 9
n ab ab
Simplify:
3
a 2x x
3
3
e 4a 4a
2
i 2t 3t
10
b a a b
3
6 6 6
n 7v 3v 2v
9 9 9
e 5a 7a
a a
5
4
3
g t t t
7
8
k m m
b 6a a
5 5 5
r r
14
12
k k
Simplify:
3
2
a 3m mn
5 4
6
d 2p q 4q
4
2
g 8t 7t w
4
2 3
j 6pq 5p q
2 4
3
m 2ab 3a b 2ab
C O N N E C T I O N S
d 2 2 2
4
7
2
8
h 3 3 5 5
2
3
17
l 33 3 3
c
f
i
1
t
2
2t
3
h 0.5x 4x
2
l 3t 5t
d
5 5
m
9
a a
3x
5x
e e
12/8/04
13
11:10 AM
Page 47
6y
k 7 7
2k 3
3k 4
n 7
7
3x
3x
3x 1
q a a a
12g 5
2
8
2g 2g
p 2q 3p 3q 3
3q 2 4r 36q 4r 5
2
d 3g
j
m
14
15
16
2b 3
j 4 5 4
a 1
a 1
m 5
5
3
5
p (x y) (x y)
p4 p5
3
4
4h 20h
4
7
i i 3i
8m 2n 16m 5n
2x
l a a a
4m
o 3 3
c
f
i
l
w w
5
10
9m 27m
2
4k 10k
2
12m 5p 24m 6p 4
Rodney writes 3 3 9 . Explain why this is incorrect. What is the correct answer?
By substituting values for f , show that f
2
f
f .
3
7
4
Consider this division: 3 3 4
3
3
3
3
3333
3
3
3
3
3
3 or 3
Similarly:
74
mm
m
m
4
2
m m
m
m
42
m or m
aaa
n
a
aaa
m factors
n factors
aaa
5
m n factors
mn
a
mn
a a
That is, when dividing terms that are in index form and that have the same base:
p Divide any coefficients (if there are algebraic expressions).
p Keep the same base.
p Subtract the indices.
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
47
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 48
75
For example, 5 5 5
5 , not 25 or 1 :
5
5
5
5
555
7
5
5 5
5
5
5
5
5
2
Examples
1
a 2 2
a 2 2 2
2
2
72
3
96
3
12
e
7
b
e
a a a a
a
c
b 3 3 3
Simplify:
6
2
a a a
6
b 3 3
4
85
12x 4x 3x
3
3x
75
2
96
b 3 3
3 3
12
6
10
9
4 4
g 7
11
k 10
7
12
10
8
15
2
19
3
d 8
h 2
7
10
7
12
16
b 3
e 6
a 2 2 2
d 5 5 5
18
g 3
j
14
10
3 3
3
12
3 3
12
6 6
15
8 8
h 8
8
10 10
15
k 11
12
11
11
15
4 4
10
7 7
19
9 9
12 12 12
a 2 2
e 5 5
i
10
2
4
m 3 3
48
d 24m n 3m n 8m
8m n
a 2 2
i
12
E x e r c i s e 2C
1
d 24m n 3m n
e
12 7
7 e
b
e
5
e
62
12x 4x
C O N N E C T I O N S
b 3 3
15
6
11
3
g 7
k 4
S T A G E
4 4
12
n 5 5
M A T H S
18
7
15
13
4
o 2 2
12
9
14
8
15
5
d 9
h 8
l
9
11
11
p 6 6
12/8/04
11:10 AM
5
9
b
5
11
3
c 10
3
12
4
9
d
4
7
10
7
21
8
g 15
8
23
9
h 12
9
17
19
6
21
6
6
e 3
6
14
15
12
x
9
7
e y y
8
i y y
6
m g gg
18
14
a
14
10
f m m
16
9
j x x
5
2
n h h h
b a
Simplify:
5
3
a 7a a
9
7
e 24m 8m
8
6
i 21a 7a
28
f
j
10
16
11
b b
19
13
g n n
19
15
k a a
8
2
o x x x
c
11
8 =8
7
5
2
25 25 25
h 8
10
6p
12
11
h 32y 16y
8
5
l 27a 9a
d 12p
Simplify:
9
12
y
b 2
y
12
24q
h
8q 11
19
a
5
c
a
12
28a
5
i
7a
m
12
d
m
8
64x
j 3
16x
3a
5
e
a
15
72y
k
9y 7
f
l
7a
3
a
7
121m
6
11m
Simplify:
a
a 2 2
b 3 3
5 5
d 9 9
3a
9x
y
g a
7
7x
8x
a
h e
6x
e
12
(3x 8)
k 4
(3x 8)
(x 3)
7
l
(x 3)
m3
4
q
4
a
p j
a
21
3m
21
a1
3a
m w w
n 5
a
(x y)9
5
(x y)
e a
8m
10
d 7 7 7
15y 5y
9
5
g 16a 8a
7
6
k 36y 9y
c
10
p
16
12
h a a
9
6
l m m
13
5
4
p k k k
d p
9 9 9
7
4
3
g 6 6 6
4
3
k 15 15 15
c
3x
18
16
20n 5n
10
3
32x 8x
b 9x
a
n
a is the same as
m
n
a a .
18
x
a 3
x
9
15a
6
g
5a
9
15
2
3
5
i 10
j 10
k 11
l
2
3
5
Simplify, leaving your answers in index form:
a x
Page 49
j
a 1
5
2k 4
7
o 7
k 1
pq
m
p
q
m
Simplify:
9
a a b a b
12 12
e x y
i
12
b m n
3 4
x y
9 6
7 5
36a y 9a y
6
m n
c d cd
32x y 8x y
8 4
33v w
2
m
11v w
C H A P T E R
10
10
7 3
I N D I C E S
19 7
12 5
x y x y
20
g a b
14
18
a b
5 8
d a b a b
13
3 6
k 28x y 7x y
5
36a b
4
n 2
6a b
10
h p q p q
l
9 8
2
7 5
72m n 24m n
10
24m n
3 6
o
3m n
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
49
11
12/8/04
Simplify:
7
3
a 8m 4m
6
2
e 24a 8a
i
Page 50
b 15x 5x
42x 7x
12x y
3
2
4x y
7 5
8a b
33
4a b
12
28a 7a
6
4
g 90a 10a
c
12
11:10 AM
d 36n 9n
6
h 18x 9x
27m n
k
7 3
9m n
6 9
64a b c
3 2 5
16a b c
f
d i
8
10j
2j
5a 3b 2 10a 2b 4
6c
18p q 6pq
2
i7 i
3
2p
k k2
6
18n 3n
b e
i
g 24c
j
e
12
3p
7 8
24c d
m 12c d
2
6vw
2
3v w
13
14
2222222
2 2 2
2222
3
ff .
Powers of powers
2 5
2 5
(3 ) 3 3 3 3 3
22222
3
10
3
3 4
(m ) m m m m
3333
m
12
m
Similarly:
(a ) a
a
a
8
n factors
m m m (n lots of m)
a
mn
a
50
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
m n
mn
(a ) a
S T A G E
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 51
That is, when raising an expression that has a power to another power:
p Raise the coefficient to the power outside the grouping symbols.
p Keep the same base.
p Multiply the powers.
2 3
It is very important that you use the index law correctly. For example, (2 ) 2 , not 4 :
2 3
(2 ) 2 2 2
(2 2) (2 2) (2 2)
6
(ab)
a
b
a b
a
m
b
Examples
1
3 7
a (3 )
b (5 )
2 4
a (3 ) 3
3
2
24
3 7
b (5 ) 5
5
21
Simplify:
2 8
4 3
a (x )
b (2a )
2 8
a (x ) x
x
3
37
2 8
4 3
b (2a ) 2 a
16
8a
4 3
2 4
2 4
(a b )
(a b ) a
b
12 8
a b
12
3 2
3 2
4 y
b (3 )
2
a (3a b ) 3 a
42
9a b
32
4 y
b (3 ) 3
3
4y
4y
E x e r c i s e 2D
POWERS OF POWERS
a (2 )
3 9
e (5 )
i
24
Simplify:
a (3a b )
34
7 4
(8 )
C H A P T E R
5 4
b (3 )
3 3
d (4 )
2 6
h (9 )
(4 )
4 5
g (7 )
6 7
k (2 )
(6 )
(5 )
I N D I C E S
9 5
A N D
8 9
4 5
7 5
(3 )
When raising an
expression containing
a power to another
power, multiply the
powers. The base will
remain the same.
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
51
11:10 AM
Page 52
e (5 )
e (3 )
e (6 )
e (9 )
7 7
k (4 )
2 3
4 5
3 8
b (x )
15 2
h (b )
d (p )
5 9
j (k )
Simplify:
2 2
a (5x )
2 4
g (4p )
b (6y )
12 3
h (5x )
Simplify:
2 3 2
a (x y )
3 7 4
e (m n )
7 2 3
i (3a b )
10
Simplify:
3 3
a (6ax )
7 2
e (5m )
3 2
i (3xy )
11
Simplify:
2 x
a (5 )
3 y
g (8 )
12
3 3
Simplify:
x y
a (3 )
y b
g (x )
2x 3y
m (3 )
C O N N E C T I O N S
9 4
c
i
(8y )
9 3
(3a )
5 3
3 5
5 6
7 2
f
j
3 2
3 a
c
i
m t
b (5 )
x a
h (p )
n (f
3a 1 2
M A T H S
(6 )
x 2
(7 )
7 y
d (5 )
y 5
j (5 )
x a
d (t )
3x y
j (6 )
S T A G E
f
l
(2a )
7 4
(5a )
8 5
5 7
3 4
10 12 5
(2m n )
3 3
x z
e (a )
5x 6y
k (y )
(n )
8 16
(a )
d (6m )
4 3 2
h (3l k )
3 3
l (7m )
e (8 )
t 3
k (3 )
3 x y
6 8
f
l
h (a b )
14 m
p (p )
12
d (p q )
c (3x y )
4 7 5
g (2m n )
2 3 5
k (2x y )
(y )
2t m
(8 )
2x 3 4
o (g
)
c
i
2 5
6 3 3
b (5a b )
7 3
f (6a )
4 5 3
j (a b )
b (9 )
9 a
h (6 )
5 3
e (3y )
9 3
k (6x )
(lm )
5 7 2
g (x y )
4 5 4
k (5a b )
c
(a b )
3 7 3
(10x y )
7
3 4
d (2 ) 2
2 4
8
h (6 ) 6
3 3
9
l (5 ) 5
7 9
7 3
b (a b )
e (m )
3 9
k (x )
d (9p )
12 4
j (10x )
4 6
(15 )
7 15
(3 )
5 5
Simplify:
4 2
a (a )
7 5
g (a )
(a )
8 3
(y )
k (6 )
6
4 6
(7 )
4 15
(7
k (9 )
c
i
8 10
3 2
3 3
(2 )
2 3
(4 )
k (5 )
c (4 ) 4
2 3
6
g (5 ) 5
4 3
12
k (3 ) 3
5 3
2 2
9 3
(6 )
8 4
(5 )
6 7
52
12/8/04
3 p
b c
x x 2y
q (w )
t 7
f
l
(5 )
a 8
(5 )
f
l
(m )
2a 5a
(7 )
(a p )q r
t n
13
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 53
Complete:
2
2
a ( ) 4m
3
18
d ( ) 27d
2
10 8
g ( ) 100w z
) 8p
3
9
e ( ) 125i
5
10 25 5
h ( ) 32p q r
b (
12
( ) 81r
2
4 2
( ) 49m n
c
f
14
15
16
Use your calculator to compare (3 ) and 3 . Why are the two answers the same?
17
18
a Show that:
3 2
4 2
3 2
4 2
2 3
2 4
(3 ) (3 )
b Explain why this is so.
i
ii
5 3
3 5
(2 ) (2 )
iii
8 10
10 8
(7 ) (7 )
27
125
25
2
3
5
These patterns show that any number raised to the power of zero is equal to 1:
0
2 1
3 1
5 1
50
40
20
3 3 3
4
3
4 4 4
2
4
2 12
and
3 13
4 14
C H A P T E R
2 2 2
5
2
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
53
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 54
Similarly:
5
50
40
20
3 3 3
4
3
4 4 4
2
4
2 12
2 2 2
5
2
and
3 13
4 14
These examples also show that any number raised to the power of zero is equal to 1.
Also, according to the index law for division:
3
33
2 2 2
0
2
But any term divided by itself is equal to 1. So:
3
2 2 1
0
2 1
a 1
(where a 0)
Examples
1
Simplify:
0
b (3m)
b (3m) 1
a 7
a 7 1
2
Simplify 2 2 .
6
9x
9x 9 1
9
66
2 2 2
0
2
1
E x e r c i s e 2E
1
Simplify:
0
a 58
b 27
e 68
i
2
54
ab
c
0
62
0
a b
g 2n
d (3y)
0
h 6x
3 0
k (2 )
(mn)
34
a (5) 1
C O N N E C T I O N S
b 36 1
M A T H S
S T A G E
(7) 1
1
12/8/04
11:10 AM
e (1.2) 1
i
3
3 8 3
0 2
b 9 3x
d 3 6a
h 5 77
k 19 (3) 19
h (10)
2 0
(5 6)
3 0
k (3a ) (2b )
Simplify:
0
0
a (7) 7
5 3 (4) 5
(mn) 5
0
0
5 3a
0
8p
2 0
8 0
3(a ) 2(b )
Any expression
(except 0)
raised to the
power of zero
is equal to 1.
0
b 12a (12a)
e 4(3a 2b)
0
i (3abc)
g 97 9
e 3 (6a)
g 12 8
(9 7) 1
0
0
38 5 2
Simplify:
a (6x )
Page 55
f
j
9a b
0
96
(9m)
0
d
9m
0 0
h xy z
0
l (0.3 4)
9m
c 0
(9m)
0 5
g 15m n
5 0
k (7a )
e 7 7
e 7 7
f
3
k 10 10
9
k 4 4
f
l
5 5
0
5
18 18
5 5
5
0
17 17
2 2
ii
5
6
3333
81
iii
3
222222
64
3
iv
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
b What happens to the value of the basic numeral in each case as the power increases by 1?
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
55
10
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Simplify:
a (8g) 8g
2
d
11
Page 56
2 3
(4p ) 2pq
7
c
16p
8m n
b
2mn
8
3 3
9x (2x )
17
e
12x
2 2
5d 2 d e
4
(2d)
a The zero index law states that a 1. Is this true if a 0 (that is, is 0 1)?
12
value of y ?
Negative indices
Look carefully at the following patterns. In each pattern, the next term is found by dividing
the previous term by the base.
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
1
2
3
25
1
1
5
5
These patterns show that a number raised to a negative power is equal to the reciprocal of
that number raised to the required positive power.
Also, consider this example:
The reciprocal of a
number is the number
turned upside-down:
2
3
2
3
8 1
8
2
1
4
5
4
3 3
3 3
3 3
22
0
3 3
1
2
2
3
3
1
2
3 2
3
2
2
3 is the reciprocal of 3 .
2
2
56
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
The numerator
becomes the
denominator and the
denominator becomes
the numerator.
m
1
m
a
2
1
2
5
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 57
Examples
1
a 2
a 2
3
1
3
2
23
32
1
1
2
3 1
14
41
3
3
4 3
3
8
1
2
4
3
1
64
1
64
2
5
x
5
4
b 4 5x
x
b 4
a 5 5
2
2
b a 3a
a 5 5 5
0 2
b a 3a
2
5
1
1
2 or
25
5
3a
42
3a
E x e r c i s e 2F
1
e 10
i
3
N E G AT I V E I N D I C E S
5
12
2
b 3
1 3
(2 )
13
3
C H A P T E R
3
2
c 3
4
g 10
d 4
3
h 7x
1
34
3
3
32
1
x
5
2
4x
I N D I C E S
3
2
2
1
is the same as 3 .
2
15
d 5
g (3)
k
3
A N D
h
l
3
23
2
45
1
m
5
3
2
d 3
j
1
3
x
1
k 3
4x
e 2
A L G E B R A I C
is the reciprocal
of a.
f
l
7
5
n
8m
5
4n
E X P R E S S I O N S
57
12/8/04
11:10 AM
1
1
d
2
2
(ab) (cd)
1
7
7
7
g 3
8
10
3
16
3
8
2
23
1
4
10
10 10
3
d 5
2
9
h 5
3
64
k 4
5
10
3 3
27
3
4
3
1
10
6
b c d
c d
1
g 3
1 1 1
h a
23
1
4
d (cd )
3
1
5
2
25
3
125
2
1
d 2 3
3
h 9 10
1 3
l (2 )
c 2
3
0
g 6 5
8
9
k 5 5
3
2
7 5
e (2 )
i
(x ) (x )
2
x
b 3 3 3
3
4
7 7 7
x x
2
4
(x )
4 4 4
3 2
12
f
1 4
2 3
2 5
(7 )
8
4 5
5 (5 )
k
9
5
g (5 )
5 2
d (3
2 3
h (8 )
8
2 3
(x ) x
5
x
a 2
3
0
e 2 7
2
2
0
i 3 3 3
2
1
b 8
3
2
f 2 3
3
2
j 2 3
2
4
15
3
1
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
3
4 1
(3 )
1
5 5
30
k (7)
S T A G E
d 6
1
1
h 2 3
1
3
l 2 2
2
81
g 34
3
3
c 5
2
2
g 5 2
3
2
k 4 4
58
2
2
k (1.2)
6
23
5
2
1
(3.5)
f
2
10x
2
12
5
e 3 3
1
4
3
3
e 4
a b
2
g ad
2
k bc
c
b 10
a 2 2
11
5
d 9y
2 3
h (x )
1
2
l 15a 5a
evaluate:
1
1
,
4
b
2
(cd)
2 2
a b
and d
b a
e c
i
1
3
1
a a
Page 58
2
d 3 2 6
1
12
1
49
3
9
3
2
h 3
l
4
12
2
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 59
13
Write 2
14
Write 2
15
2 3
1
2
2
Simplify
2 .
2 3
(2 3)
2
3
1
2
3
as a simple fraction.
2
2
as a simple fraction.
2
Examples
1
a 2 2
a 2 2 2
2
2
12
5
12
5 5
9
5
b 5
47
b 5
11
Simplify:
2
5 4
2 3
5 4
2 3
a 15x y 3x y
12 3
4m
3
5n
52 43
5x y
6
4
x y
6 (3) 4 (3)
3 x
3
c
y
x y
6 3 4 3
x
y
9
x y
(3 )
(3 ) 3
20
3
45
4 5
4
x y
c
x3 y 3
2
a 15x y 3x y 5x
4 5
2 3
4m
4m
3 3
3
3
5n
5n
6
64m
9
125n
1
x
y
3
Simplify:
2y
y
a
3
6
2 2
2a b
10
20a b
b
5 6a 2 30a 2
2
2b
3
2y
6
y 2y
a
3
3
y
6
12y
3y
4
C H A P T E R
2a b
10
b 2
5
6a
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
59
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 60
E x e r c i s e 2G
1
R E V I S I N G A N D C O M B I N I N G I N D E X L AW S
a 2 2
e 33
12
2
1 3
m x x
3
2 2 2
(3.5) (3.5)
a 2 2
i
l
3 3
18
5
5
p a p a
2
3
3
6a b 3a b
12
14
8 8
10
5
8
g
5
9 9
d 2
m m
12
y y
7
x
9
m
x
12
p 28a 14
x y x y
2 4
Multiplication
Add the indices.
n 9p 3p
q 11y 11y
a b a b
5 2
a (2 )
b (3 )
5 7
e (7 )
4 5
(11 )
5 7
m (m )
5 6
20x y 10x
Division Subtract
the indices.
5 3
2 3
d (6 )
4 9
h (10 )
(4 )
g (5 )
7 4
k (b )
6 6
o (a ) a
3 3
5 4
12
(2 )
(9 )
6 3
8 9
2 4
7 2
n (y )
q (y ) y
6 3
(x ) x
(y ) y
(5 )
8 7
3 4
p (x ) x
t
Power of a power
Multiply the indices.
(p )
6 4
2 5
(n ) (n )
Simplify:
7
10
a 3 3
b 2
4 9
e (3 )
i
5 5
2
10
6
(6 )
3 7
k 6
10
4
18
4
15
5
x
b 7
x
4
e 10y 5
5
g 5a a 8a
5
6 4
15
k (a ) a
Simplify:
2
a (4x)
d 8a 7a
h 63a 9a
(x x ) (x x )
7 7 h 8 8
g 7
2 2
3 9
d (8 )
12
5 5
d (6a )
4
3 6
Simplify:
6
a a a
14
2 2
4
9
h
4
a
8
k
a
60
10
2
3
2
o 60a 12a
11
9mn 5m n
b 3 3
e 3
a 7a
h 3 3 3
o x y x y
d 5 5
21
k x x
15a b 5ab
4 4
2
4
g 55 5
c
n 5m 6m
q 5a b 7a b
2
b 3 3
3 2
b (5a )
4
C O N N E C T I O N S
e 9y 11
M A T H S
S T A G E
y y
(9x)
(2p )
(m ) a
(3p )
12x x
3 2
6 3
2 3
7
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 61
g 3a a 7a
j
2 3
(3x ) 2x
7
h 35y 5y
5
2 3
10
a 2 2 2
3 5
15
64a b 16a b
9a b (a b )
2 2
2 2
(8a ) 3a
3
o
12a
3 3 3 3
(7 ) 7
2 3
8 2
10
m m
a a 2a
16
(3 ) 3
11
12
10
k 8 8 8
15
5 5
11
h 7 7 7
x
b 10a 2a 20a c 9
x
d 7 7 7
g 4 4 4
e 4a 3a 12a
5 2
2 5
(a ) (a ) 0
a a 1
2y
d (3a) 3a
g a a a
3 4
k (y ) y
h a a a
3x 3x 9x
Simplify:
a
a 2 2
m
2
b 5 5
7
e 7
3 3 3
7x
a
2x
5
2x
3x
2x
3
3y
9
g 9
x
5y
5
3y
d 4 4
h e
3y
k 9 9
2y
9
5x
e
4x
3a
4
5a
2a
4
12
a 7 7 7
b 2
e (4a) 5 6
i
11
b 5 5 5
(2 ) 2
a m
10
(5x ) 2x
5
n
8x
e 2 2 2
8
k (x x ) (x x )
6a 5a
4
m
3a
7
2 2 1
2 2
2 2 4
(23 )5 28
(35 )2 152
16
e a
16
a a
g x x 1
j
h p p p
3a 5a 15a
2 2
1
5
k 3 3
5
g 2
d a 33
k 5 5 5
h 3 3 3
12
2 2
4x 4x 16x
x x 1
( a 2 )5 a7
( n 3)4 ( n 4)3 0
16
m 3a 5b 15a b
12
Simplify:
2
3
a 5a 3a 2a
3 2
13
(2 )
3k
2k
2 2
d (3k ) 9k
4
3 2
(4k )
2
10
10m 8m
4m 5m
h
2
2 3
(3a b ) 4a b
4
(2ab) 3ab
C H A P T E R
80p 8p 5p
16m 10m
8m 3 2m
3 2 3
(8c )
2
2
2c (2c)
o ( 5a) 5a
b 20m 5m 3m c
2 3
(4a )
(4a )
e
3 2
i
x
x
n 16
I N D I C E S
A N D
2 3
A L G E B R A I C
3 5
4 (4 )
(4 )
d 2
7
E X P R E S S I O N S
61
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 62
(27)2 (28)3
(25)2 23
6 2
3 2 4
e [(2 ) ]
5 3
i
14
(3 )
62
(3 )
3
x
3
12
3 1
3 2
g x y x
j
2 3
2 7
4 1
2 2
2 3
4
h
3
2
3 2
b )
3m
6m
3 2
h a b c
m
10
a b
(m 3n1)2 (m 2n)2
2 3 5
2
5(a ) b 4(ab )
5
7
(a b ) (ab)
4
a
3
5
2 2 2 3
(a b c )
1
2
1
32
b
f
1
8
1
64
1
16
d 0.25
2
4
g 16
h 8
2 3
3 2
3 4
a (3x )
b (5a
3
2 1
5a b
2
a b
(x )
4
2
(x )
a b
a b
3
4
2
2
a b
a b
2m 1
2 4
8
2 2
5
m
m
3
2
h
(n )3
n
m
5
e
2 8
d (a
y1
4
2
3y
2
1
16
2
18
Are the following true (T) or false (F)? Check by replacing the pronumeral with a number.
1
0
7
7
3
5
2
2
a 7x 1
b 9x 3x 3x
c a a a
d 3x
2
3x
4
0
9
8
2
3
e (5x) 1
f 15y 5y 3y
g x
2x
h 4x
3
x
2
10
12
2
0
0
3
1
i y y y
j 9x (9x) 10 k x
3x
l 2x
x
19
2
b (cd )
1
d (ab)
20
a a
1
2 2
(cd )
e a b
a 2
d
62
(2a
2 2 3
(x y )
e 5 5
g
(a2b 2)2
17
3
k (3a b)
d a b (a b ) (a
3
4
5
2 2
q p (q )
b x y
3 4
3 2
h (p )
Simplify:
2
3
7
a x x x
2
x
e (x )
(3xy 2) (4x 2y )3
a
b a
d a b a b
16
(2 5)3
2 2
6
g
4
15
(25 )5
2 2
5
4
5
1
9
4
2
b 10
9
C O N N E C T I O N S
1
x
10
8
e 3 3
M A T H S
S T A G E
3
1
2
2
d
a d
2
1
x
3
1
9
x
3 5 3
3
1
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 63
Fractional indices
Indices can be written as fractions. To find the meaning of
the following fractional index, simplify the expression:
1
1
Remember:
m
n
m n
a a a
1
1
2
x2 x2 x 2
1
x
x
1
2 2
(x ) x
1
x 2 x
So if the index of a number is 12, we take the square root of the number. For example:
1
7
49 2 49
1
812 81
9
and
) a
a
a
a
a a
(a
2
Also:
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
x3 x3 x3 x3
1
x
x
1
3
(x 3 ) x
Similarly:
1
x 3 x
So if the index of a number is 13, we take the cube root of the number. For example:
1
2
8 3 8
3
(a
) a
a
a
a a
a
a a
Also:
So:
1
125 3 125
5
and
1
2
.
p x means the square root of x or x
1
3
.
p x means the cube root of x or x
1
n
.
p x means the nth root of x or x
1
Now:
m n
a n
a
(a )
m
n
m n
m
m n
and
a a
so
a n a
m
1
m
a
1
m
or a n
1
m
or a n
n
a n
a or a
m
m
n
a
a or a a
.
m
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
m
or
A L G E B R A I C
m
a n a
E X P R E S S I O N S
63
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 64
Examples
1
Simplify:
1
a 362
1
a 36 2
1
8
b (25p )2
1
8
36
2
Evaluate 27 3.
2
3
27
1
82
25
p
4
5p
6
2
1
b (25p )2 252 p
1
2
273
1
2
3
(3 )3
1
2
3
3 3
1
2
3
1
9
1
2 6
(16x y )2
(16x y )2 16 2 (x )2 (y )2
1
6
1
1
2
16
x
4xy 3
y
1
6 2
27 3
1
m
a
m
Simplify:
2
3
a 83
b 16 4
2
1
2 2
1
6
a 8 3 (8
)
3
b 164 (16
)
5
42
4 2 (4
)
d 125
5
2
4
2
2
d 125
2
8
2
32
1
2
125 3
1
3
(125
)2
1
2
5
1
25
E x e r c i s e 2H
1
1
a 42
b 92
1
g 83
h 27 3
h 120
n y
m x
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
1
32 5
1
o (3y)5
n x
1
16 2
1
7
64
c
1
1
4
m 16
2
FRACTIONAL INDICES
1
d 25 2
1
k x7
d 39
e 5
10
9
34
1
11
1
4
26
S T A G E
1
814
1
p (8x)3
j
1
e m2
3
7
k 15
1
x2
36
7
10
2
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Evaluate:
a 4
1
b 92
m 13
n 625 4
2
32
j
1
1
3
h (252)
1 1
25
k 343
1
3
81
625 4
(a b )3
3
4
p 256
3
3
164
(x )2
5
d 25 2
1
7
e 100 2
1
5
3
o (83)
1
0
(y )3
2
2
n (64x 2)2
k (m )5
3
1
3
p (9y 2)
Use a calculator to evaluate the following. (Write your answers correct to 3 decimal places.)
3
a 827
f
b 348
2
1
(635)3
1
2
5
38 2
h 56 2
1
e 218.7
1
962 4
i
5
3328
d 396
1
g (814)3
k (0.368)
1
9000 5
3
m 512 6
4
n 81
o 274
1
1
a 252 5 252
d
1
1
1
1
449 2 6247 3
e (15
)
1 3
1
b 92 92 273 273
1
g 7 (7 3)
1
1
2
h 162 162 83 83
2 3
(53 )2
(8
)
(43 ) 287 3
1 3
2
Simplify:
1
1
1
1
1
a y2 y2
1
b x3 x3
e n2 n3
i 3a(a b)
f
j
1 3
(x 3 )2
2
2
2
2b (a b )
2
1
m3 m6
1
1
1
5
1
1
d 5x 2 3x 4
5
g 83
3
2
k x (x 3)
h 2y 3 5y 6
l 2x(3x 2y)
Evaluate:
1
1
1
2
3
b 9 92
1
e (5 3 ) 252
3
64
1
1
49 2 1265 2
2356
1
a 42 42 42
3
1
92 83
d 16 4 32 5
1
1
g (64)3 36 2
1
2
2
k 83 8
3
h 32 5
l
811
4
Simplify:
1
1
2
1
a x2 x5
b y3 y3
e (36a )
i
1
2
c
1
8 2
10
1
5
2
3
1
2
1
2
o 16
b 92
m (25x 2)
d 643
Simplify:
1
2
1
273
64
1
g (9 )2
1
3
h 216
a 83
1
g 81
1
Page 65
2 4 4
(81x y )
1
p4p
4
1
2
x
xy
1
2 2
k (x y )
1 1
d (x 3 )3
6
g (x y)
4 1
1
3
4
1
2
a 3 a3
x
12
y
4
1
1
1
2
a x3 z3
1
e (xz)3
i
1
1
2
x3 y4 z3
C H A P T E R
1
1
1
1
b x3 y2
x3 y4
(xz)3 y 4
2
I N D I C E S
1
1
1
1
y2 z3
g x3 y4
1
h x
3
k (xz)
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
1
d x3 y2 z3
3
2
3
y
4
y
2
E X P R E S S I O N S
65
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 66
When there is no
number written
outside the grouping
symbols, it is 1.
expanding
Wab ac
w
factorising
a(b c)
Examples
1
6x(2x 3) (x 1)
2y 6y 12
2
12x 19x 1
c
2
Factorise:
a 5x 10y
b 18ab 12a
a 5x 10y
b 18ab 12a
5(x 2y)
6a(3b 2a)
E x e r c i s e 2I
1
66
b 5x(3x 2y)
e (9 x)
3
2
h 4m(m m )
M A T H S
27xy 3x 9x
27xy 3x 9x
3x(9y 1 3x)
E X PA N D I N G A N D FA C T O R I S I N G A L G E B R A I C E X P R E S S I O N S
Expand:
a 6(a 7)
d (8 3t)
2
g x (2x 3y)
C O N N E C T I O N S
S T A G E
c
f
i
7(2m 3)
5y(2x 3)
3
3p(5p p )
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 67
Factorise:
a 6x 12
2
d 9x 3xy
2 2
3
g x y x y xyz
Expand and then check your answers by performing the reverse process of factorising:
a a(a 5)
b 2x(3 5x)
c 2(5 7x)
3
2
d y(y 3)
e 5(2x 3)
f 3x (4x 5)
2
g 7(3 2m)
h 4(8x 3)
i 2m(m 1)
Expand:
a a(5a 2)
5
3
e m (5m m )
i ( a b)( a b)
2
m (3a 5)
b x(2x 5) 9
e 5(7y 3) 18y
h 6(3 a) (a 1)
c
f
i
b 24x 36y
2 2
e lmn lm n
2
h 10a 4ab 6a
c
f
i
3x(x 7) 8(x 5)
7 (5 6m)
15 3(4m 5)
a b ab
2
5x 10xy 15x
2
2 2
m 5m m n
c m ( m 2)
2
3
g 3n ( 7n 5n )
b 3y (4y y )
x ( x 1)
2
3
(
f a a 1)
g 5x ( 6x 3x)
2
2
2
2
3
2
j (a b )(a b ) k ( x 1)( x 3)
2
3
2
5
n 6x ( x 2x)
o 5p( 8p 6p )
3
d ab (a b )
2
3
h 5a ( a 5a)
d ab ( a b )
h 8a ( a b)
2
2 2
l (x y )
Scientific notation
Scientific notation or standard notation is an extremely useful and convenient way of writing
very small and very large numbers. Using scientific notation not only saves time; it is also
extremely helpful in a calculation that is too big or too small for a calculator to handle.
A number expressed in scientific notation consists of two parts:
The first part can
be the number 1,
but not the
number 10.
first part
second part
The number of digits in the first part is the number of significant figures. For example:
7
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
1 1 10
1
10 1 10
E X P R E S S I O N S
67
12/8/04
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Page 68
Examples
1
5 638 000
3.46 10
c
2
8.1 10
5 mmmmmm
638 000 5.638 1 000 000
6
5.638 10
a 6.8 6.8 10
3
b 9.0 9.0 10
3.54 3.54 10
1.365 10
2500
34 800
E x e r c i s e 2J
68
3.54
S C I E N T I F I C N O TAT I O N F O R N U M B E R S G R E AT E R T H A N 1
Complete:
3
a 3160 . . . 10
5
d 123 000 . . . 10
7
g 21 360 000 . . . 10
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
b 87 000 . . . 10
5
e 569 000 . . . 10
6
h 7 630 000 . . . 10
S T A G E
c
f
i
450 000 . . . 10
6
8 900 000 . . . 10
7
14 700 000 . . . 10
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 69
c
f
i
510 000 . . . 10
6
3 610 000 . . . 10
8
375 000 000 . . . 10
c
f
i
twelve hundred
one million
12.5 million
c
f
i
560 000
389.7
3 000 000
c
f
i
3.94
5.1
9.25
c
f
i
31 500 000
15 300 000 000 000
929 500
b
e
h
k
n
q
c
f
i
l
o
r
25 000
789
561.9
763 000
170 200
61 700
b 8.3 10
7
e 6.09 10
3
h 8.3 10
c
f
i
9.27 10
5
8.13 10
9
9.25 10
c
f
i
l
15 thousand
390 030
7
835 10
7
5
b 40 000
e 5 000 000
h 758 000 000 000
6570
500 000
3 452 000
6938.5
65 000 000 000
200 000
5
10
11
Light travels at approximately 300 000 km/s. Find the distance travelled by light in an
hour and express your answer in scientific notation.
12
The diameter of Earth is about 12 700 km. Express this distance in scientific notation.
C H A P T E R
896.7
837 000
6
952 10
6
3
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
69
13
12/8/04
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Page 70
Examples
1
a 0.54 5.4 10
MMM
MMMMMMM
b 2.345 10
c
5.7 10
5
70
5
AAA
0 003.5 1000
0.0035
2
AA
002.345 100
0.023 45
AAAAA
E x e r c i s e 2K
1
5.7 10
7
3
a 3.5 10
0.000 000 79
1
b 0.0068 6.8 10
c
S C I E N T I F I C N O TAT I O N F O R N U M B E R S L E S S T H A N 1
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
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Page 71
Complete:
3
3
a 0.0031 . . . 10
b 0.0079 . . . 10
4
5
d 0.000 385 . . . 10
e 0.000 033 . . . 10
4
3
g 0.0007 . . . 10
h 0.005 93 . . . 10
8
i 0.000 000 082 . . . 10
5
c
f
0.000 083 . . . 10
2
0.0579 . . . 10
c
f
i
0.0047 4.7 . . .
0.0006 6 . . .
0.000 003 4 3.4 . . .
c
f
i
seven-thousandths
nine-tenths
three-millionths
c
f
i
0.000 61
0.0629
0.000 000 5
b 0.0072
e 0.000 063 8
h 0.002 18
b
d
f
h
0.000 083 7
0.0048
0.0003
0.000 862
3
c 8 10
2
g 6.9 10
4
k 7.69 10
d 9.3 10
5
h 8.96 10
1
l 3.257 10
c 0.000 008 23
5
g 361 10
d 0.006 003
3
h 0.83 10
c
g
k
o
10
The mass of an oxygen atom is approximately 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 026 559 mg.
Express this mass in scientific notation.
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
0.019
0.004 005
0.000 793
0.000 123
A L G E B R A I C
d
h
l
p
0.0007
0.000 012 567
0.5
0.000 009 2
E X P R E S S I O N S
71
12/8/04
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Page 72
Some calculator
displays do not show
10.
Examples
Write each calculator display in scientific notation:
1
3.25
3.25
08
08
3.25 10
4.5
4.5
E x e r c i s e 2L
1
72
05
05
5
4.5 10
6.
6.
I2
I2
12
6 10
D I S P L AY S O F S C I E N T I F I C N O TAT I O N O N T H E C A L C U L AT O R
8.I5
5.832
6.7
09
5.8
3.609
04
3.58
2.
II
2.08
0I
5.63
07
03
2.9
06
8.4
02
7.0
00
6.50
6.7
7.0
I8
04
27
8.
I5
2.95
02
6.7I
5.7
5.9
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
02
03
06
6.7
S T A G E
3.7
3.9
3.25
04
03
07
05
12/8/04
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Page 73
5.
0I
6.0
02
6.05
6.8
2.6
5.32
03
I2
4.85
00
5.0
I.
07
02
04
3.
3.98
I2
03
8.54
05
Light travels approximately 9 500 000 000 000 km in one year. Express this in
scientific notation.
A star has an average distance of 52 800 000 000 000 km from Earth. Express this
number in standard notation.
The star nearest to Earth is approximately 41 600 000 000 000 km away. Express this
distance in scientific notation.
10
The diameter of a star is estimated as 2 773 000 000 km. Write this distance in
standard form.
11
12
The distance around Earths equator is 40 075 km. Express this in scientific notation.
8
The distance between Earth and the sun is 1.521 10 km. Express this as a
basic numeral.
4
13
14
The sun is approximately 150 000 000 km from Earth. Write this distance in metres in
standard form.
15
16
A large molecule has a diameter of 0.000 000 14 mm. Express this in scientific notation.
17
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
73
12/8/04
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Page 74
Examples
1
2.3
05
+/ 7
7
b (3.09 10
03
) (2 10 )
3.27
07
7
5.9 10
3.67 EXP 4.
76
13
25.42 10
14
2.542 10
3
b (64 10 ) (3.2 10
7
) 64 3.2 10
10
20 10
11
2.0 10
3 (7)
E x e r c i s e 2M
74
S C I E N T I F I C N O TAT I O N C A L C U L AT I O N S
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
b
d
f
h
(8.2 10 ) (4.1 10 )
7
3
(9.6 10 ) (1.6 10 )
4
3
(2.24 10 ) (3.2 10 )
5
2
(8.62 10 ) (1.3 10 )
11:10 AM
Page 75
Use a calculator to evaluate these and give your answers in scientific notation:
7
5
2
3
a (4.8 10 ) (2.4 10 )
b (2.5 10 ) (3.6 10 )
6
8.5 10
3
7
c
d (7.5 10 ) (2.1 10 )
2
1.7 10
2
6
6
4
e (80) (9 10 )
f (2.72 10 ) (1.2 10 )
7
g 85 000 9600
h 337.8 (1.25 10 )
i
12/8/04
4
8.96 106
4.32 102
12
6.96
10
(8.9 10 ) (1.5 10 )
15 2
h (6.135 10 )
35
30
8
3.72
10
Use index laws to evaluate the following and give your answers
Write your answers
in scientific notation:
correct to 4 significant
6 3
3 2
a (3 10 )
b (5 10 )
figures where
14
7
3 3
necessary.
c
7 10
d (6 10 ) (3 10 )
5
5
8
9
e (5.8 10 ) (2.9 10 )
f (5 10 ) (8 10 )
5
6
4
8
g (6 10 ) (8 10 )
h (3.24 10 ) (3.21 10 )
3
8
8
9
i (8.6 10 ) (5.2 10 )
j (2.8 10 ) (1.4 10 )
4
5
5
8
k (1.6 10 ) (8 10 )
l (6.4 10 ) (8.51 10 )
g (6.4 10 ) (8 10
i
7
)
4
(8.9 10 ) (4.5 10 )
6
8
6.36
10
(2.4 10 )
3 3
0.458
164
e (19 500)
3
50 000
8
3.804
10
9
3
) (1.4 10 ) i
6.6 10
6
2.2 10
The following numbers are not in scientific notation. Convert them to scientific notation.
3
6
3
1
a 936.5 10
b 0.0005 10
c 36 10
d 631.5 10
4
6
3
4
e 100 10
f 0.62 10
g 81 10
h 0.07 10
4
7
i 93.2 10
j 0.000 000 9 10
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
75
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 76
Comparing numbers in
scientific notation
When comparing numbers that are in scientific notation, first look at the powers of 10the
number with the largest power of 10 is the largest number. If the powers of 10 are the same,
look at the numbers between 1 and 10 and order them as usual.
When we arrange numbers from the smallest to the largest, we are putting them in ascending
order. For example, 2, 0, 3, 5 and 9 are in ascending order.
When we arrange numbers from the largest to the smallest, we are putting them in
descending order. For example, 56, 32, 10, 5, 3, 0 and 4 are in descending order.
Examples
1
2
2
3
and 7 10 .
1
3
1
5 10 , 5.1 10 , 5.1 10
In descending order, these are:
2
1
5 10 , 5.1 10 , 5.1 10
3
E x e r c i s e 2N
76
C O M PA R I N G N U M B E R S I N S C I E N T I F I C N O TAT I O N
Write each group of numbers in ascending order (from the smallest to the largest):
8
5
3
4
9
6
a 3.5 10 , 3.5 10 , 3.5 10
b 8 10 , 8 10 , 8 10
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
b 7 10
or 8 10
0
6
d 9.5 10 or 2.1 10
3
2
f 4.5 10
or 6.3 10
3
5
h 8.3 10
or 5.2 10
12/8/04
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Page 77
5
d 8 10 , 8 10 , 8 10
2
5
4
6 10 , 6 10 , 6 10
0
5
2
h 8.9 10 , 3.6 10 , 5.7 10
f
Write each group of numbers in descending order (from the largest to the smallest):
7
7
7
3
3
3
a 2.8 10 , 1.5 10 , 3.2 10
b 8 10 , 5 10 , 9 10
9
9
9
5
6
3
c 3 10 , 3.5 10 , 2.5 10
d 4 10 , 4 10 , 4 10
6
6
6
2
3
4
e 5.1 10 , 2.5 10 , 3.7 10
f 3.8 10 , 4.6 10 , 3.9 10
7
2
1
4
3
6
g 2.5 10 , 3.6 10 , 4.9 10
h 5.4 10 , 3.5 10 , 8.2 10
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
2
b 5.04 10
or 5.04 10
4
6
d 5.8 10
or 3.2 10
7
6
f 5 10
or 5 10
6
2
h 8.6 10
or 9.7 10
3
b 7.5 10
2
5
, 3.2 10 , 2.8 10
5
12
d 9.25 10 , 9.25 10 , 9.25 10
9
7
3
f 6.2 10 , 6.2 10 , 6.2 10
2
5
7
h 1.7 10 , 1.7 10 , 1.7 10
7
3
2
j 4.5 10 , 4.5 10 , 4.5 10
4
2
1
l 2.7 10 , 2.7 10 , 2.7 10
8
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
77
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Page 78
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 2
1
The volume of a cube is 216 cm . Find the length of each side of the cube.
Write the number 512 as a product in 2 different ways using only 1 digit in each expression.
a
a
a
2x
2a
7a 2
3xy
Find the value of 2 million shares at $5 per share. Write your answer in index form.
A certain galaxy is over 64 million light-years from Earth. Express this distance in
12
kilometres in scientific notation, given that a light-year is 9.46 10 km.
On average, a heart beats 4.2 10 times in an hour. How many times does the heart
beat in a leap year? Write your answer in standard notation.
10
In the September quarter of 2003, the total accommodation takings were $1 342 248 000.
In the December quarter this rose by 4.2%. What were the accommodation takings
for the December quarter of that year? Give your answer as a basic numeral and in
scientific notation.
11
A sheet of newspaper is 6 10
a a pile 2 cm thick?
12
What is the distance travelled by Earth in 1 day if it orbits the sun at an average speed of
107 200 km/h? Express your answer in standard form.
1
a Express in scientific notation: 1 nanosecond second
1 000 000 000
1
b If a radio signal travels approximately 3 of a metre in 1 nanosecond, how far will it
travel in 1 minute?
13
78
5a
Three billion (3 000 000 000) cells die in your body each minute.
Write down in index form how many cells die in 2000 seconds.
3
14
The sun loses 4 10 kg of mass every second and converts it to energy. Calculate how
much mass is lost every year. Answer in scientific notation correct to 2 decimal places.
15
The spin of Earth is slowing down. As a result, each day is longer than the day before
by 0.000 000 02 seconds. How many seconds longer is a day after 1 week? Write your
answer in scientific notation.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
literaacy skillsil
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 79
literacy
acy skillsil
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
SKILLS 2
81?
b Write 16 as a power of 2.
Although these questions look almost the same, their answers are quite different.
To the and as a are very important words in these sentences. How do these little
words control the meanings of these questions?
3
Choose the correct multiple-choice answer for each question. Some of the multiplechoice answers can be used twice, and some may not be used at all.
4
a Express 3 in expanded form.
A
3333
4
b Express 3 as a basic numeral.
B
444
4
3
c Evaluate 3 .
C
4
4
d Express 81 as a power of 3.
D
3
e Write 81 to the power of 3.
E
81
3
f Rewrite 3 3 3 3 in index form.
F
81
Two students were asked to write 100 as the product of its prime factors. Each student
wrote an incorrect answer:
Student 1
Student 2
100 50 2 25 4
100 4 25 (2 2) (5 5 5 5 5)
What word does each student not understand? Write definitions for these two words to
help them.
5
Rearrange each group of words to form an index law. The first word in each law has a
capital letter.
a power raised Any to zero equal to number 1 is of the
b expression power multiply an When that raising power another has indices the a to
c base When indices terms add same multiplying the with the
d dividing the base terms same subtract When with indices the
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
79
12/8/04
11:10 AM
Page 80
Chapter review 2
1
78
12
(5)
3x y z
a (2.5)
d 2a
d a b
2 3
d 4a bc
b 22222777
d 334477777
Evaluate:
2
a 13
b 3
2 3
Evaluate:
8
5
a 2 2
b 2 7
2 4
1
10
7
d 2 3 4
d (8 5)
Write as a power of 7:
a 49
b 343
10
12
13
11
b 3 3 3
3 2
b 8a b 9ab
a 2 2
2401
d 117 649
13
77
3 3
3
1 2
Simplify:
7
a x x y
2y
d e
3x
e
d 3
4x
2x
25
3
14
5 5
e
a 2 4
b 3 3
10
2
21
a 7 7
b 9 9
8 8 8
d 5
e x
14
80
10
x
7x x
35y
7
g
7y
h m m m
Simplify:
4
56x y 3
a
8x 2y 2
C O N N E C T I O N S
b 48m n 8m n
M A T H S
S T A G E
21a 7a
d 32y 8y
12/8/04
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15
Simplify:
m
n
a 5 5
16
17
9y
5x
a
b a
(a b)
d 5
(a b)
7
c 6y
7
3 2
8 2
(2 ) 2
16
d (7 ) 7
d (3 )
18
Simplify:
12 3
a (a )
3 4
e (5p )
b (4y )
3 2 3
f (3a b )
d (8 )
4 3
h (6y )
19
Simplify:
0
a (9)
b 7 (4)
20
Simplify:
0
a 12 (6)
b t t
Evaluate:
0
0
a 7 8m
b 7 (18x)
21
22
23
24
25
3 3
9 8
2 t
x 5
c (7 )
2n x
g (m )
0
8 6
q q
3 0
d p p
a 6
d (3y )
1
2
3
Simplify:
3
a 3
n n
2 3
b (3
b a
1
3
3
7
d 5p 5p
7 49
29
2700
30
(3 ) 4
27
28
Evaluate:
3
5
a 2 2
b 3
1
Solve for x:
1
x
a 3 5
5
C H A P T E R
3
1
10
x
b 8 10
I N D I C E S
A N D
h (5x
2 2
18
2 3
11
d 3 3
3 9
d 3
2
(5 ) 5
2
2
343
3
56
d 2
34
5 5
e (2 )
0 4
3 1
26
d 5(a ) (6)
1
128
d 2
3 3
2 4
A L G E B R A I C
d 5 5 5
d 2000
0 4
2
d (5 ) 4
8
E X P R E S S I O N S
81
31
32
33
12/8/04
11:10 AM
1
a 36 2
b 125 3
b 32
1
1
2
3
b (64)2
38
1
1
1
3
1
3
r
814
(36)2
9 (5 3 )
d s
1
6
d (27a b )3
1
2 3
d (7 3 )2
2
3
6
d (81a ) 2
Simplify:
6
8
a n n
5
3
b 5p 5p
9
(100a b )
25
3
5
15
12 2
p
9
p
7
3
d 5
1
3
10
5
Simplify:
3 1
2
b 5 5
2
2 3
d (5x
1
1
3
b a 3b 2
2 3
d (4b
2 3
(27a ) 3
ab(a b )
d 7m (m 3m)
Simplify:
1
1
1
10
1
6
2
3
a 5x 2 8x 2
b (64y ) 2
41
Expand:
a x(7x 3)
b x (x 8x)
42
2.56
d 9.6
365 000
d 19 200 000
8.1 10
d 3.68 10
45
1 million
d 546 10
46
0.000 08
d 0.003 561
43
44
82
b (12
)
b 27
a a 3 b2
40
Simplify:
a (2 )
39
d x3
a m m
37
1
y2
Evaluate:
a 16 2 5 27 3
36
1
b 5x 2 3x 2
a 27 3
35
1
Simplify:
a 83
34
Page 82
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
d (64m ) 3
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Page 83
47
3.334 10
48
0.57 10
49
c
g
k
o
6.8 10
2
9 10
2
1.03 10
2
5.93 10
50
03
8.35
6.39
05
2.3
3.5I
3.96 10
3
3.6 10
3
8 10
2
1.026 10
d
h
l
p
02
7.
05
5.I2
04
4.95
04
03
8.0
02
a (5.6 10 ) (1.2 10
c
53
d 9.87
52
3
2
d 8.9 10
51
4
b (7.2 10 ) (2.4 10 )
8
8.96
10
12 2
d (8.765 10 )
a (7.3 10
c
(24 600)
3
) (4.2 10 )
b (8.7 10 ) (3.6 10 )
0.007
235
54
55
b 3.5 10
56
b 1.8 10
57
An estimate of the age of the universe is 1.2 10 years. Write this in normal
decimal form.
58
59
One astronomical unit is about 149 000 000 km. Write this in scientific notation.
4
2
3
, 8.36 10 , 5.7 10
9
6
5
, 2.5 10 , 3.7 10
10
5
C H A P T E R
I N D I C E S
A N D
A L G E B R A I C
E X P R E S S I O N S
83
84
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60
61
62
There are 604 800 seconds in a week. Express this in scientific notation.
63
In 18 mL of water there are about 6.023 10 molecules. How many molecules are in
1 L of water? (Answer correct to 3 decimal places.)
64
The mass of Earth is 5.97 10 kg, while that of our moon is 7.35 10 kg.
Approximately how many times more massive than the moon is Earth?
65
The surface area of land on Earth is 1.48 10 km . If the sea surface covers 2.45 times
the land area, what is the surface area of the sea, correct to 3 significant figures?
66
The moons average distance from Earth is approximately 384 000 km. Express this in
metres in scientific notation.
67
The total land area of our planet is approximately 147 900 000 km , and the world
9
population is 6.112 10 . If the land was shared equally, how much would each person
receive? Answer in square kilometres correct to 3 decimal places.
68
69
The radius of an atom is approximately 0.000 000 003 407 cm. Express this in
scientific notation.
70
71
Given that the distance from Earth to the moon is approximately 384 000 km, how
4
long would it take for a rocket travelling at a constant speed of 1.2 10 km/h to reach
the moon?
72
The sun is approximately 1.5 10 km from Earth and light travels at approximately
8
3 10 m/s. How long does it take light from the sun to reach Earth?
23
24
22
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Consumer
arithmetic
Syllabus outcomes
NS5.1.2 Solves consumer arithmetic problems involving earning and spending money
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.2 Solves problems using a range of strategies, including deductive reasoning
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
ncalculate income earned in casual and part-time jobs, considering agreed rates and
12/8/04
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Two widely used overtime rates are time and a half (112 times the normal rate for each hour of
overtime worked) and double time (2 times the normal rate for each hour of overtime worked).
Similar penalty rates are paid for working inconvenient times such as overnight, at weekends
and on public holidays.
For the following exercises, take 1 year 36514 days 52.179 weeks.
Examples
1
86
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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$45 056.5665
$45 056.57 (to the nearest cent)
His annual income is $45 056.57.
E x e r c i s e 3A
WA G E S A N D S A L A R I E S
Chris earns $18.50 an hour for a 3712-hour week, while Roger earns $19.10 an hour for a
35-hour week.
a How much does Chris earn in a week?
b How much does Roger earn in a week?
c Who earns more, and by how much?
Calculate the hourly rate of pay (to the nearest cent) in each payment:
a $815 for a 40-hour week
b $763.50 for a 30-hour week
1
c $1126.75 for a 372-hour week
d $1029.10 for a 38-hour week
Leon works 6 hours of overtime at time and a half. If his normal rate is $14.50 an hour,
how much is he paid for this overtime?
George is a kitchenhand earning $8.15 per hour normal rate. The award stipulates that
he will earn time and a half on any work beyond 8 hours on weekdays (MondayFriday),
time and a half for the first 4 hours on Saturday, then double time after that. Double
time is paid for all of Sunday.
pa means
per annum or
per year.
C H A P T E R
b 7 hours on Saturday?
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
87
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10
Find the total wage for a carpenter who in a week works 35 hours at normal rate, 712 hours
at time and a half, and 10 hours at double time. The normal hourly rate is $27.65.
11
35
$17.95
Ellen
$14.90
Nicola
3712
Louisa
42.5
88
$491.70
$843.75
$16.95
Spiro
Ling
Weekly pay
$18.15
45
$617.10
$1584.00
12
A cleaner worked for 36 hours at the normal rate of $17.40 an hour, and then 10 hours
overtime paid at time and a half.
a How much was the cleaner paid for this weeks work?
b How many hours does he need to work at the normal rate to earn the same amount
of money?
13
Chee works as a chef for 20 hours during the week at the normal rate and for 15 hours
on the weekend at double time. He says he earns more on the weekend than during the
week. Abby says this depends on what his normal rate of pay is. Who is correct?
14
When Anastasia worked for 36 hours at her normal rate, she was paid $450. How much
1
would she be paid at this rate for working 392 hours?
15
Milan worked for an hour at time and a half and was paid $28.35.
a What is his normal hourly rate of pay?
b How much would he earn in an hour of double time?
16
17
18
19
Rachel is now earning $63 240, after being granted a 6.2% pay rise. What was her pay
(to the nearest dollar) before this rise?
20
After receiving a pay rise of 4.5%, Beckys rate of pay increased to $18.81 per hour.
a What was her pay before the increase?
b How much extra will she earn over a full year if she works 35 hours each week?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
21
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Page 89
Start
(am)
Lunch
Finish
(pm)
Daily
total
hours
Normal
rate
hours
Time and
a half
hours
Mon.
7:30
1 hour
6:00
912
212
Tues.
8:00
1
2
hour
4:00
Wed.
8:00
1 hour
5:00
Thurs.
7:45
1 hour
5:15
Fri.
7:45
1 hour
6:15
Sat.
9:00
1
2
2:30
Sun.
9:00
hour
Double
time
hours
1:00
Total
b Calculate Natalias wage for the week.
22
23
Ric normally works 37 hours a week, earning $1154.40. One week he earned $1388.40
after working some overtime paid at time and a half. How many hours did he work
that week?
24
25
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
89
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Piecework
The worker is paid according to the number of articles or pieces completed. Such workers
generally have greater flexibility of where and when they do this work, but they are usually
not covered for sickness or other fringe benefits.
Commission
Some people employed in sales are paid according to how much they sell. Generally this is on
a percentage of sales. Sometimes commission is on top of a small base salary called a retainer.
Casual work
In this arrangement, a person works on a needs basis. There is a fixed hourly rate but usually
no guarantee of how many hours will be worked. Many teenagers working after school hours
in fast-food outlets or shops are paid casual rates.
Examples
1
An award states that a shearer should earn $2.95 for shearing a sheep. How
much should a shearer earn for shearing 1250 sheep?
Pay $2.95 1250
$3687.50
The shearer should earn $3687.50.
A sales assistant receives a base salary of $310 per week and 25% commission
on all sales. How much will the sales assistant earn in a week with $5725
worth of sales?
Pay base salary commission
25
$310
100 $5725
$1741.25
The sales assistant will earn $1741.25.
E x e r c i s e 3B
1
90
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
Round your
answers to the
nearest cent if
necessary.
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Page 91
Ben is paid $250 per week plus a commission of 15% on all sales over $3000. If the total
sales for the week are $7495, what is Bens pay for the week?
Jesse is paid a piecework rate for sewing buttons onto shirts. The rate is 65c for each
shirt. How much does she earn for buttoning 225 shirts in a day?
An interior decorator charges $780 for preparing wall surfaces and hanging a mural
3.6 m high and 14 m wide. What is the rate per square metre?
Julio was paid $672 for 4 days of picking fruit. On Monday he picked 18 boxes, on
Tuesday 15 boxes, on Wednesday 19 boxes and on Friday 12 boxes. How much was he
paid for each box picked?
Peta works on a weekly retainer of $250 plus 18% on all sales. Find her pay for the week
when sales were:
a $1250
b $4325
c $6250.10
d $7864.50
Tim works on a casual basis, earning $11.40 an hour on weekdays and $15.60 an hour
on weekends. How much does he earn in a week where he works 28 hours during the
week and 6 hours on a weekend?
10
Bob makes leather belts and is paid $2.65 per belt. He averages
16 belts an hour.
a How much does he earn for making 75 belts?
b How long does it take him to make 75 belts?
c Find Bobs average hourly rate of pay.
d Will Bob always earn this hourly rate? Explain.
11
A technician charges a $65 call-out fee and $32.50 per half-hour or part thereof.
Quan calls him out to repair her computer and he works from 11:15 am to 1:00 pm.
How much does Quan pay?
12
13
Find the percentage rate of commission when a car sales assistant earns $1425 on the
sale of a car worth $28 500.
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
91
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Page 92
14
A real estate agent charges a property owner 7% of the rental income for managing a
property. The tenant pays $485 per week.
a What is the real estate agents weekly commission?
b What does the owner receive?
c How much does the agent make in a year on this property?
15
A real estate agent charges the following rates to sell a property: 2% on the first
$100 000, 1.7% on the following $150 000 and 1.25% on the remainder. What is the
agents commission on the sale of a property worth:
a $320 000?
b three-quarters of a million dollars?
16
Helga is paid a retainer of $450 per week plus a commission on her fortnightly sales.
In one particular fortnight she earned $1901 when her sales were $15 400. Calculate
Helgas rate of commission as a percentage.
17
Kyle has a standard call-out fee of $65 and an hourly rate for labour. Parts are added
1
onto this cost. On one job Kyle charged 12 hours labour. If the cost of parts was equal to
35% of Kyles labour charge and the total fee was $198.65, what was his hourly rate?
18
Other payments
Workers are sometimes paid extra amounts called bonuses. We have already seen two kinds
of bonusesovertime and penalty rates. In these cases the extra pay is to compensate the
worker for working extra or inconvenient times such as overnight, at weekends or on
public holidays.
Bonuses are also added on, either at set hourly rates or at given amounts each week,
to compensate for awkward working conditions. Sometimes these payments are referred to
as allowances.
Holiday loading is paid to workers when they go on holidays. It was originally designed to
keep their holiday pay close to the pay they would normally receive assuming that they
worked a certain amount of overtime each week (and cannot work overtime when they are on
holidays). This loading may be paid at the beginning or end of the holiday period in addition
to the normal holiday pay.
92
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Examples
1
Michael works 30 hours at his normal rate ($28.40 per hour), 7 hours at time
and a half, and 2 hours at double time during a certain week. In addition he
receives a weekly clothing allowance of $37.50 and a hazardous work
allowance of $2.50 an hour. Find his pay for the week.
Normal pay 30 $28.40 $852.00
Time and a half pay 7 112 $28.40 $298.20
Double time pay 2 2 $28.40 $113.60
Allowances $37.50 39 $2.50
$135.00
Find Pennys holiday loading if she receives 1712% on 4 weeks pay, given that
she earns $745 per week.
1712
Loading $745 4
100
$521.50
Pennys holiday loading is $521.50.
E x e r c i s e 3C
O T H E R PAY M E N T S
Find the following holiday loadings, given that the rate is 1712% on 4 weeks pay:
a Vinu: $782 per week
b Claire: $1532.40 per fortnight
c Matthew: $76 254 pa
d Fatima: $19.45 an hour for a 35-hour week
Con works as a security guard and is paid $19.75 an hour. When he is required to work
alone, he is paid a bonus of $3.45 per hour. Find his pay for a week in which he worked
24 hours alone out of 37 hours.
Liana received a 1712% holiday loading of $741.30 on 4 weeks wages. What is her
weekly wage?
C H A P T E R
17 12 %
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
93
12/8/04
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Page 94
normal rate
double time
Daily pay
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Total for week
b In addition she is paid $24.60 per week site allowance, $1.40 per hour car allowance
and 7c per kilometre petrol allowance. Given that she travelled 315 km during this
week, calculate her total pay.
94
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Page 95
Example
Find Rhysss net pay for the week if he earns $824 but pays 27% of this in tax, pays
5% in superannuation and has other miscellaneous deductions of $78.50 per week.
27
Tax
100 $824 $222.48
5
Superannuation
100 $824 $41.20
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
95
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Page 96
E x e r c i s e 3D
96
Gross wage
Income tax
Superannuation
Health fund
Union
Credit union
Total deductions
$785.42
$215.35
$56.80
$25.30
$7.85
$75.00
Net pay
Use 1 year
52.179 weeks.
Sam has just retired from a job that paid a final year salary of $72 187. He has the
option of receiving 70% of his final salary as superannuation payments each year for
the rest of his life (paid each calendar month) or receiving a lump sum as a single final
payment of $550 000.
a How much is his annual superannuation payment?
b Assuming that he accepts the first option, how much would he receive each
calendar month?
c For how many years after retirement would Sam need to live to make the first
option preferable?
Georginas annual superannuation income is 68% of her final working salary of $64 945.
a What is her annual superannuation income?
1
b Given that she pays 24 2% of this income in tax, what is her monthly net income?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
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Page 97
Units
Rate
Rec FP
70.00 36.1194
Payment details
Amount
2528.36
Year to date
This period
Gross
5012.53
2528.36
Tax
1476.00
748.00
510.92
255.46
3025.61
1524.90
Deductions
Net pay
Net pay is made up of
A/C 7351230
A/C 351496378
75.00
1449.90
Deductions
Superannuation
213.27
Health fund
25.41
Union
16.78
was calculated.
Nick took 2 weeks leave during this period.
i
How do you know this?
ii How was his recreation leave pay calculated?
d How much tax did Nick pay in this period?
e Find the tax as a percentage of his gross pay for this period.
f Explain how his deductions were calculated.
g How was his net pay calculated?
c
Marie is a casual worker at a supermarket. The following is her incomplete pay slip
for the week.
Earnings and allowances
Description
Units
Rate
Ordinary
27.00
14.28
1
12
casual
Pay details
Amount
A
32.12
Taxable income
Less tax
Year to date
This period
10 634.69
1862.00
69.00
First aid
6.80
Less deductions
0.00
0.00
Uniform
7.80
Net pay
Deductions
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
97
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Taxation
Taxation involves collecting money from the people of a country to pay the expenses of
carrying on the government (such as education, health, defence and administration). Most
people work for wages or salaries and have tax taken from their incomes before they receive
their pay. Employers must deduct a certain proportion of wages and salaries in tax and
regularly send this money to the Australian Taxation Office. The amount of tax paid depends
on the current tax rates and on the employees gross pay.
In Australia the financial year runs from 1 July to 30 June the following year. At the end of
the financial year, each taxpayer must fill out an income tax return and forward it to the
taxation office. If during the year a person has paid too much tax, he or she will receive a
refund from the taxation office. If a person has not paid enough tax, he or she will receive a
bill for the remainder.
The amount of tax to be paid is calculated on a persons taxable income. This may not be
exactly gross income, as the taxation office allows income to be decreased by certain amounts
called tax deductions. Tax deductions include such things as maintaining a work uniform,
replacing tools of a trade, union membership fees and other expenses required to earn an
income. On the other hand, other income such as bank interest that has not already been
taxed is added to gross income to calculate taxable income.
The following table shows the income tax rates for individuals who are residents of Australia
for tax purposes for the whole financial year and who do not leave full-time education for the
first time during the financial year.
Each of the rows in
the table is called a
tax bracket.
$06000
Nil
$6001$21 600
98
Taxable income
$1$13 807
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Example
Jarad earns a salary of $56 720. He has income from other sources (investments and
bank interest) of $4834. His total tax deductions for the year are $1320. Throughout the
financial year his employer deducted tax instalments amounting to $14 980.60. Find:
1
From the table, Jarads income falls in the second last tax bracket.
He pays $11 772 plus 42c for each dollar over $52 000.
The excess is $60 234 $52 000 $8234.
42
Tax payable $11 772
100 $8234
$15 230.28
The tax and Medicare levy total is $15 230.28 $903.51 $16 133.79.
Since he has already paid $14 980.60, he will be sent a bill for the balance.
Balance payable $16 133.79 $14 980.60
$1153.19
Jarad must pay a further $1153.19.
E x e r c i s e 3E
TA X AT I O N
Use the tax rate table to calculate the tax payable on a taxable income of:
a $5630
b $14 629
c $34 580
d $55 240
e $75 000
f $150 000
Calculate the Medicare levy for each of the taxable incomes in question 1.
Dylan has a taxable income of $30 000. His sister, Carla, has a taxable income of
$60 000. Does Carla pay twice the amount of tax as Dylan? Explain.
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
99
100
12/8/04
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Page 100
Monique is in the $52 000 to $62 500 tax bracket. Her employer gives her a $5000 pay
rise. Assuming that she does not move into the next tax bracket, how much of that pay
increase will she retain after paying tax?
Brendan has an annual salary of $55 280. He has $3245 in tax deductions.
a What is his taxable income?
b Calculate the tax payable on this income.
c How much does Brendan pay for Medicare in a year?
Brianna has two jobs. During the day she works as a hospital orderly earning
$753.40 each week. Every evening from Monday to Friday she works as a kitchenhand
for 3 hours at an hourly rate of $12.95.
a What is Briannas weekly pay from both jobs?
b Calculate her annual taxable income.
c How much tax is payable on this income?
d How much is her Medicare levy?
Alex has a gross income of $48 240. In addition, he earns $2480 from investments and is
allowed $1650 in deductions.
a What is his taxable income?
b Calculate Alexs tax payable.
c Find his Medicare levy.
d If his employer has withheld $15 164.90 in income tax, will Alex receive a refund or
pay more? How much?
Harry has a taxable income of $34 000. His employer withheld $126.50 each week for
tax. Will Harry receive a refund or need to pay more tax at the end of the financial year?
10
For the first 5 months of the financial year Phil earns $3475 each calendar month.
He then receives an 8% pay rise.
a How much has Phil earned during this financial year?
b In addition, he earned $374.40 in bank interest and 7c dividend on each of his
54 800 shares. He has $2450 in deductions. Calculate his taxable income.
c Calculate his:
i
tax payable
ii Medicare levy
11
Brooke is an author and is paid 122% commission on the sales of her books.
Last financial year she sold 45 893 books valued at $35.90 each.
a Calculate her commission.
b In addition she had income from other sources of $24 500 and tax deductions
totalling $5432. Calculate her taxable income.
c Calculate the tax payable on her taxable income.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
Use 1 year
52.179 weeks.
12
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Heng has a gross annual salary of $58 000. His tax deductions are:
p work-related expenses, $3240
p union fees, $842.90
p maintenance of uniform, $345
p depreciation of professional library, $158
a Calculate Hengs taxable income.
b Calculate the tax payable on this income.
13
Erin earns $2124 a fortnight. Her employer deducts $538.40 each fortnight to cover tax
and Medicare. Erin has $1423.70 in tax deductions and $845 income from other sources
at the end of the financial year.
a Calculate Erins taxable income for the year.
b Calculate the tax and Medicare levy payable on this taxable income.
c Will Erin receive a refund from the taxation office or will she need to pay more tax?
How much?
14
Nicholas earns $40 000 and Yiota earns $80 000 each year.
a If these are their taxable incomes, how much tax does each pay?
b What percentage of each of their incomes does this tax represent?
c Comment on this statement: Yiota pays double the tax Nicholas pays.
15
C $75 386
Suppose each of these workers is given a $10 000 pay increase. How much of the
$10 000 would each receive after tax and the Medicare levy?
Budgeting
Money problems affect everybody, regardless
of how much they have. That is why financial
planning is important.
The first step in wise money management is to
have a budget or spending plan. This is just a plan
of expenses and savings balanced with income. A
budget does not need to be complicated; it can be
a simple guide for spending so that your income
does what you want it to.
You can help to make your money stretch by
following these guidelines:
p Set realistic goals, both short-term and
long-term.
p Establish a spending plan.
p Control your spending.
p Evaluate your progress regularly and adjust your plan if necessary.
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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Example
Amie is a university student who works part-time
at a fast-food outlet. She earns $360 each fortnight
(after tax and Medicare). This is a list of her
weekly expenses.
1
Item
Cost ($)
University costs
Fares
Food
Clothing
Entertainment
Other expenses
18
20
24
19
30
100
Savings percentage
$360 1 28.3% (correct to 1 decimal place)
Amie saves 28.3% of her income.
E x e r c i s e 3F
1
102
BUDGETING
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
Item
Rent
Car expenses
Food
Entertainment
Other expenses
Cost ($)
180
120
99
60
40
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Item
Cost ($)
House repayment
Regular household
bills
Food
Car expenses
Entertainment
310
175
130
105
65
Ashley lives with two friends and they agree to split the household costs evenly.
For each week, rent is $240; electricity and insurance come to $450 each quarter;
food bills amount to $168 each fortnight; and cleaning and other expenses are $84 each
month. How much (to the nearest dollar) must Ashley contribute each week?
(Use 1 year 4 quarters 52.179 weeks.)
Expenses
clothes
entertainment
30
85
food
80
25
transport
university
costs
Ellen took out a loan to purchase a car and will make regular monthly payments over
1
42 years. However, owning and running a car is not cheap:
p Car registration costs $375 per year.
p Servicing costs $290 twice a year.
p A green slip costs $420 per year.
p Other insurance costs $77.40 per calendar month.
p Loan repayments are $395 per calendar month.
p Petrol costs $32 per week.
p A drivers licence costs $45 per year.
a How much will Ellen eventually pay on the loan?
b Given that 45% of the loan repayments cover interest, what was the cost of the car?
c Calculate the total annual running costs of the car (not including the loan
repayments).
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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d How much will Ellen need to set aside to cover these running costs and repayments
Income
Net wages (after tax &
health insurance)
Savings interest earned
Total income
$
3500
120
i
Fixed expenses
Housing/utilities
Telephone
Transport
Loan
Total fixed expenses
740
150
220
168
ii
Variable expenses
Clothing/personal care
Food
Household supplies
Medicine/health supplies
Entertainment
104
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
268
450
140
25
125
iii
Total expenses
iv
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Using Naomis budget as a guide, draw up your own monthly budget (or a budget for
someone else) on a computer spreadsheet. Your budget need not contain the same
income and expense categories as Naomis. And, of course, categories can change from
month to month depending on where income is coming from and on what expenses
there are.
Do not key in the totals in column G yourself. Let the computer do it for you. For
example, the total for her odd jobs was found using the formula =SUM(C8:F8).
How was the value in cell G10 calculated? Give the computer command you would
type in cell G10. Check it out on your spreadsheet.
How was the value in cell G22 calculated? Give the computer command you would
type in cell G22.
After you complete your budget, look over it. Did you find any surprises? Share these
with the class.
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Occupation research
Use the internet or other sources to find the
average yearly salaries and conditions for at
least four different occupations.
Prepare a report comparing these four
occupations. Do any of these occupations
have interesting or different conditions of
work from the others?
Note: The Australian Bureau of Statistics
(www.abs.gov.au) estimated that in 2003 the
average weekly total earnings of an adult
working full time were approximately $744.50.
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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Examples
1
Lauren buys ties for $18 each and scarfs for $28 each. She sells the ties for
$25 each and the scarfs for $26 each.
a On which item does she make a profit?
b Calculate the profit on this item as a percentage of the cost price.
a Lauren sells the ties for a profit, making $25 $18 $7 on each one.
100 38.8 %
Lauren makes 39% profit on each tie (to the nearest whole percentage).
b Percentage profit
7
18
The local sports club had a sausage sizzle to raise money to buy uniforms.
The club sold 520 sausage sandwiches for $3.20 each. If food ingredients cost
$480, barbecue hire was $150 and set-up costs amounted to $375, how much
money did the club make?
Total takings 520 $3.20 $1664
Total expenses $480 $150 $375 $1005
Profit $1664 $1005 $659
The club made $659.
106
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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E x e r c i s e 3G
1
Cost price
a
b
c
d
e
f
Selling price
$365.40
$720.15
$412.10
$365.90
$1372.50
Profit (loss)
$153
$912.60
($234.50)
$1250.70
($263.10)
$2371.60
$1500
Ali bought some shares for $720 and sold them for $800. Find:
a his profit on the sale
b the profit as a percentage of the cost price
c the profit as a percentage of the selling price
Jenna bought a car for $12 500 and sold it to Sam at a loss of 35% after it was involved
in an accident. Sam repaired the car, then sold it, making a profit of 140% on his
purchase price.
a How much did Sam pay for the car?
b For how much did Sam sell the car?
Boris bought a house for $235 000 and spent a further $60 000 on renovations.
He then sold it, making a profit of 24%.
a How much profit did he make?
b What was the selling price of the house?
In one year Mrs Macdonalds store made a good profit. The next year the profit
increased by 100%. The following year the profit decreased by 100%. How much profit
(as a percentage of the first years sales) was there in the third year?
A bicycle is on sale for $230. This is 80% of the regular price. What is the regular price?
In some countries it is customary to leave staff a tip. In the United States it is customary
to leave about 15% as a tip in restaurants. If the bill came to $64.50, what tip should
be left?
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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108
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10
A shop marks up its toys by 45% to obtain its selling price. During a sale it discounts
its selling price by 15%. A particular toy cost the store $36.
a Calculate the mark-up on this toy.
b What is the selling price of the toy?
c What is the discounted price of the toy?
11
A restaurant buys its soft drinks in bulk. Each box of 1 dozen 1.5 L bottles costs it
$12.60. The restaurant sells the soft drink for $2.50 for each 300 mL glass.
a How much does the restaurant pay for each bottle?
b How many glasses can be poured from each bottle?
c How much profit is made on each bottle?
d Calculate this profit as a percentage of the cost of each bottle.
12
Selling price
cost price 80% cost price
13
14
What must be the percentage mark-up of an item for it to be sold for double what it cost?
15
16
A shoe manufacturer sells a pair of shoes to a wholesaler for cost plus 28%. The
wholesaler sells the shoes to a retailer, adding a further 20% on what it cost him. The
retailer sells the pair of shoes for $110, making 38% profit. Calculate the cost of
manufacturing the pair of shoes.
17
A small business owner employs 2 people to make pressure sprayers and pays $2.20 for
each sprayer. Together the employees make 860 sprayers a week, and the total payment
is divided between them.
a How much does each employee earn each week?
b Parts and overheads amount to $3.75 per sprayer, and all 860 sprayers are sold for
$7900. Calculate the owners profit for each sprayer.
c Given these costs, how many sprayers must be made each week for the profit to
exceed $3000?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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To save money and get value when purchasing, we should ask a number of questions:
p Do I really need this? (Avoid impulse buying.)
p Is it worth what I am paying for it? (A pair of socks originally priced at $30 with 50% off
seems a bargain, but if the socks are only worth $5 you are paying too much.)
p Do I need this many? (Sometimes shops entice us to buy more than we need with
statements such as Buy 5, get 1 free. If you are only ever going to need 3 of these items, is
it worth it?)
p Is it a quality item? (Will it last?)
Will I ever use this?
Is
it
in
season?
(Fruit
and
vegetables
bought
out
of
season
can
be
p
expensive. Bargains can be found when buying winter clothes in
summer. We can also find discounts when shopping for
Christmas presents several months earlier.)
p Is this the best price for the item? (Shop around to compare
prices and quality, especially with expensive items.)
Also think about whether you are prepared to pay high prices for things you do not use often.
For example, should you buy an expensive outfit that you are only ever going to wear once or
twice, or would it be better to hire it for the occasion?
Another issue is paying for brand names. Some popular brands of clothing can be much more
expensive than other similar quality brands.
Examples
1
Given that the quality of each type of coffee is the same, which is the best buy?
Coffee X
Coffee Y
Coffee Z
500 g
200 g
275 g
$19.50
$8.49
$10.55
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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Although you cannot buy just 1 g of coffee, you can find the cost per gram
to compare equal quantities.
1950c
Coffee X : cost per gram
500 g 3.9c/g
849c
Coffee Y : cost per gram 4.245c/g
200 g
1055c
Coffee Z : cost per gram
275 g 3.836c/g
Coffee Z is the best buy.
2
5
100
$945 $897.75
E x e r c i s e 3H
110
VA L U E F O R M O N E Y
Find the price in cents per millilitre for each bottle of detergent:
a 500 mL for 75c
b 350 mL for $3.75 c 2.6 L for $8.90
Which amount is the better buy, assuming that the quality is the same?
a 250 mL for 75c or 600 mL for $1.50
b 720 g for $13.40 or 1 kg for $18
c 100 tea bags for $3.20 or 200 tea bags for $6.15
1
1
d 2 L of soft drink for 85c or 1 4 L of soft drink for $2
e a 2 L can of paint for $37.50 or a 5 L can of paint for $89.60
A 40 g pack of mixed dried fruit costs 45c. A 1 kg bag of the same dried fruit is $7.85.
How much will you save by buying a 1 kg bag of dried fruit instead of the same mass in
small packs?
Red salmon comes in four sizes: 105 g for $3.85, 210 g for
$5.14, 400 g for $6.15 and 550 g for $10.20.
a Which is the best buy?
b Suggest why some people may prefer to buy the 105 g size.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Person
Conn
Fiona
Peta
Tina
George
65
75
90
110
85
30 000
38 000
42 000
45 000
40 000
Natalie needs 14 L of paint. Paint can be purchased in 2 L cans for $41.50 each or 5 L
cans for $99.70 each. What is the cheapest way to buy the paint she needs?
A school needs to buy 90 textbooks for a new course. The bookseller provides the
following options:
p 10 books for $182.00
p 20 books for $259.50
p 40 books for $439.50
p 100 books for $990.00
a Suggest ways in which the school can buy the books it needs.
b What is the cheapest way to buy the books it needs?
10
Examples
1
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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a Deposit
100 $3450 $345
$345 12 $275
$3645
After receiving a 1212% discount, a builder paid $6450 for goods. What was the
original marked price for these goods?
The original price is 100%. Since the builder received a 1212% discount,
the purchase price is 100% 1212% 8712%.
8712% of marked price $6450
$6450
1% of marked price
1
872
$6450
100% of marked price 100
87.5
$7371.43 (to the nearest cent)
E x e r c i s e 3I
1
112
WAY S O F B U Y I N G A N D D I S C O U N T S
A $27 000 car is bought by paying 20% deposit, with the remainder to be paid over
5 years.
a How much is the deposit?
b How much is the balance?
c If $420 is paid each month, how much is paid altogether for the car?
d How much interest is paid?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Fred needs to buy a new fridge. Its marked price is $1240. On terms, Fred pays $400
deposit and $90 each month for a year. How much extra does he pay in interest charges?
Jenny needs a computer for her business records. At a sale she finds one for $2990 or
25% deposit and monthly repayments of $95.65 over 2 years. How much does she pay
in interest charges if she buys on terms?
Greg buys a bed marked at $769, on 15% deposit and fortnightly instalments of $14.50
over 2 years. What saving would he have made if he had paid cash? (Assume there are
26 fortnights in a year.)
George received his credit card statement on 25 November. It showed that he owed
$3860.32.
a If he pays the outstanding balance by the due date (9 December), he does not pay any
interest. How many interest-free days does George have to pay the amount owing?
b If his account is overdue, he is charged 18% pa, which is 0.0493% per day. How was
the value 0.0493% calculated?
c George pays the minimum monthly payment of $78 by the due date, and the
balance on 23 December. How much interest is he charged?
Teresa pays for a $4600 holiday on terms of deposit 1212% with the balance plus $500 in
interest charges to be paid in equal monthly amounts over 2 years.
a How much is the deposit?
b Calculate the balance.
c How much is each monthly payment?
Which of the following is the best offer in purchasing a $15 000 item?
A 10% deposit and payments of $250 per month over 5 years
B 5% deposit and payments of $310 per month over 4 years
C $1000 deposit and payments of $220 per month over 6 years
10
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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11
Bill bought a $450 bike for $375. What discount did Bill receive, and what is this as a
percentage of the original price?
12
An interstate bus ticket normally costs $152, but because she bought it during the
off-peak period, Claire paid only $114. What percentage discount was she given?
13
A pensioner received a 40% discount on entry into a theme park. If the pensioner paid
$32.40, what was the regular price?
14
15
At an exhibition, children pay only 65% of the adult price. If a childs ticket costs $16.50,
what is the adult price?
16
A $30 music CD is discounted by 20%. Later the discounted price is increased by 20%.
p Ally says: The final price is $30.
p Bob says: The final price is more than $30.
p Connie says: The final price is less than $30.
Who is correct? Explain.
17
Ellen bought an $18 650 caravan on terms of $2000 deposit plus $320 each month
over 5 years. Find the interest paid and express it as a percentage of the cost price of
the caravan.
18
19
a
b
c
d
20
It is useful to convert successive discounts to a single discount rate. You can use
this formula:
100
Single discount rate [1 (1 d1)(1 d2)(1 d3)]
1 %
114
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 3
1
William purchased $385 worth of timber at 15% discount and $183.45 worth of
hardware at 10% discount. Find his total bill.
A tiler is paid $12.25/m for tiling areas of 15 m or less. The rate is discounted by 10%
for larger areas. Find how much a tiler would be paid for tiling each area:
2.4 m
6m
4m
5m
9m
2.2 m
3.8 m
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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Irene had a choice of being paid by 8% commission on sales only or a base salary of
$250 per week plus 3.5% commission on sales. Which method of payment would pay
more if Irene sold $4500 worth of goods in a week, and by how much?
10
11
WASHER/DRYER
combination
Total price
$1400
Explain why the GST on an item can be found by dividing its selling price by 11.
literacy
acy skillsills
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
116
Literac y
SKILLS 3
per annum
piecework
commission
casual work
bonus allowance holiday loading
income tax
deductions taxable income tax bracket
salary
overtime
budget
superannuation
levy
retainer
penalty rates
consumer
1
allowance
wage
salary
piecework
retainer
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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List at least two advantages and two disadvantages of buying goods using a credit card.
a When discussing the advantages and disadvantages of certain types of employment
A pieceworker earns a set amount for each piece of work completed. The more pieces of
work completed, the more is paid. These types of jobs are very convenient because they
can often be done at any time that suits the worker.
However, if pieceworkers work slowly, their pay is not high. Their work may not be
regular. Also, pieceworkers do not get sick pay or holiday pay. Furthermore, because
they are usually self-employed, they must organise their own superannuation payments.
When adding more information, use words like in addition, furthermore and also.
Copy this model, then continue this discussion by writing about the advantages and
disadvantages of the following types of employment in Australia:
p permanent salaried positions
p casual work
p payment by commission
p self-employment
b Answer the discussion question below by adding an introduction and a conclusion
deposit
interest
profit
factories
terms
retail
cash
sales
People generally buy things from shopping centres where there are _____________ stores.
Each shop buys their goods from ______________ or wholesale outlets. The price a shop
pays for goods is called the _______________ price or ______________ price. The shop then
sells these goods at higher prices to make a ______________.
Sometimes shops want to increase consumer spending, so they have ______________.
They usually offer ______________ so that the retail prices are reduced. Customers
sometimes get ______________ this way. If they do not have enough money to buy an
item, they can pay by ______________ card or buy on ______________. If a customer
chooses to buy on terms, he or she usually needs to pay a ______________ first, and then
repay the balance owing in monthly ______________. Of course, if you pay ______________
rather than using a line of credit, you will not pay any ______________.
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
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Chapter review 3
118
David has an annual salary of $53 000. Calculate his fortnightly pay to the nearest $100.
A persons annual salary increases from $34 680 to $37 250. Using the tax rate table on
page 98, work out the amount of the increase in salary paid in tax.
Tina has a taxable income of $31 250. What is her Medicare levy?
10
Mark receives a retainer of $218 per week and 20% commission on all sales. How much
does he earn in a week in which he sells $6895 worth of goods?
11
A security guard is paid $22.50 an hour plus a $4.50 per hour bonus when working
alone. What is the pay for a guard who worked 20 of 35 hours alone?
12
Find Joannas net pay for the week if she earns $982 but pays 28% of this in tax, pays 5%
in superannuation and has other deductions worth $91.50 each week.
13
14
Find the tax payable on a taxable income of $59 340, using the tax rate table on page 98.
15
A CD player was originally priced at $160. The price was then increased by 12.5%. The
player was sold later with the price reduced by one-third. What was the final sale price?
16
17
Roller blades with a mark-up of 20% sell for $110. How much profit is made?
18
A 200 g jar of coffee costs $11. What must the cost of a 150 g jar be so that both have the
same value?
19
Cameron earns $14.60 an hour for a 3712-hour week, while Kye earns $13.50 an hour for
a 40-hour week.
a How much does Cameron earn in a week?
b How much does Kye earn in a week?
c Who earns more, and by how much?
Rhonda earns $8.50 an hour. What is her pay for a 7-hour shift?
Aaron earns $1860 a fortnight, working 30 hours a week. What is his hourly rate of pay?
If the hourly rate for a job is $9.60, what is the rate for time and a half ?
Which of the following is the highest weekly rate?
A an annual income of $55 000
B fortnightly pay of $2100
C an hourly rate of $30 for a 35-hour week D $4300 per calendar month
Find the percentage discount when the regular price is $288 and the discount is $36.
How much does Chloe earn working at time and a half for 6 hours, given that the
normal rate is $7.90 per hour?
A pet-food store buys pet food wholesale for 58c per can and sells it for $1.05 a can.
What is the percentage mark-up?
Sarahs car has depreciated in value by 22% and is now only worth $14 040. What was
the original value of the car?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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20
A real estate agent charges 7% to property owners for collecting rents and looking after
property. A certain tenant pays $870 rent per calendar month.
a What is the real estate agents commission for this property?
b What does the owner receive?
c How much does the owner make in a year on this property?
21
22
The recommended retail price of $37.95 for a best seller allows the retailer a 65%
profit margin.
a What is the wholesale price of the book?
b A discount bookstore sells the book for $30.
i
What is the profit now?
ii What is the percentage profit margin?
23
24
Copy and complete the following table using the tax brackets given on page 98.
(The first one has been done for you.)
Annual income
$35 000
Tax paid
$6672
19.1%
$45 000
$55 000
$65 000
$75 000
25
Mimi earns a weekly wage of $740. From this, 29% is taken out as tax, while 8% of her
gross pay goes towards superannuation. She contributes $46.90 for health insurance
and has $34.40 worth of other deductions each fortnight.
Find her:
a weekly tax deduction
c total for other weekly deductions
C H A P T E R
C O N S U M E R
A R I T H M E T I C
119
26
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Ahmed earns $48 275 each year. The tax bracket he falls within reads:
Rhyani buys a computer worth $2450 on terms of 20% deposit and 6 monthly payments
of $350 each.
a How much is the deposit?
b How much does Rhyani pay altogether for the computer?
c How much interest does she pay?
d What percentage of the cost price is this interest?
28
After receiving a 712% discount, a carpenter paid $7871.75 for hardware. What was the
original marked price for these goods?
29
A store buys calculators for $19.45 each, then adds 25% mark-up to this price. It then
rounds this amount up to the nearest 50c to obtain the selling price. What is the selling
price for these calculators?
30
Soft-drink is sold in the following containers. Which one is the best value for money?
A a 375 mL can for 85c
B a 600 mL bottle for $1.00
C a 1 L bottle for $1.25
D a 1.5 L bottle for $1.90
31
$0$6000
Nil
$6001$21 600
a Compare this table with the one on page 98. Comment on similarities and
differences.
b Sarah had a taxable income of $75 000 in 200304 and the same taxable income in
200405. What is the difference in the tax she pays in these two years?
c How much tax and Medicare levy did she pay in 200405?
120
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Perimeter
and area
Syllabus outcomes
MS5.1.1 Uses formulas to calculate the areas of quadrilaterals and finds areas and
perimeters of simple composite figures
MS5.2.1 Finds areas and perimeters of composite figures
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation
to Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.2 Solves problems using a range of strategies, including deductive
reasoning
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when
explaining solutions and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.4 Uses deductive reasoning in presenting arguments and formal proofs
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and
generalisations about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
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Perimeter
To find the perimeter of a plane figure, add the lengths of all its sides. However, for some
common shapes there are formulas for finding perimeters:
Rectangle
Square
Rhombus
s
P 2l 2b
P 4s
P 4s
Parallelogram
A plane figure
is a flat shape.
Circle
P 2p 2q
C 2pr or C pd
In a circle, the
perimeter is called the
circumference.
Examples
1
9.1 cm
16.4 cm
It does not matter that we do not know the lengths of AF, ED, AB and EF,
because AF ED 9.1 cm and AB EF 16.4 cm. (Why?)
P 2 9.1 2 16.4
51
The perimeter is 51 cm.
2
122
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
10 cm
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P 30 15.7
45.7 (correct to 1 decimal place)
So:
h 36 48
3600
36 m
h 60
P 36 48 60
144
So:
E x e r c i s e 4A
1
PERIMETER
c
18.2
17.3
12.1
16.3
10.8
10.5
12.4
9.4
6.3
f
15.6
12.3
15.9
7.8
a A square has side length 15.8 cm. If 3 such squares are linked side to side in a
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
123
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123 m
73 cm
20 cm
15 cm
60 m
12 cm
19 cm
8 cm
21 cm
first post
bowler
second
post
batter
8.5 m
diameter 75 cm.
b If this wheel rolls through a distance of 1 km,
how many revolutions has it made?
third
post
fourth
post
A circular cycling track has diameter 240 m. If a cyclist completes 8 laps, what distance
has she ridden (to the nearest metre)?
6 cm
2.8 cm
6.1 cm
15.1 cm
16.8 cm
15 cm
10.2 cm
5.3 cm
3.2 cm
18.6 cm
10
9.4 cm
5 cm
A circle has radius 7.2 cm. If its radius doubles, does its circumference also double?
Find each perimeter correct to 1 decimal place. All lengths are in centimetres.
a
9.5
20
7.3
45
12.2
16
10.5
f
20.4
12
29.1
19.2
10.4
17.1
36
124
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
14.2
S T A G E
120
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10.8
8
4
48
9.6
22.8
11
12
The radius of Earth is 6380 km. What is the length of the equator?
13
14
The distance from Earth to the sun is 150 million kilometres. Earth revolves once
around the sun each year. What distance is this?
150 m
5 cm
7 cm
14 cm
11.4 cm
14.3 cm
25 cm
12 cm
18 cm
16
9 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
125
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17
What is the side length of a square that has the same perimeter as a circle of
radius 20 cm?
18
1400 m 2300 m
3200 m
5200 m
7800 m
19
20
1m
1 km
2
a b
2
a
b
b
12 cm
3.2 m
1.5 m
16 cm
21
5 cm
4 cm
D
126
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12 cm
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23
24
25
12 cm
12 cm
26
A trundle wheel is a simple device for measuring distances that are too long for a
tape measure or that are not straight. The wheel covers 1 m in a revolution. Calculate
its diameter.
l 2r
360
arc length
r
sector u
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
127
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180
Examples
1
l
360 2r
60
360 2 8
960
360
8
3
60
8 cm
8
the exact value of the arc length is 3 cm.
2
45
l 2r
360
45
360 2 12
9.42 (correct to 2 decimal places)
12 cm
128
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
The perimeter of a
sector has 3 parts:
an arc length and
2 radii.
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E x e r c i s e 4B
1
d
120
270
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
225
Draw the sector and give the size of the central angle in each fraction of a circle:
a
150
45
60
45
60
10 cm
d
12.5 cm
8 cm
10 cm
150
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
225
A N D
A R E A
129
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h
45
2m
72
4.2 m
135
21.4 m
16.3 m
Calculate the perimeter of each sector, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places:
a
b
9.1 cm
160
8.6 cm
120
4 cm
18.8 cm
60
c
Remember:
The radius is half
the diameter.
14.2 m
36 mm
28 cm
10 cm
10 cm
11 12 1
10
8
7
130
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
11 12 1
2
10
2
3
8
7
10
11
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The hour hand of a clock is 3.6 cm long. Through what distance does
the tip of the hour hand move when the minute hand makes a
complete revolution?
11 12 1
10
4
7
ii
20 cm
20 cm
20 cm
20 cm
13
45
3m
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
other marker.
b Shade in 1 quadrant as shown.
c Mark a point on a line on a piece of paper and place the
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
131
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diameter
circumference
circumference
tape
measure
diameter
a Stretch a cloth tape measure (such as a dressmakers tape) tightly around the
Area
The area of any flat shape is the amount of space it occupies. We measure its area by
finding the number of square units needed to cover its surface.
The areas of some irregular shapes are not as easy to calculate as
those of regular shapes. For example, this irregular shape has an
2
2
area somewhere between 8 units and 24 units (the areas of the
small and large green rectangles).
For some common plane figures we can use formulas to find the areas:
Square
Rectangle
As
Triangle
A lb
A 2bh
Rhombus
Parallelogram
h
x
Circle
132
A bh
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
A 2xy
A pr
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a
Kite
Trapezium
A 2h(a b)
A 2xy
Examples
1
As
2
7.2
51.84
7.2 cm
16.8 cm
For a trapezium:
1
h(a b)
2
1
4.5
2
60.975
4.5 cm
10.3 cm
(16.8 10.3)
2
A r
2
6.2
120.76
6.2 m
BD 18.4 mm
AF 12.5 mm
CE 9.2 mm
E
D
C
F
18.4 12.5
115.0
1
2
18.4 9.2
84.64
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
133
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h 26 10
576
26 cm
26
h 24
10 cm
10
Now: A 12bh
12 10 24
120
E x e r c i s e 4C
1
AREA
6.7 m
94 mm
AC 19.7 cm
BD 34.6 cm
12.4 m
136 mm
f
36.5 cm
14.7 m
2.4 m
21.3 cm
88.4 cm
22.4 cm
14.3 cm
1.3 m
9.3 cm
178 cm
78 cm
1m
134
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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53 cm
f
0.6 m
2.6 m
32 cm
1.4 m
1.1 m
148 cm
h
110 cm
0.4 m
50 cm
0.8 m
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the missing length (marked x), then find the area of
each shape:
a
8.4 cm
c
24.6 cm
45 cm
x
x
15.2 cm
10.2 cm
36 cm
12.2 cm
e
x
11.4 cm
7.1 cm
9.6 cm
14.2 cm
7.3 cm
10.3 m
22.7 m
x
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
135
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Find the area of each quadrilateral, correct to 2 decimal places where necessary:
a
b
1.2 m
2.4 m
7.8 m
7.8 m
Q
9.6 m
0.5 m
T
R
0.6 m
S
B
d
A
PR 12.4 cm
UQ 3.7 cm
TS 13.6 cm
AC 5.3 m
DE 3.2 m
BF 2.8 m
E
F
1 m 100 cm
1 m2 . . . cm2
1 cm 10 mm
Squaring both sides:
2
2
(1 cm) (10 mm)
2
2
so 1 cm 100 mm
1 km 1000 m
1 km
10
136
Which of the units in the box would you use for each area?
a the front face of a calculator
b a postage stamp
c Tasmania
d your backyard
e this page
f a farm
g the school playground
h a thumbnail
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
1 m 100 cm
1 km 1000 m
square millimetres
square centimetres
square metres
square kilometres
11
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100 m
1 ha
100 m
12
13
A circle has radius 5 cm. If its radius doubles, by how many times
does its area increase?
14
15
16
What is the radius of a circle that has the same area as a square of side 10 cm?
The area of an ellipse is given by A ab
where a and b are the semimajor and
semiminor axes.
5 is written
in terms of .
b
4 cm
12.2 m
3.6 m
6 cm
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
137
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Trapeziums
A trapezium is a quadrilateral that has at least 1 pair of parallel sides.
A trapezium can be divided into a
rectangle and 2 triangles. Let the
triangles have base lengths p and q.
height, h
A1
A3
base, b
Area of trapezium A1 A2 A3
.........
1
2h(p q 2a)
h
A2
(Why?)
(Why?)
A 2h(a b)
(Why?)
Rhombuses
A rhombus is a parallelogram that has equal sides and its diagonals bisecting at right angles.
A rhombus can be divided into 2 triangles.
138
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Kites
A kite is a quadrilateral that has 2 pairs of equal
adjacent sides.
The area of a circle is found using the formula A r , but sometimes you
need to find the area of a sector of a circle. The area of a sector is given by:
2
A r
360
A
r
You are finding the fraction of the circle that is subtended by the sector.
360
Examples
1
Since a quadrant is a
quarter of a circle, you could
1
90
write 4 instead of
360 .
2
A r
360
90
2
360 10
25
10 cm
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
139
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2
A r
360
135
360
3.2
135
12.0637 . . .
3.2 m
2
2
A r
360
72
360
85
r
72
85 360
2
r
72
r
85 360
72
r 11.631 066 . . .
The radius of the sector is 11.63 cm.
E x e r c i s e 4D
1
These 8 circles have the same radius. List the sectors in ascending order of area.
a
120
270
45
60
140
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
150
225
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14 cm
d
12.5 cm
8 cm
10 cm
225
150
h
110 mm
60
3 cm
120
80 mm
25 m
8 cm
6 mm
225
240
60
4m
45 cm
Which has the greater area, the semicircle or the quadrant? How many times greater is
this area?
10 cm
10 cm
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
141
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b Use a formula to calculate the area correct to the nearest square centimetre.
c How close is your estimate to the calculated area?
6
2 decimal places.
b Calculate the areas of the 2 smaller circles correct to
2 decimal places.
Use these answers to calculate the area of the arbelos
(shaded area).
12 8
d Show that the area of the arbelos equals
4
2
Calculate the radius of a semicircle whose area is 8 cm .
c
12 cm
8 cm
120
45
225
A 45 cm2
A 30 mm2
A 6.8 m2
10
A 22 cm2
8 cm 6 cm
Find the length of the diameter of the semicircle, and then its area
(correct to 1 decimal place).
11
12
12 cm
b
20 cm
20 cm
12 cm
20 cm
13
20 cm
11 12 1
10
9
4
7
142
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
11 12 1
2
10
4
7
14
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11 12 1
The hour hand of a clock is 3.6 cm long. Through what area (correct
to 1 decimal place) does it move when the minute hand makes a
complete revolution?
15
16
10
4
7
45
3m
Examples
1
CD-ROM
16 m
9m
35 m
10 m
A1
7m
16 m
Total area A1 A2
70 315
385
9m
A2
35 m
10 m
25 m
16 m
A1
A2
9m
35 m
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
143
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Page 144
CD-ROM
Total area A1 A2
160 225
385
Method 3: Treat the area as one large rectangle,
then remove the smaller rectangle in the top
right-hand corner.
Remove
10 m
25 m
16 m
9m
35 m
1
2
1
2
r
3
14.14
A1
A2
A2 6 8
48
8m
8m
6m
Total area A1 A2
14.14 48
62.14
6m
144
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
60 cm
30 cm
40 cm
80 cm
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E x e r c i s e 4E
In this exercise, give your answers correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
1
Find the area of each shape. All measurements are in centimetres, and all angles
are right angles.
27
25
CD-ROM
10
27
39
35
43
24
10
21
7m
28 m
30 m
10 m
20 m
20 cm
45 m
10 m
15 m
e
10 cm
25 cm
10 cm
36 m
48 m
40 cm
15 cm
9m
59.332 m
20 cm
14 cm
22.3 m
12 m
6.2 m
14.6 m
14.6 m
30 m
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
145
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l 2m
23 cm
5 cm
4m
4 cm
The ring
is called
an
annulus.
5 cm
14.6 cm
c
Use
Pythagoras
theorem to find
one side of
the square.
9 cm
4.5 cm
8 cm
12 cm
4.8 cm
2.3 m
425 cm
O is the
centre of
the circle
with arc
PQ.
4.1 m
300 cm
1.9 m
100 cm
9.4 cm
3.7 m
200 cm
h
18 cm
110
70
OP OR PQ 2.8 cm
18 cm
146
Show that the shaded region has the same area as the
2 small semicircles.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
10 cm 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm
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Practical areas
In practical questions, always draw diagrams and mark on them any relevant information.
Examples
1
100 m
10 m
85 m
30 m
13 874.501 73
2
2.4 m
14.6 m
CD-ROM
2.4 m
174.72
2.4 m
19.4 m
17 m
2.4 m
21.8 m
The minimum cost for the pavers is $16 380. This is the minimum cost
because there will be breakages, and some pavers will need to be cut to
fit into the required area. So there could be quite a few offcuts.
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
147
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E x e r c i s e 4F
1
A rectangular patio measures 7.2 m by 3.8 m. Find the cost of tiling the patio, given that
2
2
tiles cost $22.4/m and labour costs are $42/m .
6.8 m
148
PRACTICAL AREAS
120 m
24 m
68 m
4.5 m
Paint comes in 4 L cans costing $37.50 each. The label recommends coverage
2
of 16 m /L. A room 5.2 m long, 4.5 m wide and 3.1 m high is to be painted.
2
a What is the area of the walls, given that windows and doors cover 12.6 m ?
b How much paint must be bought to give the walls 2 coats?
c What is the cost of the paint?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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The A series of paper has a number of sizes, for example A3, A4 and A5.
The formulas for finding the width and height of an An sheet (in metres) are:
1
4
Width 2
5.2 m
n
2
1n
2
Height 2 4
3
13
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
149
CD-ROM
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Brahmaguptas formula
Brahmagupta (598c. 665 AD) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He
discovered a formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral.
A cyclic quadrilateral is a 4-sided plane figure that can be drawn inside
a circle so that each of its 4 vertices lies on the circle.
b
c
a
d
4.7 cm
6.5 cm
5.5 cm
6.1 cm
You will use Brahmaguptas formula and a spreadsheet to solve this problem: Given a
circle, what is the largest cyclic quadrilateral that can be drawn within its borders?
a On several sheets of paper draw a number of circles with diameter about 8 cm.
Draw at least 10 circles. All the circles must have the same diameter. (Tracing the
base of a coffee mug gives you about the right size for the circle.)
b Draw a cyclic quadrilateral inside each circle. Make some of these rectangles,
some squares, some parallelograms and some trapeziums.
c Write the side lengths in centimetres (correct to 1 decimal place) on each diagram.
d Open a new spreadsheet. Label the headings in row 1 as shown.
150
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Extension
This activity will allow you to compare the area of a kite found using Brahmaguptas
formula with the area found using the standard formula.
A
A kite is a quadrilateral that has 2 pairs of adjacent sides equal
(AB AD and CB CD). Its area is equal to half the product of
the diagonals. That is:
A 12 AC BD
a Draw any circle. Draw a vertical diameter (AC ) and any
b
c
d
e
f
g
C
horizontal chord (BD) not necessarily passing through
the centre.
Join the points A, B, C and D to form a kite.
Measure the side lengths (AB, BC, CD and DA) in centimetres correct to
1 decimal place. You will use these values in Brahmaguptas formula.
Measure the diagonals (AC and BD) in centimetres correct to 1 decimal place.
You will use these values in the above formula for the area of a kite.
Create a spreadsheet to calculate the area of the kite using both methods.
Comment on how close the answers are. They should be identical. If they are not,
explain why.
Repeat steps a to f for at least 4 different kites.
Are these relationships still true if the circle has a diameter of:
a 2 m?
b 8 m?
c 20 m?
Explain why.
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
151
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P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 4
152
Find the length (to the nearest metre) of a square field, given that its area is 6.75 ha.
A horse is tied to a post by a rope that is 8 m long. What is the total area that the
horse can graze?
A paddock is 700 m long and 500 m wide. What is the mass in tonnes of fertiliser
required to treat this paddock, given that 250 kg is needed for each hectare?
3 cm
4.5 m
12.5 m
10.5 m
20 m
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
literaacy skillsil
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literacy
acy skillsil
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
SKILLS 4
A lb is the formula for the area of a rectangle. You can interpret this as The area of a
rectangle is the product of its length and breadth.
Interpret the area of a trapezium, A 12h(a b) in a similar way, using the words sum
and product.
Generally, mathematicians
are more interested in the
differences between shapes
rather than their similarities.
The modelled sentence
shows you the important
features of this type of
comparison.
Following this model, compare the diagonals of a rhombus with the diagonals of a
parallelogram. Then write as many sentences as you can that use this method to
compare any pairs of shapes.
3
To help you find a composite area, you can write word equations.
or
12 cm
a What is an annulus?
b Without drawing a diagram, write a short
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
153
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Chapter review 4
1
A furlong, often used in horse racing, is equal to 8 mile (1 mile = 1.609 km).
What is a furlong in metres, to the nearest whole metre?
What is the perimeter of this triangle
to the nearest centimetre?
20 cm
10 cm
b
5 cm
37 m
42 m
15 m
54 m
20 m
72 m
15.2 m
10 m
21.6 m
14 cm
AC 15.2 cm
BD 27.9 cm
145
D
10
C
A
D
154
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
400 m
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11
The field in question 10 is to be fenced using material costing $74/m. Find the total
cost of the material to the nearest $100.
12
6 cm
5.7 cm
3.1 cm
8 cm
4.2 cm
8.4 cm
2.1 cm
4 cm
f
9.4 cm
10 cm
12 cm
13
The diameter of the equator of Mars is 6787 km. What is the distance around its
equator? (Answer to the nearest hundred kilometres.)
14
3.9
D
3.2 cm
2.4 m
e
4.2 m
f
10 cm
9.4 cm
60
15
0.8 m
4.5 cm
AC 8.5 cm
BD 12.7 cm
1.2 m
c
cm
12 cm
3.4 km
2.5 km
1.9 km
1 km
16
A rhombus has diagonal lengths 7.3 m and 12.6 m. Calculate the perimeter of the
rhombus correct to 1 decimal place.
C H A P T E R
P E R I M E T E R
A N D
A R E A
155
11:18 AM
Page 156
m
58
17
12/8/04
18
19
69
m
73
m
41
10 cm
20 cm
20
21
Is the area of this sector greater than, less than or equal to the
area of a circle of radius 10 cm?
45
30 cm
22
23
16 cm
4 cm
9 cm
5 cm
16 cm
3 cm
12 cm
10 cm
20 cm
10 cm
24
156
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
80 m
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 157
Surds
Syllabus outcomes
NS5.3.1 Performs operations with surds and indices
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when explaining
solutions and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
ndemonstrate that x is undefined for x 0, that x 0 for x 0, and that x is the
positive square root of x when x 0
) x
(x
2
x
xy
x
y
x
y
x
y
nuse the four operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) to simplify
expressions involving surds
and (2 3
)(2 3
)
ab
cd
and
nrationalise the denominators of surds of the form
ef g
h
nuse the index laws to demonstrate the reasonableness of the definitions for fractional
indices as:
1
x
x n
and
m
xn
m
x
ntranslate expressions in surd form to expressions in index form and vice2 versa
nevaluate numerical expressions involving fractional indices, such as 27 3
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 158
Surds
One group of irrational numbers are square roots that cannot be written accurately as
decimals. These numbers are called surds.
Consider this right-angled triangle. The length of the hypotenuse is calculated by using
Pythagoras theorem.
2
x 1 2
2
x 14
2
x 5
x 5
5
158
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
2
3
Number line
4
5
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 159
Examples
1
5 25
, so it is
the largest number.
20
is smaller
than 5.7.
b 51
, 6, 5.7, 20
2 4 and 3 9
7 is between 4 and 9.
7
lies between 2 and 3.
E x e r c i s e 5A
1
R AT I O N A L A N D I R R AT I O N A L N U M B E R S
d 24
h 36
l
17
d 51
h 205
8
, 3
, 3, 15
d 80
, 7, 60
, 9
a What is:
2
(6) ?
ii (6) ?
b Write two possible values for the square root of 36.
i
When we write x
, we mean the positive square root of x when x 0. So 9
3
and 9
3. Find:
a 49
b 81
c 100
d 169
e
25
34
ii 37.5
iii 51
iv 27
b Explain why the surds you chose do not have real square roots.
c For what values of x in x
are there no real solutions?
i
C H A P T E R
0
S U R D S
159
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 160
A right-angled isosceles triangles two equal sides are each 1 unit long. One of these
equal sides lies on a number line. Use a compass and ruler to construct this triangle,
and then plot the following surds on the number line: 2
, 3
, 5
, 6
, 7
and 10
.
10
x
3 cm
5 cm
Simplification of surds
If one of the factors of a number is a perfect square, the square root of that number can be
simplified. The numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36 and 49 are perfect squares; their square roots are 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
When simplifying surds, the following rules are useful:
ab
a b
a
a
b
b
(a
) a
2
Examples
1
Simplify:
a 50
b 108
a 50
25
2
b 108
36
3
25
2
52
2
36
3
63
Simplify:
5
a
49
5
5
a
49
49
b
d
5
7
Simplify:
2
a (5
)
3
243
81
3
9
243
b (23
)
a (5
) 5
43
12
160
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
b (23
) 2 (3
)
S T A G E
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 161
b 45
a 23
4
3
b 45
16
5
4
3
12
16
5
80
E x e r c i s e 5B
1
S I M P L I F I C AT I O N O F S U R D S
100
64
36
d 81
49
121
e 16
100
400
2
Simplify:
a 3
2
e 8
8
i 50
5
Find the square of:
a 3
e 10
i 310
Simplify:
a 8
e 28
i 112
m 500
q 6
8
b 5
3
f
j
3
7
5
45
b 7
f
j
b 25
9
16
22
411
144
4
36
5
6
g 18
3
k 6
2
c
9
d 6
6
h 20
5
l
72
18
d 5
g 35
h 26
k 57
42
b 18
20
d 72
90
j 128
n 192
r 36
3
g 75
h 98
k 125
38
572
824
3128
o 363
s
37
27
53
311
316
810
c
f
i
l
5125
875
732
3245
f
i
162
p 243
t 78
32
ab
a
b
(a
) a
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
161
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 162
58
732
390
745
4150
Simplify:
a 12
e 44
i 3150
45
168
32
d 40
g
k
o
b 24
f
d 375
472
2108
252
963
6180
h 527
l
3300
p 456
t
7288
g 96
h 104
k 5240
25
g 212
k 93
d 35
135
h 57
l
85
and
9
16
We can write:
9
16
34
7
9
16 25
5
and
49
4 45
6.7 (correct to 1 decimal place)
So 49
4
is not equal to 49
.
4
From these examples, we can see that if a and b are two positive numbers:
b
is not equal to a
b
p a
and
b
is not equal to a
b
p a
162
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 163
When each surd in an expression is written in simplest form, we can identify whether the
surds are like or unlike. So when adding or subtracting surds, follow these steps:
Step 1
Step 2
a
a
2a
Examples
1
Simplify:
a 63
3
43
b 85
32
75
42
a 63
3
43
33
b 85
32
75
42
85
75
32
42
5
72
Simplify:
a 12
27
3
b 128
98
50
a 12
27
3
23
33
3
43
b 128
98
50
82
72
52
102
12
4
3
4
3
23
27
9
3
9
3
33
128
64
2
64
2
82
98
49
2
49
2
72
50
25
2
25
2
52
E x e r c i s e 5C
Simplify:
a 37
57
c 214
314
e 15p
8p
g 56
46
53
63
93
k 813
213
913
i
b 10
510
d 125
75
f
62
132
h 82
52
72
j
l
63
23
52
72
9 82
8
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
163
10
164
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Simplify:
a 8
32
e 27
48
i 18
32
Simplify:
a 8
32
e 20
45
i 180
80
m 663
2112
Page 164
b 27
53
j
12
75
63
28
b
f
j
n
18
50
96
24
650
332
2108
712
Simplify:
a 27
18
23
c 3
375
548
e 83
227
45
g 250
318
53
i 26
54
96
k 80
345
220
m 263
328
112
3
o
m m
9m
Simplify:
a 52
8
18
d 350
218
2
g 23
48
27
j 50
82
72
Simplify:
a 32
56
24
d 854
324
g 36
96
524
j 48
312
53
c 96
54
g 75
27
k 548
375
d 25
125
h 98
32
l 845
320
515
60
48
112
63
532
350
718
l 128
5200
375
3
2
n
a 2a
3a
4
3
p
x
x 16x
j
b 12
32
8
e 20
35
8
h 54
24
36
k 12
73
108
b 12
32
32
e 348
212
3
h 532
918
32
k 4125
380
63
27
48
28
37
63
98
8
18
125
80
75
72
162
72
58
32
18
75
48
73
128
18
72
b 16
36
4 36
d 16
36
16
6
3
f
36
16
36
6
1
b 64
1
8 64
81
d 169
144 169
144
M A T H S
h 150
600
C O N N E C T I O N S
h 72
32
d 46
96
54
d 18
50
b 27
28
63
1
48
4 ,
45
65
g 45
80
k 24
6
c
S T A G E
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 165
a
b
ab
(a
) a
a
b
b
a
Examples
1
Simplify:
a 7
3
c 27
72
b 3
8
a 7
3
7
3
b 3
8
3
8
d 53
83
21
24
4
6
4
6
26
27
72
2 7 7
2
1414
Simplify:
a 48
3
d 53
83
5 8 3
3
2
40(3
)
40 3
120
b 75
15
48
a 48
3
3
48
3
16
4
Remember:
2
(a
) a
75
15
75
15
5
b 75
15
Remember:
a
b
a
b
ab
Remember:
a
a
b
b
E x e r c i s e 5D
1
M U LT I P L I C AT I O N A N D D I V I S I O N O F S U R D S
Simplify:
a 5
2
b 3
4
e 2
3
42
38
9
16
2
(53
)
5
5
d 2
6
g 3
12
h 23
32
k 35
52
63
27
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
165
11:23 AM
a 52
2
b 83
8
e 8
2
12
3
g 15
5
h 7010
710
48
3
k 75
3
80
8
3
15
g 3
6
h 5
8
3
27
7
4
k 5
5
n 8
8
o 28
3
p 32
8
a 23
58
b 32
56
e 35
215
43
26
g 52
614
h 36
28
37
14
k 62
38
d 2
16
3
Simplify:
92
52
45
35
d 62
310
218
55
Simplify:
a 24
6
b 18
2
48
4
d 32
8
e 15
3
g 20
5
h 28
7
a
b
72
2
36
6
40
10
k 52
2
54
6
b
a
Simplify:
a 811
11
b 253
53
e 50
5
f
j
24
3
507
7
d 188
28
27
9
g 1018
52
h 285
75
54
2
k 96
2
2521
57
Simplify:
56
33
a 23
52
b 23
45
e 22
32
45
26
g 310
10
h 43
63
22
22
412
32
k 82
23
o 25
20
p 3a
4a
m 35
53
n 63
33
d 35
27
29
12
Simplify:
2
a 23
32
2
c
b 48
33
3
8
27
(a
) a
d 25
38
2
e 53
23
2
g 82
5 23
h 56
35
22
166
3
11
32
98
7
e 2
10
d 23
23
b 3
7
65
25
a 2
5
m 12
5
i
4
Page 166
Simplify:
i
3
12/8/04
33
(23
)
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
62
3
23
8x
2x
3x
S T A G E
10
11
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Simplify:
a 3
48
e 245
85
i 712
32
Page 167
b 32
24
f
j
2727
33
65
20
52
32
g 125
5
k 18
8
c
c
f
i
l
d 48
12
h 243
33
l
36
63
3
(23
2)
5
(25
3
)
43
(3
5
)
5
(9 55
)
ab
a
b
b 73
(3
23
)
d 33
(2
33
)
f
45
(35
32)
h a
(3a
a
)
j
l
43
(x
23
)
ax
(ax
x
)
Binomial products
A monomial is an expression consisting of one term only, for example 3x, 4y, 3
and 52
.
A binomial is an expression consisting of two terms, for example 5x 2, 3y 7, 32
9
and 27
83
.
A binomial product is the product of binomial expressions. Examples of binomial products
are (a 4)(3a 2), (2
3
)(5
7
) and (23
5)(43
62
).
The distributive law states that a(b c) ab ac where a, b and c are real numbers. For
example, to expand 2
(3
5
) we write:
2
(3
5
) 2
3
2
5
6
10
Binomial products can be expanded by using the distributive law:
Note that each term in the first binomial is multiplied by each term in the second binomial.
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
167
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 168
Examples
Expand and simplify (where possible):
1
(32
2)(23
2
)
(32
2)(23
2
) 32
(23
2
) 2(23
2
)
6 43
22
66
(2 35
) (2 35
)(2 35
)
) 35
(2 35
)
2(2 35
4 65
65
45
49 125
(2 35
)
Expanding binomial products can be easier if you use the FOIL method:
O
F
(3
2
)(5
7
) 15
21
10
14
I
L
Examples
Using the FOIL method, expand and simplify:
1
(32
3
)
(32
3
) (32
3
)(32
3
)
(5
2
)(5
2
)
18 36
36
3
21 66
2
168
(5
2
)(5
2
) 5 10
10
2
3
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
First
Outside
Inside
Last
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 169
E x e r c i s e 5E
1
BINOMIAL PRODUCTS
b (2
3
)(5
3
)
d (2
5
)(3
32
)
(7
5)(27
3)
h (5
3
)(7
2)
j (5
2
)(25
2
)
l (22
7 )(22
1)
f
b 23
(7
3
)
d (2 3
)(3 3
)
(6
5
)(26
2)
h (7
11
)(2
3
)
j (3
22
)(3
52
)
l (7
35
)(5
23
)
f
b (35
32
)(25
23
)
d (5 2
)(5 3
)
f
(37
5)(87
4)
h (26
32
)(35
22
)
j
l
(5
26
)(2
3
)
(3
7
)(23
2
)
2
b (25
3)
2
d (7
3)
(7
2
)
2
h (3
2)
2
j (23
7)
2
l (32
7
)
f
b (25
10
)
2
d (a
b
)
(2x
3y)
2
h (32
5)
2
j (7
5
)
2
l (43
32
)
f
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
169
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 170
Conjugate surds
In algebra the formula for the difference of two squares can be developed as follows:
(a b)(a b) a(a b) b(a b)
2
2
ab
ab b
a
2
2
a b
(a b)(a b) a b
(3
2
)(3
2
) (3
) (2
)
32
1
(7 5
)(7 5
) (7) (5
)
49 5
44
Every time we multiply factors of this type, the result is a rational number.
Expressions such as (3
2
) and (3
2
) are called conjugate surds.
Each is the conjugate of the other.
a
b
is the
conjugate of a
b
.
Examples
1
(32
1) (32
1)
a (5
2)(5
2) (5
) (2)
54
1
(a b)(a b) a b
2
b (32
1) (32
1) (32
) (1)
18 1
17
2
Multiply (43
7
) by its conjugate.
2
(43
7
)(43
7
) (43
) (7
)
48 7
41
E x e r c i s e 5F
1
C O N J U G AT E S U R D S
d (7
3
)(7
3)
(11
1)(11
1)
e (6
2)(6
2)
g (6
5
)(6
5
)
h (7
23
)(7
23
)
(11
6
)(11
6
)
k (8 22
)(8 22
)
170
b (5
2
)(5
2
)
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
(5 3
)(5 3
)
(45
1)(45
1)
(92
53
)(92
53
)
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 171
Multiply:
a (37
2)(37
2)
c (87
3
)(87
3
)
e (11
7
)(11
7
)
g (8
3
)(8
3
)
i (52
7
)(52
7
)
k (73
2
)(73
2
)
b (12
5)(12
5)
d (93
25
)(93
25
)
f
j
l
(25
3
)(25
3
)
h (35
2
)(35
2
)
(63
5
)(63
5
)
(113
25
)(113
25
)
(a b)(a b) a b
b (83
5)(83
5)
d (57
3
)(57
3
)
(37
5
)(37
5
)
h (72
8
)(72
8
)
j (713
11
)(713
11
)
l (37
52
)(37
52
)
f
22
1
d 23
7
g 5 3
h 37
5
k 73
3
23
5
g 82
3
k 37
5
d 35
3
45
6
h 57
2
l
72
3
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
171
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 172
Examples
1
7
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
56
8
4
14
8
2
Multiplying by
2
2
14
8
is the same as
multiplying by 1.
14
4
1
1
Rationalise each denominator in the expression and then
3
5
express it as a single fraction.
5
2
2
5
2
2
5
2
2
3
8
2
3
8
2
32
8(2)
3
2
16
2
2
b c
3
5
1
1
1
1
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3 5
5
3
3
5
15
15
53
35
15
E x e r c i s e 5G
1
172
R AT I O N A L I S I N G T H E M O N O M I A L D E N O M I N AT O R
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
3
2
63
6
7
5
S T A G E
5
2
9
j
x
27
p
3
d
5
6
32
k
2
2
e
f
l
7
2
3
7
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 173
3
11
3
2
25
2
5
45
3
22
3
3
2
k
57
d
j
e
2
1
2
4
2
k
37
3
5
3
18
2
d
j
e
f
l
35
7
62
5
3
5
57
2
1
5
3
2
a
3
5
1
e
5
7
3
i
2
5
3
b
7
3
23
f
2
3
2
j
5
32
7
c
5
2
25
g
3
7
5
k
2
3
3
1
d
23
5
2
h
5
3
27
l
7
Multiply the
numerator and
the denominator
by the square
root in the
denominator.
To simplify fractions such as
5
2 , we can use the fact that the product of a binomial surd
and its conjugate is always rational. To rationalise a binomial denominator, multiply the
numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
Examples
1
7
7
3
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
173
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2
5
2
Page 174
5
2
5
2
2
5
2
1
2 3
a
1
2 3
2
3
2 3
b
2)
2(5
2
2
(5
) (2)
3
2
2
2
(2) (3
)
2
5 4
54
2
3
43
25
4
1
25
4
2 3
1
2 3
7
7
7
3
7
7
3
7
3
3
To rationalise
the binomial
denominator,
multiply by
its conjugate.
7
(7
3
)
2
2
(7
) (3
)
7
21
73
7 21
4
2
3
3
2
.
Rationalise the denominator in
5
2
3 3
2
3 3
2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
32
)(5
2)
(3
2
2
(5
) (2)
23
310
62
15
54
15
23
310
62
1
15
23
310
62
E x e r c i s e 5H
1
174
R AT I O N A L I S I N G T H E B I N O M I A L D E N O M I N AT O R
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
1
5
1
3
g
5
2
2
k
3
5
c
3
2
1
8
h
7
3
7
l
7
2
d
12/8/04
11:23 AM
c
f
i
l
6
4
6 2
2
23
2
6
37
23
4
311
27
Simplify:
5
2
5
2
b
2
3
2 3
5
7 3
57
3
a
e
i
4
Page 175
4 2
5
2
5 3
4
7 2
27
1
d
5
3
5
3
7
3
7
3
g
3
5 2
35
2
h
8
5 3
k
17
11
3
2
5
5
2
3
d
5 1
3 2
3
h
5
37
23
2
3 1
23
1
5
23
5
b
5 3
3
3 23
2
5
3
25
3
a
e
i
13
5
13 5
2
3
5
32
5
g
5
32
23
k
12
2
3 22
2
3 5
23
5
3
43
25
Given that x 5
2
, rationalise each denominator and simplify:
1
1
2
a x x
b x x
1
1
Show that is a rational number.
5 3
5 3
3
5
Simplify by expressing it as one fraction with a rational
2 5
2 5
denominator.
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
175
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Square roots
1
Iteration is a method that involves repetition of a process. You can use iteration to find
the square root of a number without using a calculator. Follow these steps to find 5
:
. For this example, use the estimate 2.2.
p Make a reasonable estimate for 5
p Divide 5 by your estimate:
5 2.2 2.272 727
lies between 2.2 and 2.272 727.
p Because 2.2 2.272 727 5, the actual value of 5
Average these two numbers to find a better estimate:
2.2 2.272 727
2.236 364
2
p Repeat the process.
5 2.236 364 2.235 772
2.236 364 2.235 772
2.236 068
2
p As you repeat the process, you get better approximations. (Check that 2.236 068 is
indeed a very close approximation to 5
.)
Using iteration, devise a computer program, or a method to use with a spreadsheet, to
determine the following values correct to 5 decimal places:
a 2
b 3
c 7
d 90
You may need to repeat the iterative process a number of times.
176
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Page 177
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
1
3
square to construct the triangles and a
compass to draw the arcs.
5
2
1
b Construct this diagram on a sheet of
graph paper.
c Extend your diagram to show the
0
1 2 3 4 5
=2
construction for 6
.
d Use a ruler to measure the lengths 2
, 3
, 4
, 5 and 6
on your number line.
How do these values compare with those obtained using a calculator?
2
1
0
P
20
P
Roll the coin carefully along the line. (You may use a ruler
to keep the edge straight.) Where the mark again touches
the line is the position of on the number line.
c Can you explain why this method locates ?
d is an irrational number. Why is this?
O
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
177
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Page 178
1
a a a
m
1
1
2
a2 a2 a2
1
a
a
m n
a
a
(a
)
a
Also:
1
a 2 a
1
This means that if the index of a number is 2, we take the square root of the number.
For example:
1
4
16 2 16
1
36 2 36
6
and
Similarly:
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
a3 a3 a3 a3
1
a
a
Also:
a
a
a
(a
)
a
1
a 3 a
1
This means that if the index of a number is 3, we take the cube root of the number.
For example:
1
273 27
3
So:
1
643 64
4
and
1
2
.
p a means the square root of a or a
1
3
.
p a means the cube root of a or a
1
n
.
p a means the nth root of a or a
Now:
mn
m n
m
1
m n
m
1
m
an a
so
a n (a )n
n
a n
a
m
178
(a )
and
m
1
a m a
C O N N E C T I O N S
1
m
or
an
or
(a n)
or
(a
)
M A T H S
1
m
m
m
a n
a
or
S T A G E
a n (a
)
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 179
Examples
1
2
a 812
b x3
1
2
a 812 81
2
x2
b x3
1
2
15
15
10
1
1
4
1
10
104 1
1
2
a 32
1
a
32 325
x3
3
3
x (x )4
1
3
x4
4
10
E x e r c i s e 5I
1
1
1
b 1002
1
2
1
2
g 9
1
3
k 8
1
p y6
26
4
k 11
n
1
g 25
1
256
4
p
1
2
m 64
1
1
2
1
3
q 64
25
n 16
1
(9x)3
14
d 38
3
6
(5x)2
61
7
n 19
1
15
k
64
d 64
1
2
h 81
1
216
4
n 625
m 15
7
128
16 4
m
36
1
m
a
1
1
4
m 82
b 27
k 343
1
2
Evaluate:
a 9
4
1
2
h 34
37
1
e 1692
g 115
l
1
d 1442
q p
27
p x
1
2
1
1212
1
6
q (3p)4
h 16
1
3
1
1
152
1
15
125
o x5
t
1
(8m)7
e 46
j
41
9
o 123
t
1
4
38
4
e 81
5
32
1
o
16
5
t 243
j
Evaluate:
4
5
a 83
f
b 92
3
6254
1
0
k (a )7
5
2
p (2 2)
3
2
g (8 )2
l
4 1
(273)4
4
3
q (3 3)
3
2
1
3
h (36 2)
1
0
m (49x )2
r
3
d 325
2 1
(643)4
e 100 2
2 1
(83)2
j
1
0
n (81a )2
s
1
(81)4
1
2
(9 )2
2
2
o (27 3)
t
C H A P T E R
3
2
(9 2)
S U R D S
179
12/8/04
11:23 AM
a 526
b 320
e 210.3
i
86 5
m 5
36 8
510
d 485
h 10
5
3
6
25 1
g 86
3
98
n 15
q 963
6
Page 180
1
86 2
k 415
o 59
p 328
39
(32)5
825
8
58 3
1
1
1
1
1
a 36 2 6 36 2
b 42 42 83 83
e (64 )3
1
27
1 3
3 2
9 (64 )
(7
)
1
2
32 32
n (25
)
q (9 ) ( 27 )
1
8
3
1
2
m 16
16
1
2 2
2
2
3
64
1
9
d (64 )2
1
3
k 27 27
1
2
o 83 83
s
g (16
)
1
4 3
(81 )
1
3
h (8
)
l
1
2
1
9 92
2
p (49
)
t
1
3 2
(125 )
You can try as many examples as you like. It may just be coincidence that the examples you
tried work. In fact, it may work for most examples. The question is, how do you know it will
work for all integers?
How can you show that this statement is true?
Examples
1
180
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
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Page 181
You can do the same for another integer, b. Here 2b 1 represents an odd
number, where b is any integer.
This means that 2a 1 and 2b 1 are both odd numbers, regardless of
whether or not either a and b are odd. (You might like to try substituting a few
values for a and b to show that this is so.) Now:
2a 1 2b 1 2a 2b 2
2(a b 1)
It does not matter what a b 1 add to, since double this result will always
give an even answer. So the sum of 2 odd integers is even.
Solution B
Odd numbers end in 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9.
Draw up a table showing all
possibilities for the end digits
and their sums.
For example, if one number
ends in 5 and another ends in 3,
when you add the 2 numbers
together the sum will be a
number that ends in 8.
End digit of
second number
__1
__3
__5
__7
__9
__1
10
__3
10
12
__5
10
12
14
__7
10
12
14
16
__9
10
12
14
16
18
As you can see, the end digit for any sum of 2 odd numbers is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
These are all even, so all the sums are even.
Solution C
This solution uses geometrical representations. It is not as rigorous as the
previous methods.
Imagine even numbers as pairs of numbers, and
any odd number as 1 more (or 1 less) than a pair.
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
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Page 182
E x e r c i s e 5J
For some of these exercises you will need to think creatively about the proofs.
1
If a is not equal to b and not less than b, what must be true of a, and why?
Can a a be true? Why or why not?
m is an integer. Write down the next 3 integers.
p is an even integer. Write down the next 3 even integers.
q is an odd integer. Write down the next 3 odd integers.
Choose any 3 consecutive integers. Square the middle number, and multiply the
first number by the third number. What do you notice?
Try this for several groups of 3 consecutive integers. Does the relationship remain true
for these examples as well?
Show that for any 3 consecutive odd numbers, 6 less than double the largest number is
equal to the sum of the other 2 numbers.
Make each statement true by choosing either odd or even at the end:
a even even (odd/even)
b even even (odd/even)
c even even (odd/even)
d even odd (odd/even)
e even odd (odd/even)
f even odd (odd/even)
g odd odd (odd/even)
h odd odd (odd/even)
i odd odd (odd/even)
10
These diagrams show a way of subtracting an odd number from an even number:
i
ii
iii
11
182
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
12/8/04
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Page 183
12
Use one of the methods shown in the examples, or your own method, to verify
each statement.
a The sum of 2 even integers is even.
b The square of an even integer is even.
c The square of an odd integer is odd.
d The product of an odd integer and an even integer is even.
e The product of 2 odd integers is odd.
13
14
15
16
What can you say about the sum of an odd number of consecutive numbers?
(You might like to try a few simple examples to find out.)
17
18
19
Which type of numbers (odd or even) can be divided into 2 equal odd numbers? Why?
20
Is the sum odd or even when you add 5 odd numbers and 1 even number?
Explain each statement:
a Every combination of 3 consecutive integers includes at least 1 even number and
1 multiple of 3.
b In any combination of 3 consecutive integers, only 1 integer is divisible by 3.
1st
a
b
c
d
21
3rd
4th
5th
1st
a
b
c
d
22
2nd
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
There are 1400 even 4-digit whole numbers where the thousands digit is odd and all
4 digits are different. Describe a way you can show this.
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
183
23
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Page 184
This table shows the sums of consecutive numbers beginning with 1. For example,
in the first column 1 2 3, 2 3 5 and so on. Similarly, in the second column
1 2 3 6, 2 3 4 9 and so on.
Sum of
2 consecutive
numbers
Sum of
3 consecutive
numbers
Sum of
4 consecutive
numbers
Sum of
5 consecutive
numbers
3
5
7
9
6
9
12
15
10
14
18
22
15
20
25
30
a Use the information in the table to write some generalisations about sums of
b
c
d
e
consecutive numbers. Then use these generalisations to test whether 36 is the sum
of 2, 3, 4 or 5 consecutive integers.
Choose any integer less than 100. Check whether it is the sum of 2, 3, 4 or
5 consecutive integers.
Extend the table to include the sums of 6 and 7 consecutive integers up to the sum
of 100.
Show that the numbers that cannot be written as sums of consecutive numbers are
n
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (all the numbers of the form 2 ).
Are there any numbers that can be written both as the sum of 2 consecutive integers
and as the sum of 3 consecutive integers?
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 5
1
64 is the only 2-digit number that has an integer square root and an integer cube root:
3
64
8 and 64
4
Can you find a 3-digit number, a 4-digit number and a 5-digit number that has an
integer for its square root and cube root?
2
ab [(a b) (a b) ] 4
For example:
54 72
ii
36 14
b For what type of multiplications might the formula make calculations easier?
184
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
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Page 185
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 3
1 4
Notice that 2 4, 2 8, 2 16 and so on.
a Explain how this rectangle is used to show this
relationship.
b Show how you can illustrate that
1
2
1 2
16
1 3
b
r
c)(
ba
c)(
ba
c)(
)
b c
(a
ba
r
2(a b c)
a Show that for the right-angled triangle of sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm,
the radius of the incircle is 1 cm.
b What is the radius of the incircle of the right-angled triangle with sides 6 cm, 8 cm
and 10 cm?
c Calculate the radius of the incircle of the right-angled triangle
with sides 5 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm.
x
d Show that the radius of an incircle of an equilateral triangle
r
x
3
with side length x is 6.
5
b
2
2
Q
a
b a 2 a
2a
2a
2a
31
5 10 10 2 5 10
5.567 857 143
Using a calculator, 31
5.567 764 363, so the Bakhshali formula gives the result
correct to 3 decimal places.
a Use the formula to calculate:
i
43
ii
110
iii
250
b Compare your results with those obtained using a calculator. How closely do the
results agree?
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
185
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Page 186
literacy
acy skillsills
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
SKILLS 5
Write a true sentence that includes both the term and the number (or expression) given:
a perfect
4
d square
11
b non-repeating
2
e binomial product 7 2
5
c conjugate
f entire surd
910
7 2
a Use the words surd, fraction and approximate to help you describe what it means
186
John was talking about rationalising denominators to Julie and said that you must
12
by the conjugate of the denominator. Julie said that she was confused
multiply
6 5
because doing this would change its value. Rewrite Johns explanation, making it clear
to Julie that when you rationalise the denominator, the value does not change.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
11:23 AM
Page 187
Chapter review 5
1
Simplify:
a 72
e 98
Simplify:
27
a
4
Simplify:
2
a (5
)
b 245
f 275
25
242
b (7
)
d 2 57
96
d 192
9
(23
)
d (52
)
47
d 56
108
16
128
Simplify:
a 52
32
2
c 108
53
12
e 500
20
b 8
12
62
d 545
354
66
f 55
50
3125
52
Simplify:
a 7
12
b 9
6
5
23
d 37
(7
3
)
Simplify:
a 48
8
b 72
6
108
3
d 3524
56
b (23
7)(23
4)
2
d (7
2
)
10
b (5
2
)(5
2
)
d (12
1)(12
1)
11
12
b 23
(32
5)
e (7
3)(7
3)
24
3
5
3
g
5 3
c
c
f
(23
2
)
2
(35
3
)
2
3 5
7
5
2
h
5
2
d
C H A P T E R
S U R D S
187
13
14
12/8/04
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Page 188
2
5
7
3
g
7
3
c
3
7
10
3
5
2
h
35
2
d
Simplify:
a 160
b 675
108
d 3000
15
Simplify:
a 200
12
8
c 242
518
288
b 548
227
372
23
d 320
298
57
16
b 23
(22
5
)
d (8 27
) (8 27
)
17
18
Given that x 5
2, find the value of:
1
2
a 3x 4
b x
c x x
7
Express as a surd with a rational denominator.
5 6
19
20
45
5
x
1
1
Show that is a rational number.
7
5
7
5
21
1
x
2
d x 2
25
2
5
2
23
5
1
5
1
Given that x and y , find:
3
3
a xy
b xy
c xy
1
If a 3
1, what is the value of a a ?
24
25
22
188
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
d x y
12/9/04
10:55 AM
Page 189
Probability
Syllabus outcomes
NS5.1.3 Determines relative frequencies and theoretical probabilities
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.2 Analyses a mathematical or real-life situation, systematically applying
problem-solving strategies
WMS5.3.3 Uses mathematical terminology and notation, algebraic symbols,
diagrams, text and tables to explain mathematical ideas
WMS5.3.4 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
a simple experiment
nexpress the probability of an event (E), given a finite number of equally likely outcomes, as:
number of favourable outcomes
P (E )
total number of possible outcomes
nuse the formula to calculate the probabilities for simple events and for problems related
to card, dice and other games
12/8/04
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Page 190
Probability
People have long thought about the
likelihood of events.
p Will the seasons be kind this year?
p Will the rains come this month?
p Will famine devastate our lands?
p Will I live to see my grandchildren?
These are some of the questions that have been asked by people for thousands of years.
Even now we ask questions that have no immediate or definite answers.
p Will I get a good mark in my next Maths test?
p Will it be sunny tomorrow?
p Will I get home in time to see the movie?
We can say that one event (such as rain) is more likely to occur than another (such as fine
weather) or that the two events have an equal chance of occurring.
Probablity is the branch of mathematics that systematically explores the likelihoods of
events occuring. Today probability has many applications in science, business, government,
psychology and many other areas.
Taking chances
impossible
0.5 or 12
E x e r c i s e 6A
1
certain
1
an event that is becoming less likely
TA K I N G C H A N C E S
190
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
g
h
i
j
12/8/04
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Page 191
The possible outcomes are the different things (or events) that can happen.
a What are the possible outcomes from tossing a coin?
b What are the possible outcomes from rolling a dice?
R N
c This six-sided spinner is made. What are the
E
U
possible outcomes if the spinner is spun once?
B M
d A marble is drawn from the jar shown.
What are the possible outcomes?
1
2
5
4
In some competitions you are invited to send in your name and address on a standard
size envelope. Why is a standard size envelope required?
For questions 7 and 8, choose the best description for each outcome from the terms in the box.
7
A coin is tossed.
a It lands with the head uppermost.
b It lands with either the head or the tail uppermost.
c It lands on its side.
A jar contains identical counters numbered 110.
One counter is drawn at random.
a The number is even.
b The number contains 2 digits.
c The number is prime.
d The number is less than 12.
certain
likely
even chance
not likely
impossible
2
5
9
8
1
10
3
The weather bureau said that there is a 50% chance of rain tomorrow.
a If it rains, is the bureau correct? Explain.
b If it does not rain, is the bureau correct? Explain.
C H A P T E R
P R O B A B I L I T Y
191
12/8/04
11:27 AM
Page 192
10
11
12
6
10
6
13
There are 5 balls of 3 different colours in a bag. What might the colours be if:
a red is the most likely colour chosen?
b green and yellow have an equal chance of being chosen?
c blue is possible, but pink is impossible?
14
The letters CHANCE are written on a dice (one on each face). If the
dice is rolled, does each letter have the same chance of appearing
uppermost? Explain.
15
16
Explain this statement: A driver using a hand-held mobile phone has 4 times the risk
of having a crash than a driver not using one.
H N
Why do you think laws have been passed making it illegal to drive while using a
hand-held mobile phone?
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Experimental probability
There are two main ways of determining probabilityusing experimental probability or
using theoretical probability.
p Experimental or empirical probability is found by collecting a large set of results from a
sample, or by doing an experiment (a simulation) that represents real events.
Experimental probability is also called relative frequency.
p Theoretical probability is the use of mathematics to calculate the probability of an event.
The relative frequency of an event is the number of times that event occurs divided by the
number of trials.
The relative frequency can change from experiment to experiment. For example, when
4
tossing a coin 10 times you might obtain 10 for the relative frequency of tossing heads, but if
7
3
you repeat this experiment you might obtain 10 or even 10 .
As the number of trials increases, the relative frequency approaches the theoretical
probability. For instance, if the coin was tossed 1000 times, we would expect about 500 heads
and 500 tails, but we would not be too surprised if we got, say, 514 heads and 486 tails. If we
repeated this many times, the average number of heads (and tails) would be close to 500.
However, often the only way of predicting the likelihood of an event is through collecting vast
quantities of data.
Examples
1
Patrice and Cory both tossed a coin 10 times and obtained the following results:
Patrice
Cory
C H A P T E R
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Since 2 out of 30 boards were faulty, we can predict that 30 or 15 of the
boards will have faults. (Of course, we are assuming that these figures are
representative of all the manufacturers motherboards.)
So we can predict that there is 1 chance in 15 (a likelihood of
motherboard chosen will have a fault.
E x e r c i s e 6B
1
)
15
that the
E X P E R I M E N TA L P R O B A B I L I T Y
A light-bulb manufacturer found that in every 100 light bulbs, 5 failed the test and
were discarded.
a What is the experimental probability that the next light bulb tested will be discarded?
b What is the experimental probability that the next light bulb will pass the test?
c If the manufacturer makes 8000 light bulbs a day, how many are likely to fail
each day?
An experiment was conducted to find how many matches were in 100 matchboxes.
The results were:
Number of matches
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Number of boxes
14
38
30
a What is the relative frequency of boxes containing exactly 50 matches? (Write your
194
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M A T H S
S T A G E
Flowers
Frequency
Roses
Violets
Daisies
Irises
Daffodils
42
10
18
31
23
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Number of eggs
Number of days
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6
10
14
20
9
6
5
Total 70
12
10
Frequency
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
Number of heads
In a certain class, every student studies at least one language. Language A is taken by
60% of students and Language B by 70% of students.
a May thought there was a mistake because
percentages must add to 100%. However,
the figures are correct. Explain why.
Language A
Both
Language B
only
languages
only
b This diagram represents the students in the
______%
______%
______%
class. Copy and complete the diagram by
writing the percentages in each category.
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Heads
C H A P T E R
Tails
551
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We assume that in tossing a coin there is a 2 (50%) chance of getting a head and a 2 (50%)
chance of getting a tail. This is the theoretical probability approached when we have a
large number of trials. For a small number of trials, the relative frequency of heads (or
tails) may not be anywhere near this theoretical probability.
Brad tossed a coin 6 times and obtained
T, H, T, T, H, T. He graphed the percentage
of heads after each toss. For example, after
4 tosses there is only 1 head, which gives
1
100% 25%.
4
100
Heads (%)
80
60
40
20
c
d
e
4
Number of tosses
of heads after each toss.
Did your graph approach the 50% theoretical value as
the number of tosses increased?
What would the graph for the percentage of tails look like?
Plot it on your graph using a different colour.
Compare your graph with those of other students in the class. Do their graphs look
like yours? Explain.
In what way should all graphs in the class resemble each other?
Tossing of a coin can be used as a simulation for determining the sex of babies born,
for example, in a particular hospital. Explain how.
that appear.
Add another column showing the
percentage of each number occurring.
Are these percentage values all the same?
Theoretically, would you expect them to
be the same? Explain.
What might happen to your percentages
if you were to toss the dice 1000 times?
Number
Tally
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd
A calculator can generate random numbers. Press 2 F , then repeatedly press =
to bring up 3-digit random numbers. (This is called a RAN# function. Check with your
teacher if your calculator does not respond to these instructions.)
If a 2-digit random number is selected, what is the probability that the digits occur:
i
in ascending order?
ii in descending order?
196
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0.273
1
Frequency
diameter of the coin. (A computer can help you do this.) Half-fill an A4 sheet of
paper with dots.
c Toss the 20c coin onto the array of dots.
d Record whether the coin lands over
a dot or not.
e Do this at least 50 times.
f Use the following formula to find the
probability of the coin landing over a dot:
number of times coin lands on dot
P(coin lands over dot)
total number of tosses
g Mathematicians have shown that the theoretical probability of f is . How close to
4
this was your result?
7
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Use a dice with 1 roll representing a purchase of cereal and the number on the dice
a prize.
Do at least 10 trials. A trial is complete when you have all 6 six prizes. This table shows
5 trials. Make up a similar table from your results.
Prize 1
Prize 2
Prize 3
Prize 4
Prize 5
Prize 6
Total rolls
Trial 1
||
|||
||||
||
|||
15
Trial 2
|||
||||
||
||||
|||
18
Trial 3
||
||||
||
|||
|||
15
Trial 4
|||| |
|||
||
||||
|||
19
Trial 5
|||| ||
||
||||
||
||||
21
a How many times did prize number 2 occur in the third trial for this example?
b Can you tell which was the last prize for each trial? How?
c In this example, the average number of cereal boxes that need to be bought
88
CD-ROM
1
2
3
A random number is a number that does not form a pattern. On many calculators there is a
key labelled RAN#. Pressing it gives a 3-digit random number from 0.000 to 0.999. As you keep
pressing it, you will see that the numbers formed are random; they do not show any pattern.
On a spreadsheet the instruction for a random number is =RAND(). It generates a number
from 0.000 to 0.999 . This means we effectively get a number from 0 to 1.
P Between which 2 whole numbers will the random numbers generated by the
instruction RAND()*2 lie?
What
ranges of numbers do you think the instructions =RAND()*6 and =RAND()*6+1
P
will give?
We can use the random number generator in a spreadsheet to simulate the rolling of a
dice. In this activity, the simulation will be for a dice thrown 20 times. When you roll a
dice there are 6 equally likely outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. So we want random numbers
from 1 to 6.
198
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The numbers you get will not be the same as the ones shown here. This is because the
computer generates different random numbers each time.
7
We did not really want the numbers in columns A, B and C. We only needed the integer
values in column D. We could have avoided writing instructions for A3, B3 and C3 and
simply written =INT(RAND()*6+1) in A3. What does this instruction do?
You can look down column D to count how many times each number was rolled, but it is
easier to let the computer tally them for you.
9
Look at the formula for cell G3. This is a conditional instruction. It tells the computer to look
through cells D3 to D22 and to count any that have the value shown in cell F3. The $ signs in
$D$3:$D$22 make these absolute cell references, so that when you fill down they do not change.
10
11
Write the above instruction in cell G3. Fill down to cell G8.
12
There are two ways of finding the sum of the frequency column for the total. You could
type =G3+G4+G5+G6+G7+G8 or simply =SUM(G3:G8).
Would you get the same result if you wrote =COUNTIF($D$3:$D$22,1) instead of
=COUNTIF($D$3:$D$22,F3)? Try it.
You can repeat this simulation a number of times, each time with a new set of random numbers.
13
Click into a blank cell and type any letter or number. Press Enter.
Explain what happens.
C H A P T E R
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14
How can you use this repetition to simulate throwing a dice 100 times?
Extend this table to simulate throwing a dice:
a 50 times
b 100 times
c 200 times
15
If you know how to use the Chart Wizard, you can draw a column graph from the
frequency distribution.
6
Frequency
5
4
3
2
1
0
Outcome
Theoretical probability
When you flip a coin, there are only 2 outcomes: heads or tails. Also, we have
no reason to suggest that each outcome is not equally likely. So the probability
1
1
of tossing a head, which we can write as P(H ), is 2. Similarly, P(T ) 2.
These probabilities were found from theoretical considerations. Of course, we could have
flipped a coin a very large number of times and showed that as the number of tosses
1
increased, the probability more closely approached 2.
In the following exercises, unless we have reason to suspect otherwise, we will assume that
each possible outcome is equally likely. Then we can write:
or
n(E )
P(E )
n(S)
where:
p P(E ) is the probability of an event happening
p n(E ) is the number of elements in that event; that is, the number of ways that event
can occur
p n(S ) is the number of elements in the sample space (the set of all possible outcomes)
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0 P (E ) 1
The two extreme values are P(E ) 0 (an impossible event) and
P(E ) 1 (an event that is certain). Mathematicians interested in
probability are more concerned with values between these extremes.
Example
When a dice is rolled, there are 6 equally likely outcomes.
What is the probability of rolling:
1
a 4?
a number greater than 4?
an even number?
the number 2?
P(4) 6
2
P(even) 6
1
2
3
P(4) 6
1
3
4
P(2) 6
5
P(2) 6
Alternatively, since the sum of the probabilities of all possibilities must equal 1,
we could have written:
P(2) 1 P(2)
1
1 6
5
6
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~
P(E ) 1 P(E )
~
~
where P(E ) is the probability of the event not occurring. E is referred to as the
complement of E.
Example
What is the probability of not rolling a 1 with a single dice?
~
1
Since P (1) 6: P(1 ) 1 P(1)
1
1 6
5
6
~
P(1 ) can be read as the probability of not rolling a 1 or the probability of the
complement of rolling a 1.
E x e r c i s e 6C
1
There are 7 balls in a bag: 2 red, 3 green and the remainder yellow. One is drawn at
random. Find the probability that it is:
a green
b yellow
c red
d red or green
e not green
f not yellow
g not red
Instead of numbers, the letters in the word CHANCE were stuck on a dice.
Find the probability of rolling:
a the letter H
b a vowel
c a consonant
d not a vowel
e any letter except E
202
THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
c a 6?
The numbers from 1 to 20 are written on identical cards and placed in a bag. One card
is drawn at random. What is the probability that it is:
a the number 5?
b 10 or 20?
c an even number?
d not an even number?
e a prime?
f a number greater than 5?
g a number less than or equal to 5?
h a number divisible by 3?
i a number ending in 2?
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If the weather forecaster says there is an 80% chance of rain tomorrow, what is the
probability that it will not rain?
The letters in the word probability are written on cards, turned over and mixed. One of
the cards is chosen at random. What is the probability it is:
a p?
b b?
c a vowel?
d one of the first 5 letters of the alphabet?
The letters in the word Woolloomooloo are written on cards and mixed. They are placed
in a bag and one is drawn out. Comment on each of these statements:
Malcolm: Each card has an equal chance of being selected.
Sarah: The letter o has more than a 5050 chance of being selected.
Marty : The letter w has the same chance of being selected as m.
10
On a shelf there are 15 books. Five are large, the remainder small. Two of the large
books are on maths and the others are on science. All of the small books are on maths.
Assume that each possible outcome is equally likely. One book is drawn at random
from the shelf. What is the probability that it is:
a a large book?
b a small book?
c a maths book?
d not a maths book?
e a geography book?
f a small maths book?
g a large maths book?
h a small science book?
i either a large book or a maths book?
j either a small book or a science book?
k a book that is not a large maths book?
11
The letters in the word pefani are written on cards, turned over and shuffled.
John selects a card at random.
a Is the chance of selecting a vowel the same as for a consonant? Explain.
The card that John has selected is a vowel.
b Is the chance that the vowel on Johns card is the letter a
C H A P T E R
3
6
or 3 ? Explain.
P R O B A B I L I T Y
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12
If the probability of an event is 8, about how many times would you expect it to occur
in 1000 trials?
13
A coin is tossed 5 times and each time it comes down heads. Just before the sixth toss,
these comments are made:
I know that the local traffic lights remain red for 65 seconds, amber for 4 seconds and
green for 31 seconds.
a What are the 3 outcomes?
b Are they equally likely? Explain.
c What is the chance that when I arrive at the lights they will be red?
15
A 4-digit number is made using the digits 5, 6, 7 and 8. What is the probability that the
number formed will:
a be even?
A number is divisible by 3 if the
b be odd?
sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
c start with 7?
d end in 8?
e be greater than 5000?
f be less than 8000?
g be exactly divisible by 3?
16
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18
In a raffle there are 100 tickets sold. Ninas lucky number is 9, so she buys every ticket
with 9 on it.
a How many tickets has she bought?
b The first prize is drawn. What is Ninas chance of winning it?
c Suppose both first and second prizes were drawn and she won neither. How many
tickets are now in the barrel?
d What is her chance of winning third prize?
19
20
21
Suppose the octahedral dice has the letters ELEMENTS written on its faces.
a Which letter has a better chance than any other letter of being rolled?
b Which is more likely to be rolled:
i
a vowel or a consonant?
ii a letter from the first half of the alphabet or a letter from the second half of
the alphabet?
c Write an event, using this dice, for which the probability is:
22
3
8
ii
1
4
iii
3
4
Four friends are about to play a game. To see who goes first, each draws a card at
random from a standard deck and then replaces it. The highest card wins. (The order
from lowest to highest is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A.)
Andrew draws a 10.
Bree draws a 4.
Daniella now draws her card. What is the probability that she will:
a win?
b tie for first place?
23
24
up
up
Melanie has an ordinary cube dice with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Petas cube dice,
however, has the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Both dice are rolled. Melanie wins if her
dice shows a number greater than or equal to Petas. Otherwise, Peta wins. Who has the
better chance of winning? Explain.
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Vicky boasts that she can predict the sex of a baby before it is born. The Green family
already has 4 girls and Mrs Green is expecting their fifth child. Vicky predicts that this
child will certainly be a boy. She argues that with 4 girls, it is about time a boy was born.
The Greens believe her. After all, she correctly predicted the sex of the babies for all the
neighbours down the road.
Have you heard stories like this before? It is very compelling to believe that people have some
sort of power to predict the sex of children. But look at the facts.
p There are only 2 choices to make: boy or girl. With each choice being about 5050,
there is a fair chance that one may be correct. After all, what else is there to predict?
p Vicky correctly predicted the sex of the neighbours children. She and her believers
would be boasting about these correct predictions. So everyone knows.
But what about any of the incorrect predictions? There is no mention of these
incorrect guesses. So other people hear only one side of the story and are tempted to
believe her powers.
p There is an almost 50% chance that a baby will be a boy, and a similar chance that it will
be a girl. This is true each time a child is born. So the Greens already have 4 girls. There is
still an almost half chance the next child will be a girl.
The gender of each child, be it boy or girl, is independent of the sex of the children born
before. Of course, Vicky thinks that what has gone before will somehow influence the sex
of the next child. But this is not true. There is no inbuilt memory that favours one sex
over another.
X
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Y
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E x e r c i s e 6D
If you have difficulty with any of the following, ask yourself questions such as:
p
p
p
p
There is something wrong with the reasoning in each of the following statements. Identify it
and comment critically on the statement.
1
Elli has 3 children, all boys. She is now expecting another baby.
This baby is sure to be a girl.
Two teams, Alpha and Omega, are playing a game of soccer. Since the
1
results can be win, lose or draw, the chance that Omega will win is 3.
When I apply for a job, I could either get it or not get it. My chances, then, are 5050.
I put my money on Kingly Lad in the
fifth race at the local racecourse. There
are 7 other horses running. My chance
of getting a place (first, second or third)
3
is 8.
8
Since traffic lights can be red, amber or green, the probability that a light is red at any
1
instant is 3.
10
There are 180 000 tickets sold for each weekly $2 jackpot lottery. My chance of winning
a prize will increase if I buy a ticket every week.
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7
20
15
and
8
20
20 or
20 20
3
4
12
20 or
3
5
Example
One number is chosen at random from the numbers 120 inclusive. What is the
probability that it is either:
1
odd or even?
10
10
10
10
10
20
3
20 or
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3
10
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Now suppose you were asked to find the probability of the number selected being even or
10
10
8
8
prime. P (even) 20 and P(prime) 20 , but is P(even or prime) 20 20 ?
These events are not mutually exclusive. One of
the numbers, 2, is both even and prime. From the
diagram, only 17 numbers are even or prime or
both. So:
17
Even
6
18
16
14
Prime
17
10
12
20
5
13
19
11
15
Here we used a Venn diagram to illustrate the problem. We can use Venn diagrams to show
the difference between events that are mutually exclusive and those that are not.
In each Venn diagram, the sample space of the experiment is represented by S, with P(S ) 1.
Two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur
at the same time (that is, if they have no outcomes in common).
P(A)
P(B )
P(A)
P(S ) 1
P(B )
P(A and B )
Examples
A single letter is chosen at random from the word chances.
1
There are 2 possibilities: The letter chosen can be a c or the letter chosen
can be an e.
These events are mutually exclusive, since they cannot occur at the
same time. So:
P(c or e)
2
2
7
3
7
1
7
There are 3 possibilities: The letter chosen can be an e, or the letter chosen
can be a vowel, or the letter chosen can be an e and a vowel.
C H A P T E R
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These events are not mutually exclusive, since they can occur at the
same time. So:
2
2
7
We subtract 7 because an e was included as both the e and as a vowel, and it
should not be counted twice.
E x e r c i s e 6E
M U T U A L LY E X C L U S I V E E V E N T S
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In a mixed athletics race the sports organiser calculated from previous performances
the chances of some of the best runners coming first as follows:
Boys: Adam
4
,
15
David
1
,
5
Tam
1
10
Girls: Claire
1
4
5 n
If a single dice is rolled n times, the probability of obtaining at least one 6 is 1 6 .
a What is the probability of rolling at least one 6 if a dice is thrown 10 times?
b How many times must a single dice be thrown so there is a better than 50% chance
of rolling at least one 6?
c How many times must a single dice be thrown so there is a better than 95% chance
of rolling at least one 6?
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 6
1
What is the probability that the second hand of a watch is between the 42-second mark
and the 54-second mark (inclusive)?
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, there is 1 birth every 2 minutes and
5 seconds. Approximately how many births would there be in 1 day?
During summer, you could win a prize if you bought an ice-block that
has the words PRIZE WON on its stick. A class of 30 students each
bought an ice-block and 3 of them were winners. How many prizes
could you expect to win if you bought 10 ice-blocks?
C H A P T E R
P R O B A B I L I T Y
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Numbers with two (different) digits are made from the digits 1, 2, 4 and 5. What is the
probability that a number formed will:
a be an even number?
b be an odd number?
c be a multiple of 3?
d be less than 50?
e start with a 2?
Find the complement of tossing at least 1 head when 2 coins are tossed.
Three cards are labelled A, B and C. They are drawn one at a time from a hat. What is
the chance that card B or card C will be the second card drawn?
Leave your answers in tems of .
b If William hits the board each time he throws
a dart, what is the probability of his dart landing
in the white ring?
4 cm 4 cm 4 cm
10
11
Two boxes both contain red marbles and blue marbles. You are to choose a box and
draw one marble at random. If it is blue, you win $10, but if it is red you win nothing.
Which box should you choose?
A 3 red marbles and 2 blue marbles
B 30 red marbles and 20 blue marbles
12
You have a bag containing 40 coins, and you have a 5 chance of picking a 10c coin
from that bag. How many 10c coins are in the bag?
13
14
212
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
dart into the shaded area of this dart board (assuming that
the dart hits the board).
b What should the outer radius of the dart board be if you
are to have exactly 50% chance of throwing a dart into the
shaded area?
cm
2 cm
literaacy skillsil
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literacy
acy skillsil
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
SKILLS 6
definite
lucky
odds on
off chance
maybe
unsure
even chance
5050 unlikely fluke
sure
impossible
one in a million
unexpected
conceivable improbable odds against incredible
certain doubtful perhaps possible hopeful
1
Our everyday language contains many terms about the likelihood of an event.
a Choose two terms from the list above that refer to an event that:
i
will not happen
ii is likely to happen
iii could happen
iv is just as likely to happen as not to happen
b Check your answers against those of other students in the class.
Did they agree with you? Discuss.
c Find four other words or expressions that describe the likelihood of an event.
Define relative frequency and theoretical probability. Use the word however in your
second definition to help you describe the difference between these two terms.
Many people use numbers when they have no basis for doing so. For example,
someone may say 99% of people will agree with me about , when this person should
have said I am sure many people will agree with me about
Why do you think the first statement sounds more impressive? Discuss.
d improbable
d conceivable
What does it mean if there is a zero probability? Give an example of an event with a
probability of zero.
Explain why you would not necessarily get 5 heads and 5 tails if you tossed a fair coin
10 times.
10
When 2 coins are tossed they can show either 2 tails or 2 heads or 1 tail and 1 head.
Comment on this statement: There are 3 outcomes, so the probability of 2 tails is 13.
doubtful
C H A P T E R
e maybe
P R O B A B I L I T Y
213
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Chapter review 6
214
A day of the week is chosen at random. What is the probability of choosing a Sunday or
a Tuesday?
A teacher chooses a student at random from a class of 30 girls. What is the probability
that the student chosen is a girl?
A spinner has 4 equal sectors coloured yellow, blue, green and red. What is the
probability of landing on red or blue after spinning?
A spinner has 4 equal sectors coloured yellow, blue, green and red. What is the
probability of landing on a sector that is not red after spinning?
A single 6-sided dice is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a number greater than 3
or an even number?
A glass jar contains 1 red, 3 green, 2 blue and 4 yellow marbles. If a single marble is
chosen at random from the jar, what is the probability that it is yellow or green?
10
A single card is chosen at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards. What is the
probability of getting a king or a club (or both)?
11
A single card is chosen at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards. What is the
probability of choosing a card that is not a queen?
12
A glass jar contains 30 blue marbles. If a marble is chosen at random from the jar, what
is the probability that it is not blue?
13
14
At Pascal High School, only 3 out of 5 students can go on a school camp. What is the
probability that a particular student cannot go on the school camp?
15
A large basket of fruit contains 8 oranges, 5 apples and 4 bananas. If a piece of fruit is
chosen at random, what is the probability of choosing an orange or a banana?
16
17
18
In a bag are red and green marbles in the ratio 2 : 3. One marble is drawn at random.
What is the chance that it is red?
In a pet store, there are 7 puppies, 10 kittens, 4 rabbits and 7 parakeets. If a pet is
chosen at random, what is the probability of choosing a puppy or a parakeet?
When Terry rolled a dice 5 times he obtained 1, 1, 3, 2 and 3. If he rolls the dice a 6th
time, does his chance of rolling a number greater than 3 improve? Explain.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
19
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20
A letter is chosen at random from the word hippopotamus. What is the chance that it is:
a an o ?
b ap?
c a vowel?
d not a vowel?
21
Cathie is a runner who scored the following times (to the nearest second) in the last
54 trials she ran:
Time
67
68
69
70
71
72
Frequency
12
14
11
She is about to run a race. Based on the relative frequencies in the table, what is the
probability that her time will be:
a 69 seconds or greater?
b greater than 70 seconds?
c 68 seconds or less?
d between 68 and 70 seconds inclusive?
22
The names of the 7 days of the week are written on separate cards and shuffled. One is
chosen at random. What is the probability that the day selected:
a begins with the letter T?
b ends with day?
c has 9 letters?
d contains letters that are all different?
23
A card is drawn at random from a standard deck. What is the chance that the card is:
a a heart?
b either an ace or a 7?
c either a red ace or a 7?
d either a red ace or a black 7?
e either a diamond or a 10?
f either a black card or a queen or both?
g not an ace?
h not a club?
24
A jar contains a number of red, black and yellow jellybeans. Doug reaches in and draws
out a jellybean.
a List the possible outcomes.
b What is the probability of drawing out a white jellybean?
c What is the chance of drawing out a jellybean?
d List 3 features of the jellybeans needed to make this a random event.
25
26
An experiment was conducted to find out how many lollies were in 100 packets.
The results were as follows:
Number of lollies
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Number of packets
17
26
39
C H A P T E R
P R O B A B I L I T Y
215
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than 23 lollies. From the figures above, is the policy being observed?
27
216
28
If the probability of an event is 15, how many times would we expect the event to occur
over 200 trials?
29
After Ray completed his Maths test he announced that he had the same chance as
passing as he did of failing. Is this true? Explain your answer.
30
A single letter is chosen at random from the word likelihood. What is the probability
that the letter chosen is:
a a vowel?
b the letter l ?
c a letter from the first 10 letters of the alphabet?
d a consonant from the first 10 letters of the alphabet?
e a vowel from the first 8 letters of the alphabet?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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geometrical
figures
Syllabus outcomes
SGS5.2.1 Develops and applies results related to the angle sum of interior and exterior angles
for any convex polygon
SGS5.2.2 Develops and applies results for proving that triangles are congruent or similar
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
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Polygons
The word polygon has been derived from the
Greek words poly, meaning many, and gonia,
meaning angle. This means that a polygon is a
plane closed figure with many angles. However, in
a plane closed figure the number of sides is the
same as the number of angles, so we can also
define a polygon as a closed figure with many
sides (straight lines).
Number of sides
Name of polygon
triangle
quadri lateral
pentagon
hexagon
heptagon
octagon
nonagon
10
decagon
11
undecagon
12
dodecagon
If all the sides of a polygon are equal and all its angles
are equal, it is called a regular polygon. If any of the sides
or angles are not equal, it is an irregular polygon.
convex
polygon
E x e r c i s e 7A
1
218
P O LY G O N S
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Write the special name for the polygon with the given number of sides:
a 3
b 4
c 5
d 6
e 7
f 8
g 10
h 12
A polygon
with equal
sides and equal
angles is called a
regular polygon.
Sketch:
a a regular convex pentagon
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
219
10
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Concave means
non-convex.
A polygon is a closed figure with many sides, and the minimum number of sides
needed to close any figure is 3. A triangle is a 3-sided polygon (the polygon with the
least number of sides).
There are 2 important rules about the angles in triangles:
and
Examples
1
A
a
a 55 30 180
(The angle sum of a
a 85 180
triangle is 180.)
a 180 85
a 95
55
30
80
220
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
A pronumeral is a
variable. Its value
changes according to
the problem.
S T A G E
110
D
x
C
B
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68
128
m 68 128
m 128 68
m 60
E x e r c i s e 7B
1
60
70
83
m
y
45
65
49
c
y
37
75
120
25
50
85
Vertically
opposite angles
are equal.
15
140 a
75
b
60
c
30
68
78
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
38
G E O M E T R I C A L
65
F I G U R E S
221
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54
35
125
126
40
3x
150
60
x
2x
30
x
c
p
60
60
50
154
a
c
55
a
c
40
e
Complementary angles
add up to 90.
d
58
z
Supplementary angles
add up to 180.
2x
x
x
x
222
C O N N E C T I O N S
2x
3x
M A T H S
S T A G E
4x
10
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4a
110
CD-ROM
180
180
Examples
1
80 D
100
B
120
C
30
240
x 240 30 40 360
(The angle sum of a
x 310 360
quadrilateral is 360.)
x 360 310
x 50
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
223
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120
x
x 120 90 90 360
(The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360.)
x 300 360
x 360 300
x 60
x y 180
(A straight angle is 180.)
60 y 180
y 180 60
y 120
Also:
E x e r c i s e 7C
1
T H E A N G L E S U M O F A Q U A D R I L AT E R A L
45
60
40
x
125 110
m
97
70
140
110
57
110
110
125
245
20
3a
2a
224
C O N N E C T I O N S
54
30
2a
3a
M A T H S
S T A G E
The angle
sum of a
quadrilateral
is 360.
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3x
75
72
98
68
120
120
95
(x 10)
x
67
75
110
115
130
In a rhombus,
opposite sides are parallel
and all sides are equal.
120
130
75
76
c
25
115
60
88
30
3a
4a
a
51
C H A P T E R
2a
98
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
60
G E O M E T R I C A L
y
x
F I G U R E S
225
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x
110
10
y
3x
30
270
110
x
130
10
c
91
m
155
5m
2m
4m
m
2m
Examples
1
226
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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The results from the above examples, along with results for other polygons, are summarised
in this table:
Name of polygon
Number of sides
triangle
quadrilateral
2 180 360
pentagon
3 180 540
hexagon
4 180 720
heptagon
5 180 900
octagon
6 180 1080
nonagon
7 180 1260
decagon
10
8 180 1440
undecagon
11
9 180 1620
dodecagon
12
10
10 180 1800
From this table, we can see that the number of triangles formed in a polygon is always 2 less
than the number of sides.
So for a polygon with n sides, the number of triangles formed is n 2.
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
227
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Examples
1
By using the formula, prove that the angle sum of a polygon with n sides is also
equal to (2n 4) right angles.
S (n 2) 180
But 180 2 right angles, so:
S (n 2) 2 right angles
S (2n 4) right angles
105
130
75
E x e r c i s e 7D
1
T H E A N G L E S U M O F A P O LY G O N
Divide each polygon into triangles by drawing all the diagonals from vertex A.
a
D
E
228
Draw an octagon and from one vertex (A) draw all the diagonals.
a How many diagonals have you drawn?
b How many triangles are formed?
c What is the sum of the interior angles of an octagon?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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a
b
c
d
16
19
25
30
Use the angle sum formula S (n 2) 180 to find the sum of the interior angles of
a polygon with:
a 7 sides
b 21 sides
c 18 sides
d 9 sides
110
130
x 100
150
110
150
82
140
155
93
125
Use the formula for the sum of the interior angles of a polygon to find the angle sum of
a polygon with 28 sides.
Find the number of sides of a polygon whose interior angle sum is:
a 5580
b 4680
c 2520
10
11
12
Five angles of an octagon are equal and the sum of the other three angles is 375.
Find the size of each equal angle.
13
The angles of a hexagon are x, 2x, 3x and three equal angles that add to 390. Find
the size of each angle.
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
49 sides
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
229
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Regular polygons
A polygon is regular if all its angles are equal and all its sides are equal. So the size of each
interior angle of a regular polygon with n sides is the angle sum divided by n.
(n 2) 180
In a regular polygon with n sides, each interior angle is equal to .
n
Example
Find the size of each interior angle of a regular dodecagon (12-sided polygon).
(n 2) 180
Interior angle
n
(12 2) 180
12
10 180
12
1800
12
150
Each interior angle of a regular dodecagon is 150.
E x e r c i s e 7E
1
R E G U L A R P O LY G O N S
230
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
An interior angle of a
regular polygon is given by
the formula:
(n 2) 180
Angle
n
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How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is:
a 108?
b 150?
c 160?
How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is:
a 162?
b 168?
c 156?
Find the size (to the nearest degree) of each interior angle of a regular:
a hexagon
b heptagon
c undecagon
Find the size (to the nearest degree) of each interior angle of a regular polygon whose
angle sum is:
a 2880
b 3600
c 3960
10
Find the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon with 24 sides.
The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 360.
a Find the size of each interior angle.
b How many sides does the polygon have?
c What is the special name given to this polygon?
CD-ROM
c
b
d
a
e
In this case:
a b c d e 360
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
231
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We know that:
a p 180
C
c
a
p
Similarly:
b q 180
and
c r 180
(a p) (b q) (c r) 3 180
(a b c) (p q r) 540
But a b c 180. (The angle sum of a triangle is 180.)
180 (p q r) 540
p q r 540 180
p q r 360
So the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 360.
D
s d
A
a
p
r
C
c
b q
B
Similarly:
b q 180
c r 180
d s 180
(a p) (b q) (c r) (d s) 4 180
(a b c d ) (p q r s) 720
But a b c d 360. (The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360.)
360 p q r s 720
p q r s 720 360
p q r s 360
So the sum of the exterior angles of a quadrilateral is 360.
We can similarly prove that the sum of the exterior angles of a pentagon or a hexagon or any
polygon is 360.
232
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Examples
1
CD-ROM
(Supplementary angles
add to 180.)
540
The sum of the interior angles is 540.
2
(Supplementary
angles add to 180.)
360
Number of sides
30
12
c
1800
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
233
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E x e r c i s e 7F
T H E E X T E R I O R A N G L E S U M O F A P O LY G O N
b
2x
150
3x
4x
70
x
10
234
C O N N E C T I O N S
ii
M A T H S
S T A G E
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Polygons
Many shapes in our environment are polygons. Study these images carefully and discuss any
differences and similarities.
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
235
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Examples
CD-ROM
120
120
72
72
72
72
72
236
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
120
S T A G E
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E x e r c i s e 7G
C O N S T R U C T I O N O F R E G U L A R P O LY G O N S I N A C I R C L E
CD-ROM
regular polygon.
8
10
regular polygon.
11
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
237
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Congruent triangles
Two triangles are congruent if they are the same shape and size. Each triangle can be fitted
exactly on top of the other, so their corresponding sides and corresponding angles are equal.
If ABC is congruent to DEF, We write:
ABC DEF
B
AB DE
AC DF
BC EF
ABC DEF
ABC DEF
but
ABC EFD
(SSS)
If 2 sides and the included angle of a triangle are respectively equal to 2 sides
and the included angle of the other triangle, the triangles are congruent.
In ABC and DEF :
AB DE
A D
AC DF
ABC DEF
(SAS)
If 2 angles and 1 side of a triangle are respectively equal to 2 angles and the
corresponding side of the other triangle, the triangles are congruent.
238
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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M P
N Q
MN PQ
LMN OPQ
(AAS)
If the hypotenuse and a side of a right-angled triangle are equal to the hypotenuse
and a side of the other right-angled triangle, the triangles are congruent.
In GHI and JKL:
H K
GI JL
GH JK
(right angles)
(hypotenuse)
GHI JKL
(RHS)
E x e r c i s e 7H
1
Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) would you use to prove that each pair of
triangles is congruent?
a
Congruent triangles can be
transformations of each
other (flipped or rotated).
b
The symbol for
congruence is .
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
239
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Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) would you use to prove that each pair of
triangles is congruent?
a
L
K
O
D
C
O is the centre of the circle.
Select each pair of congruent triangles and write the congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or
RHS) used to prove this. All length measurements are in centimetres.
a
ii
iii
110
110
240
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
6
110
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ii
60
iii
50
9
9
60
60
50
ii
iii
10
10
10
ii
iii
ii
10
58
11
58
58
11
11
10
ii
iii
65
60
12
12
60
iii
10
10
10
10
50
12
65
60
65
For each of the following, write the third condition needed to prove that the two triangles
are congruent:
a Two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other triangle.
b Two sides of one triangle are equal to two sides of the other triangle.
c The hypotenuse of one right-angled triangle is equal to the hypotenuse of the other
right-angled triangle.
d A side of a right-angled triangle is equal to a side of the other right-angled triangle.
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
241
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Page 242
Examples
1
AB DC
AD BC
BD BD
(given)
(given)
(common)
ABD BDC
(SSS)
ABD BDC
c
2
Always draw a
diagram.
A
In congruent
triangles, the angles
that match are called
corresponding angles.
B C
(given)
ADB ADC 90 (AD BC given)
AD AD
(common)
ABD ACD
(AAS)
AB AC
3
x B
60
12 cm
242
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
(given)
(vertically opposite angles)
(given)
C
12 cm
60
E 7 cm D
(AAS)
(corresponding sides of congruent triangles)
S T A G E
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E x e r c i s e 7I
1
A P P LY I N G T H E C O N G R U E N C E T E S T S
C
E
P
Prove that:
a BAC DCA
b BCA DAC
c ABC CDA
4
R
D
O
C
PQ SR and PS QR.
AE EC and DE EB.
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
243
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12 cm
ABD CDB.
b Find the value of x.
c Find the value of y.
5.6 cm
5.6 cm
65 y
D
10
B
25 x
12 cm
Examples
1
If 2 triangles are
congruent, their
corresponding
angles are equal
and their
corresponding
sides are equal.
B C
244
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Page 245
To prove: AC BD
Proof:
Congruent figures
are always the
same shape and
same size.
To prove: AO OC and DO OB
Proof:
O
D
E x e r c i s e 7J
P R O V I N G P R O P E R T I E S O F T R I A N G L E S A N D Q U A D R I L AT E R A L S
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
245
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C
P
R
C
B
R
10
246
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
11
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B
E
12
C
A
13
6.3 cm
52
30
D
10.0 cm
Similar figures
In mathematics, two figures are said to be similar if they are of exactly the same shape but
not necessarily the same size. When two figures are similar, one can be considered as the
enlargement of the other. Dividing the length of any side of the enlargement by the length of
the corresponding side of the other figure will give the scale factor (or enlargement factor).
Suppose the scale factor is 2. This means that the length of each side in the second figure is
twice the length of the corresponding side in the first figure.
In this diagram, ABC is similar to and
an enlargement of ABC.
A'
O
B
AB
BC
AC
2
AB
BC
AC
1
C H A P T E R
B'
C'
ABC ||| ABC
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
is also used to
mean is similar to.
F I G U R E S
247
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Page 248
Q'
S'
R'
P
Q
R
We find that:
P'
P Q Q R R S
S P
3
PQ
QR
RS
SP
1
Example
Two quadrilaterals ABCD and EFGH are similar.
(All measurements are in centimetres.)
B
1
F
6
E
2
3
D
C
H
248
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Similar triangles
We have seen that for figures to be similar, they must have corresponding angles equal and
the lengths of corresponding sides in the same ratio. However, triangles are similar if any one
of the following conditions is satisfied:
If one condition
of similarity is true,
all the other
conditions
are true.
Examples
1
A
12 cm
x cm
P
a APQ ABC
A A
AQP ACB
8 cm
16 cm
(corresponding angles)
(common angle)
(corresponding angles)
d Since APQ and ABC are similar, their corresponding sides are in the
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
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Show that these triangles are similar. All lengths are in centimetres.
A
3
6
2
1
AC
4
2
DF
BC
3
1
EF
6
2
E x e r c i s e 7K
1
SIMILAR FIGURES
Decide whether or not each pair of shapes are similar. Give reasons. (All lengths are
in centimetres.)
a
7
3.5
2.12
4.24
1.5
5
5
10
Are each pair of triangles similar? Why? (All lengths are in centimetres.)
D
A
5
10
B 2 C
E
D
F
100 60
60 100
C
E
A
7
10
C
B
S
Q
250
C O N N E C T I O N S
14
M A T H S
S T A G E
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For each pair of similar triangles, write the corresponding sides and the
corresponding angles:
a
D
A
40
40
70
M
5
B
70
10
From each group of 3 triangles, select 2 triangles that are similar. Give reasons.
(All lengths are in centimetres.)
a
3
3
40
40
70
70
14
D
60
B
40
H
30
If triangles are
equiangular, they
are similar.
70
50
40
60
40
E
D
G
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
251
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10 cm
F
5 cm
E
6 cm
12 cm
16 cm
L
8 cm
A
Q
M
N
P
Applications of similarity
The properties of similar triangles can be used to find unknown angles and the lengths of the
unknown sides.
Examples
1
ABC and DEF are similar. Find the value of x. (All lengths are in centimetres.)
A
D
12
E
B
15
Since ABC DEF, their sides are in the same ratio.
DE EF
AB BC
x
5
6 15
5
x 6
15
x2
252
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
If triangles are
similar, the
corresponding
sides are in the
same ratio.
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Show that ABC DEF and then find the value of x.
D
A
x cm
24 cm
12 cm
18 cm
C
E
B E
C F
A D
ABC DEF
(given)
(given)
(third angle of a triangle)
(equiangular)
Since ABC and DEF are similar, their sides are in the same ratio.
AB
AC
DE DF
12
x
24 18
12
x
18 24
x 16
3
12
E
6
E x e r c i s e 7L
1
3
C
A P P L I C AT I O N S O F S I M I L A R I T Y
Find the value of x in each pair of similar triangles. (All lengths are in centimetres.)
a
b
x
24
12
7
18
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
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d
30
12
60
56
12
For each pair of similar triangles, find the value of each pronumeral. (All lengths are
in centimetres.)
a
12
x
3
10
50
c
6
108
10
93
12
10
49
20
Find the value of each pronumeral in these pairs of similar triangles. (All lengths are
in centimetres.)
a
b
5
15
6
x
1.5
7.5
x
30
12
10.5
For each pair of similar triangles, find the values of the pronumerals. (All lengths are
in centimetres.)
a
A
10
53
B
C O N N E C T I O N S
13
24
12
254
27
45
93
15
49
50
d
x
20
108
10
12
18
M A T H S
S T A G E
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4
11:35 AM
8
D
x
15
Page 255
12
A
18
y
14
15
Prove that the 2 triangles are similar and then find the value of each pronumeral.
(All lengths are in centimetres.)
A
b
21
35
15
42
x
15
18
32
24
26
10
y
20
24
x
E
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 7
1
The number of diagonals in a polygon is equal to 2n(n 3), where n is the number of sides
1
of the polygon. For example, a pentagon has 2 5 (5 3) 5 diagonals.
There are not many diagonals in a pentagon, so you can quickly draw
a pentagon and draw in the diagonals to check this.
1
Use the formula to show that a triangle does not have any diagonals.
a decagon?
CD-ROM
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
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literacy
acy skillsills
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
SKILLS 7
Draw both a convex and a non-convex hexagon, then draw all their diagonals. Use
these diagrams to help you write a definition of a non-convex polygon. Your definition
must contain the word diagonal.
y
C
ACB 180 (x y )
(....................................)
(....................................)
97
y 83
(....................................)
x 123 (....................................)
57
b Explain why you cannot write these two reasons in reverse order.
c You can find the size of x without first calculating y . Explain why, using the word
Noun
triangle
triangular
pentagon
pentagonal
hexagon
hexagonal
256
Adjective
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Chapter review 7
1
Define the word polygon and write the special name for a polygon with:
a 7 sides
b 9 sides
c 11 sides
Which of the following shapes are polygons? Name each polygon and state whether it is
regular or not.
A
b
x
25
70
35
130
b
75
b
a
C H A P T E R
40
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
257
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b
x
x
50
68
145
120
2x
3x
b
45
50
x
110
120
10
115
b
2x
115
2x
11
115
b
123
x
70
x
258
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12
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b
30
68
42
115
25
13
Draw a hexagon and from one vertex (A) draw all the diagonals.
a How many diagonals have you drawn?
b How many triangles are formed?
c What is the sum of the interior angles of a hexagon?
14
b
140
115
150
110
x
15
16
17
120
105
18
19
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
259
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20
21
22
23
24
b
3x
x
2x
3x
5x
x
4x
25
If in a regular polygon each interior angle is 3 times the size of the exterior angle, how
many sides does the polygon have?
26
Find the number of sides of a regular polygon in which each exterior angle is half the
size of each interior angle.
27
Find the number of sides of a regular polygon in which each interior angle is 5 times
the size of each exterior angle.
28
C
5 cm
9 cm
T
5 cm
9 cm
260
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
29
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L
50
105
N
55
P
30
31
D
B
32
For each pair of triangles, use a test of similarity to find the value of the pronumeral.
(All measurements are in centimetres.)
a
b
3
1
x
33
15
5
A
B
3
34
C H A P T E R
P R O P E R T I E S
O F
G E O M E T R I C A L
F I G U R E S
261
35
262
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C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Syllabus outcomes
DS5.1.1 Groups data to aid analysis and constructs frequency and cumulative
frequency tables and graphs
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.2 Analyses a mathematical or real-life situation, systematically applying
problem-solving strategies
WMS5.3.3 Uses mathematical terminology and notation, algebraic symbols, diagrams,
text and tables to explain mathematical ideas
WMS5.3.4 Explains and verifies mathematical relationships
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
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Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organisation and analysis
of data. It is used extensively in other fields such as science, psychology, economics,
marketing and business.
As its name suggests, statistics was first used by states (governments), which collected large
amounts of information. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is the authority on official
information in Australia. Each year the ABS produces the Australian Year Book, which is
crammed with facts and figures ranging from science and agriculture to history and
geography. A copy should be in your school library.
Examples
Forty homes were chosen at random and surveyed to find how many children
were in each home. The results were:
264
Draw a frequency
distribution table
for this data.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Tally
Frequency ( f )
51
54
55
51
51
6
9
10
6
6
5
6
7
2
1
2
1
Total
40
Tally
Frequency ( f )
51
54
55
51
51
5
6
7
2
1
15
10
25
31
37
37
39
40
6 9 15,
15 10 25
and so on.
f 40
Note:
p The last number in the cumulative frequency column must equal the sum of all the
frequencies. This is because, in this example, all 40 households surveyed must have
had 7 or fewer children.
p Instead of writing total under the frequency column, we can write f.
(sigma) is the capital S in the Greek alphabet and in statistics means the sum of.
So f means the sum of the frequencies.
p Since there are no scores of 5 (children), the cumulative frequency remains at 37
(37 0 37) for this score.
p 31 homes had 3 children or fewer. This means that there were 40 31 9 homes with
more than 3 children.
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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E x e r c i s e 8A
1
F R E Q U E N C Y D I S T R I B U T I O N A N D C U M U L AT I V E F R E Q U E N C Y TA B L E S
a Draw a frequency distribution table for this data, including a column for
b
c
d
e
2
cumulative frequency.
How many results are shown?
Which result occurred most often?
How many students scored 3 or less?
How many students scored more than 3?
This table shows the number of strokes a group of golfers took to sink the ball in the
first hole.
Score (x)
Tally
Frequency ( f )
1
3
54
51
2
3
4
5
f
a
b
c
d
e
f
3
266
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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d
e
f
g
h
4
Page 267
Tally
Frequency ( f )
Score
(number
of heads, x)
Frequency
(f )
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
2
16
30
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
40
46
46
Give 2 possible
values for x.
f
x
10
cf
10
12
Score (x)
11
15
10
Frequency
(f )
2
11
12
13
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
14
15
15
20
16
26
17
18
2
f
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Score (x )
Frequency (f )
ii
A container holds 101 marbles. There are 3 fewer orange marbles than red marbles, but
twice as many yellow marbles as red ones. There are twice as many blue marbles as
orange ones. There are equal numbers of red and violet marbles, but 4 times as many
green as either of these colours.
a Use this information to complete this frequency distribution table:
Marble colour
Number of marbles
Score (x)
Frequency ( f )
12
18
20
f 20
Test marks
268
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
Frequency
8
6
4
2
0
6
7
Mark
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Test marks
Frequency
6
4
2
0
6
7
Mark
Test marks
6
Test marks
4
Cumulative frequency
Frequency
2
0
6
7
Mark
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6
7
Mark
Note that in the polygon the top right-hand corner of each column is joined to the one next to
it. The column before the 4 had a frequency of 0, so its height is 0. Also, the polygon does not
return to the horizontal axis on the right.
Sometimes a cumulative frequency polygon is called an ogive.
Example
This frequency distribution table
shows the masses of 60 pineapples
taken at random from a crop.
(The masses are given to the
nearest 0.25 kg.)
Draw a cumulative frequency
histogram and polygon for this data.
Mass (kg)
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
Frequency
(f )
2
5
8
12
11
9
6
4
3
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
2
7
15
27
38
47
53
57
60
f 60
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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The cumulative frequency histogram and polygon are shown on the same axes:
Cumulative frequency
E x e r c i s e 8B
1
F R E Q U E N C Y A N D C U M U L AT I V E F R E Q U E N C Y D I A G R A M S
6
7
7
4
4
7
6
6
7
5
5
8
5
8
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
3
frequency column.
Draw a frequency histogram and polygon on one set of axes. (Label the histogram
and the polygon.)
d Draw a cumulative frequency histogram and polygon on another set of axes.
c
Frequency
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
18
270
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
19
20
21
22
Score
S T A G E
23
24
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10
Frequency
Score (x)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Frequency ( f )
2
5
9
11
8
6
5
1
2
7
f
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Class size
61 64 67
70 73 76 79 82
85 88
91
79 cm (inclusive)?
272
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Key statistics
Several key statistics are used when analysing data.
The range is a measure of the
spread of scores.
where:
The median is the middle piece of data in an ordered set of data. It is the value that equally
divides a set of data into two.
The mode is the score that occurs most often. Sometimes there may be no mode; in other
cases there may be more than one mode.
The mean, median and mode tell us something about the centre of a set of data. For this
reason they are called measures of central tendency.
Examples
1
lowest
26
81
7
x
Mean x
n
2 6 5 8 1
5
4.4
highest lowest
Range score score
26 12
14
x
Mean x
n
14 12 18 26
4
17.5
12
The median is 5.
14
18
26
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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The mode is 5 because this score occurred more times than any other score.
Finding the range, mean, median and mode for small sets of data can be done conveniently
this way. However, for large sets of data this method can become lengthy and tedious.
Larger data sets are usually organised in tables. (Sometimes we say they are tabulated.)
In these cases, we can use a different formula to find the mean:
where:
fx
x
f
x the mean
fx the sum of the fx (frequency score) column in the table
f the sum of the f (frequency) column in the table
Example
Find the mean, range and mode
of this data.
Score (x )
Frequency ( f )
3
4
5
6
7
8
fx
2
4
0
5
6
3
6
16
0
30
42
24
f 20
fx 118
2
0
5.9
Range highest score lowest score
83
5
From the table, the mode is 7 (as it occurs 6 times).
274
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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You can use a calculator to help you find the mean for large sets of scores.
If your calculator has a statistics mode, find out how to access it. On some calculators, SD
(statistical data) will appear on the screen. You will also see some keys such as x and n that
match the definitions above.
To find the mean in the example above, enter:
3 2 DATA
4 4 DATA
E x e r c i s e 8C
K E Y S TAT I S T I C S
Find the mean, median, mode and range for each set of scores:
a 24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 28, 30
b 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 14, 14, 14, 18, 22, 30, 35
c 0, 2, 6, 5, 4, 3, 8, 4, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17, 10
d 121, 134, 137, 130, 126, 129
e 32, 34, 36, 31, 33, 33, 32, 29, 34, 35, 37, 38
f 14.2, 14.7, 15.1, 15.0, 14.8, 14.8
g 2.2, 3.4, 5.6, 1.2, 2.7, 3.8, 4.1, 5.3, 2.9
h 14, 18, 22, 16, 15, 13, 12, 14, 11, 9, 8, 13, 17, 20, 22
a Find the range, mean and median for this set of scores: 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 23
b If each of these scores were to increase by 3, which of the range, mean or median
45
63
24
74
80
25
77
35
51
69
13
42
54
60
39
82
14
37
67
20
61
85
29
40
92
would change?
What happens to the range, mean and median if a score of:
i
10 is added?
ii 19 is added?
iii 22 is added?
iv 25 is added?
d What would happen to the range, mean and median if each of the original scores
were to double?
c
The salaries of 7 people are $24 000, $32 000, $30 000, $35 000, $98 000, $36 000 and
$28 000. Which measure (mean, median or mode) best reflects these salaries? Why?
A shoe store has just received the statistics for the sizes of shoes sold in New South
Wales over the past year. Which measure of central tendency would be most useful to
the store? Why?
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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Score
Frequency
3
4
Score
Frequency
14
11
15
15
16
19
17
18
18
16
19
12
20
Score
Frequency
51
11
52
14
53
20
54
24
55
16
56
12
Score
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
Frequency
12
15
19
26
20
18
14
11
Score
18
19
20
21
22
Frequency
14
17
13
10
For each part of question 6, find the mode, range and median.
Chris knows that he must get an average of at least a 80% on 5 tests to be considered for
an award. In the first 4 tests he averaged 77%. What is the least score he can get on the
last test to still qualify for the award?
Cumulative frequency
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
6 7
Score
20 scores
20 scores
_________________________
|
median 21st score
276
Explain how the arrow across to the polygon then down to the score shows that the
median value for the data is 6.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Page 277
12
Cumulative frequency
Cumulative frequency
10
12/8/04
10
8
6
4
2
0
3 4
Score
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
5
Cumulative frequency
8 9
Score
10 11
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
11
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
12
12
10
Frequency
a
b
c
d
e
f
8
6
4
2
0
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
9 10 11 12 13 14
Score
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
277
13
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In some books, the following rule is given for finding the median:
For a set of n scores arranged in ascending order, the median is:
n1
p the 2 th score, for an odd number of scores
n
n
p the average of the 2 th and 2 1 th scores, for an even number of scores
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Score (x )
Comment on how the mean will change when a score is added to a set of scores, and
that score is:
a less than the mean
b equal to the mean
c greater than the mean
17
How will the mean of a set of scores change if a score is removed, and that score is:
a less than the mean?
b equal to the mean?
c greater than the mean?
18
19
20
Cumulative frequency
16
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
17 18 19 20 21 22
Score
278
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Grouped data
When a class test is out of 10, it is easy to write all the scores
from 0 to 10 in a table. However, when there are many
possible scores, it is better to group them. For example, if test
marks are out of 100, you can group them as 110, 1120,
2130 and so on. These groups are called classes. The size of
the classes depends on how many groups we would like
to make.
Classes are also used for continuous data because they allow
us to group a large number of possible values. For example,
lengths can be grouped as 1.00 cm to 1.99 cm, 2.00 cm to
2.99 cm and so on.
When we group data, we lose some information. For example, because we now do not know
the individual scores, we cannot calculate the mean, median, mode and range exactly.
However, approximate values for these statistics are generally just as useful.
Examples
Fifty students scored the following percentages in a Maths exam:
48
39
69
80
40
67
20
92
49
33
56
58
31
54
35
24
85
14
42
77
52
26
64
43
59
72
79
57
99
21
37
29
74
51
60
62
46
53
63
41
89
65
34
52
68
61
82
25
45
Complete a frequency distribution table for this data. Use class intervals
of 110, 1120 and so on. Include a cumulative frequency column.
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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Class
centre (x)
110
1120
2130
3140
4150
5160
6170
7180
8190
91100
Frequency
(f )
Tally
1
2
5
52
52
55
53
5
3
2
5.5
15.5
25.5
35.5
45.5
55.5
65.5
75.5
85.5
95.5
1
2
5
7
7
10
8
5
3
2
f 50
fx
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
5.5
31.0
127.5
248.5
318.5
555
524
377.5
256.5
191
1
3
8
15
22
32
40
45
48
50
fx 2635
Calculate the mean, the modal class and the median class.
The mean is:
fx
x
f
2635
5
0
52.7
The modal class is 5160, since there were 10 scores (the highest frequency)
in this class.
The middle score of these 50 scores lies between the 25th and 26th scores.
From the cumulative frequency column, the median class is 5160.
3
10
8
6
4
2
0
5.5 15.5 25.5 35.5 45.5 55.5 65.5 75.5 85.5 95.5
Exam mark
280
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Cumulative frequency
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5.5 15.5 25.5 35.5 45.5 55.5 65.5 75.5 85.5 95.5
Exam mark
E x e r c i s e 8D
G R O U P E D D ATA
Class
711
Tally
d 18.522.5
e 37.137.8
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
Frequency (f )
fx
f
fx
4
53
551
54
5
2630
3135
3640
4145
4650
C H A P T E R
D ATA
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A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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A police radar measured the speeds in kilometres per hour of 40 vehicles as follows:
117
89
103
97
110
90
93
110
112
93
83
107
97
110
95
112
92
108
113
107
110
110
98
85
90
98
110
88
112
97
120
90
92
83
98
112
95
90
93
83
a What is:
i
ii
Samples of drinking water were analysed to determine the numbers of certain bacteria.
The results were:
6
18
12
10
14
32
23
16
9
18
24
41
17
23
24
16
32
28
18
22
19
37
31
14
27
25
41
10
15
30
35
18
19
11
24
40
20
12
18
29
45
16
13
34
30
50
15
25
17
21
282
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Test marks
16
14
12
Frequency
12/8/04
10
8
6
4
2
0
33 42 51 60 69 78 87
Class centres
4150
5160
6170
7180
8190
22
47
60
65
Class centre (x )
Frequency ( f )
Cumulative frequency (c f )
a
b
c
d
Age (years)
2130
3140
4150
5160
6170
Frequency
48
63
65
54
32
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
283
10
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When calculating the mean of a grouped frequency distribution, we assume that the
average of the scores within each class equals the class centre.
a Will this assumption always be correct? Explain.
b Why do we make this assumption?
c In a particular distribution the scores were clustered near the top end of each class
fx
interval. What effect would this have on the mean estimate calculated using x ?
f
These scores show the number of babies born each day at a hospital for a month:
32
17
21
24
28
27
20
38
19
18
31
33
15
30
25
36
26
22
40
27
29
24
30
26
25
29
34
21
22
23
1517, 1820,
ii 1518, 1922,
iii 1115, 1620,
d What is the modal class for each table in c ?
e Calculate the mean for each table in c. Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.
f Compare the means you calculated in e with that in b. What does this show?
i
CD-ROM
1
2
3
A spreadsheet can be used to calculate the mean and to draw a frequency distribution
graph. In this exercise, the scores are grouped into classes.
1
284
How can you find the sum of the fx column? (Put this value in cell E14.)
C O N N E C T I O N S
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sum of fx column
The mean is:
sum of frequency column
Show that the mean is 22.7 (correct to 1 decimal place) and put this value in cell B14.
To round off the mean to 1 decimal place, you can type =ROUND(formula,1)
around the formula, such as =ROUND(E14/D14,1). Otherwise the cell completely fills
with the value of the mean (22.682 539 68).
Highlight the table of values (C1 down to D11), then click on the Chart Wizard icon (the
one that looks like a graph) to open it.
10
11
The column graph should be highlighted, so click on Next at the bottom of the page.
12
The graph still has the wrong numbers on the horizontal axis. To fix this, click inside the
Category (X) axis labels box. Move your cursor over to your spreadsheet and drag it
down from C3 to C11. The cells you highlighted should immediately be referenced.
13
14
15
16
17
18
How is this graph different from the frequency distribution graphs you drew by hand?
19
Experiment by creating different types of graphs for this data. For example, you might
like to investigate how to make the columns on this graph sit side by side without gaps
between them, or make a line graph.
20
Click on the Series tab, then click on Remove to remove the class centre values from
the graph.
Double click on various parts of the graph to make changes, such as altering the
colour or font styles.
C H A P T E R
D ATA
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
The verse above contains 81 words. Draw up a frequency distribution table for the
number of letters in each word.
Find the mean from the grouped data and compare it with the mean found earlier.
What are the mean, median, mode and range for the data?
What percentage of words contain:
a fewer than 4 letters?
b exactly 6 letters?
7 or more letters?
Draw a frequency histogram and polygon for this grouped data. Compare it with the
graph drawn earlier.
286
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The table below shows the masses of 64 students correct to the nearest kilogram:
Mass (kg)
5054
5559
6064
6569
7074
7579
8084
8589
Class centre (x )
52
57
62
67
72
77
82
87
Frequency ( f )
11
14
12
Enter the class centres into List 1 and the frequencies into List 2.
Choose F2 (CALC) and F6 (SET). We are interested only in the values in the first
two rows. These should read 1Var XList :List1 and 1Var Freq :List2 .
Use the up/down arrows and F1 , F2 and F3 to make changes if necessary.
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 8
A soccer match is played by 2 teams, each consisting of not more than 11 players including
the goalkeeper. A match may not start if either team consists of fewer than 7 players.
A certain soccer team has 9 players. Their average mass is 82 kg.
1
Two new players join the team. One is 85 kg and the other 74 kg. What is the average
mass of the team of 11 now?
C H A P T E R
D ATA
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A N D
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literacy
acy skillsills
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
Choose the correct word or word group from the list provided and write it at the
beginning of each incomplete sentence.
The cumulative frequency column
Statistics
Data
A frequency histogram
The frequency column
The modal class
The range
Scores
Ogive
The median
Discrete data
The median class
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
288
SKILLS 8
The words mean and average are used interchangeably by most people. Is there a
distinction between the terms?
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Chapter review 8
5
Frequency
4
3
2
1
0
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Time (min)
Score (x )
Frequency ( f )
14
21
C H A P T E R
Class
Frequency ( f )
1417
1821
2
P
2225
2629
3033
3437
D ATA
fx
f
A N A LY S I S
A N D
fx R
E VA L U AT I O N
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28
Cumulative frequency
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
Class centre
Heights of presidents of
the United States
Height (cm)
Frequency
160166
167173
174180
13
181187
18
188194
Each day a sample of drinking water was taken and tested for a certain chemical.
The results below are given in milligrams per litre:
3.0
2.1
1.8
1.5
2.1
4.2
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.4
3.1
3.0
3.1
2.2
1.3
4.5
1.9
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.8
2.4
2.6
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.9
5.0
1.5
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.6
2.7
1.2
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.4
2.7
2.0
1.6
distribution table.
c Add a cumulative frequency column to the table.
d Use the table to find the modal class and the mean of the data.
e Draw a cumulative frequency histogram and polygon for the data.
9
a
c
e
f
290
89
55
39
19
32
73
60
54
33
45
67
69
85
65
25
72
53
42
81
52
70
66
48
41
56
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Tally
Frequency ( f )
fx
f
fx
1120
2130
3140
4150
5160
6170
7180
8190
Find the missing values in the table marked by the letters a, b, c and d:
Score (x)
Tally
Frequency ( f )
fx
5
6
b
c
77
12
54
11
33
C H A P T E R
D ATA
Frequency
4
8
22
32
30
4
Cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1
Cordeaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.3
Avon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4
Nepean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0
Woronora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.3
Warragamba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.9
Prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3
Wingecarribee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.1
Fitzroy Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.0
Tallowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9
Blue Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.3
Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8
A N A LY S I S
A N D
E VA L U AT I O N
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d The average this student calculated was 61.4%, but the average given in the table is
very different from this. Why is this? How do you think the average in the table was
calculated? Do you think the term average is used correctly in the table?
Mass of calcium in 250 mL milk
Frequency
13
a Complete a frequency
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
283
Class centre
(x )
Frequency
(f )
fx
313
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
b Use your table to find the modal class, the mean and the median class.
c The average daily requirement of calcium is around 900 mg. What percentage of
1
these samples would provide at least 3 of this per 250 mL glass of milk?
14
The dodo was a flightless bird on the island of Mauritius. It became extinct during the
seventeenth century. Using dodo bones, the masses of a number of birds were
calculated. These are shown in the cumulative frequency histogram and polygon below.
a Complete a frequency distribution table for this information using these headings:
Mass
(kg)
Class centre
(x)
Frequency
(f)
fx
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
10.511.4
10.95
54.75
5
Mass of dodo
the graph.
Use the table to find the modal
class and the mean.
d What percentage of dodos were
estimated to have a mass of
13.5 kg or more?
e Why do you think the data was
grouped using a class interval of
1.0 instead of, say, 2.0?
Cumulative frequency
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10.95 11.95 12.95 13.95 14.95 15.95 16.95
Class centre (kg)
292
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Syllabus outcomes
MS5.1.2 Applies trigonometry to solve problems (diagrams given), including those
involving angles of elevation and depression
MS5.2.3 Applies trigonometry to solve problems, including those involving bearings
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.2 Solves problems using a range of strategies, including deductive reasoning
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when explaining
solutions and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
ndefine the sine, cosine and tangent ratios for angles in right-angled triangles
nuse trigonometric notation
nuse a calculator to find approximations of the trigonometric ratios of given angles
measured in degrees and minutes
nuse a calculator to find an angle correct to the nearest minute, given one of the
trigonometric ratios of the angle
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Trigonometry
The word trigonometry is derived from two Greek words, trigon and metron. Actually, tri
means three, gon means angles, and metron means a measure. So trigonometry deals with
the measurement of a triangle, that is finding the lengths of the sides and the sizes of the
angles of a triangle.
The trigonometric method of solving triangles, and applications of trigonometry, are used in
every branch of science and engineering.
A
b
e
us
en
t
po
hy
The naming of the other two sides depends on the angle of the
triangle we are referring to. The side opposite the angle is called
the opposite and the side next to the angle is called the adjacent.
u
adjacent
Angles are generally marked by Greek letters such as (theta), (alpha) and (beta).
Examples
1
a PQ is the hypotenuse.
c PR is adjacent to angle .
e QR is adjacent to angle Q.
294
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
u
P
b
d
QR is opposite angle .
PR is opposite angle Q.
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
opposite
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x
u
y
E x e r c i s e 9A
1
N A M I N G T H E S I D E S O F A R I G H T- A N G L E D T R I A N G L E
Q
C
F
R
For each triangle, state whether x, y and z are the opposite (O), adjacent (A) or
hypotenuse (H), with reference to the angle marked:
a
c
y
z
x
f
x
y
x
Name each side as opposite (O), adjacent (A) or hypotenuse (H), with reference to the
angle marked:
a
p
r
l
m
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
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12/8/04
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P
13 cm
12 cm
5 cm
R
Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the length of the unknown side in each triangle:
a
3 cm
z cm
15 mm
8 mm
Page 296
y cm
B
x mm
5 cm
10 cm
26 cm
Name the sides in the following right-angled triangles with reference to the angle
marked as:
i
(theta)
ii (alpha)
a
4
u
3
5
a
u
B
10
u
13
M A T H S
C O N N E C T I O N S
10
24
12
296
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
26
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30
A
ABC has sides AB, BC and CA. What are their corresponding sides in ADE ?
The corresponding sides are AD, DE and EA .
Measure the lengths of the following sides correct to the nearest millimetre:
a AB and AD
b BC and DE
c AC and AE
a AB 5.0 cm and AD 8.0 cm
c AC 5.7 cm and AE 9.3 cm
C H A P T E R
BC
AC
DE
AD
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
297
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AD
AE
BC
e 0.6
AB
AB
AC
DE
d 0.5
AE
a 0.9
b 0.9
AB
AC
BC
AC
a 0.9
DE
AE
b 0.5
BC
0.5
AC
DE
0.6
AD
BC
DE
and ?
AB
AD
BC
DE
0.6
AB
AD
These ratios
are called
trigonometric
ratios.
E x e r c i s e 9B
1
T H E R AT I O S O F S I D E S I N R I G H T- A N G L E D T R I A N G L E S
G
E
C
ADE ?
ii AFG ?
c Side FG is one side of AFG. What is the corresponding side in:
i
ABC ?
ii ADE ?
d Measure the lengths of the following sides correct to the nearest millimetre:
i
AB, AD and AF
ii BC, DE and FG
iii AC, AE and AG
e Find each ratio correct to 1 decimal place:
AB
AD
AF
BC
DE
i
ii
iii
iv
v
AC
AE
AG
AC
AE
FG
BC
DE
FG
vi
vii
viii
ix
AG
AB
AD
AF
f What values did you obtain for:
AB AD
AF
BC DE
FG
BC DE
FG
, and ?
i
ii , and ?
iii , and ?
AC AE
AG
AC AE
AG
AB AD
AF
i
298
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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17
15
u
B
For this triangle, find the value of each ratio in its simplest form:
side opposite angle
X
a
hypotenuse
b
10
u
Y
C3
C2
C1
C
A
B1
B2
B3
Using the triangles below, answer the following questions without measuring.
F
A
50
Q
30
30
B
50
P
D
BC
AB
XZ
d Which ratio is equivalent to ?
XY
XZ
f Which ratio is equivalent to ?
YZ
AC
AB
AC
c Which ratio is equivalent to ?
BC
YZ
e Which ratio is equivalent to ?
XY
a Which ratio is equivalent to ?
QR
PR
ii
PQ
PR
iii
R1
R
QR
PQ
P
C H A P T E R
Q1
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
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are similar.
b
c
a
c
ii
iii
y1
1
In this diagram, 2. Find:
x1
y2
a
x2
y3
b
x3
x1
y4
c
x4
x3
e
d
y4
y3
y2
y1
x2
b
a
x4
opposite
sin
hypotenuse
p sine
p cosine
adjacent
cos
hypotenuse
p tangent
opposite
tan
adjacent
us
en
ot
hy
opposite
u
adjacent
A very easy way to memorise the trigonometric ratios is by this code word:
S
sine opp.
300
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Examples
1
P
30
18
u
Q
24
18
sin 30
3
sin 5
adjacent
cos
hypotenuse
24
18
cos 30
tan 24
cos 5
2
opposite
tan
adjacent
tan 4
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the value of the unknown side in ABC
and then find the value of:
a sin A
C
b cos A
10 cm
c tan A
24 cm
By Pythagoras theorem:
2
AB AC BC
2
2
2
AB 24 10
2
AB 576 100
2
AB 676
AB 676
AB 26 cm
a
opposite
sin A
hypotenuse
adjacent
cos A
hypotenuse
24
sin A 1206
cos A 26
sin A 153
cos A 13
12
opposite
tan A
adjacent
10
tan A 24
5
tan A 12
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
301
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E x e r c i s e 9C
1
T H E T R I G O N O M E T R I C R AT I O S
Find the values of sin P, cos P and tan P in each triangle as fractions in simplest form.
All lengths are in millimetres.
a
R
13
17
12
15
P
Q
R
f
3
1
3
Q
5
10
13
a
10
ii
a
c
m
u
u
5
d
b
Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the unknown side and then find sin , cos
and tan :
C
12
2
u
16
u
B
P
D
15
7
E
12
u
24
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
9
u
u
L
302
S T A G E
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15
iii
sin
cos
tan
b Show that:
13
sin
tan
cos
12
u
5
iv
ii
cos 30 sin 60
41
9
90 u
40
10
60
30
27
Memorise
SOH CAH TOA.
of side BC.
b Find the ratios:
i
sin
ii cos
iii tan
Show that:
A
u
cos 30
cos 60
ii
12
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11:46 AM
61
11
u
B
sin
tan
cos
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
303
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Examples
Calculator steps
Display
sin 59
0.857I673
cos 23
0.9205048
tan 60
I.7320508
sin 54
Find .
15.6
sin 54
2.36
Find .
cos 31
2.36
tan 628
Find .
100
10
12.67
Find .
tan 32
8
2.5
sin 30
cos 49
4.
I.640I476
15.6
cos 31
12.67
tan 32
A trigonometric
ratio is always
the same for
any given angle.
5.3I70099
0.05I860I
Remember:
1 degree =
60 minutes
1 minute =
60 seconds
2.7532548
100
0.0I89I33
20.276238
To calculate the size of an angle when given a trigonometric ratio, press the SHIFT key (or
INV key on some calculators) before pressing the trigonometric ratio key.
Examples
Calculator steps
1
SHIFT
SHIFT
Display
sin 0.5
30.
30
cos 3 a bc 4
304
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
4I.409622
4I24' 34.64
4125
12/8/04
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SHIFT
tan 5 a bc 9
SHIFT
'"
29.054604
The calculator
display may use
the degree sign for
minutes as well as
for degrees.
293
4
SHIFT
sin 7 a bc 13
SHIFT
'"
32.57897
3234 ' 44.29
3235
E x e r c i s e 9D
U S I N G A C A L C U L AT O R I N T R I G O N O M E T R Y
14.3
sin 54
tan 3829
h
8.6
c
d 8 cos 19
h 30.6 cos 6512
sin 3941
4.7
e
359
tan 7536
d
i
sin 5428
2.5
cos 3820
7.29
c
f
i
cos A 0.8126
tan A 1.491
sin A 0.9941
c
f
tan M 1.326
sin M 0.4839
15.7
tan C
12.85
e cos C
sin C 12
c
f
i
l
tan 0.2335
tan 1.8319
tan 1.5813
cos 0.8915
a cos C
d tan C
1
2
15
22
13
18
8.5
11.9
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
305
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cos A
4
9
3
7
2.8
18
6.7
5.63
3
sin B 8
8.6
cos C
10.53
g tan
d sin B
15.3
12.5
5
12
h sin A
cos 9
b tan A
k tan
10
11
sin 3451
28.36
h
3.185
tan 3846
18.659
k
sin 5816
cos 3952
10.5
c
f
tan Y
6
7
3
12
3.7
4.9
d cos 7814
h tan 67
l sin 5933
8.75
tan 5336
6.95 tan 1825
tan 3618
25.1
27.9315
cos 7839
306
Step 1
Draw a diagram if one is not already given. Mark all the given information on
the diagram.
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Use a calculator to solve the equation. This will give you the length of the
unknown side.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Examples
1
opposite
tan
adjacent
3512'
x
18
53
12
x
tan 53
12
x
tan 53
12
x 12 tan 53
12 tan 53
x 15.924 537 86 (from the calculator)
x 15.92 (correct to 2 decimal places)
x
cos 3512
18
x
cos 3512
18
x 18 cos 3512
18 cos 35 ' " 12 ' "
x 14.708 608 17 (from the calculator)
x 14.71 (correct to 2 decimal places)
6m
h
63
A
adjacent
cos
hypotenuse
5.6 cm
BC
cos 34.5
5.6
34.5
BC
cos 34.5
B
5.6
BC 5.6 cos 34.5 5.6 cos 34.5
BC 4.615 106 657 (from the calculator)
BC 4.62 cm (correct to 2 decimal places)
C H A P T E R
opposite
sin
hypotenuse
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
307
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Page 308
E x e r c i s e 9E
1
Find the value of the unknown side in each triangle correct to 1 decimal place:
x
c
49
CD-ROM
10.65 cm
60
14.9 cm
20.6 cm
30
9 cm
30.2 cm
36
40
65
14.8 cm
Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle correct to 2 decimal places:
a
7.9 cm
13.8 cm
Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle to the nearest centimetre:
a
m
70
30.5 cm
62
19.4 cm
35
35.6 cm
2m
h
42
8.4 m
cm
53
x
45
70
18.5 cm
15
14
.8
The diagonal of a square is 14.8 cm long. Find the length of one side
(to the nearest millimetre).
x
308
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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21.7 cm
32
l
85 m
4.5
d
h
533
250 m
10
10 m
5920
B
11
12
11.5 m
A
32
C
x
75
48 cm
13
14
28 cm
x
70
15
30
PQR is right-angled at R, QR 28 m
and Q 5832. Find PR correct to
1 decimal place.
18 m
5832
Q
28 m
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
309
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Page 310
Draw a diagram if one is not already given. Mark all the given information on
the diagram.
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Rearrange the equation so that the unknown is the subject, then solve the equation.
This will give you the length of the hypotenuse.
Examples
1
5.6
cos 31
d
d cos 31 5.6
5.6
d
cos 31
31
5.6 cm
adja cent
cos
hypotenu se
5.6
cos 31
43
7.2 cm
7.2
sin 43
d
d sin 43 7.2
7.2
d
sin 43
opp osite
sin
hypotenuse
7.2
sin 43
D
d
39
A
310
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
10.7 cm
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In ABC: 10.7
cos 39
d
d cos 39 10.7
10.7
d
10.7 cos 39
cos 39
d 13.768 327 36 (from the calculator)
d 13.8 cm (correct to 1 decimal place)
E x e r c i s e 9F
1
5 cm
60
12 cm
8 cm
25
3 cm
7 cm
70
40
38
h
h
29
10 cm
b
50
c
29 cm
9 cm
55
h
h
34
24 cm
13.5 cm
f
15.7 cm
21.6 cm
72
48
h
81
15 cm
35
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
311
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51
63
2.5 m
58
x
4.8 cm
ramp
33 cm
47
56
1.2 m
75 mm
61
A
10
700 m
28
312
B
43
11
32 cm
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
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12
13
If there is no
diagram given,
draw your own.
2.5 m
30
Draw a diagram if one is not already given. Mark all the given information on
the diagram.
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Use a calculator to solve the equation. Press SHIFT followed by sin , cos or tan ,
then enter the fraction and press to find the angle.
Examples
1
3
u
tan
3
7
SHIFT
tan 3 a b/c 7
opposite
tan
adjacent
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
313
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Page 314
6.5
17.8
SHIFT
6.5
On some calculators,
may be given as
opposite
sin
hypotenuse
SHIFT
2nd F
14
18
sin 14 a b/c 18
SHIFT
17.8
or
INV
18 m
14 m
u
14
25
cos 14 a b/c 25
SHIFT
14 cm
25
cm
adjacent
cos
hypotenuse
E x e r c i s e 9G
1
Find the size of the angle marked with a pronumeral. Give your answers to the
nearest degree.
a
b
7.5
c
6.3
a
10.5
3.2
314
C O N N E C T I O N S
5.6
12.7
b
M A T H S
S T A G E
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3.5
f
7.8
8.9
11.5
b
20.1
Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle. Give your answers to the
nearest degree.
a
b
5.9
c
8.7
3.8
15.6
u
b
19.6
18.9
17.3
28.75
11.7
20.8
16.2
23.8
33.6
11 m
In ABC, B 90, AB 6 m
and AC 7 m. Find the size of A
correct to the nearest degree.
7m
u
6m
B
28 cm
12 cm
6.9
u
8.65
a
3.6
9.45
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
315
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Page 316
10
6.8 cm
5 cm
7.9 cm
8 cm
5m
2.5 m
u
11
1.5 m
u
15 m
12
15 cm
17 cm
8 cm
13
18.3 m
15 m
f
eo
ht
sig
lin
vatio
f ele
eo
angl
horizontal
horizontal
n u
io
ress
f dep
eo
angl
lin
316
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
f
eo
ht
sig
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depression 32
elevation
32
Examples
1
x
tan 58
200
x
tan 58
200
x 200 tan 58
200
tan 58
58
C
B
200 m
From the top of a building 90 m tall, the angle of depression to a car parked
on the ground is 48. Find the distance of the car from the base of the building.
Write your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
horizontal
48
90
tan 48
d
d tan 48 90
90
d
90 tan 48
tan 48
d 81.036 363 99 (from the calculator)
90 m
48
E x e r c i s e 9H
1
A N G L E S O F E L E VAT I O N A N D D E P R E S S I O N
25 m
u
1.65 m
18 m
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
317
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Page 318
20 m
u
28.7 m
250 m
53
300 m
9.5 m
318
25.6 m
95 m
300 m
h
40
110 m
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
10
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Page 319
47
86 m
11
50
3m
d
12
A
m
13
13
5m
13
14
u
C
D
24 m
9.8 m
68
15
Alison is sitting in a park and looks towards the top of a 155 m tower at an angle of
elevation of 43. How far is she sitting from the base of the tower, to the nearest metre?
16
25 m
40
A
17
60
G
The angle of elevation of the top of a cliff from a boat 500 m out to sea was 18.
The boat then travelled a further distance d out to sea, and the angle of elevation of
the cliff became 14.
a Show this information on a diagram.
b Find the height of the cliff above sea-level to the nearest metre.
c Find the value of d to the nearest metre.
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
319
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Page 320
Bearings
Bearings are used to indicate the direction of one point from another.
Basic directions are given with reference to four points of the compass:
north (N), east (E), south (S) and west (W). These directions are at
right angles (90) to one another.
These basic directions can be divided
up into units of 45, so that north-west
(NW) is 45 west of north, south-east
(SE) is 45 east of south and so on.
N
NW
NE
NNW
SW
SE
NE
WNW
ENE
WSW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
The bearings in the following diagrams are given using both methods.
N
60
W
N
30
P
170
E
E
330
10
P
S
170T or S10E
S
060T or N60E
320
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
NNE
NW
S
330T or N30W
SSE
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Examples
1
N
S
Q
ship
15 km 46 d
In PQS:
15
cos 46 d
d cos 46 15
15
d
15 cos 46
cos 46
d 21.593 348 09 (from the calculator)
In AQP :
tan
3
5
SHIFT
tan 3 a b/c 5
5 km
u
E
3 km
E x e r c i s e 9I
BEARINGS
d S and SSW
h S and NW
d S20W
h S40E
l N28E
c N50E
g 055T
k N30W
20
70
W
P
E
P
15
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
321
12/8/04
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Page 322
30
O
70
40
P
S
P
W
28
34
O
15
A small aircraft takes off due north, then turns and flies 50 km due west. The aircraft is
then N65W of its starting point. How many kilometres did it fly due north? Give your
answer correct to 1 decimal place.
A lighthouse is 7 nautical miles north-east of a ship. How far is the ship west of the
lighthouse (correct to 2 decimal places)?
If there is no
diagram given,
draw your own.
170
O
5 km
S
322
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
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A ship sails 12 nautical miles east and then 18 nautical miles south. Find its bearing (to
the nearest degree) from the starting point.
A man walks due west, then turns and walks due north. He is then 750 m N58W from
his starting point. How far (to the nearest metre) did he walk:
a west?
b north?
An aircraft travels due east for 50 km and then flies south 30 km.
a Show this information on a diagram.
b Write the aircrafts bearing from its starting point using:
i
a true bearing
ii a compass bearing
Give your answers correct to the nearest degree.
10
11
A ship sails 45 nautical miles from Sydney on a bearing of S30E. How far (to the nearest
nautical mile) is the ship south of Sydney?
12
A ship was 300 nautical miles due north of a lighthouse. It sailed on a bearing of 120T
until it was due east of the lighthouse. Find the new distance between the ship and the
lighthouse correct to the nearest nautical mile.
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
323
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Page 324
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 9
The area (A) of a regular polygon is given by:
2
ns
180
A
4 tan n
where n is the number of sides and s is the length of one side.
For example, the area of a regular pentagon of side length 10 cm is:
10 cm
5 10
2
A
180 cm
4 tan 5
1
a Use the formula above to calculate the area of a square of side length 6 cm.
2
b How does this answer compare with the answer you obtain using A l ?
There are two regular polygons of side length 10 cm, one of which has 9 sides and the
other 18 sides.
a Calculate the areas of both polygons.
b Is the area of the 18-sided polygon twice the area of the 9-sided polygon?
Measure the side length of a 50c coin. Use this to calculate the area of the coin.
a Use the formula to calculate the area of an octagon of side length 20 cm.
b Calculate the area of an octagon of side length 40 cm.
c Is the area of the larger octagon twice the area of the smaller one?
360
12 cm
324
3.5 cm
Calculate:
a the area of the circle
b the area of the regular polygon
c the shaded area
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
18 cm
7.5 cm
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
3.4 m
literaacy skillsil
12/8/04
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Page 325
literacy
acy skillsil
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
SKILLS 9
trigonometry
hypotenuse adjacent
opposite right-angled sine cosine tangent
trigonometric
elevation
depression bearing
alpha
exact
sine
angle
hypotenuse
tangent
beta
length
theta
cosine
opposite
triangle
degree
depression
ratio
right
trigonometric trigonometry
A
E
A
A mnemonic is a memory aid; for example, My Very Earnest Mother Just Sited Us Nine
Planets can help you remember the order of the planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto). Make up a mnemonic to help you remember
SOH CAH TOA.
Some people do not like to sit close to the front in a cinema. Explain how the angle of
elevation from the seat to the screen changes as you move further backwards.
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
325
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Page 326
Chapter review 9
1
Name each side in the following right-angled triangles as opposite (O), adjacent (A) or
hypotenuse (H) with reference to the angle marked:
a
c
d
p
b
f
q
10
c
a
u
e
u
n
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the unknown side and then find sin and tan for
each triangle:
a
12
u
u
35
13
tan A 1.238
16.7 m
l
20
8.6 cm
50
36
9.5 mm
326
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
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62.68
tan 3045
b
6.5
17.8
15 sin 70
28
b sin A
C
56
200 m
10
B
T
11
65 m
30 m
u
32.6 m
12
A road rises uniformly 20.8 m for every 400 m along the road.
Find the angle of elevation of this road correct to the
nearest minute.
400 m
20.8 m
u
13
Q
41
C H A P T E R
23 cm
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
327
14
12/8/04
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15
16
In ABC, A 73, B 90
and BC 25 cm. Find the
value of AC to the
nearest centimetre.
17
9.5 m
73
25 cm
65
d
8.65
u
5.38
18
10 cm
15 cm
19
20
n
74
800 m
63
m
328
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
62
50 m
21
22
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Page 329
A
54
6.75
30 cm
u
3.49
23
24
25 cm
u
15 cm
15 m
u
16.9 m
25
41
50 m
26
P
u
70 m
32
7m
65
6m
8m
C H A P T E R
T R I G O N O M E T R Y
329
11:46 AM
Page 330
27
28
A ship left port and sailed on a bearing of 170 for 300 km. How far south of the port is
the ship, to the nearest kilometre? (Draw a diagram first.)
29
A boat left port on a bearing of N65E and is now 2200 km from its starting point. How
far north of the port is it? (Give your answer correct to the nearest kilometre.)
30
31
32
33
34
330
12/8/04
R
3000 mm
32
M A T H S
S T A G E
Q
P
130 m
G
B
50
50
P
38 cm
y
C O N N E C T I O N S
20
32
P(3, 4)
lug
ft
sha
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
10 cm
12/8/04
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Coordinate
geometry
Syllabus outcomes
PAS5.1.2 Determines the midpoint, length and gradient of an interval joining two points
on the number plane and graphs linear and simple non-linear relationships from equations
PAS5.2.3 Uses formulas to find midpoint, distance and gradient and applies the
gradientintercept form to interpret and graph straight lines
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when explaining
solutions and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
triangle by drawing a vertical side from the higher point and a horizontal side from the
lower point
nuse the right-angled triangle drawn from two points on the number plane and Pythagoras
theorem to determine the length of the interval joining the two points
nuse the distance formula to determine the length of an interval joining two points
ndetermine the midpoint of an interval from a diagram and from using the
midpoint formula
from two points on the number plane and
nuse the right-angled triangle rdrawn
ise
the relationship gradient
ru
n to find the gradient of the interval joining two points
ndetermine whether a line has a positive (upwards) or negative (downwards) slope by
following the line from left to right
nuse the gradient formula to find the gradient of an interval joining two points
nuse m tan to find the gradient of a line when given (its angle of inclination with the
positive direction of the x-axis) and to find when given the gradient
nrecognise equations of the form y mx b as representing straight lines and interpret
the x-coefficient (m) as the gradient and the constant (b) as the y-intercept
nwrite linear equations in gradientintercept form and general form
ndetermine the gradient and y-intercept of a line from its equation
nrecognise that parallel lines have the same gradient, and use this to test for parallel lines
12/8/04
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Page 332
Examples
Count the number of
units between the two
points if they are on
the same horizontal or
vertical line.
Plot each pair of points and find the distance between them:
1
y
4
P
4
Distance AB 2 units
4 x
Distance PQ 3 units
Distance LM 5 units
As shown above, to find the distance between two points that lie on the same horizontal or
vertical line, simply count the number of units between them. However, when the two points do
not lie on the same horizontal or vertical line, one of the following two methods can be used:
1 Plot the points on the number plane and use Pythagoras theorem.
2 Use the distance formula.
Example
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the distance between
the two points A(2, 1) and B(1, 3).
y
4
d
2
d
2
d
d
d
3 4
9 16
25
25
5
The distance AB is 5 units.
332
B(1, 3)
2
d
4 2
A(2, 1)
E x e r c i s e 10A
1
Pythagoras
theorem
can only be applied
to right-angled
triangles.
4
0
3
4 x
T H E D I S TA N C E B E T W E E N T W O P O I N T S
Plot each pair of points and find the distance between them:
a A(1, 3) and B(5, 3)
b C(2, 1) and D(2, 6)
c E(3, 7) and F(3, 2)
d G(1, 2) and H(5, 2)
e I(3, 2) and J(7, 2)
f K(5, 0) and L(2, 0)
g M(0, 0) and N(0, 7)
h Q(3, 1) and R(2, 1)
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
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Page 333
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the distance AB in each diagram. Leave your answers
in surd (square root) form where necessary.
a
y
4
y
6
A(4, 3)
y
4
B (6, 4)
2
4
B (4, 1)
4 x
4 x
y
4
B (3, 1)
2
4 x
2
B(3, 3)
4
A(1, 6) y
6
4
6 x
A(1, 1)
4 x
y
4
A(2, 3)
A (4, 3)
y
4
y
4
A (4, 1)
6 x
B (2, 4)
6 x
2 0
A (2, 1)
2
4
A(1, 1)
A(0, 0)
2 0
y
4
2
4 x
B(5, 1)
4
B (6, 6)
B (6, 3)
B (2, 2)
2
4 x
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the length of each interval. Leave your answers in
surd form where necessary.
a
y
4
(1, 4)
y
4
y
4
(2, 2)
(3, 1)
(4, 3)
(5, 1)
2
6 x
2
4
(3, 3)
C H A P T E R
4 x
1 0
C O O R D I N AT E
4 x
G E O M E T R Y
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y
4
(3, 4)
4 x
y
4
2
4 x
2
4
y
4
(3, 2)
(3, 5)
y
4
(4, 4)
(3, 2)
2
(5, 3)
4 x
(1, 4)
4 x
2
(4, 3)
Find the distance between each pair of points. Leave your answers in surd form.
a A(0, 2) and B(5, 3)
b A(3, 6) and B(1, 2)
c A(2, 5) and B(2, 1)
d A(2, 4) and B(3, 2)
e A(1, 4) and B(3, 5)
f A(2, 2) and B(3, 6)
g A(3, 4) and B(3, 5)
h A(2, 5) and B(2, 3)
i A(0, 5) and B(5, 1)
j A(4, 3) and B(1, 2)
k A(5, 2) and B(3, 7)
l A(3, 6) and B(2, 5)
Find the distance between each pair of points. Give your answers correct to
1 decimal place.
a P(2, 1) and Q(3, 4)
b P(1, 5) and Q(3, 1)
c P(2, 3) and Q(1, 2)
d P(3, 1) and Q(2, 6)
e P(2, 4) and Q(1, 6)
f P(3, 2) and Q(2, 5)
g P(2, 3) and Q(1, 4)
h P(3, 5) and Q(2, 4)
i P(1, 6) and Q(3, 3)
j P(1, 5) and Q(2, 7)
k P(0, 6) and Q(5, 1)
l P(3, 4) and Q(5, 6)
The points A(3, 3), B(3, 6), C(7, 6) and D(7, 3) are the vertices of a rectangle. Find:
a the lengths of AB, BC, CD and DA
b the lengths of AC and BD
(4, 2) is the centre of a circle. (5, 10) is a point on its circumference.
a What is the radius of the circle?
b Which of these points lie on the circle?
A(3, 5)
C(0, 6)
B(8, 7)
334
y
4
(4, 5)
4 x
2
4
(5, 3)
y
2
(3, 2)
(4, 2)
R(6, 2)
Q(4, 4)
S(7, 1)
A triangle has vertices H(4, 1), I(4, 3) and J(3, 5).
a Calculate the perimeter of the triangle. (Leave your answer in exact form.)
b Is the triangle scalene, isosceles or equilateral?
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M A T H S
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10
The end points of the diameter of a circle are K(4, 6) and L(10, 2). What is the radius
of the circle?
11
A quadrilateral has vertices T(1, 2), U(2, 1), V(3, 2) and W(0, 1). Show that this
quadrilateral is a rhombus.
12
y
4
C
d
4
4 x
y
B (x2, y 2)
x2
y2 y1
d
K
x1
A
x2 x1
(x1, y 1) y 1
Similarly:
BC BL CL
y2 y1
CD-ROM
AB AC BC
2
2
2
d (x2 x1) (y2 y1)
d
(x2
x1)
(y2
y1)
2
The distance d units between the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by
the formula:
2
2
d
(x2
x1)
(y2
y1)
C H A P T E R
1 0
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G E O M E T R Y
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Examples
1
Find the distance between the points A(4, 9) and B(5, 3). Leave your answer
in surd form.
A(4, 9)
B(5, 3)
x1 y1
CD-ROM
x2 y2
d (x
(y2
y1)
2 x
1)
2
(5
4 )
( 3
9)
2
(1)
(6)
2
1
36
37
Find the distance between the points A(5, 6) and B(2, 1) correct to
2 decimal places.
B(2, 1)
A (5, 6)
x1 y1
x2
y2
d (x
(y2
y1)
2 x
1)
2
[2
(5)]
(
1 6)
2
(2
5)
(7)
2
(3)
(7)
2
9
49
58
7.615 773 106 (from the calculator)
The distance AB is 7.62 units correct to 2 decimal places.
E x e r c i s e 10B
1
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T H E D I S TA N C E F O R M U L A
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Calculate the distance between each pair of points. Leave your answers in surd form
if necessary.
a A(2, 1) and B(5, 5)
b A(3, 7) and B(9, 15)
c A(2, 5) and B(4, 7)
d A(2, 3) and B(2, 5)
e A(3, 4) and B(6, 8)
f A(6, 3) and B(8, 7)
g A(2, 5) and B(7, 9)
h A(3, 2) and B(6, 5)
i A(2, 5) and B(3, 8)
Calculate the distance between each pair of points correct to 2 decimal places:
a A(3, 4) and B(5, 8)
b A(2, 6) and B(4, 10)
c A(3, 7) and B(1, 9)
d A(3, 8) and B(4, 7)
e A(5, 3) and B(4, 8)
f A(4, 4) and B(1, 1)
g A(6, 4) and B(5, 4)
h A(0, 5) and B(1, 2)
i A(1, 3) and B(3, 4)
Calculate the length of each side of ABC and use Pythagoras theorem to determine
whether it is a right-angled triangle:
a A(0, 0), B(5, 0), C(5, 12)
b A(1, 6), B(3, 2), C(4, 3)
10
11
Find the distance between the points A(1, 3) and B(3, 8) and then square it.
Find the perimeter of the triangle whose vertices are A(4, 0), B(7, 4) and C (1, 2).
Find the exact distance between the origin and the point (2, 5).
Which of the points A(3, 3) or B(6, 2) is closer to the point C(2, 2)?
Exact distance
means in surd form or
as a rational number.
Find the exact distance between the points A(3, 8) and B(2, 5).
Which of the points P(4, 2) and Q(1, 3) is closer to C(0, 0)?
A point P(7, 8) is on the circumference of a circle with centre C(4, 4).
Find the radius of the circle.
12
13
P(1, 1), Q(6, 1), R(8, 6) and S(3, 6) are the vertices of a parallelogram. Use the distance
formula to show that its opposite sides are equal.
14
The points A(3, 4), B(2, 7) and C(7, 10) are collinear.
a Find the distance AB.
b Find the distance BC.
c Is AB BC ?
d Is B the midpoint of AC ? Explain why.
15
a
b
c
d
A(2, 6)
B(6, 6)
D(2, 2)
C(6, 2)
ii
A(1, 7)
B(8, 7)
D(1, 3)
C(8, 3)
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AM MB
B(x2, y 2)
M(x, y)
x2 x T
A(x1, y 1)
x x1 S
Let the end points of the interval be A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2).
Let the coordinates of the midpoint M be (x, y).
Draw AP, MQ and BR perpendicular to the x-axis. Also draw
AS perpendicular to MQ and MT perpendicular to BR.
0
CD-ROM
and
MS BT
y y1 y2 y
y y y1 y2
2y y1 y2
y1 y2
y
2
The midpoint (x, y) of an interval AB with A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by:
x1 x2
y1 y2
x and y
2
2
Examples
1
Find the midpoint of the interval AB with the points A(4, 10) and B(6, 16).
A(4, 10)
B(6, 16)
x1 y1
y
16
x2 y2
x
y
y1 y2
2
10 16
2
26
2
13
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
A(4, 10)
338
M(x, y)
12
B(6, 16)
8 x
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If M(2, 4) is the midpoint of A(0, 2) and B(a, b), what are the values of a and b?
Substitute the values in the midpoint formulas:
x1 x2
y1 y2
x
y
2
2
0a
2b
2
4
2
2
40a
82b
4a
82b
6b
y
B(a, b)
6
4
M(2, 4)
A(0, 2)
E x e r c i s e 10C
1
T H E M I D P O I N T O F A N I N T E R VA L
y
4
M
B(3, 1)
2
4 x
y
4
y
4
B(3, 3)
A(5, 1)
4
0 M
2
A(3, 2)
e
B(6, 4)
8 x
8
y
4
B(5, 4)
y
4
A(5, 4)
8
4 0
A(4, 2)
4
B(3, 2)
y
8
2
0
y
4
B(6, 1)
6 x
4 x
4 x
y
4
A(2, 3)
B(3, 2)
2
y
4
M
2
2 0
M
2
2
A(3, 2)
4
A(5, 3)
C H A P T E R
1 0
B(3, 1)
4
2
A(2, 1)
C O O R D I N AT E
0
2
4
M
B(4, 3)
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y
8
4
M
y
2
A(6, 4)
B(5, 5)
B(4, 2)
4
8 x
A(2, 1) 2
A(3, 1)
0
6 x
B(6, 5)
For each of the following diagrams, find the coordinates of A, given that M is the
midpoint of AB:
a
y
4
M(0, 2)
y
4
B(6, 5)
B(4, 1)
4 x
2
M(2, 3)
2
A
y
6
6 x
y
4
B(5, 3)
4
y
8
2
4
M(1, 2)
B(1, 4) y
4
2
M(3, 0)
0
2
4 x
B(4, 1)
B(7, 7)
2 x
0
2
y
8
8 x
M(4, 2)
M(0, 2)
y
4
6
B(6, 3)
M(1, 2)
A
8
2
M(1, 4)
8 x
4
2
B(2, 1)
4
340
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
4 x
0
2
4
c
f
i
l
2
4
M(1, 2)
B(5, 3)
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The vertices of ABC are A(2, 5), B(6, 7) and C (3, 3). Find the midpoint of each side.
The coordinates of the midpoint of AB are (4, 6). If A is the point (11, 14), what are
the coordinates of B ?
Prove that the midpoint of (5, 8) and (5, 8) is the origin.
10
11
a
b
c
d
c
f
i
l
The vertices of PQR are P(2, 3), Q(10, 9) and R(8, 0).
a Find the midpoints of PR and QR.
b Find the length of the interval joining these midpoints.
A circle with centre (3, 2) has one end of a diameter at (2, 2). Find the coordinates
of the other end of the diameter.
A(2, 6)
B(6, 6)
D(2, 2)
C(6, 2)
ii
A(1, 7)
B(8, 7)
D(1, 3)
C(8, 3)
12
13
Given that the midpoint of (a, b) and (11, 19) is (8, 14), find the values of a and b.
14
The midpoint of PQ is (2, 4). Calculate the values of p and q, given P(p, 6) and
Q(3, q).
15
The midpoint of H(1, 4) and K(3, 6) is also the midpoint of D(0, 5) and E(a, b).
What are coordinates of E ?
16
The points E(1, 3), F(3, 1), G(1, 3) and H(3, 1) form the vertices of a square.
a Show that the lengths of the diagonals are equal.
b Show that the diagonals bisect each other.
Point A has coordinates (p, q). What are the coordinates of point B so that (0, 0) is the
midpoint of AB ?
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y
4
P
0
2
18
4 x
A(1, 1) and B(5, 4) are the end points of the diameter of a circle.
a What is the length of the radius of the circle?
b What point is the centre of the circle?
c Show that the point (1, 4) lies on the circle.
CD-ROM
vertical rise
Gradient
horizontal run
negative gradient
vertical
rise
horizontal run
Examples
1
Plot the points A(1, 3) and B(5, 6) and find the gradient of the line joining them.
vertical rise
Gradient
horizontal run
y
6
BC
AC
3
4
4
2
342
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
B(5, 6)
S T A G E
A(1, 3)
6 x
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Plot the points A(1, 6) and B(3, 2), then find the gradient of the line AB.
vertical rise
Gradient
horizontal run
4
4
1
A(1, 6) y
6
4
C
4
B(3, 2)
4 x
y
CD-ROM
Let two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) be on the line.
y2 y1
A(x1, y 1)
vertical rise
Gradient
horizontal run
BC
AC
y2 y1
x2 x1
x2 x1
x1
y2
C
y1
x
x2
The gradient is
generally
represented by the
pronumeral m.
Examples
1
Find the gradient of the line passing through the points A(2, 5) and B(4, 9).
A(2, 5)
B(4, 9)
x1 y1
x2 y2
y2 y1
Now:
m
x2 x 1
95
42
4
2
2
The gradient is 2.
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C O O R D I N AT E
G E O M E T R Y
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Find the gradient of the straight line passing through the points A(4, 7) and
B(6, 2).
A(4, 7)
B(6, 2)
x1 y1
Now:
x2
y2
y2 y1
m
x2 x 1
2 7
6 (4)
2 7
6 4
9
2
412
rise
opposite
u
run
adjacent
Examples
1
Find the gradient of a line that is inclined to the positive direction of the
x-axis at an angle of 45.
m tan
tan 45
1
The gradient of the line is 1.
29
Given that the gradient of a line is 50 , find correct to the nearest degree its
angle of inclination with the positive direction of the x-axis.
tan m
29
tan 50
30.113 733 15 (from the calculator)
The angle of inclination is 30 (to the nearest degree).
344
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Remember:
rise
y2 y1
Gradient slope m tan
run
x2 x1
E x e r c i s e 10D
1
y
8
1 0
F 6
4
E
2
0
2
C H A P T E R
the relationship m
to find the
gradient of each interval:
i
AD
ii BD
iii BE
iv EC
v FC
b Between which two points is the gradient:
1
i
5?
ii 5 ?
1
iii 2 ?
iv 1?
1
v 3 ?
vi 32 ?
8 x
6
C
C O O R D I N AT E
G E O M E T R Y
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y2 y1
Use the gradient formula m to find the gradient of the straight line
x2 x1
passing through:
a (1, 5) and (2, 7)
b (1, 2) and (3, 4)
c (2, 3) and (4, 7)
d (2, 4) and (1, 3)
e (5, 4) and (1, 5)
f (6, 2) and (8, 3)
g (3, 6) and (5, 1)
h (8, 10) and (5, 1)
i (3, 4) and (8, 6)
j (8, 1) and (4, 5)
k (3, 6) and (2, 4)
l (0, 0) and (6, 9)
10
11
Find the gradient of the line that passes through the points P(4, 2) and Q(7, 8).
12
Find, correct to the nearest degree where necessary, the angle of inclination to the
positive direction of the x-axis of a line with gradient:
1
a 1
b 3
c 3
d
3
1
3
e 2
f 4
g 1.19
h 0.79
13
14
Show that the points A(0, 3), B(3, 9) and C(2, 1) are collinear.
15
Find the gradient of the line passing through the origin and the midpoint of A(1, 4)
and B(3, 6).
16
A(1, 1), B(6, 1), C(6, 4) and D(1, 4) are the vertices of a rectangle. Find the gradient of:
a the diagonal AC
b the diagonal BD
17
P (4, 5), Q(0, 3) and R(2, 2) are three points on a number plane.
a Find the gradient of PQ.
b Find the gradient of QR.
c What do you conclude about the points P, Q and R?
Show that (1, 1), (1, 5) and (3, 7) are collinear.
Which of the following sets of points are collinear?
A (1, 5), (2, 3), (4, 2)
B (0, 9), (4, 7), (6, 6)
C (2, 3), (0, 1), (1, 1)
c
f
i
l
A line passes through the points A(3, 2) and B(6, 9). Find its gradient.
Find the slope of the line that passes through the points A(5, 3) and B(1, 7).
Find, correct to 2 decimal places where necessary, the gradient of a line that is inclined
to the positive direction of the x-axis at an angle of:
a 30
b 45
c 60
d 120
e 135
f 150
g 69
h 75
A line passes through the points P(2, 7) and Q(x, 5) and its gradient is 2. Find the
value of x.
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Linear equations
Gradientintercept form
The gradientintercept form of a linear equation is y mx b
where m is the gradient and b is the y-intercept. To change a linear
equation to gradientintercept form, make y the subject.
y=x
Examples
1
y mx b
m 2 and b 5
y 2x 5 has gradient 2 and y-intercept 5.
b y 4x 3 is in the form y mx b.
y mx b
m 4 and b 3
y 4x 3 has gradient 4 and y-intercept 3.
2
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General form
The general form of a linear equation is ax by c 0, where a, b and c are whole numbers
and a 0. For example, 3x 2y 7 0 is in general form.
To change a linear equation to general form:
p Remove all fractions.
p Move all terms to one side.
p Make the x term positive.
p Write the x term first, then the y term and last of all the constant.
Examples
1
3x
4
b y 5
b
0 2x 1 y
2x y 1 0 (general form)
3x
y 5
4
Multiply both sides by 4:
4y 3x 20
4y 3x 20 0
3x 4y 20 0 (general form)
0
0
0
0
This is true.
E x e r c i s e 10E
1
348
L I N E A R E Q U AT I O N S
b xy9
e 5x y 8
h 8x 7 5y
c
f
i
3x 6 2y
y 2x 1
3x y 4
k y x 14
9x 8y 3
c
f
i
l
9 y 6x
7x y 14
3y 9x 18
3y 9x
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Write down the gradient m and the y-intercept b for each equation:
a y 2x 1
b y 7x 3
c yx5
d y 2x 3
1
1
1
e y 2x 2
f y 4x 1
g y 2x 4
h yx
Write the equation of each line in gradientintercept form, given the gradient m and
the y-intercept b :
a m 2, b 1
b m 7, b 2
c m 1, b 4
1
4
d m 2, b 3
e m 3, b 3
f m 2, b 9
Change each equation to the form y mx b and then write its gradient and
y-intercept:
a 3x 4y 24
b xy5
c y 9 5x
d 4x 5y 10
State whether the point given after each linear equation lies on that line:
a x 3y 6
(0, 2)
b 2x y 4
(2, 0)
c y 3x 7
(1, 2)
d 5x 3y 8
(2, 3)
2x
e y 1
(0, 1)
f 3y x 12
(3, 5)
3
1
g y 3x 4
(1, 1)
h y 3x 6
(6, 4)
(2, 3)
(1, 1)
(4, 10)
(0, 0)
Which of the following lines pass through the point (0, 0)?
A yx
B y x 1
C y 2x 3
E y 2x 1
F y 3x 5
G 3x 4y 0
D y 1x
H
3
x
5
y0
Change each equation to gradientintercept form and then write its gradient and
y-intercept:
a 2x y 7
b xy60
c 1x y 0
d 3x 2y 5 0
2
10
Write in general form the equation of a straight line with gradient 3 and y-intercept 3.
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Reflecting on gradient
y
points?
A
2
a If A and B are rotated about the origin by 180, what are the coordinates of the
8 x
new points?
b What is the gradient of the line joining these new points?
350
Suppose the coordinates of A and B are both interchanged so, for example, A(2, 1)
becomes A'(1, 2). What are the coordinates of the new points?
b What is the gradient of the line joining these new points?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Parallel lines
Two straight lines l1 and l2 make angles of inclination 1 and 2
respectively as shown in the diagram.
y
l2
l1
u2
u1
Examples
1
A is the point (2, 2), B is (5, 1), C is (6, 4) and D is (1, 1). Which of the
lines AB, BC, CD and DA are parallel? What shape is ABCD ?
y2 y1
Gradient
x2 x 1
1 (2)
Gradient of AB
5 (2)
12
52
3
7
41
Gradient of BC
65
3
1
3
If m1 m2, the
lines are parallel.
2 1
Gradient of DA
2 (1)
3
2 1
3
1
3
AB CD and BC DA. The figure ABCD is a parallelogram.
14
Gradient of CD
1 6
3
7
3
7
The mathematical
symbol for
parallel to is .
0
y
2x 3
2
2x y 7
2x 7
y
m2
0
y
2x 7
2
In y mx b, m is
the gradient and b is
the y-intercept.
C H A P T E R
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E x e r c i s e 10F
352
PA R A L L E L L I N E S
The line l has gradient 2 and y-intercept 5. The line n passes through the points
(1, 1) and (2, 5). Show that l is parallel to n.
Show that the points A(2, 6), B(5, 2), C(1, 1) and D(2, 3) are the vertices of a
parallelogram.
10
The vertices of a quadrilateral are A(2, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 5) and D(3, 4).
a Find the gradient of:
i
AB
ii BC
iii CD
b What kind of a quadrilateral is this?
Find the gradient of a straight line parallel to the line joining (2, 3) and (5, 1).
Show that the line joining (5, 8) and (1, 4) is parallel to the line 4x 2y 3 0.
What is the gradient of a line parallel to the straight line 3x 2y 9 0?
What is the value of m if the lines y 4x 3 and y mx 5 are parallel?
Write in general form the equation of the line that has y-intercept 7 and is parallel to
the line y 2x 1.
iv
DA
11
Change each equation to gradientintercept form and then decide whether or not each
pair of lines are parallel:
a 3x 2y 7 and 2y 7 3x
b 5x 9 4y and 5x 4y 12 0
2
c 2x 6y 3 0 and 3y x 5
d y 3x 6 and 2x 3y 17 0
e x y 3 0 and x y 6 0
f 4x 2y 5 and 2x y 9
12
What is the gradient of any line that is parallel to the given line?
13
14
15
a Find the equation of the line that has y-intercept 2 and is parallel to y 3x 4.
b Line PQ has y-intercept 3 and is parallel to y 5x 2. What is its equation?
c A line has y-intercept 8 and is parallel to x y 7. Find the equation of this line.
a y 7x 5
b 2x 3y 6 0
C O N N E C T I O N S
xy2
M A T H S
xy2
S T A G E
2x y 0
x 2y 0
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P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 10
The coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), . . . , (xn, yn ) of a convex polygon can be used to
calculate its area (A). The coordinates must be taken in an anticlockwise direction around the
polygon, beginning and ending at the same point.
1
2
1
1
4
3
2
5 4 3 2 1 0
y
6
6 x
( 2, 5 )
5
4
3
2
point 3
( 5, 1 )
6 x
5 4 3 2 1 0
(5, 1)
( 4, 3 )
5 4 3 2 1 0
(4, 3)
( 2, 5 ) (start/finish)
( 4, 3 )
(2, 5)
point 1
5
point 2
y
6
( 5, 1 )
1
6 x
Calculate the area of the triangle with vertices A(1, 0), B(4, 3) and C (3, 5).
Calculate the area of the quadrilateral with vertices (0, 2), (1, 1), (1, 4) and (4, 2).
Calculate the area of the pentagon with vertices P(1, 7), Q(3, 5), R(2, 5), S(2, 3)
and T(3, 0).
2
C H A P T E R
1 0
C O O R D I N AT E
G E O M E T R Y
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literacy
acy skillsills
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
354
Literac y
S K I L L S 10
coordinate midpoint
length gradient
distance
perpendicular
interval
positive gradient
negative gradient
vertical rise
horizontal run
collinear
linear equation
general form
parallel lines
1
The coordinates (2, 3) are known as an ordered pair. What does this mean?
Two key features of a straight line are its gradient and its y-intercept. Explain the
meaning of each of these terms.
y
4
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
0
2
4 x
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Chapter review 10
1
Use the distance formula to find the exact distance between each pair of points:
a (1, 8) and (7, 5)
b (0, 2) and (7, 3)
c (4, 1) and (5, 2)
Find the perimeter of the triangle whose vertices are A(4, 6), B(9, 6) and C(1, 0).
The coordinates of the midpoint of AB are (6, 7). If A is the point (4, 4), what are the
coordinates of B ?
Show that the points A(3, 4), B(0, 2) and C(3, 0) are collinear.
b y 2 7
3y 7x 11
Write in gradientintercept form, then state the gradient and y-intercept for:
a xy3
b 4x 3y 7
c 2x y 8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
If the end points of a diameter of a circle are (2, 4) and (6, 8), what are the coordinates
of the centre?
17
18
19
20
The midpoint of P(2, 5) and Q(a, b) is M(2, 1). Find the coordinates of point Q.
21
Show that the midpoint of (3, 10) and (3, 10) is the origin.
y 2x 3
Find the equation of the line that has gradient 5 and y-intercept 3.
2
What is the equation of the line that has gradient 5 and y-intercept 3?
3
b the midpoint of AB
Find the exact distance between the points (2, 3) and (4, 5).
Show that the point A(3, 4) is equidistant from the points B(1, 1), C(0, 0) and D(6, 8).
Find the exact distance of the point (1, 3) from the midpoint of the line joining (7, 9)
and (3, 5).
C H A P T E R
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G E O M E T R Y
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22
23
Show that the points A(0, 3), B(5, 0) and C(10, 9) are collinear.
24
25
26
27
If (x, 7) is the midpoint of (2, 6) and (8, 8), what is the value of x ?
28
If the end points of a diameter of a circle are (2, 3) and (8, 5), what are the coordinates
of the centre?
Given that (x, y) is the midpoint of (3, 5) and (7, 3), find the values of x and y.
Prove that the midpoint of (0, 7) and (6, 3) is the point (3, 2).
E is the midpoint of A(2, 5) and B(4, 7), and F is the midpoint of L(5, 9) and M(11, 15).
Find the exact distance EF.
a Find the midpoint of AC.
b Find the midpoint of BD.
c Are the answers to a and b the same?
y
6
B(2, 6)
C(8, 6)
A(2, 2)
D(8, 2)
5
4
3
2
1
0
8 x
29
30
The midpoint of (x, y) and (8, 11) is (6, 9). Find the values of x and y.
31
Find the gradient of the straight line passing through the points:
a (2, 3) and (4, 7)
b (0, 0) and (6, 3)
c (5, 5) and (2, 3)
32
33
a Given that the point (1, 1) lies on the line y 3x b, find the value of b.
b Find the equation of the straight line that has gradient 2 and y-intercept 5.
34
35
a Find the equation of the straight line that has y-intercept 3 and is parallel to
The centre of a circle is (5, 4) and a point (9, 7) is on the circumference. Find the radius
of the circle.
the gradient of JK
1
y 2x 7.
b Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (0, 5) and is parallel to
y 2x 9.
356
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Syllabus outcomes
PAS5.1.2 Determines the midpoint, length and gradient of an interval joining two points
on the number plane and graphs linear and simple non-linear relationships from equations
PAS5.2.3 Uses formulas to find midpoint, distance and gradient and applies the
gradientintercept form to interpret and graph straight lines
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when explaining
solutions and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
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y 2x has degree 1.
2
y 3x has degree 2.
The graph of every linear equation is a straight line. To draw the graph
of any linear equation, follow these steps:
Step 1
Draw and complete a table of values. (To draw a straight line, you need
two points, but it is a good idea to have three or more for checks.)
Step 2
Step 3
Draw a line through these points and put an arrow on each end of the line.
Step 4
Label the x-axis, the y-axis and the origin. Write the equation of the line next to it.
Example
1
1
y
4
Remember: In the
equation y mx b,
m is the gradient and
b is the y-intercept.
yx1
4 x
2
4
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C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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y 3 2x
is the same as
y 2x 3.
y
4
1
y 3 2x
4 x
2
4
E x e r c i s e 11A
1
y 2x 1
d y x
e y 3x 2
G R A P H I N G E Q U AT I O N S I N T H E F O R M y m x b
y 2x 1
d y 21x
e y 3x
y 31x 1
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
359
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Parallel lines
have the same
gradient.
y 2x
y 2x 3
ii
iii
y 2x 3
yx
ii y 2x
b What can you say about these lines?
c What is the y-intercept in each case?
i
iii
y 2x
a Draw the graphs of each pair of equations on the same number plane:
i
ii
iii
y x and y x
y 2x and y 2x
1
1
y 2x and y 2x
b What can you say about the slope for each pair of lines?
8
Choose the equation for each line from the list given on the right.
y
6
y 2x
y 4x 4
y 2x
c
2
C O N N E C T I O N S
y x 3
yx2
4 x
360
iv
y 2x 2
d
f
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
y 3x
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Examples
1
A linear equation is
an equation of degree 1.
y
4
4 x
2
4
xy20
y
4
3
2x 3y 6 0
To draw the
graph of an
equation, first
complete a table
of values.
4 x
2
4
E x e r c i s e 11B
1
G R A P H I N G E Q U AT I O N S I N G E N E R A L F O R M
b xy10
xy50
d xy0
e 2x y 1 0
3x 2y 0
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
361
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For each equation, complete the table of values and draw its graph on a separate
number plane.
a 2x y 5 0
b 3x y 1 0
c 4x y 3 0
x
d xy10
e 2x 5y 0
xy30
2x 3y 0
ii 2x 3y 6 0
iii 2x 3y 4 0
b What can you say about these lines?
i
362
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
LHS means
left-hand side.
RHS means
right-hand side.
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Examples
1
Show that the line 2x 3y 6 passes through the point (3, 4).
If the line 2x 3y 6 passes through the point (3, 4), this point will satisfy
the linear equation.
2x 3y 6
2 3 3 4 6
6 12 6
66
LHS RHS
the line 2x 3y 6 passes through the point (3, 4).
E x e r c i s e 11C
Which of the following lines pass through the origin, (0, 0)?
A xy30
B 3y 7x
C 2x 8y 0
D 2x 3y 10
E y 5x
F y 2x 9
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
363
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Page 364
Find the missing coordinates to make each of the following points satisfy the equation
y 2x 3:
a (0,
)
b (
, 1)
c (3,
)
d ( , 5)
e (2,
)
f (
, 5)
10
A straight line y mx 7 passes through the point (1, 9). Find the value of m.
c
f
x 2y 6 (0, 3)
y 3 7x (2, 11)
11
a One of the points A(2, 1), B(2, 1), C(2, 1) or D(2, 1) lies on the line
12
13
a Show that the points P(0, 3), Q(4, 0), R(2, 12) and S(2, 42) all lie on the line
3x 4y 12.
364
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Example
Graph the line y 3 on the number plane.
y
4
y3
y3
2
4 x
2
4
From this example we can see that for any value of x in a horizontal line, the y-value will
always be the same as the y-intercept, in this case 3. Therefore, to graph any horizontal line,
all we need to know is the y-intercept.
The x-axis is a horizontal line. It passes through the origin, (0, 0), and so its y-intercept is zero.
Therefore the equation of the x-axis is y 0.
Vertical lines
For vertical lines, the gradient cannot be defined and therefore we cannot apply the equation
y mx b. However, by constructing a table of values, we can graph a vertical line on the
number plane. Its equation is x a where a is the x-intercept.
Example
Graph the line x 1 on the number plane.
y
4
x1
x1
4 x
2
4
From this example, we can see that for any value of y in a vertical line, the x-value will always
be the same as the x-intercept, in this case 1. Therefore, to graph any vertical line, all we need
to know is the x-intercept.
The y-axis is a vertical line. It passes through the origin, (0, 0), and so its x-intercept is zero.
Therefore the equation of the y-axis is x 0.
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
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E x e r c i s e 11D
H O R I Z O N TA L A N D V E R T I C A L L I N E S
x 2
x3
ii
iii
e x1
x4
iv
x 5
For each table of values, plot the points and draw the graph of the straight line formed.
Label it with its equation.
a
b
x
1
1
1
1
1
1
y 4
y0
ii
iii
y 1
iv
y2
(3, 2)
4 x
2
4
366
y
4
y
2
2
0
2
4
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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10
Using the values from 4 to 4 on each axis, draw the graphs of each group of straight
lines on the same number plane:
a x 3, y 2, x 0, y 2
b x 1, y 3, x 3, y 4
c x 2, y 0, x 4, y 4
d x 1, y 1, x 3, y 3
e y 2, x 1, y 3, x 3
11
x2
ii y 1
iii x 2
b Write the coordinates of the points of intersection of the lines.
c What kind of shape is formed?
d Find the perimeter and the area of this shape.
i
iv
y3
12
Find the equation of the line that is halfway between the two given lines:
a x 3 and x 7
b y 2 and y 4
13
a Find the equation of the line that passes through (1, 5) and is parallel to the x-axis.
b Find the equation of the line that passes through (3, 2) and is parallel to the y-axis.
14
a Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (2, 7) and is
Examples
1
3x 2y 6
3x 0 6
3x 6
x2
C H A P T E R
1 1
the x-intercept is 2.
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
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y
4
2
3x 2y 6
Draw the graph of the equation y 2x 4 by using the intercept method.
y
4
2
y 2x 4
y04
y4
the y-intercept is 4.
y 2x 4
4 x
E x e r c i s e 11E
368
4 x
c
f
2x y 3
2x 3y 12
c
f
2x y 3
3x 4y 12
ii
To find the
x-intercept,
put y 0.
To find the
y-intercept,
put x 0.
the y-intercept
b x 4y 4
e 3x 2y 18
c
f
xy5
3x 4y 12
Draw the graph of each equation, given the x-intercept and the y-intercept:
a x-intercept 2, y-intercept 2
b x-intercept 1, y-intercept 4
c x-intercept 2, y-intercept 1
d x-intercept 3, y-intercept 3
e x-intercept 1, y-intercept 3
f x-intercept 2, y-intercept 5
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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For each equation, find the x-intercept and the y-intercept and then draw its graph:
a 2x y 3 0
b xy50
c x 3y 6 0
d 2x 5y 10 0
e 3x 4y 6 0
f 2x 5y 5 0
For each equation, find the x-intercept and the y-intercept and then draw its graph:
2
a yx1
b y 2x 1
c y 3x 5
4
1
d y 3x 6
e y 3x 5
f y 3 2x
g y 8 4x
h y 3x 9
i y 2x 3
If a lines gradient is 2
and it cuts the y-axis
at 5, its equation is
y 2x 5.
Examples
1
y
6
4
y
2
A
4
a i
4 x
A
4
4 x
rise
Gradient
run
b i
rise
Gradient
run
OB
AC
OA
BC
2
2
3
1
ii
y-intercept 4
ii
y-intercept 3
iii
The equation is y mx b:
y 2x 4
iii
The equation is y mx b:
y 1x 3
yx3
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
369
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Graph the line y 3x 2 by using the y-intercept (b) and the gradient (m).
2
y
6
y 23 x 2
3
4 x
Write the equation in the form y mx b of the line that passes through the
point (2, 5) and has gradient 3.
y mx b
Since m 3, the equation of the line is:
y 3x b
The line passes through (2, 5), so we can substitute x 2 and y 5:
532b
56b
b 1
The equation of the line is y 3x 1.
E x e r c i s e 11F
1
d y 11 8x
1
h y 2x 3
l
y 27 7x
Write each equation in the form y mx b and then find its gradient (m) and
y-intercept (b):
a 3y 7x 5
b 2y 9 6x
c 4y 5x 3
d 8y 3x 5
e 2x 5y 10
f 4x 7y 9
g 2x 3y 6
h 5x 2y 7 0
i 6x 7y 15
j 4y 12 3x
k 2x 3y 12
l 4x 8y 3
Write the equation of each line, given its gradient (m) and y-intercept (b):
a m 3, b 4
b m 5, b 2
c m 7, b 5
d m 1, b 3
3
e m 4, b 3
i
370
m 4, b 2
C O N N E C T I O N S
m 2, b 6
m 8, b 5
M A T H S
S T A G E
g m 7, b 3
h m 2, b 6
k m 1, b 7
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
m 5, b 0
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y
4
y
4
y
4
2
x
4 x
y
4
4 x
6 x
y
4
8 x
4 x
y
4
y
4
4 x
4
4 x
y
8
y
2
y
4
y
4
2 x
y
4
x
2
2 x
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
6 x
RELATIONSHIPS
371
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Graph each line by plotting the y-intercept (b) and using the gradient (m):
1
a y 2x 1
b y 2x 3
c y 2x 1
d y 3 2x
1
e y 2x 2
i
6
11:53 AM
y
3
x
2
3
f
j
y 3x 2
y
1
2x
1
g y 3x 1
k y2
1
x
2
h y 2x 2
l
y 3x 4
Write the equation in the form y mx b of the line that passes through the given
point and has the given gradient:
a (1, 2), m 3
b (1, 3), m 2
c (1, 4), m 1
d (1, 2), m 2
2
e (2, 3), m 2
f (4, 2), m 3
g (1, 3), m 3
h (2, 4), m 5
2
i (1, 2), m 3
j (3, 4), m 5
k (2, 1), m 1 l (2, 5), m 7
Non-linear relationships
When the highest powers of x and y in an equation
are 1, the equation is a linear relationship. The graph of
every linear equation is a straight line, and in order to
draw this graph we need only two points.
However, in other relationships, the powers of x and y
are sometimes higher than 1 (or even negative) and the
graphs of these are not straight lines.
To draw the graph of a non-linear relationship, we
need quite a few points so that we can draw a smooth
curve accurately.
Three simple non-linear relationships are the parabola,
the hyperbola and the exponential function.
The parabola
The main features of a parabola are:
P It is symmetrical about its axis. This axis is called its axis of symmetry.
P It has a turning point, which is called the vertex of the parabola.
P Its direction is called its concavity.
axis of symmetry
When an object is thrown in the air, it travels in a curve called a parabola. The highest power
in the equation of a parabola is 2, and the equation is called a quadratic equation. For
2
2
2
2
example, y x , y 3x , y x 2 and y x 5x 6 are quadratic equations.
vertex
372
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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minimum
turning point
maximum
turning point
Examples
1
2
1
0.5
3
2
1
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.25
yx
y
10
yx
The vertex of y x
is the origin. The
parabola is concave
upwards.
8
6
4
4 x
2
Complete a table of values for and then draw the graph of the parabola y 2x .
y 2x
3
2
1
18
8
2
2
8
18
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
373
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y
8
8 x
The vertex of
2
y 2x is the origin.
The parabola is
concave downwards.
4
8
12
y 2x 2
16
20
3
2
1
y x2 2
y
16
12
yx 2
3
2
1
11
11
y x2
4
8 x
The graph of y x 2 is
2
the graph of y x but raised
2 units along the y-axis.
E x e r c i s e 11G
1
T H E PA R A B O L A
2
a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y 2x .
2
y 2x
x
3
2
1
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
374
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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a Draw the graph of y x for values of x from 3 to 3. On the same number plane,
1 2
x
2
b
c
d
e
f
g
a
b
c
d
e
1 2
a y 3x
b yx 1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
yx 1
d yx 3
3
2
1
3
y
2
e y (x 1)
3
2
f
1
2
3
ii
y (x 1)
x
3
2
c
f
yx 3
2
yx 2
ii
2
2 x
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
iii
AND
iv
2 x
2
4
d y 2 x
NON-LINEAR
2
2 x
2 x
RELATIONSHIPS
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The hyperbola
1
3
The graphs of equations like y x , xy 2 and y x are curves called hyperbolas.
To draw the graph of a hyperbola, we need quite a few points so that a smooth curve can be
drawn accurately.
The main features of a hyperbola are:
P It is not a continuous curve but has two parts called branches.
P The branches are smooth curves of the same shape and size; they are symmetrical and are
in opposite quadrants.
P The x-axis and the y-axis are asymptotes of the curve. That is, the curve approaches the
x-axis and the y-axis but never touches them.
P The asymptotes are at right angles to each other, so the curve is also called a
rectangular hyperbola.
Example
1
Complete a table of values for and then draw the graph of the hyperbola y x .
1
y x
x
4
3
2
14
13
12
1
0.5
1
2
0.5
1
2
1
3
1
4
y
4
1
y x
1
y x and xy 1 are
two different ways of
writing the same
equation.
4 x
A hyperbola always
has two branches in
opposite quadrants.
E x e r c i s e 11H
1
THE HYPERBOLA
12
a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y x .
12
y x
x
12
6
4
3
2
1
376
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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12
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12
c Does this graph cut the x-axis?
x
Does this graph cut the y-axis?
e What is the value of y when x 0?
What is the value of x when y 0?
In which quadrants do the branches of this hyperbola lie?
What happens to the value of y when the value of x increases?
What happens to the value of y when the value of x decreases?
12
Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y x .
12
y x
12
6
4
3
2
1
12
12
4
2
1
12
6
3
1
12
4
3
2
1
12
1
2
6
4
2
1
x
y
b y x
x
y
1
y x
x
y
d y x
x
y
For each equation, complete a table of values and then draw the graph on a separate
number plane:
3
4
a y x
b y x
c xy 6
d xy 4
e xy 16
f xy 6
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
377
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Example
x
3
2
1
1
8
1
4
1
2
y
8
6
The graph of
an exponential
equation always
passes through
the point (0, 1).
y2
4
2
4 x
E x e r c i s e 11I
1
T H E E X P O N E N T I A L R E L AT I O N S H I P
x
a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y 2 .
x
y2
x
3
2
1
b
c
d
e
378
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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x
a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y 2 .
x
y2
3
2
1
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
3
x
y3
3
2
1
y
x
1
x
1
x
y 22
3
2
1
y
1
x
Complete a table of values for and then draw the graph of each equation:
2x
2x
3x
a y2
b y2
c y2
x
1 x
d y3
C H A P T E R
e y (2)
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
1
x
y 32
RELATIONSHIPS
379
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Example
Draw the line y 2x 1 on a number plane. Reflect the line across the y-axis and draw
the new line. Write the equation of this line.
Complete a table of values:
y
4
y 2x 1
1
3
1
y 2x 1
4 x
{
{
1 1
380
2
1
1
3
y
2nd
quadrant
1st
quadrant
3rd
quadrant
4th
quadrant
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Without drawing a graph, find the equation of the new line formed when each line is
reflected across the y-axis:
a yx4
b y 3x 2
c y 2x 5
d y 3 2x
e xy10
y
8
y x2
6
4
2
4 x
Copy this graph and draw the line y x on the same number plane.
At how many points does the line intersect the parabola?
What are the coordinates of these points?
y
Draw the line y 2x on the same number plane.
10
2
e At what points does y 2x intersect y x ?
2
8
f Here the line y 3x and the parabola y x are
drawn on the same number plane. What are the
6
coordinates of point P ?
2
g At what points do the following lines intersect y x ?
4
i
y 4x
1
2
ii y 2x
a
b
c
d
yx
4 x
8 x
y 3x P
y 2x ?
ii
y 3x ?
iii
y 2x?
y
8
0
4
8
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
381
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y
8
x5
8 x
4 x
4
8
1
The graph of y x is shown. Write down the equation of
a line that:
a cuts this hyperbola at two places
b touches this hyperbola at one point only
c does not cut this hyperbola
y
4
2
0
2
4
382
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 11
1
x
3 3
An equation for a catenary is y . You will use this equation to draw the
2
shape of a catenary.
a Copy and complete this table:
x
3 3
y
2
b
c
d
e
2
3
13.52
2
1
0.5
0.5
Plot these points on graph paper, then draw a smooth curve to show the catenary.
Is this curve symmetrical? If so, what is its axis of symmetry?
What is the minimum value of this catenary?
The shape of the catenary is similar to another curve you have drawn. Which curve
is that?
Some curves intersect at simple points, but other points of intersection are more
difficult to find.
2
a The curve y x 4x is a parabola. How do you know?
x
b What type of curve is y = 2 ? Why?
c Copy and complete the table for each curve:
2
y x 4x
x
1
y2
2
1
d On a sheet of graph paper (at least half of an A4 size), graph both curves on the
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
383
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literacy
acy skillsills
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
384
Literac y
S K I L L S 11
curve
hyperbola?
In 10 minutes or less, see how many words of 4 letters or more you can make from
the letters of the term EXPONENTIAL RELATIONSHIP. No plurals or slang terms are allowed.
A total greater than 60 is excellent.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
b asymptotes
d vertex
b vertex?
S T A G E
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Chapter review 11
1
For each equation, complete the table of values and draw its graph on a separate
number plane:
a y 2x 3
b xy5
x
y 3x 1
ii
y 3x
iii
y 3x 2
For each equation, complete a table of values and draw the graph on a separate
number plane:
a x 3y 6
b 2x 5y 20
xy30
ii
2x 2y 8 0
iii
yx6
(3, 3)
(2, 5)
(3, 15)
(5, 1)
10
11
A straight line y px 5 passes through the point (1, 2). Find the value of p.
12
13
14
Show that the straight line x 2y 8 0 passes through the points (0, 4), (2, 5)
and (6, 1).
On the same number plane, draw these graphs:
a x1
b x 3
x5
A line passes through the point (2, 5) and is parallel to the x-axis. Find its equation.
For each equation, find:
i
the x-intercept
ii the y-intercept
a 3x 4y 12
C H A P T E R
1 1
LINEAR
b 2x 5y 20
AND
NON-LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS
385
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15
Draw the graph of each equation, given its x-intercept and y-intercept:
a x-intercept 3, y-intercept 5
b x-intercept 2, y-intercept 1
16
17
For each equation, complete a table of values and then draw the graph on a separate
number plane:
2
2
2
a y 2x
b yx 2
c y (x 2)
6
x
x
d y x
e y2
f y3
18
b yx1
e y 3x
i
19
x
y 1
2
y 4x
x
g y 2
3
d y2x
x3
y
2
x 3y 4
k y 2
3
1
4
2
1
3
2
2
10
1
h y 2 3x
3x 4y 24
2
3
11
2
4
11
14
4
4
yx
ii
x
y 2
iii
y 2x 1
iv
yx1
y6x
vi
y 3x 2
iii
y 2x
y 2x 5
x
ii
y 2x 3
386
21
20
1
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
y 4 2x
2
22
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y
4
iii
y
4
y
2
2
4
4 x
2
4
23
Write each equation in the form y mx b and then find its gradient (m) and
y-intercept (b):
a 2x 3y 12
b 5y 4x 7
c 3x y 8
24
Write the equation of each line, given its gradient (m) and y-intercept (b):
2
5
a m 4, b 7
b m 2, b 6
c m 7, b 9
25
Graph each line by plotting the y-intercept (b) and using the gradient (m):
1
1
a yx3
b y 2x 1
c y 3x 2
26
Write the equation in the form y mx b of the line that passes through the given
point and has the given gradient:
a (2, 3), m 7
b (1, 5), m 2
c (1, 2), m 3
27
Match the name of the curve with its sketch. Some names will be used twice.
a
y
4
2
4 x
4 x
y
4
2
4 x
4 x
0
2
1 1
parabola
LINEAR
AND
iii
4 x
4 x
ii
y
4
straight line
C H A P T E R
y
4
y
4
y
4
hyperbola
iv
NON-LINEAR
exponential curve
RELATIONSHIPS
387
28
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(14, 15)
14
12
(8, 10)
10
8
6
4
2
0
388
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
10
12
14
12/8/04
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Page 389
Equations and
inequalities
Syllabus outcomes
PAS5.2.2 Solves linear and simple quadratic equations, solves linear inequalities and solves
simultaneous equations using graphical and analytical methods
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.2 Solves problems using a range of strategies, including deductive reasoning
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when explaining
solutions and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
2y 3
z3
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Examples
1
Solve:
a x 5 16
b x39
x 5 16
x 5 5 16 5
x 11
4x 28
4x 28
4
4
x7
Solve:
a 3x 5 4
a
b 2x 7 15
3x 5 4
3x 5 5 4 5
3x 9
3x 9
3
3
x3
C O N N E C T I O N S
A linear
equation has
only one
solution.
5x
10
4
M A T H S
4x 28
x39
x3393
x 12
x
9
2
x
2 9 2
2
x 18
5x
10
4
c
b
Always write
every step.
Multiply both
sides by 2.
d 4x 9 2x 21
2x 7 15
2x 7 7 15 7
2x 8
2x 8
2
2
x4
Always check
your answer by
substitution.
d 4x 9 2x 21
5x
4 10 4
4
5x 40
5x 40
5
5
x8
390
Subtract 5
from both
sides.
x
2
d 9
The solution
satisfies the
equation.
S T A G E
2x 9 21
2x 9 9 21 9
2x 12
2x 12
2
2
x6
Collect like
terms.
12/8/04
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Page 391
E x e r c i s e 12A
1
Solve:
a x29
d x37
g x 7 15
j x 1 32
S I M P L E L I N E A R E Q U AT I O N S
c
f
i
l
x 8 22
x 4 15
x 1 12
x57
b 9
x
4
5
g 2x 10
h 3x 27
k 6x 24
c 8 a 20
g 18 16 x
k 12 a 36
d 6 m 14
h 7 a 49
l 3 x 14
b
e
h
k
Solve:
x
a 7
2
x
e 6
7
i 5x 35
x 5 14
x 21 9
x68
x 4 19
x
3
x
8
3
3x 15
Solve:
1
a 3x 4
x
e 8
7
i 2x 8
5x 20
8 y 15
Solve:
a
a 8
9
b 8p 5 19
e 8a 2.5 5.5
x
8
8
m
5
d 8
h 3x 12
l
x
7
2
8m
5
5y 16 4
m
g 18
5
d 12
k 6y 4 32
x
11
2
h 5x 4 21
3k 1 29
d 6a 2.4 8.4
g 5a 3 7
h 6x 5 7
3a 6 18
k 8y 4 8
b 12
g 9y 8 26
h 5 2m 16
3x
16
2
x
3
6
x
g
7
2
k 2x9
7x 49
a
7
11
Solve:
2x
a 8
5
d 3x 5 17
x
4
d 9
i
7
b 3x 9
Try answering
the first few
questions quickly
by inspection.
3x
2
e 4x 5 21
3x
4
k 9
C H A P T E R
1 2
c
f
i
l
4x
10
3
8 3m 17
7y 5 16
4p 3 17
4x
4
5
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
391
12/8/04
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d 7y 4 3
g 6t 5 31
h 5x 7 27
m
7
k 7
10
5x 9 26
e z
2
7
5
7
z 1
h 16 n 24 3n 0
k 6x 12 3x 24
2k 5 15
14 3 y 5y
3k 2 2k 3 14
5x 3x 7 19
a Solve:
2x 3
2x
11
ii 3 11
5
5
a Explain the difference between the two equations.
i
Examples
1
Solve:
a 3m 7 2m 5
a
b 14x 28 32 6x
3m 7 2m 5
3m 7 7 2m 5 7
3m 2m 12
3m 2m 2m 12 2m
m 12
Take the
pronumerals to
one side and the
numerals to the
other side.
392
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
14x 28 32 6x
14x 28 28 32 6x 28
14x 60 6x
14x 6x 60 6x 6x
20x 60
20x 60
20
20
x3
Then simplify.
S T A G E
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Page 393
b 4x 1 2x 11x
6t 4 5 3t
b 4x 1 2x 11x
6t 4 4 5 3t 4
2x 1 11x
6t 9 3t
2x 1 2x 11x 2x
6t 3t 9 3t 3t
1 9x
9t 9
9x
1
9t 9
9
9
As you gain
9
9
1
x 9
experience, you will
t1
be able to solve
equations without
writing all the
coloured steps.
E x e r c i s e 12B
E Q U AT I O N S W I T H P R O N U M E R A L S O N B O T H S I D E S
Solve:
a 5m 2m 6
d 3x 7 1 x
g 4x 5 2x 17
j 5x 32 3x
b
e
h
k
10x 2 6x
9x 7 8x 9
7a 10 5a 12
9x 7 5x 9
b
d
f
h
j
l
3x 11 2x 5
15x 14 10x 16
7x 3 6x 7
9x 14 2x
4x 3 3x 4
10x 3 7x 24
Solve:
a 6x 1 4x 7
d 33x 64 x
g 7x 11 5x 19
j 16 3m m 4
b
e
h
k
5a 8 3a 84
11x 90 x
4y 11 3y 16
5x 3 9 2x
c
f
i
l
5m 12 m 4
7x x 18
5 t 4 2t
8n 5 n 23
Solve:
a 7t 7 5t 5
d 8a 10 9a 4
g 8x 20 6x 6
j 9x 5 4x 10
b
e
h
k
5a 8 3a 8
3x 7 x 19
5y 9 3y 17
6t 3 2t 17
c
f
i
l
10x 11 5x 19
5 3x 9 x
6x 8 4x 2
8x 6 4x 14
Find by substitution whether or not the value of the pronumeral given in brackets
is correct:
a 7x 6 6x 5 (x 11)
b 3x 4 2x 1 (x 5)
c 4t 3 2t 5
(t 4)
d 2y 3 y 4
(y 1)
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
c
f
i
l
5x 2 3x 8
6x 5 4x 7
8y 2 6y 14
6m 9m 27
Always check
your answer by
substituting it in the
original equation.
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
393
e
g
i
k
394
12/8/04
12:15 PM
6x 9 3x 6
5t 3 2t 12
4x 2 2x 6
6x 3 5x 3
Page 394
(x 2)
(t 5)
(x 3)
(x 6)
f
h
j
l
8x 7 7x 5
4x 5 2x 9
5x 6 3x 2
9x 1 7x 5
(x 12)
(x 7)
(x 4)
(x 3)
Solve:
a 6 5y 10 3y
d 18 3y 10y 5
g 5x 3 8x 6
j 6t 5 19 3t
6x 1 4x 9x
8 3x 6x 7
2y 5 4y 21
7t 7 11 9t
c
f
i
l
6 3t 5 2t
5 6t t 9
7m 3 4m 12
3x 27 4x 18
c
f
i
l
12 3x 5x 10
3a 9 a 7
8x 4 6x 10
4a 11 9a 9
Solve:
a 5x 9 6x 3
d 10a 7 5a 8
g 5x 13 5 4x
j 2y 7 y 8
c
f
i
l
8x 3 2x 21
3x 14 x 2
8m 15 7m 6
10y 13 1 4y
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
b
e
h
k
b
e
h
k
3m 10 36 m
x 32 9x 8
8a 14 6a 48
9x 7 x 4x 31
S T A G E
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Page 395
Step 2
Step 3
Perform mathematical operations so that all the pronumerals are on one side and all
the numerals are on the other side.
Step 4
Examples
1
Solve:
a 2(p 1) 8
b 5(2x 3) 45
a 2(p 1) 8
b 5(2x 3) 45
Solve:
a 6(x 3) 4(x 2)
b 4(x 5) x 15 0
a 6(x 3) 4(x 2)
b 4(x 5) x 15 0
2p 2 8
2p 8 2
2p 6
6
p 2
p3
2
10x 15 45
10x 45 15
10x 30
30
x 10
x3
6x 18 4x 8
6x 4x 8 18
2x 26
26
x 2
x 13
4x 20 x 15 0
5x 35 0
5x 35
35
x 5
x 7
E x e r c i s e 12C
E Q U AT I O N S W I T H G R O U P I N G S Y M B O L S
Expand the expression with grouping symbols and then solve the equation:
a 3(x 2) 6
b 4(a 1) 8
c 5(m 2) 35
d 5(4a 3) 15a
e 3(m 4) 36
f 5(a 5) 45
g 3(2x 3) 45
h 5(m 2) 3m 16
i 3(2x 4) 18
j 7(x 4) 42
k 5(x 1) 25
l 3(m 3) 12
Solve:
a 4(x 1) 12
d 2(a 3) 9
g 7(x 6) 6(x 3)
j 4(x 5) 3x 9
C H A P T E R
Always write
every step.
b
e
h
k
1 2
6(3x 1) 12
8(x 3) 7(x 1)
3(x 5) 18
4(x 2) 48
E Q U AT I O N S
c
f
i
l
A N D
5(a 4) 4(a 3)
4(x 8) 2x 10 0
6(x 3) 4(x 2)
3(4a 2) 5(4a 2)
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
395
396
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Solve:
a 6(x 7) 4x 8
d 3(2x 7) 8x 5
g 3(2x 1) 5x 7
j 8(t 1) 7(t 1)
Page 396
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
7(x 2) 21
6(y 3) 12y
3(x 2) 15
2(2p 1) 18
Solve:
a 6(3a 2) 5(2a 9)
d 5(3 2x) 45
g 3(4m 6) 4(2m 1)
j 3(x 2) 2x 24
b
e
h
k
4(3x 1) 10x 18
9(n 3) n 3
2(x 4) 10
5(3a 1) 2(2a 1)
c
f
i
l
6(p 2) 48
3(x 7) 6x 9
8(y 5) 7y
9(x 1) 27 3x
Solve:
a 7(x 2) 5x 4
d 3(y 3) 27
g 5(x 10) x 6
j 5(a 4) 4(a 3)
b
e
h
k
4(2 x) 4x 32
2(x 3) 3x 11
6(n 3) 2n 8
6(x 5) 5(x 7)
c
f
i
l
8m 7(m 5)
7(x 2) 4(2x 3)
7x 4(2x 5)
3(m 2) m 12
Solve:
a 4(x 6) 2x 32
d 2(a 1) a 9 12
g 3(a 7) 2(a 8)
j 9(3a 4) 13(2a 1)
b
e
h
k
5(5a 3) 4(4a 1)
5(a 4) 4a 11 20
9(2a 3) 8(3a 2)
9 2x 5(x 3)
c
f
i
l
4(y 3) 3(y 1)
3(5a 7) 1 14a
8(2a 7) 5(3a 2)
6(2a 1) 5(3a 4)
Expand the expressions with grouping symbols, simplify and then solve:
a 8(2t 5) 4(3t 8)
b 5 2(a 1) 3(a 2)
c 7(t 2) 5(t 3)
d 4(3x 1) 2(3x 1)
e 4(a 3) 3(a 2)
f 7m (6m 9) 5
g 4(a 1) a 5 19
h 5(x 2) 4(x 1)
i 5(m 3) 4(m 2)
j 5(m 1) 4(m 3)
k 3x 2(x 1) 3(x 2) 8
l 3(y 2) 2(y 1)
6(x 1) 18
8(x 3) 7(x 1)
4(m 6) 3(m 2)
4(2a 3) 7(a 1)
10
Solve:
a 5(a 3) a 2 8
c 3(x 1) 2(x 1) 6
e 4(a 3) 2(a 1) 16
g 3(2x 1) 2(x 1) 17
3(x 2) 2x 4
8(t 3) 2t 16
7(3y 2) 5(y 1) 3
3(m 4) 2(m 3) 10
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
b
e
h
k
9 6x 2(2x 1)
3(x 4) 2x 5
3(3 2x) 33
3(m 5) 2(m 3)
b
d
f
h
S T A G E
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 397
Step 2
Examples
1
Solve:
y
a 6 3
5
y
6 3
a
5
Multiply each term by 5:
y
6 5 3 5
5
5
y 30 15
y 15 30
y 45
Solve:
m
a m 8
7
m
m 8
a
7
Multiply each term by 7:
m
7 m 7 8 7
7
m 7m 56
8m 56
56
m 8
m7
2x 9
3
2x 9
5
b
3
Multiply each term by 3:
2x 9
3 5 3
3
2x 9 15
2x 15 9
2x 6
6
x 2
x3
b 5
Multiply both
sides by the
denominator.
Always write
every step.
5x
6
b 13 3x
b
5x
13 3x
6
Multiply each term by 6:
5x
6 13 6 3x 6
6
5x 78 18x
5x 18x 78
13x 78
78
x
13
x 6
E x e r c i s e 12D
1
Solve:
a
a 5
7
y
e 2
3
2x
i 8
7
E Q U AT I O N S W I T H O N E F R A C T I O N
2a
3
4x
8
5
5x
10
2
b 9
f
j
C H A P T E R
1 2
1
x
4
3
2a
g 7 15
3
a
k 4
3
c
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
1
a
7
5
3a
h 5
2
x5
l 7
3
d
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
397
398
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Solve:
a2
a 8
4
2a 3
e 7
5
8x 2
i 2
3
Page 398
5x
2
3p 2
4
6
x7
1
8
b 1 6
f
j
Solve:
6p 10
a 16
2
a5
e 4
3
y
i 5 10
3
8p
12
k2
8
5
x5
3
7
b 3 9
f
j
f
j
a5
3
9 8x
9
7
4x
3 10
5
b a
f
j
Solve:
2x
a 4 3x
3
2x 1
e 7
3
5a 1
i 1
3
C O N N E C T I O N S
p
2
2x 7
5
4
x
8 15
3
b 3 8
p3
4
3m
5 7
4
8a 3
5
4
b 10
f
j
M A T H S
S T A G E
4m 5
12
3
2p 3
g 9
5
2x 5
k 8
3
c
5a 2
5
3
x
g 4 25
6
5x
k 10
7
c
3
y
7 4
m5
g 9
2
3x
k 3
7
c
y
6 11
5
7x 2
g 5
8
x
k 3 7
5
c
m
m 8
7
9 3x
g 6
6
2
k 4
3x
c
2m
8 6
3
7 2x
g 2
3
7 3x
k 5
2
c
m5
4
5x 4
h 9
2
3x
l 9 12
5
d 3
7a
4
a9
h 5
2
8x 3
l 6
4
d 1 15
a
5
5x
h 1 6
6
5a 3
l 12
2
d 1 7
a3
5
5x 2
h 4
3
x
l 3 x
5
d 6
3x
2
5
h 10
x
4x
l 4 3x
5
d 5 20
a
5
3y
h 5 2y
4
8 2x
l 8
5
d 2 7
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 399
4m
3
1
h 3
2x 3
2y 3
l y
7
x
x 7
5
3
g 9 6
y
3m
k 7 m
5
d 5 m
Step 2
Step 3
Examples
1
Solve:
y
y
a 1
2 3
a
7x
8
9x
12
b 3 5
y
y
1
2
3
(LCD of 2 and 3 6)
7x
9x
3 5
8
12
x 3
x 16
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
399
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 400
Solve:
x3
5
x7
3
p
3
a
p
6
2
3
b
x3 x7
5
3
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 15:
3
5
x3
x7
15
5
15 3
3(x 3) 5(x 7)
3x 9 5x 35
3x 5x 35 9
2x 26
26
x 2
x 13
b
p
p 2
3
6
3
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 6:
2
p
p 2
2
6
3
6 6 6
3
2p p 4
3p 4
4
p 3
1
p 13
3
2
x
4x
x
2
x 25
400
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
3
2
x
4x
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 401
E x e r c i s e 12E
1
Solve:
a
a
a 10
2
3
x
x
3
e
4
5
10
y
y
i 3
4 5
Solve:
5p
2p
a 9
3
4
x
x
e 7
4
5
8x
2x
i 1
5
3
E Q U AT I O N S W I T H M O R E T H A N O N E F R A C T I O N
m
m
3
5
x
x
9
3
4
t
t
3
3
4
b 8
f
j
4
y
y
3 6 3
3y
y
3
5
5
10
x3
x2
4
5
b
f
j
a
a
8
4
6
m
m
g 7
3
4
p
p
k 7
2
4
a
a
30
2
3
2x
3x
g 11
3
4
2x 1
x1
k
3
2
c
C H A P T E R
2p
p
3
5
2x
x
x
e 3
5
2
3
p2
p5
h 6
3
8
5
9
k 1
y
2y
b 10
1 2a
5a
3
3
3x 1
x4
e
8
4
1
1
h 5
2x
3x
3x
4x
5
k
2
3
6
b a
1 2
x
x
3
6
x
x
h 2
2
3
x
x
l 9
5
6
d 5
E Q U AT I O N S
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
A N D
2x
x
3
6
m
m
h 2
4
6
x6
2x 4
l
3
4
d 5
4x
3x
7
3
4
12
x
x
1
4
5
4x
3x
x
1
3
2
5
b5
b8
2
3
m
m
1
8
3
k1
k3
6
4
x1
x1
7
2
3
7
1
4
3x
2x
5
3
4
x
2x
9
3
2
x
x
x3
x2
5
7
8x
3x
1
7
5
Always check
your answer by
substituting it in
the original
equation.
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
401
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 402
Solve:
2m 7
5m 6
a
3
7
x3
2x 3
d
5
3
x2
x1
g 3
3
2
4
3
1
j
x
2
2x
2t 1
t3
4
5
x2
x2
e
3
2
p3
h 3 p
6
5
4
2
k
3m
m
15
b
1
(x
3
2
8
x
2x
6m
m2
e 0
10
4
5x 3
h 4
x
3x 5
2x
k
9
3
b 4
2) 2(7 x)
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
x2
x2
6
5
5
x5
2x 5
3
5
a1
a1
2
3
5
2x 5
x
9
3
5x
1
4
3
2
5x
x
5
4
4
2x
3
x
7
7
5
2a 3
a
1 4
3
7
3
5
7
2x
1
1
x2
2x 1
5m 1
m
6
3
x7
4x 5
8
16
402
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 403
Examples
1
x 2
x 11
A 48 m rope is cut into two pieces so that one piece is 8 m longer than
the other. Find the length of each piece.
Let the length of one piece be x. Then the length of the second piece is x 8.
x (x 8) 48
2x 8 48
2x 48 8
2x 40
40
x 2
x 20
The length of one piece is 20 m and the length of the other piece is 28 m.
3
Two cars leave the centre of the city at the same time. They travel in opposite
directions along a straight road, one at 60 km/h and the other at 80 km/h.
a How far apart are they after 1 h?
b How far apart are they after 5 h?
a The two cars travel in opposite directions. The distance between them is
the sum of the distances each has travelled. After 1 h the first car has
travelled 60 km and the second has travelled 80 km.
d 60 80
140
distance
Speed
time
d 140 5
700
After 5 h, they are 700 km apart.
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
403
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 404
E x e r c i s e 12F
U S I N G E Q U AT I O N S T O S O LV E W O R D E D P R O B L E M S
Write an equation for each of the following and then solve it to find the value of the pronumeral.
1
a When 7 is added to twice a certain number, the result is 15. Find the number.
b The sum of 3 consecutive numbers is 51. Find the largest number.
c Two girls have $27 between them. One has twice as much as the other. How much
a The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. Find the size of each angle.
b In an isosceles triangle, each base angle is double the remaining angle. Find the size
of each angle.
How must $59 be shared between Michael and Matthew so that Michaels share is
$4 less than twice Matthews share?
2
d When 10 is subtracted from a certain number, we are left with 3 of the number.
Find the number.
e In a parallelogram each obtuse angle is (2x 3) and each acute angle is (x 6).
Find x.
c
a 7 more than twice a number equals that number minus 5. Find the number.
b When 5 is subtracted from 3 times a number, the result equals the number
404
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 405
Find the value of each pronumeral. All length measurements are in centimetres.
a
b
x9
12
2x 3
Perimeter 49 cm
5x
Perimeter 74 cm
2a 5
5x
(2x 7)
3m 2
Perimeter 100 cm
5(x 2)
3(x 8)
(x 5)
Area 66 cm2
(3m 16)
68
(2y 1)
(2x 5)
(2x 4)
(4n 16)
i
73
61
a The head of a fish is twice as long as its tail. Its tail is twice as long as its body.
f
g
7
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
405
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 406
b Fatima guessed the number of jellybeans in a jar but guessed 24 too many. Her
friend Craig guessed 16 too few. The average of their guesses is 192. How many
jellybeans are there in the jar?
c A rope is 3.3 m long and is cut into three pieces. One piece is twice the length of the
shortest piece. The other piece is 50 cm longer than the shortest piece. Calculate the
lengths of the three pieces in centimetres.
d A journey takes 70 min. Half the distance is travelled at an average speed of
80 km/h, while the remaining distance is covered at an average speed of 60 km/h.
How long is the journey?
e Photocopier A is twice as fast as photocopier B. When both machines operate
3
together, 810 pages are printed in 4 of an hour. Calculate the printing rate, in pages
per minute, for each photocopier.
1
1
f Jessie spent 5 of her money. She then spent 5 of the remainder. Altogether she
spent $72. How much did she have to start with?
Examples
1
Solve:
2
a x 49
a
b x 4
x 49
2
2
x ( 7)
x 7
b x 4
x 4
There is no solution.
Solve:
2
a 3x 27
b 2x 3 0
a 3x 27
2
b 2x 3 0
27
x 3
2
x 9
2
x ( 3)
2x 3
2
3
x 2
2
x 3
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
x
2
3
406
3 2
x
2
S T A G E
The solutions are x
2
3
and x
2.
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 407
E x e r c i s e 12G
1
Solve:
2
a x 4
2
d x 25
2
g x 81 0
2
j x 5
Solve:
2
a x 45
2
d x 80
2
g m
j
3
S I M P L E Q U A D R AT I C E Q U AT I O N S
b x 1
2
e x 36
2
h x 100 0
2
k x 11
2
b x
4
25
e x 12 0
4
9
0
2
9t 4 0
Solve:
2
a m 42 0
2
d 1a 0
2
1
g x 64 0
2
j 25x 1 0
Solve:
2
a x 63
2
d 5x 55 0
2
g 3x 36
2
j 3x 48 0
h 3x 2 0
2
k 3x 27 0
2
b 16x 9 0
2
e 25x 16 0
2
h 64x 25
2
k 7x 7 0
2
b x 3
2
e x 2
2
h 2x 20
2
k x 14 0
b 7m 98 0
2
e 3x 18 0
2
h 49x 81 0
2
k 36x 9 0
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
x 9
2
x 64
2
x 121 0
2
x 17
2
x 6
2
y 15 0
2
2x 70 0
2
2x 5 0
2
x 144 0
2
25 x 0
2
1
x 24 0
2
16x 49
2
3x 12
2
10 x 0
2
2x 8 0
2
x 26 0
2
16x 100 0
2
6a 216 0
2
16m 81 0
2
4x 49 0
2
9y 49 0
2
7y 343 0
2
144x 25 0
2
25m 64 0
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
407
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 408
Examples
1
A 2bh
1
2 8 4.6
18.4
2
Prn
Given that I , find I when P 500, r 8 and n 5.
100
Prn
I
100
500 8 5
100
200
n
Given that S (a l ), find S when n 8, a 7 and l 123.
2
n
S (a l )
2
Substitute the
8
2(7 123)
values first, then
evaluate.
4(130)
520
E x e r c i s e 12H
1
408
E VA L U AT I N G T H E S U B J E C T O F A F O R M U L A
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 409
a Given that c
2
2
a b, find c when a 6 and b 8.
n
2
1 2
c Given the formula s ut 2at , find s when u 10, t 3 and a 6.
b Given that S [2a (n 1)d], find S when n 28, a 3 and d 6.
b b
4
ac
d If x , what are the values of x when b 8, a 3.5 and c 2?
2a
M
e If D , what is the value of D when M 552 and V 24?
V
2
1
22
f If V 3 r h, what is the value of V when r 7, h 12 and 7 ?
2
n
2
a The volume of a rectangular prism is given by the formula V lbh. Find the value
1
c
d
e
f
g
9C
related by the formula F 32. Find the value of F when C 42.
5
1
The area of a rhombus is given by the formula A 2xy. Find A when x 12 and
y 15.
Given that the formula for the circumference of a circle is C 2r, find C when
r 8.5.
2
1
The formula for the volume of a cone is V 3r h. Find V when r 7 and h 12.
a
Given that s , find s when a 3 and r 0.5.
1r
2
1
If s ut 2at , what is the value of s when u 7, a 8 and t 6.5?
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
409
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 410
Examples
1
Substitute, simplify,
rearrange and solve.
v u at
36.8 u 3 2
36.8 u 6
36.8 6 u
u 30.8
2
A 2h(a b)
1
b 4
b 13.1
E x e r c i s e 12I
1
E Q U AT I O N S A R I S I N G F R O M S U B S T I T U T I O N
A 2700.
a
1
e If S , what is the value of a when S 84 and r 3?
1r
2
Prt
If I , what is the value of P when r 8, t 5 and I 4000?
10 0
l
d If T 2 , what is the value of l when g 9.8 and T 16.8?
g
e If S 2r(r h), what is the value of h when S 527.79 and r 6?
c
410
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 411
n
2
d
Given that s , find d when s 12 and t 8.
t
d Given that P 2l 2b, find b when P 118 and l 40.6.
e Given that P 2l 2b, find the value of l when P 38.6 and b 5.3.
c
Where
necessary, give
your answer
correct to
2 decimal places.
d
t
a
b
Prn
Given that I , find r when I 2000, P 4000 and n 8.
100
2
2
2
d If c a b , what is the value of a when c 13 and b 5?
2
22
e Given that A 2r 2rh, find h when A 132, 7 and r 3.
c
22
7
and r 3.
c If v u 2as, what is the value of s when u 90, v 130 and a 25?
r n
d If A P 1 , what is the value of P correct to 1 decimal place when
100
A 20 101.45, r 5 and n 6?
l
e If T 2 , what is the value of l correct to 1 decimal place when T 22.7 and
g
g 9.8?
2
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
411
12/8/04
12:15 PM
Page 412
Inequalities
An inequality (or inequation) is a statement that has a pronumeral and a sign of inequality. If
the highest power of the pronumeral is 1, the inequality is a linear inequality.
The commonly used inequality signs are:
is less than
is greater than
is less than or equal to
is greater than or equal to
We use inequalities in
everyday language,
for example
Mt Everest is taller
than Mt Kosciusko.
5 4, 623 4,
4, 8.3 4
105
2
A linear inequality, unlike a linear equation, has more than one solution. For example, the
equation x 5 9 has one and only one solution (x 4). However, the inequality x 5 9
has an infinite number of solutions (x 4). Any number (including fractions and decimals)
that is greater than 4 is a solution of this inequality.
Solving inequalities
Inequalities are solved by performing inverse operations on both sides. For example, to solve
2x 10 we divide both sides by 2, because this is the inverse operation of multiplying by 2.
Now consider whether or not an inequality remains true when we add, subtract, multiply or
divide both sides by the same positive number.
For example:
p
p
p
p
39
6 12
4 10
24 60
25
(True)
(True)
(True)
(True)
In all these cases the inequality remains true and the direction
of the inequality sign stays the same.
Now consider whether or not an inequality remains true when
we multiply or divide both sides by the same negative number.
For example:
p Multiply both sides by 4:
However:
23
(True)
8 12
8 12
46
46
means is not
less than.
means is not
greater than.
We also need to reverse the inequality sign when the left-hand side and the right-hand side
are swapped. For example:
53
but 3 5
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Graphing inequalities
Solutions to inequalities are often graphed on number lines.
p This is the graph of the solution x 1:
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
A hollow circle on a
number means that the
number is not included
in the solution.
A solid circle on
a number means that
the number is included
in the solution.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Examples
1
An inequality has
an infinite number
of solutions.
b
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Solve each inequality and graph its solution on the number line:
a 2x 3 9
b 5 3x
14
a 2x 3 9
b 5 3x 14
2x 9 3
2x 12
12
x 2
x6
3x
14 5
3x
9
9
x 3
x 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
C H A P T E R
1 2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
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E x e r c i s e 12J
1
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c
g
k
o
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x2
x 1 and x 3
x 2
3x5
Solve:
a 5x 25
x
e 4
2
x
i 5
2
Solve:
a 2x 5
e 10 5x
i
6
414
INEQUALITIES
b 3a
12
f
j
b 3x
12
f
2x 3
Solve:
a x35
e 16 p 7
i 7 5x 8
8 4x
1
3x 1
b y 8 10
f
j
Solve:
a 3 7
11
e 4 3p
16
i 3 2x 15
C O N N E C T I O N S
7y 21
x
g 2
7
x
k 5
3
c
y
2
3
x
2
3
b 6 a 2a 15
f
j
M A T H S
9 2m 25
3 y 4
S T A G E
x5
x
3 and x 2
x
1
3
x
2
d n 8
15
h m22
l 7 y 8
d 6y 48
y
4
h 1
l
18 3x
d 5x 20
g x 7
h x 4
x
k 1
3
x99
7 5m 22
6p 18
d
h
l
p
5m3
y
2
5
d n52
g 2x 3 15
h 3p 2 10
k 3 m 5
3x 4
2x 3
g 8 2y
18
k 3 2p
9
d 6x 14 20
5 2x 3
h 1 5p 16
l
19 2m 5
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Examples
1
2x 2
6
2x
6 2
2x
8
3(2 x) 21
6 3x 21
3x 21 6
3x 15
15
x
2
x
4
x
3
x 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
When multiplying or
dividing by a negative
number, reverse the
sign of inequality.
x 5 and 5 x
mean the same thing.
x
3
x
2
b 1
a8
5
a 8
2 5
a 8
10
a
10 8
a
2
a 2
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
x
x
1
3
2
Multiply both sides by 6:
2
3
x
x
1 6
6 6
3
2
2x 3x 6
x 6
x
6
109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
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E x e r c i s e 12K
1
Solve:
a 2(x 3)
4
d 4(m 3) 36
g 2(a 4) 18
j 3(2 x) 15
Solve:
a
a 5 7
4
3x
d 20 x
5
2x
x
g
3
7
7
x
j 9 x
3
416
b
e
h
k
3(y 1) 6
3(2 3x) 12
2(5 x) 22
2(x 3)
10
c
f
i
l
1
x
2
3 6
3y
2
3t 1
h 1
2
a1
a
k 2
3
2
e 6
b 2(1 x) 3x
3m 2
3
i
l
x
7 9
3
a
a
2
2
3
5x
1
3
m
2m
2
3
3
2(1 y) 3
x3
2 1
4
h 4(m 2) 12
3y 2(1 y) 4
3a 1
1 2a
5
3
y
2
d 5(t 2) 4(t 1) 8
2y
y
2
4
1
x
x
e
6
3
2
g 3(1 x) 6
h 5(4 3x) 50
b
5x
1
3
5(p 4) 30
3(x 7)
42
5(2x 5) 11x 3
2p 3(p 3)
8
e 3
k 9 12
j
5
x
2
x
3
k 1
c
f
i
l
2
a
3
3
3y
2y
1
5
3
2(5 2x)
22
2x
x
3
5
2
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Simultaneous equations
Most of the equations you have solved so far had only one pronumeral and therefore each
equation had only one solution. For example, the equation 2x 3 7 gives the solution x 5.
However, equations like x y 3 and 2x y 8 are linear equations containing two
pronumerals. A linear equation of this type has an infinite number of solutions and its graph
is always a straight line.
Whenever we are asked to solve a pair of linear equations (such as x y 5 and x y 3),
we try to find the values of x and y that will make both equations true. In doing this we have
solved the equations simultaneously.
For example, consider this pair of simultaneous equations:
xy5
xy3
They give the solution x 4 and y 1, as we can see that:
and
415
413
If you draw the graphs of the lines x y 5 and x y 3 on the same number plane, you
will see that they intersect at the point (4, 1).
Simultaneous equations can be solved by using non-algebraic methods such as guessing and
checking, setting up tables of values and looking for patterns. They can also be solved
graphically by finding the point of intersection of their graphs.
Also, algebraic methods such as the substitution method and the elimination method can be
used to solve simultaneous equations.
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
417
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xy2
2
1
From these tables, we can see that the common pair of values is (3, 1).
Therefore the solution is x 3 and y 1.
2
Solve the following pair of simultaneous equations by using the guess and
check method:
2x y 1
xy2
1
Try x 0 in equation
1 :
2x y 1
xy2
20y1
0y1
y1
2
418
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M A T H S
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E x e r c i s e 12L
S E T T I N G U P TA B L E S O F VA L U E S A N D T H E G U E S S A N D C H E C K M E T H O D
State whether it is possible to find a single, unique solution to each problem. (Do not
solve them.)
a The difference between two numbers is 10. Find the numbers.
b Three times a number less than 5 equals twice the number plus 5.
c Two numbers add to 12 and multiply together to give 35. What are the two numbers?
d A cake and a drink costs $3.50, but 2 cakes and 3 drinks costs $8.50. Find the cost of
the cake.
e A cake and a drink costs $3.50, but 2 cakes and 2 drinks costs $7.00. Find the cost of
the cake.
f The product of two consecutive positive integers is 56. What are the integers?
g A pen costs twice as much as a pencil. Together they cost $3.60. Find the cost of
the pen.
Write down 3 pairs of integers for p and q that satisfy each equation:
a pq8
b 3p q 15
c 2p 3q 100
Substitute the values given in parentheses to determine whether they satisfy each pair
of simultaneous equations:
a x y 12
b 3x 2y 10
(7, 5)
(4, 1)
xy2
2x 3y 11
c
x 2y 2 (3, 2)
2x y 7
d 3x y 2 0
3x y 8 0
(1, 5)
Find the value of each pronumeral by using the guess and check approach:
a x y 15
b a b 12
c pq9
1
xy5
a 2b
q 2p
e x 2y 2
2x 3y 12
x 3y 3
g 3x 2y 8
h 2x y 4
xy2
xy6
k 4x y 8
2x y 6
2x y 2
x y 1
2x 5y 1
j
6
2x y 3
xy0
x 2y 6
3x y 1
2x y 4
Solve each pair of simultaneous equations by using the guess and check method:
a xy9
b 2x y 7
c xy6
d 5x y 5
x y 5
xy2
2x y 3
xy7
e x y 3
xy1
i
5x y 1
8x y 2
2x 2y 10
3x 2y 0
g yx2
h xy7
2x y 7
y x 2
k xy2
C H A P T E R
1 2
2x y 8
xy6
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
3x y 5
3x y 6
2x y 4
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
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The length of a rectangle is 3 cm more than its width. The perimeter of the rectangle is
38 cm. Use the guess and check method to find the length and width of the rectangle.
In a class of 29 students there are 5 more girls than boys. Use the guess and check
method to find the number of boys and the number of girls in the class.
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
There are some disadvantages of using the graphical method to solve a pair of simultaneous
equations:
1 It is time consuming.
2 Sometimes it is difficult to draw and read the graphs accurately if the solution is not
in integers.
3 It is hard to plot large coordinates.
In spite of these disadvantages, the graphical method still is an important method and is an
extremely useful tool for solving simultaneous equations.
Example
Use the graphical method to solve this pair of simultaneous equations:
xy1
x y 3
Step 1
420
xy1
x y 3
1
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S T A G E
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Step 2
xy 1
Page 421
y
6
4
The coordinates of
the point of
intersection satisfy
both equations.
x y 3
(1, 2) 2
4 x
Step 3
Step 4
E x e r c i s e 12M
1
Use the graph to find the solution to each pair of simultaneous equations:
a xy2
b 2x y 2
xy 1
x y 1
y
xy4
xy4
c
xy3
x y 1
e xy2
xy4
xy3
xy1
xy4
g xy1
h xy4
2x y 2
i
2x y 2
x 2y 1
d x 2y 1
f
x 2y 1
2
0
6 x
xy3
j
Parallel lines do
not intersect.
xy2
2x y 2
4
xy 4
2x y 2
xy 4
xy 3
xy 2
If simultaneous
equations are
parallel lines,
they have no
solution.
Use the graph in question 1 to find the approximate solution to each pair
of simultaneous equations. Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.
a xy3
b xy2
c x 2y 1
d xy4
xy4
xy1
xy3
xy1
C H A P T E R
1 2
xy1
2x y 3
g yx5
y 3x 9
c
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
d 2x y 5
xy1
h yx3
y 2x 5
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
421
i
4
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yx1
y 2x 3
Page 422
yx4
y 3x 6
k y x 2
y 2x 7
xy3
2x y 9
x 2y 3
2x y 0
d 2x 3y 1
x5
x y 3
e 2x y 3
xy1
xy6
Show graphically that each pair of lines are parallel (that is, they have no simultaneous
solution):
a xy3
b yx2
c x 3y 4
x y 1
2y 2x 8
x 3y 2
y
y = 3x 20
50
y = x + 25
40
y x 25
y 3x 20
30
20
10
10
20
30 x
100
150 x
y
700
600
Cost ($)
500
400
Company B
300
200
100
Company A
50
Distance (km)
422
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Step 2
Substitute the expression for this subject into the other equation.
Step 3
Step 4
Substitute this value into either of the original equations to find the value of the
second pronumeral.
Step 5
Examples
1
1
2x y 1
2
xy8 1
x8y
Step 2
2x y 1
2(8 y) y 1
Step 3
Solve:
16 2y y 1
16 3y 1
3y 1 16
3y 15
15
y 3
y 5
Step 4
Step 5
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
423
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xy3 1
x3y
3x y 5
2
E x e r c i s e 12N
1
e m 2n 10
xy6
2x y 7
g 2x 3y 13
h xy6
2x y 10
3x y 5
3x 4y 7
x 4y 5
d 3x 2y 9
e x3
x 3y 15
2x y 2
g 5x 2y 11
h 2a b 12
m 3n 5
m 2n 1
Solve by substitution:
a 2x 2y 78
x y 11
b x 2y 3
2m n 1
5m 3n 1
ab4
mn1
xy5
2
xy2
x 2y 7
x y 2
x 5y 13
3
424
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
ab3
2x y 1
S T A G E
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d 2x y 11
e 2x 3y 1
g a 5b 10
h 5x y 2
b x 2y 3
2x y 9
xy1
2a b 9
4
4x y 7
Solve by substitution:
a x 3y 15
yx1
d y 2x 1
yx4
g 5a 4b 18
3a 2b 2
Solve:
a 2x 3y 12
4x 3y 6
d xy9
xy3
g 2x y 6
x y 3
3x 2y 5
e 3x 4y 2
7x 2y 12
h x 4y 21
x y 12
f
i
b a 2b 0
3a 6b 12
e 3x 2y 4
xy8
h 2x 3y 2
x 2y 8
f
i
3x 2y 8
x 2y 8
2x 3y 6
x 2y 10
2x 9y 5
3x 3y 18
x y 10
xy8
2a 5b 13
4a 3b 5
3m n 3
5m 3n 19
15m 2n 27
3m 7n 45
m 5n 10
5m n 24
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
When there are 3 variables to be found, you need 3 equations to solve simultaneously.
Find the values of x, y and z in each set of simultaneous equations:
y
z
a x y z 15
b x 23
c xyz5
2
3
y
3
y 2x 1
xyz9
z
z
2
zy2
x y z 3
y
11
a b 20
2
2
2
a (b 11) 13
b Solve these equations to find a and b.
13
20
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
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Make sure that the two coefficients of one pronumeral are the same. If they are not,
multiply one equation by a number to make the coefficients the same.
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Substitute this value into any one of the original equations to find the value of the
second pronumeral.
Step 5
Examples
1
1
2
Step 1
Step 2
1
3x y 3
2
_____________
2x y 7
5x
Step 3
10
Step 4
2x y 7 1
22y7
4y7
y74
y3
Step 5
426
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2
3x 3y 3
3
3x 2y 3
2
_____________
3x 3y 3
Step 2
5y 0
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
3
1
Sometimes you will need to
multiply both equations by a
constant to make the coefficients
of one pronumeral the same.
1 5
2 2
15x 6y 84
15x 25y 255
19x 38
x2
Substitute:
3x 5y
3x 5 9
3x 45
3x
x
Step 5
3x 5y 51
1
2
Steps 2 and 3
Step 4
2
51
51
51
6
2
2
3x 5y
3 2 5y
6 5y
5y
y
51
51
51
45
9
2
It doesnt matter
whether you
eliminate x to find y,
or y to find x. Choose
whichever way you
find easier.
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
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E x e r c i s e 12O
1
T H E E L I M I N AT I O N M E T H O D
Use the elimination method to solve each pair of equations, by adding them:
a 2x 2y 20
b 2x y 10
e 2x y 2
3x 2y 10
x y 5
i
2
5x y 2
2x y 12
x 2y 6
g x 5y 8
h x 2y 9
xy5
3x y 7
k 9a 2b 91
b 3x y 7
e x 5y 14
x 5y 14
x 3y 6
3x 5y 4
x 2y 1
5a 2b 35
2x y 5
3x 2y 5
2x 2y 10
2x 5y 11
2x 3y 7
d y 2x 1
yx3
2x 3y 6
x 3y 0
g 3x 2y 20
h 2x 5y 8
2x 4y 3
2x y 12
k 2x y 18
3x 3y 10
2x 3y 6
3x y 10
8x 3y 6
5x 3y 3
b x 3y 5
e x y 3
2x y 6
x 3y 7
xy5
3x 5y 10
3x 5y 8
x 2y 6
x 2y 4
d xy9
xy7
yx2
2x y 8
g xy7
h x 3y 6
y 5x 2
2x y 12
k 2x 5y 9
3x y 5
4x 3y 11
x 3y 8
2x 9y 2
5x 13y 24
b 2x y 3
3x 4y 12
xy4
d 4x 5y 22
e 2x 3y 11
5x 3y 16
3x y 4
g x y 10
h 2x y 8
x 3y 6
2x 4y 8
k 3x y 7
3x 5y 25
2x y 8
m 4x 7y 19
n 2x 5y 13
o 4x 3y 9
p 2x y 8
q 5x 3y 1
xy3
x y 10
3x 4y 2
j
2x 5y 11
5x 2y 17
5x 2y 3
C O N N E C T I O N S
x 2y 9
x y 2
3x 2y 12
3x y 8
428
d x 5y 15
xy9
xy3
a 4x 3y 8
x 3y 6
2x 3y 6
x 3y 9
Use the elimination method to solve each pair of equations by subtracting them:
3x 3y 5
3x y 5
x 2y 9
5x 3y 15
M A T H S
8x y 6
S T A G E
x 3y 9
9a 7b 116
5a 2b 35
Remember to make
the coefficients of one
pronumeral the same.
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Step 2
Determine what you are to find and choose two pronumerals to represent the
unknown quantities.
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Check your answer to make sure that it satisfies the original problem.
Step 6
Example
Judy is 3 times as old as her son Tom. The sum of their ages is 64. Find their ages.
Let Toms age be x years. Let Judys age be y years. Now Judy is 3 times as old
as Tom, so:
y 3x
3x y 0
1
2
3x y 0
x y 64
_____________
Solve:
Use x and y to
represent the
unknown numbers
2
1
4x 64
64
x 4
x 16
Now:
x y 64
2
16 y 64
y 64 16
y 48
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
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E x e r c i s e 12P
U S I N G S I M U LTA N E O U S E Q U AT I O N S T O S O LV E W O R D E D P R O B L E M S
Solve each problem by forming a pair of simultaneous equations. Let the unknown
values be x and y.
a The sum of two numbers is 23 and their difference is 7. Find the numbers.
b The sum of two numbers is 80 and their difference is 42. Find the numbers.
c The sum of two numbers is 56. Twice the first number minus the second number
is equal to 25. Find the numbers.
d The sum of two numbers is 36 and one of the two numbers is twice the other.
Find the numbers.
e The difference between two numbers is 15 and the smaller number plus twice the
larger number is equal to 36. Find the numbers.
Form a pair of simultaneous equations for each diagram and find the values of x and y :
a
3x 2y
x 2y
13
50
x 2y
(4x y )
(x y )
3x 2y
3x
2x
2x 3y
x 3y
(2x y )
(2x y ) y
18
a Kate is 5 years older than her brother Peter. If the sum of their ages is 27 years, what
their ages.
430
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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A man has 2 daughters whose ages together total 32 years. Twice the age of the elder
is 6 years less than 3 times the age of the younger. Find the age of each daughter.
d At present Jordan is twice as old as his brother Michael, but 5 years ago Jordan was
3 times as old as Michael. Find their present ages.
e Michelle, at present, is 3 times as old as her daughter. In 10 years time she will be
twice her daughters age. How old is each now?
c
a A jar contains 35 coins made up of only 5c and 10c coins. The total amount is $2.60.
e
f
g
were sold and the total takings were $2221, how many adults and children attended?
When the numerator and denominator of a fraction are each increased by 5, the
3
value of the fraction becomes 5. When the numerator and denominator of that same
1
fraction are each decreased by 5, the fraction is then 5. Find the original fraction.
p
(Hint: Let the fraction be q.)
A truck is loaded with two different types of crates. When 20 of crate A and 25 of
crate B are loaded, the trucks 8 tonne capacity is reached. When 2 of crate A and 16
of crate B are loaded, the same capacity is reached. Calculate the mass of each crate.
A hall has 1325 seats. These are arranged in rows of 35 seats or 40 seats. The ratio of
35-seat rows to 40-seat rows is 3 : 4. How many rows are there?
Con has twice as much money as Fiona. If Fiona earns an extra $15, Con will only
have one-and-a-half times her amount. How much money does each person have?
The linear equation F ac b is used to change temperature from degrees
Celsius (C) to degrees Fahrenheit (F). Given that 0C 32F and 100C 212F,
calculate the constants a and b.
A company employs 4 times as many unskilled workers as it does skilled workers.
Unskilled workers earn $650 a week, and skilled workers earn $850 a week. The
weekly wage bill for these workers is $17 250. How many skilled and unskilled
workers are there?
Multiple-choice questions in a test are graded by adding 2 marks for each correct
response and subtracting 1 mark for each incorrect response (including no response).
Rory and Jenny answered all the multiple-choice questions, with Rory scoring 27 and
Jenny scoring 42. Rory answered 19 questions correctly.
a How many multiple-choice questions were there?
b How many more questions than Rory did Jenny answer correctly?
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
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P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 12
A way of solving simultaneous equations written as a1x b1y c1 0 and a2x b2y c2 0
is shown below.
b1 c1 a 1 b1
p Write the coefficients in order beginning from the middle (b) and
returning there in a loop.
p Draw diagonals between the coefficients as shown.
b2 c2 a 2 b2
p Draw dotted borders around groups of 4 coefficients.
p Multiply a pair diagonally ( ), and a pair on the other diagonal ( ).
b1 c1 a 1 b1
Subtract the second product from the first. Repeat this for each box
and write:
b2 c2 a 2 b2
x
y
1
b1c 2 b2c1
c1a2 c2a1
a1b2 a2b1
p Use this to determine the solution.
Example
Solve simultaneously:
3x 7y 13 0
4x 5y 3 0
7
13
3
3 7
4
1
x
y
(7 3) (5 13)
(13 4) (3 3)
(3 5) (4 7)
x
y
1
86
43
43
x
1
y
1
86
43
43
43
86
43
x
y
43
43
x2
y 1
Check this solution using the methods you have learned in this chapter.
For this method to work, the equation must first be written in the form ax by c 0.
1
Use this technique to find the solution to each pair of simultaneous equations:
a 6x 13y 1 0
b 2x 9y 8 0
c 6m 9n 5 0
5x 2y 12 0
5x 6y 37 0
8m 7n 10 0
d 5a 3b 1
e 5x 2y 10
f 7p 6q 30
13a 9b 4
4x 3y 15
5p 3q 10
a Does this technique have any advantages over the methods you used in this
432
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
literaacy skillsil
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literacy
acy skillsil
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
S K I L L S 12
linear
equation
substitute
expression
operation
pronumeral
grouping symbols
expand
lowest common multiple
inequality
simultaneous elimination coefficient
graphical
1
The table below includes a list of worded expressions. The first line of the table is
complete. Write the algebraic expression for the second line, then complete the
remainder of the table.
Worded expression
Pronumeral
unknown quantity
Algebraic
expression
x certain number
2x
n smallest integer
a Compare (write things that are similar in) and contrast (write things that are
different about) the substitution and elimination methods for solving simultaneous
equations. Which method do you prefer? Discuss why.
b Discuss why the elimination method is not a good choice of methods when solving
pairs of simultaneous equations such as xy 1 and y 2x 1.
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
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Chapter review 12
1
b x 5 12
5x 35
e 2x 3 15
5x 1 19
b 8x 7 6x 15
3 x 11
e 8x 5x 12
84 7x 5x
Solve:
a 5m 9 4m 7
b 8x 21 13 9x
d 6 2x 8 x
e 12x 7 3x 14x 3
Solve:
5x
a 10
2
m
d 5 6
12
5y
7y
3
2
4
6a 9 5a 3
b 5(x 3) 4x 1
d 4(x 5) 2(3x 6)
Solve:
a 3(3t 2) 2(2t 5)
b 8m (7m 6) 2(m 9)
Solve:
4x
a 2 2
7
Solve:
5p 10
a 10
3
Solve:
x
a x 6
3
Solve:
x2
x3
a
5
7
Solve:
6
5
a 4
5y
3y
10
434
Solve:
a x 9 24
x
d 8
2
8x
5
b 14 20 5x
3a 9
2
b 12
2m
5
b 9 m
y
3
y
4
1
x
1
2x
b 2
1
3x
b 3
11
Write an equation for each statement and then solve it to find the unknown value:
a 11 more than a number is 5 more than double the number. Find the number.
b The sum of 3 consecutive integers is 63. Find the smallest integer.
12
Solve:
2
a x 169
b x 225 0
13
Solve:
2
a 4x 100 0
b 8x 50
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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14
15
The volume of a cylinder with base radius r and height h is given by V r h. Find the
value correct to 2 decimal places of:
a V when r 5 and h 14
b h when V 548 and r 8
c r when V 64 and h 12
16
l
If T 2 , what is the value of l when g 9.8 and T 24? (Answer correct to
g
2 decimal places.)
17
Solve:
a 3x 5
4
b 6 2x 26
18
Solve:
a 3(2m 3) 12m 9
b 12 x
19
20
21
Solve these simultaneous equations using the guess and check method:
22
23
24
25
The sum of two numbers is 28, and one of the numbers is three times the other. Find
the numbers.
26
Solve:
a 8x 15 5x 12
b 18 4b 6 5b
27
Solve:
a 5(2a 1) 7
b 9(x 5) 4x 7
x
3
xy3
xy1
3x y 1
2x y 4
xy2
2x y 5
x 2y 5
3x 2y 1
2x 5y 10
3x 5y 15
C H A P T E R
1 2
E Q U AT I O N S
A N D
I N E Q U A L I T I E S
435
28
12:15 PM
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Solve:
x
a 2 4
5
b 7
29
Solve:
a 8x 3 5x 12
b 4
30
b 9(m 2) 4(m 1)
31
Solve:
a 8 y 5y 32
b 6(x 7) (x 2) 1
32
Solve:
a 3x 4 20
b 4x 12 24
33
Solve:
a 5x 4x 16
b 3(x 2) 12
34
Solve:
3x
2x
a 6
2
3
b n
b 2
35
36
436
12/8/04
3m
2
2x
3
6n 2
3
Solve simultaneously:
a 5x y 12
3x 2y 10
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
m
3
2x 6
8
b 5m 2n 16
2m 3n 5
S T A G E
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Surface area
and volume
Syllabus outcomes
MS5.2.2 Applies formulas to find the surface areas of right cylinders and the volumes
of right pyramids, cones and spheres, and calculates the surface areas and volumes of
composite solids
MS5.3.1 Applies formulas to find the surface areas of pyramids, right cones and spheres
WMS5.2.2 Selects and uses appropriate problem-solving strategies that include selecting
and organising key information and identifying and working on related problems
WMS5.2.4 Uses mathematical arguments to reach and justify conclusions
WMS5.2.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content
ndevelop and use formulas to calculate the surface areas of cones and spheres
nfind the volumes of right prisms and cylinders
nuse the fact that a cone has one-third of the volume of a cylinder with the same base and the
same perpendicular height
1
nuse the formula V 3 Ah to find the volumes of pyramids and cones
4
3
nuse the formula V 3 r to find the volumes of spheres
calculate
the
volumes
of
composite
solids
n
nfind the dimensions of solids, given their volumes and/or surface areas, by substitution into a
formula to generate an equation
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Examples
1
3 cm
6 cm
12 cm
10 m
6m
6m
3m
8.5 m
14 m
438
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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12.2 cm
24.6 cm
10 cm
12.2 h 5
2
2
2
h 12.2 5
123.84
12.2 cm
12.2 cm
h
10 cm
5 cm
E x e r c i s e 13A
1
S U R FA C E A R E A S O F R I G H T P R I S M S
10 cm
12 cm
27.3 cm
18 cm
4.8 m
18.2 cm
18.2 cm
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
0.9 m
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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Find the surface area of each solid (correct to 1 decimal place), given its net:
a
8.7 m
31.5 mm
2.4 m
18.2 mm
12.7 mm
1.8 m
4.8 cm
10.3 cm
5.2 cm
4 cm
8.4 cm
15 cm
15.2 cm
6 cm
12 cm
11 cm
2m
7.7 cm
6.4 cm
31 m
6 cm
16 cm
3.0 m
18 cm
17.0 m
17.2 m
76.2 cm
1.14 m
88.9 cm
63.5 cm
63.5 cm
2.337 m
Calculate the surface area of each shape (correct to 1 decimal place where necessary).
You will need to use Pythagoras theorem to calculate an unknown length.
a
x cm
8 cm
5 cm
x cm
22 cm
13 cm
12 cm
6 cm
440
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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24 cm
x cm
x cm
14 cm
19 cm
23 cm
32 cm
16 cm
38 cm
12 m
4m
20 cm
4m
28 cm
6m
34 cm
16 cm
45 cm
41 m
18 cm
37 m
30 cm
11 cm
20 m
84 m
36 cm
curved
surface
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
441
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r
2r
net of a
cylinder
The surface area of a cylinder is the sum of the areas of its two bases and its curved surface.
r
2
r
2rh
r 2
r
8 cm
Examples
1
A r
2
9.2
265.904 402 2 (using a calculator)
8.3 m
A 2 rh
2 9.2 8.3
479.784 030 1 (using a calculator)
2
442
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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A cylindrical can is open at one end. Find the external surface area of metal
correct to 1 decimal place.
7 cm
open
A r
2
7
153.938 04 (using a calculator)
12 cm
closed
The surface area is made up of one circular face and a curved surface.
Total surface area 153.938 04 527.787 565 8
681.725 605 8
2
E x e r c i s e 13B
1
S U R FA C E A R E A S O F R I G H T C Y L I N D E R S
10 cm
23 cm
14 cm
34 cm
3.7 m
19.6 mm
1.2 m
7.8 mm
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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2.4 cm
1.1 m
5.6 cm
2.7 m
d
18 mm
4m
39 mm
12 m
1.8 cm
2.2 m
2.6 cm
2.6 m
48 mm
97 mm
3m
7.5 m
444
Find the total surface area of the outside of a pipe 15 m long with radius 0.25 m. (A pipe
does not have any ends.) Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
A tank is to have a base and a curved surface, but no lid. If the tank is 68 cm in diameter
and 123 cm high, what is its outside surface area correct to 3 significant figures?
Give the total surface area in square centimetres correct to 1 decimal place of a closed
cylinder with dimensions:
a radius 4 cm and height 9 cm
b radius 2.4 m and height 92 cm
c diameter 1.4 m and height 75 cm
d diameter 128 mm and height 82 cm
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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The following solids were formed from cylinders. Find the total surface area of each
solid correct to 2 significant figures.
a
b
10 cm
30 cm
18 cm
12 cm
5m
15 cm
5 cm
1m
270
28 cm
The paper label on a can of apricot nectar is 26.7 cm long and 8.7 cm high.
It completely covers the curved surface without overlap.
a Find the radius of the can correct to 1 decimal place.
b Find the total surface area of the can to the nearest square centimetre.
Will the surface area of a cylinder increase more if you double the height, or double the
radius of the base? Explain.
10
Some salt is packaged in cylindrical containers of base diameter 8.9 cm and height
14.0 cm. The paper label around the curved surface is placed 0.65 cm from the top and
the bottom. What is the surface area of the label to the nearest square centimetre?
11
12
22.9 cm
91.4 cm
45.7 cm
61.0 cm
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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A
12 cm
10 cm
O
18 cm
10 cm
18 cm
12 cm
OM 2SR 2 18 cm 9 cm
2
AM AO OM
2
2
2
AM 12 9
225
AM 15 cm
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
R
A
12 cm
446
S T A G E
N 5 cm O
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
9 cm
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AN NO AO
2
2
5 12
169
AN 13 cm
area
of base
area
of ARQ
18 10
1
2
area
of ASP
10 15
1
2
area
of ASR
10 15
1
2
area
of APQ
18 13
1
2
18 13
564
2
Example
Find the total surface area of this square pyramid.
22 cm
A 2 15 22
165
Surface area area of base area of 4 triangles
15 15 4 165
885
15 cm
E x e r c i s e 13C
1
S U R FA C E A R E A S O F P Y R A M I D S
6.1 cm
12 cm
ABCD is a
square. M is
the midpoint
of AB.
6.1 cm
6.3 cm
8 cm
B
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
AB 21.6 cm
EM 30.4 cm
V O L U M E
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13.6 cm
12.9 cm
9.4 cm
12.6 cm
Find the surface area of each square pyramid (correct to 1 decimal place if necessary):
a
b
1.5 m
48 cm
2m
40 cm
8 cm
Find the surface area of each rectangular pyramid, giving your answers correct to
3 significant figures:
a
TO 24.5 cm
PQ 12.4 cm
QR 16.8 cm
B
O
448
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
C
AB 2.4 m
BC 1.6 m
PO 1.4 m
O
Q
S T A G E
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y
H
14.8 cm
I
I
18.6 cm
k cm
h cm
12 cm
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
449
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curved surface
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Creating cones
In this activity you will make 4 cones from 4 circle pieces of the same radius.
1
60
discard
450
120
discard
discard
Join together the cut radii to form a cone from each sector.
180
discard
10
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
slant height
sticky tape
11
12
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Arc length
(cm)
Area of
sector
2
(cm )
Radius of
cone (cm)
(measured)
Radius of
cone (cm)
(calculated)
Slant
height of
cone (cm)
60
13
2pr
l
r
2r
2
area of sector l
2l
rl
So the curved surface area of a cone is rl. The surface area of a cone is equal to the area of
the circular base plus the curved surface area.
2
Surface area r rl
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
rl
r 2
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
451
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Examples
1
12 cm
Surface area r rl
2
6 6 10
96
301.592 894 7 (using a calculator)
2
20.8 cm
r 26 20.8
243.36
r 15.6 cm
26 cm
Surface area r rl
2
15.6 15.6 26
2038.767 968 (using a calculator)
The surface area is 2038.8 cm
(correct to 1 decimal place).
E x e r c i s e 13D
1
Answer correct to
1 decimal place.
S U R FA C E A R E A S O F C O N E S
32 cm
452
Find the area of the curved surface only for each cone. Give your answers correct to
3 significant figures.
a radius 8 cm, slant height 12 cm
b radius 9.3 cm, slant height 14.5 cm
3
1
c diameter 16.4 cm, slant height 11.5 cm
d diameter 35 m, slant height 44 m
Find the surface area of each cone, leaving your answers in terms of :
a radius 1.2 m, slant height 1.6 m
b radius 6.5 cm, slant height 7.2 cm
c diameter 14.6 cm, slant height 10.1 cm
d diameter 1.5 m, slant height 1.0 m
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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c
12 cm
14.4 cm
7 cm
5.6 cm
10 cm
6 cm
By how many times does the total surface area of a cone increase when both the radius
and slant height are doubled?
Find the total surface area of each solid to the nearest square centimetre:
a
b
7 cm
c
diameter
4 cm
10 cm
15 cm
9 cm
18 cm
10 cm
15 cm
12 cm
12 cm
An icing bag is in the shape of a cone and is used to pipe whipped cream, icing or
frosting to decorate cakes and biscuits. One such bag is made of nylon and is 12 cm
high with a 10 cm diameter. It is open at the base.
a Find, to the nearest square centimetre, the area of nylon in the bag.
2
b How many such bags could be made from 1 m of nylon material?
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
453
10
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20 cm
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
454
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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10
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Surface area 4r
Examples
1
10 cm
Surface area 4r
2
45
314.159 265 4 (using a calculator)
2
8 cm
E x e r c i s e 13E
S U R FA C E A R E A S O F S P H E R E S
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
455
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Page 456
The area of a cross-section of a tennis ball through its centre is 32.3 cm . What is the
surface area of the ball?
The radius of large hemispherical conference centre is 20 m. The curved surface of the
2
hemisphere is completely covered with glass panels, each covering an area of 2500 cm .
a Find the curved surface area of the hemispherical centre to the nearest square metre.
2
b How many glass panels make up 1 m ?
c How many panels are in the conference centre?
10 cm
x cm
b
7 cm
1.5 m
8 cm
2.0 m
10
456
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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V Ah
h
A
V r h
h
Examples
1
5 cm
V1 r h
2
10 16
5026.548 246 (using a calculator)
16 cm
20 cm
4.5 m
30.2 m
2.3 m
15.8 m
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
457
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E x e r c i s e 13F
1
A 92 mm2
31 mm
7.2 m
A 15 m2
24 cm
A 14.1 m2
A 63 cm2
5.2 m
64 cm
20.5 cm
4.5 m
5.6 m
58 cm
37 cm
3.2 m
458
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
12.2 cm
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12.4 mm
6.4 m
3.1 m
18.4 mm
4.8 m
41.6 mm
22.5 mm
8.3 cm
2m
13.1 cm
21 cm
3.1 m
84 cm
24.5 cm
6.4 cm
32 cm
21.7 cm
1.8 m
49 cm
f
8.6 m
34 cm
4.8 m
5.7 m
9.2 m
4.2 m
18 cm
3.9 m
9.1 m
5.0 m
A 10 m long plastic pipe is used for drainage. Its outer diameter is 30 cm and its inner
diameter is 24 cm. Find the volume of plastic in the pipe in cubic metres correct to
2 decimal places.
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
459
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altitude
E
A
Slices through the pyramid parallel to the base are the same shape as
the base, but smaller in size.
D
O
B
base
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
discard
Trim the other container (the prism) around the top so that it is
the same height as the pyramid. You now have a prism and a
pyramid with the same base area and height.
Fill the pyramid with salt, sugar or sand. (You could use water,
if your pyramid does not leak.)
10
11
IL
460
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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V 3 Ah
h
Examples
1
V 3 Ah
1
A
BD 14 cm
CP 10 cm
AO 21 cm
A 2bh
2 14 10
70
Now:
V 3 Ah
J
P
O
H
S U R FA C E
HI 12.2 cm
HK 8.3 cm
LP 14.5 cm
1 3
C H A P T E R
3 70 21
490
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
461
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The height given is the slant height. Draw a triangle and use
Pythagoras theorem to find the perpendicular height, LO.
2
LO 14.5 6.1
173.04
OP 2 HI
14.5 cm
V 3 Ah
2 12.2
6.1 cm
O 6.1 cm P
E x e r c i s e 13G
1
Find the volume of each pyramid (correct to 1 decimal place where necessary):
a
AO 12.5 cm
7.3 cm
4m
24 m2
26.5 cm
39.4 cm2
0.25 m
0.14 m
0.4 m
24 cm
63 cm
31 cm
38 cm
A
23.7 cm
AC 1.2 m
BP 43 cm
DO 68 cm
20.1 cm
0.5 m
C
O
16.8 cm
B
6m
c
8m
5m
8m
5m
6m
8m
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5m
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If the base area (A) of a pyramid were to halve, what must happen to its height (h) so
that the volume remains the same?
First draw a diagram showing the information, then solve the problem:
a Find the volume of a square pyramid with base edge 2.75 m and height 3.6 m.
b A pyramid has a rectangular base 24.6 cm by 32.4 cm. If the pyramids height is
51.7 cm, what is its volume to the nearest cubic centimetre?
c A pyramid is 6.2 m high and has a triangular base. The base is 3.2 m long with
triangle height 4.1 m. Find the volume of the pyramid correct to 1 decimal place.
1 ha 10 000 m
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the altitude of each pyramid. Then find its volume
correct to 3 significant figures.
11.6 cm
3.4 m
11.5 cm
2.8 m
9.8 cm
14.1 cm
8 cm
5.3 m
C H A P T E R
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A N D
V O L U M E
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b
17.5 cm
3.6 m
3.1 m
18.7 cm
14.8 cm
4.0 m
4.2 m
12 cm
11
6 cm
8 cm
10 cm
V 3 Ah
That is:
V 3 r h
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Examples
1
10.4 cm
14.5 cm
V 3 r h
1
The volume of the cone is 411 cm (correct to the nearest cubic centimetre).
2
8.5 cm
h 8.5 2.5
66
h 8.12 cm (correct to 2 decimal places)
1
8.5 cm
h
2.5 cm
Now: V 3 r h
1
2.5 cm
E x e r c i s e 13H
1
1.8 m
c
12.1 cm
18.7 cm
3.2 m
6.4 cm
20.4 cm
A cone has base diameter 3.6 m and height 2.8 m. Find its volume correct to
1 decimal place.
A cones base diameter is equal to its height. If its height is 6.6 m, what is its volume?
Answer correct to 2 decimal places.
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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Paricutin is a conical volcano in Mexico. It first grew in a cornfield in 1943 and now
stands 410 m tall and is 1300 m across at its base. Calculate the volume of Paricutin.
Give your answer in scientific notation correct to 4 significant figures. Why is this
calculation very approximate?
Use Pythagoras theorem to find r or h, then calculate the volume of each cone correct
to 3 significant figures:
a
16.8 cm
3.9 cm
2.4 m
4.5 cm
21.5 cm
1.3 m
Suppose the dimensions of a cylinder are doubled. What changes will have to be made
to the dimensions of a cone that just fits inside the original cylinder so that the ratio of
the volumes of the new cone and the new cylinder will still be 1 : 3?
12 cm
6 cm
4 cm
1 cm
b
10 cm
8 cm
14.7 cm
20 cm
16 cm
10.2 cm
16.4 cm
10
A piece of circular filter paper has diameter 10.0 cm. A quadrant was cut out and
discarded. The remaining piece was joined together along the cuts to form a cone.
a What is the circumference of the
To help you see how to
circular base of the cone (correct to
answer this question,
2 decimal places)?
construct a cone
b What are the radius and height of this
from a circular
cone (correct to 2 decimal places)?
piece of paper.
c Calculate its volume correct to
1 decimal place.
discard
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Volumes of spheres
4
The volume of a sphere is 3 times the product of and the cube of the radius.
V 3 r
Examples
1
V r
6.4 m
3
3
3.2
137.258 277 4 (using a calculator)
3
2.3 cm
4
3
4
3
3
3
2.3
50.965 010 42 (using a calculator)
The volume of the hemisphere is half this volume:
1
E x e r c i s e 13I
1
VOLUMES OF SPHERES
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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c
3.5 m
2.4 m
12.2 cm
r
equ at o r
20 cm
18 cm
b
1.3 m
11.8 cm
2.1 m
6.7 cm
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14 cm
5 cm
11
12
A sphere fits snugly into a cylinder that has its height and
diameter equal to the diameter of the sphere. Show that:
volume of cylinder
3
volume of sphere
2
The Greek mathematician Archimedes (c. 282212 BC) made
this comparison. It was reported that a diagram like the one
shown here was engraved on his tombstone.
3
B7 B8 B9 B 10
B11 B12 r r r B 15
B16 B17 r r B 20
B21 B
B 25
22 B 23 B24
B6
B 24B29
27
B14
B 13 h
B 18
V 3r(B1 B2 B3 )
1
B26 B
13
B19
V 3r(4r )
4
V 3r
C H A P T E R
1 3
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A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Place the beaker (or cup) in the tray so that the tray
will collect any water that overflows.
beaker
tray
Carefully remove the beaker from the tray, trying not to spill any more water.
Pour the water from the tray into a measuring cylinder or measuring cup. Record its
volume in millilitres.
Height (mm)
Radius (mm)
Volume (mm )
Soft-drink can
c Work out and enter formulas for the volume and surface area.
d In the next row, enter height and radius measurements for a new cylinder that
has approximately the same volume as the soft-drink can. Find the surface area of
this cylinder.
e Repeat step d for at least 4 more cylinders.
f Which container requires the least amount of material for manufacture?
g Suggest some possible reasons why the soft-drink can manufacturer settled on these
dimensions for the can.
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Cabin luggage on overseas airline flights is limited to one piece per passenger. The
three dimensions, due to space restrictions, must not be greater than:
length width height 115 cm
Use a spreadsheet to determine the dimensions of a piece
of luggage that will give you the greatest volume (that is,
will allow you to fit the most belongings).
a Set up a spreadsheet with these headings:
Length (cm)
Width (cm)
Height (cm)
height
width
length
3
Volume (cm )
and width.
Use the above formula to calculate the
height. (How can you put this formula into
the spreadsheet program to allow it to do
the calculation for you?)
d Calculate the volume for each set of values.
e Arrange your results according to volume
using the Sort command.
f Which dimensions are best for your piece
of luggage?
c
1 mL 1 cm
1 L 1000 mL 1000 cm
3
1 kL 1000 L 1 m
1 ML 1000 kL 1000 m
Example
A milk carton measures 7.1 cm by 7.1 cm by 19.9 cm.
1
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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The nutritional information displayed on the carton states that each 250 mL of
milk contains 8.75 g of protein and 305 mg of calcium. How much of each of
these substances is in the milk in the carton?
The volume of the carton is 1003 cm (to the nearest cubic centimetre).
2
Protein 8.75 g 4 35 g
Calcium 305 mg 4 1220 mg 1.22 g
4 250 mL
1000 mL
E x e r c i s e 13J
A P P L I C AT I O N S O F S U R FA C E A R E A A N D V O L U M E
472
2m
A water pipes diameter is 5 cm. Water flows through it at the rate of 8 cm each second.
How much water, in litres, will pass through:
a in each minute?
b in each hour?
C O N N E C T I O N S
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C H A P T E R
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A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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11
A can of evaporated condensed milk has diameter 76 mm and height 100 mm.
a What is the area in square centimetres of the label covering its curved surface?
b The roll from which the label is cut is 10 cm wide and 1 km long. How many labels
can be printed on each roll?
12
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
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Suppose a tin can is to be made so that its diameter added to its height
is 20 cm. That is:
2r h 20
h 20 2r
h
6 cm
15 cm
14 cm
5 cm
While the sum of diameter and height remains constant at 20 cm, the volumes are certainly
different. In the first case the volume is:
2
V r h
2
3 14
3
395.8 cm
while in the second case:
2
V r h
2
7.5 5
3
883.6 cm
We want to find the dimensions of the can that has the greatest possible volume. We can use a
graphics calculator to do this.
2
Now the volume of the can is V r h, but we have h 20 2r. So the volume is:
2
V r (20 2r)
1
Press F6 to DRAW the curve. You may only see part of the curve now.
Enter the equation for the volume next to Y1. Use x, ,T to enter the variable, r. Your
display should be Y1 X 2(20 2 X) .
0
12
1
Y min
max
cale
0
1000
1
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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Did you obtain X 6.7 and Y 930.8 (correct to 1 decimal place)? If not, try steps 1 to
8 again.
10
11
12
What is the relationship between the height and the radius of the can for
maximum volume?
This drawing of an
ant has been enlarged.
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Can you see that the enlargement factor (or scale factor) here is 2? The length of the antenna
of the large ant (x) is 2 times the length of the antenna of the small ant:
x 2 1.4 cm
x 2.8 cm
(Check this by measuring.)
1
Similarly, the length of the abdomen of the small ant (y) is 2 the length of the abdomen of the
large ant:
1
y 2 2.6 cm
y 1.4 cm
(Check this by measuring.)
Another interesting fact of similar figures is that their areas are in proportion to the squares of
corresponding sides.
A1
2
1
2
2
A
d
1
A2
d
A2
d1
d2
Examples
1
d
A
1 12
A2 d2
2
A
8
2
2
192 12
8
A 192 2
12
1
853
192 cm2
A
8 cm
12 cm
1
5.1 cm2
10.2 cm2
2.4 cm
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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d
A
1 12
A2 d2
2
10.2
d
2
5.1
2.4
2
10.2
d
2
5.1
2.4
2
2
10.2
d 2.4 5.1
d 3.394 112 55 (using a calculator)
E x e r c i s e 13K
1
Find the ratio of the larger area to the smaller area in each pair of similar figures:
a
c
2 cm
1 cm
4 cm
3 cm
4.5 cm
1.5 cm
e
8 mm
12 mm
4 cm
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4m
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Each pair of figures are similar. Calculate each area marked A (correct to 2 decimal places):
a
15.9 cm2
7.3 m2
2.3 cm2
A
A
1.2 cm
1.5 cm
1.8 cm
0.7 m
4.5 cm
2.1 m
e
7.5 cm
31.6 cm
2.4 cm
3.2 cm
4.88 cm
7.32 cm
Each pair of figures are similar. Find each length marked x (correct to 1 decimal place
where necessary):
a
b
93.5 m2
c
2
68.85 cm2
30.6 cm
23.4 m2
58.3 cm2
37.3 cm
5.2 cm
x
6m
8.1 cm2
7.3 cm
f
122.4 cm2
15.6 cm
7.2 m2
2.5 m
5m
3.6 cm2
166.6 cm2
3.6 cm
x
The plan of a house is in the ratio 1 : 200. If the area of the house is 150 m , what is the
area of the plan in square centimetres?
Two similar sheets of paper have lengths in the ratio 3 : 5. If the larger sheets area is
2
1500 cm , what is the area of the smaller sheet?
When designing coins, the artist works on a diagram many times larger than the final
2
coin. The area of a coin measuring 2.8 cm across is 6.2 cm . What area in the diagram is
the artist working on if the design measures 28 cm across?
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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10
11
A pizza measures 24 cm across. What length across must it measure to cover double
the area?
12
PQ : PT
PQ : QT
area PQR : area RQTS
ii
iv
vi
PR : PS
area PQR : area PTS
area RQTS : area PTS
S
R
Similar solids
Solid shapes are similar if:
p they have the same shape
p their corresponding angles are equal
p their corresponding edge lengths are in the same ratio
A
d
1 12
A2
d2
and
V
d
1 13
V2
d2
Examples
1
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d
A
1 12
A2 d2
9
A1
62
9
3
A1 93
1
20 4 3
81
36
81
V1 d1
3
V2 d2
3
9
V1
3
6
18
2
V1 182
3
6042
729
216
243
We could find the total surface area of each figure first, then find the
ratios. But more simply, the corresponding areas are proportional to the
squares of corresponding sides.
2
A1 : A2 d1 : d2
2
2
9 :6
81 : 36
9:4
Chloe saw a 144 cm tall statue made of limestone (density 2.7 g/cm ) in a
museum. She decided to make a smaller version of this statue 36 cm tall.
When she finished she weighed her limestone statue and found it was 15.2 kg.
a What is the volume of her statue (to the nearest cubic centimetre)?
b What is the volume of the large statue (in cubic metres)?
c What is the mass of the large statue (to the nearest kilogram)?
d She painted her statue with a protective lacquer. If she were to lacquer the
original statue what volume, in litres, would she require, given that her
statue needed 75 mL?
The two statues are similar.
a 15.2 kg 15 200 g
The volume of
2.7 g of limestone
3
is 1 cm .
mass
Density
volume
mass
Volume
density
15 200
2.7
V
5629.629 63 (using a calculator)
3
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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d
V
1 13
V2 d2
3
144
V1
363
5630
144
V1 5630
363
3
360 320 cm
m~_~_~_~_~_
mass
Density
volume
M1 d1
3
M2 d2
3
144
M1
3
363
15.2
144
M1 15.2
363
972.8
d
L
1 12
L2 d2
2
144
L1
362
75
1442
L1 75
362
1200 mL
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E x e r c i s e 13L
1
SIMILAR SOLIDS
1.2 m
4 cm
2.1 m
5 cm
d
8.4 cm
7.2 cm
15 cm
10 cm
f
1.5 m
2.0 m
7 cm
10.5 cm
Each pair of figures are similar. Find each surface area (A) and volume (V ) that is
marked with a question mark (?). Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.
a
4 cm
2 cm
5 cm
3 cm
2
A1 24 cm
V1 ?
A2 ?
3
V2 27 cm
A2 ?
2
V2 20 cm
A1 = 15 cm
V1 ?
d
1.4 m
A1 ?
V1 ?
2m
5.0 cm
A2 9 m
3
V2 9 m
C H A P T E R
7.0 cm
A1 21.2 cm
3
V1 13.0 cm
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A2 ?
V2 ?
A N D
V O L U M E
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f
12.3 cm
0.8 m
1.0 m
A1 ?
2
V1 2.5 m
A2 8.2 m
V2 ?
16.4 cm
A1 85.2 cm
V1 ?
3
A2 ?
3
V2 145.6 cm
Each pair of figures are similar. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, each length marked x.
a
b
0.7 m
x
5 cm
A1 84 cm
A2 200 cm
A1 3.5 m
A2 7.0 m
16.3 cm
A1 45 cm
5 cm
A2 180 cm
V1 52.0 cm
V2 345.5 cm
f
x
2.5 m
12.6 cm
x
3
V1 7.5 m
484
V2 23.5 m
V1 25 cm
V2 200 cm
A shop sells two similar fish tanks, one being twice as long as the other. The smaller
tank requires 84 L to fill it. What is the capacity of the larger tank?
Female leopard seals are larger than males, reaching lengths of 3.6 m and masses up to
450 kg. A male leopard seal is of similar proportions and length 3.0 m. What is its mass?
A tin of biscuits is 18 cm tall and contains 500 g of biscuits. How tall must a similar tin
be to contain 1 kg of biscuits?
A 1 L bottle of extra light olive oil stands 26 cm tall. What is the height of a similar
3 L bottle?
C O N N E C T I O N S
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Quartz is one of the most common minerals. A crystal of quartz has mass 20 g.
a What is the mass of a similar crystal of double the dimensions?
3
b Given that the density of quartz is 2.66 g/cm , what is the volume of the original
quartz crystal?
10
An artist built a model of a statue 30 cm tall and of mass 18.7 kg. She needed 85 mL of
lacquer to coat it. She then built a larger but similar statue made from the same
material in the ratio 1 : 10.
a What is the height of the larger statue?
b What is its mass?
c What quantity of lacquer does she need for the larger statue?
11
A sturdy but light canvas sphere of radius 10 cm is completely filled with water.
a What is the volume of water in the sphere? (Give your answer in litres correct to
2 significant figures.)
b If 1 kg water occupies 1 L, what is the mass of water in this sphere?
1
c Another similar sphere of radius 2 m is completely filled with water. Could you lift
this sphere?
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
1
1
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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Comparing volumes
4
The volume of a sphere is given by the formula V 3 r while its surface
2
area is SA 4r . Now, as the radius increases, so does the volume and
surface area. The question is, by how much does it increase?
In cell B2 type the formula =4/3*3.14*A2^3 and press Return or Enter. What does this
formula represent?
Click on Edit Fill Down for cells B2 through to B9. Alternatively, click in cell B2 to
highlight it. Then click on the marker at the bottom right-hand corner of that cell and,
while the mouse is depressed, drag it down to cell B9. The program repeats the
instruction for these cells.
What formula must you type in cell C2? Try it, then fill down to see whether you get the
values shown here. Complete the values for all 8 cells in this column.
In column D you will compare how many times larger the volume of the sphere with
radius x units (V x ) is than the volume of the sphere with radius 1 unit (V 1). In cell D2
type the formula B2/$B$2. Again, click on Edit Fill Down (or otherwise) to fill
the remaining cells in this column.
What does this formula do? Explain why there are $ signs in the denominator of
this formula.
Type in an appropriate formula in cell E2, then fill the remaining cells in this column.
Type in the headings as shown, and the radius of the sphere from 1 unit to 8 units.
Explain what happens to the volume and surface area as the radius doubles, triples,
quadruples and so on.
Extension
1 2
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x
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
10 cm
Show that the side length you calculated for this larger cube
3
equals the length of the smaller cube multiplied by 2
.
10 cm
Suppose the cube drawn had its volume tripled. Calculate the
side length of this new cube.
Show that the side length you calculated for this cube equals the length of the smaller
3
cube multiplied by 3
.
If the original cube were to increase in volume 5 times, by what factor would the
original side length be multiplied?
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
10 cm
A N D
V O L U M E
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P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 13
Your body surface area is the area covered by your skin, which is the largest organ of your
body. Its shape is not regular and so different methods have been developed to calculate its
surface area.
There are formulas that you can use to calculate the approximate surface area of your body.
One is Mostellers formula.
(kg)
t
heigh
(cm)
mass
2
Surface area (m )
60
For example, a 48 kg girl of height 157 cm has an estimated body surface area of:
48
57
1
1.45 m2
60
Another formula is:
2
0.725
weight (kg)
0.425
For example, a 63 kg boy of height 1.5 m has an estimated body surface area of:
0.202 47 1.5
0.725
0.425
63
1.58 m
If you can, find out your mass and height from several years ago and calculate your
body surface area then. Have your mass, height and surface area all increased in the
same proportion?
Research: Megasolids
Use the internet and resources in your library to find one or more of the following
measurements. Use the formulas in this chapter where necessary, for example to find volume
if you have length, height and so on.
p the volume and/or surface area
of Uluru
p the capacity of Warragamba Dam
p the volume and/or surface area
of a skyscraper (cylindrical or
rectangular)
p the volume of a dome-shaped
indoor sports centre
p the capacity of the racing pool
at Sydney Olympic Park
Aquatic Centre
488
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literacy
acy skillsil
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
S K I L L S 13
10 cm
30 cm
2.3 m
a
b
c
d
Using a diagram, carefully explain the difference between the altitude and the slant
height of a pyramid.
What is a hemisphere?
What does the prefix hemi mean?
Earth is divided into two hemispheres. Where is the boundary between them?
If a sphere is not divided equally into two halves, can the two pieces be described as
hemispheres? Explain.
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
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Chapter review 13
1
8 cm
15 cm
30 cm
b
12 cm
7.8 cm
15 cm
9 cm
8 cm
6 cm
Find the area of the shaded face in each solid, then calculate its volume (correct to
1 decimal place):
a
21.2 cm
14 m
42.6 cm
10.4 cm
19.3 m
29.6 cm
7m
Find the volume of a hexagonal prism that is 9 cm high and has a base area of 49.5 cm .
12 cm
10 cm
490
A cube has each of its dimensions (length, breadth and height) doubled. Its volume
is increased:
A 2 times
B 4 times
C 8 times
D 16 times
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
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Page 491
A cube has each of its dimensions doubled. Its surface area is increased:
A 2 times
B 4 times
C 8 times
D 16 times
10
3m
0.8 m
0.5 m
11
The base of a triangular prism is a right-angled triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm.
Its height is 12 cm. What is its surface area?
12
What is the surface area of each shape to the nearest cubic centimetre?
a
c
0.6 cm
110 cm
12.6 cm
14 cm
8 cm
10 cm
0.8 cm
10 cm
20 cm
26 cm
18.4 cm
13
One cylinder has a 3 m radius and is 4 m high. Another cylinder has a 2 m radius and is
9 m high. How do the two volumes compare?
14
10 cm
12 cm
10 cm
15
1.4 m
30 m
20 m
75 cm
16 m
18 m
42 m
16
Water flows through a 3 cm (internal) diameter pipe at 8 cm/s. How much water flows
through in a minute?
17
The diameter of a 4 L can of paint is 17.5 cm. What is its height correct to
1 decimal place?
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
491
18
12/8/04
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of x in this diagram.
b Find the surface area of the prism.
c Find the volume of the prism.
x cm
23 cm
9 cm
12 cm
19
A cylindrical water tank of height 3.2 m and diameter 4.1 m is to have two coats of paint
2
on the top and sides. Each litre of paint covers an area of 12 m .
a What is the area to be painted (correct to 1 decimal place)?
b What volume of paint is needed?
c Given that a 1 L can costs $18.60 and a 4 L can costs $71.50, find the minimum cost
of the paint required.
20
21
A CDs diameter is 12 cm, and the diameter of the hole in its centre is 1.5 cm.
a Find the area of the top of the CD correct to 1 decimal place.
b Find its volume in cubic centimetres correct to 1 decimal place, given that it is
1.2 mm thick.
22
4 cm
8 cm
3 cm
10 cm
23
10 cm
12 cm
8.1 m
7.8 m
10 cm
492
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
3.2 m
24
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Page 493
Find the surface area of each solid (correct to 1 decimal place where necessary). Note
that the cylinders are closed.
a
7.5 m
2.6 m
27.5 cm
10.4 cm
12.7 cm
18.2 cm
c
18.5 cm
88.7 cm
42.6 cm
25
26
3.6 m
4.5 m
22.6 cm
9.8 cm
14.6 cm
2.1 m
2
area 18.1 cm
11.2 cm
4.1 m
6.4 cm
1.4 m
0.6 m
34 cm
2.7 cm
2.4 cm
5.4 m
3.2 m
12.8 cm
h
8 cm
10 cm
12 cm
6 cm
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
493
12/8/04
12:10 PM
Page 494
27
A cylindrical tank of radius 1.2 m has 5.1 m of water poured into it.
a What volume of water is this in litres?
b By how much does the height of the water in the tank increase? Give your answer
correct to the nearest centimetre.
28
How many times greater than the volume of the cone is the volume of the sphere?
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
29
30
9 cm
b
8.4 cm
1.8 m
5.4 cm
3.5 m
12.2 cm
31
S
D
494
32
A cones base radius is r and its height is h. If its radius doubles and its height halves,
what happens to its volume?
33
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
34
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Page 495
Pythagoras theorem.
7.5 cm
36
6 cm
10.0 cm
19.0 cm
18.6 cm
37
A steeple is in the shape of a square pyramid with base length 4 m. The steeples
perpendicular height is 5 m.
a Calculate the slant height of one of the triangular faces.
b How many square metres of sheeting will cover the four triangular faces?
38
39
7.5 m
9.4 m
Q
B
R
C
40
41
A cylindrical plastic bottle of craft glue contains 100 mL and measures 4.2 cm across its
base. Another similar craft glue bottle contains 500 mL of glue. What is the diameter of
its circular base?
42
A statue of a giant bull stands 5 m tall and required 12 L of paint to cover it. A model of
the bull is 50 cm tall. What volume of paint is required to cover it?
C H A P T E R
1 3
S U R FA C E
A R E A
A N D
V O L U M E
495
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Page 496
Diagnostic test
1
1A
A
1A
A
b 2 significant figures
1A
A
1B
A
An audience of 5008 people attended a concert and paid $29 for each of
their tickets. Estimate the amount of money raised from ticket sales.
1B
A
Estimate the following, then use a calculator to see how close your estimates were:
a 8357 6732
b 64.53 4.973
1C
A
1C
A
Choose the best estimate for this question. A packet of lollies costs $1.45. How much
can be saved by buying 8 packets on sale at $0.99 each?
A $0.40
B $4.00
C $3.20
D $5.00
1C
A
Use your calculator to find these values and give each answer to a reasonable
level of accuracy:
39.7
2
a (5.2) 3.1
b
14.1 15.9
A room measures 21.2 m by 9.8 m. What is a reasonable estimate for its area?
10
11
496
Simplify:
1
a 750 g : 32 kg
1D
A
1D
A
Cans of soft drink sold for $7.20 per dozen. What is the cost per can?
1E
A
1E
A
1E
A
The ratio of Maddies new salary to her previous salary is 5 : 4. If her previous
salary was $48 000, what is her new salary?
1E
A
15
The ratio of the weights of Geoff and Jill is 4 : 3. If the lighter person weighs 60 kg,
who is the heavier person, and how much does this person weigh?
1E
A
16
Around schools, speed is limited to 40 km/h. What is this speed in metres per
second (m/s) correct to 1 decimal place?
1F
A
b 3 : 52
12
13
14
The angles in a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. What is the size of each angle?
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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17
Laura earns $22.40 an hour. How much does she earn when she works 35 hours
in a week?
18
19
A tap drips at the rate of 3 mL/min. How much water is wasted in a week?
1F
A
1F
A
Write as fractions:
a 0.7
Write 0.26 as a fraction.
1G
A
1G
A
20
21
b 0.2 3
b 3a b
22
b 5558888
23
Write each number as the product of its prime factors in index form:
a 72
b 1200
2A
A
24
2B
A
25
Simplify:
5
6
a m m
b 8x 4x
2B
A
26
Simplify:
3 4
a 7a 3b 2a b
b a
27
28
Simplify:
9 7
3 4
a a b a b
29
2D
A
30
Simplify:
4 3 2
a (5a b )
b (6 )
2D
A
31
Simplify:
0
a (3x)
b 5 7x
32
2E
A
33
2F
A
34
2F
A
3x
5xy 3
ax a
b 84y 7y
7
2C
A
4
2C
A
1
9
2A
A
2B
A
5 x
2A
A
2E
A
9x
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
497
35
12/8/04
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Page 498
Simplify:
(a2b2)2 (ab)4
(a b )
a
3 2
2
36
37
498
(x 2y 2z 2)2
2G
A
2
(3a2b3)
b
a 3b
Simplify:
1
16 2
a (64x )
38
3 3
b x y z
1
2G
A
1
4
a 12
8
a
2
2H
A
1
a (xz)3 y 2
b x3 z3
2H
A
39
b x(3x 5) 2(x 3)
2I
A
40
Factorise:
a 8x 12
b 7y 14yz 21y
2I
A
41
Expand:
a (x y)(x y)
b x (2x 3y )
2I
A
42
b 8963.2
2J
A
43
b 9.13 10
44
The mass of an atom is approximately 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 023 568 mg.
Express this mass in scientific notation.
2K
A
45
2K
A
46
The diameter of a star is estimated as 2 863 000 000 km. Write this distance in
metres in Standard Form.
2L
A
47
2L
A
3
b 7.25 10
2J
A
48
49
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
2M
A
50
51
12/8/04
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Page 499
or
6.32 106
2N
A
2N
A
52
Find the hourly rate of pay for Marc, who earns $2640 a fortnight, working
30 hours a week.
53
54
Jo was earning $53 850 pa and received a 6% pay rise. What is her new salary?
55
Calculate Kristinas holiday loading, given that she is paid 17 2 % on 4 weeks pay
and she earns $2356.90 per fortnight.
3C
A
56
Tom works as a security guard and is paid $23.50 an hour. When he is required
to work alone, he is paid a bonus of $5.40 per hour. Find his pay for a week in
which he worked 20 hours alone out of 38 hours.
3C
A
3A
A
3A
A
Pete is a real estate agent and charges a property owner 7% of the rental income for
managing a property. The tenant pays $580 per week.
a What is Petes weekly commission?
b What does the owner receive?
c How much does Pete make in a year on this property? (Use 1 year 52 weeks.) A
3B
1
57
Lorens annual superannuation income is 68% of her final working salary of $68 950.
a What is her annual superannuation income?
b Given that she pays 16% of this income in tax, what is her monthly net income? A
3D
58
59
3E
A
Cost ($)
320
195
120
135
60
3F
A
60
3G
A
61
Angus bought some shares for $950 and sold them for $1280. Find:
a his profit on the sale
b the profit as a percentage of the cost price
c the profit as a percentage of the selling price
3G
A
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
499
62
63
12/8/04
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Page 500
3H
A
Which of the following is the best way to purchase a car valued at $15 000?
A 10% deposit and payments of $245 per month over 5 years
B 5% deposit and payments of $310 per month over 4 years
C $1000 deposit and payments of $225 per month over 6 years
3I
A
Jaani needs a computer for his business records. At a sale he finds one for $2850
or 25% deposit and monthly repayments of $94.60 over 2 years. How much
does he pay in interest charges if he buys on terms?
3I
A
65
3I
A
66
64
b
7.2
5.7
9.6
67
68
4A
A
4.2
4A
A
Find each perimeter correct to 1 decimal place. (All lengths are in centimetres.)
a
18
32
4A
A
14
69
4A
A
it made?
500
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
70
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Page 501
Calculate the perimeter of each sector, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places:
a
9.8 cm
150
5 cm
60
71
Which has the greater perimeter, the semicircle or the quadrant? By how much?
a
4B
A
4B
A
12 cm
4B
A
12 cm
72
33.8 cm
12.5 cm
20.4 cm
21.6 cm
73
4C
A
76.9 cm
18.5 cm
6.8 cm
4C
A
74
a
3.4 m
b
4C
A
10.6 m
75
b
8 cm
240
60
4D
A
7 cm
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
501
76
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Page 502
4D
A
25 cm
77
b
8m
3.2 cm
6 cm
4E
A
20 m
78
4E
A
79
A rectangular patio measures 8.2 m by 4.5 m. Find the cost of tiling the patio,
given that tiles cost $40.6/m2 and labour costs are $45/m2.
4F
A
80
2.1 m
2.1 m
2.1 m
12.5 m
16.7 m
15 m
81
19.2 m
82
5A
A
82
b 5, 10
, 23
, 7
5A
A
83
b 3288
5B
A
84
b 315
5B
A
85
Simplify:
a 27
5m
37
2m
b 24
54
96
5C
A
86
Simplify:
b 72
162
50
5C
A
502
4F
A
a 4
a 3 25a
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
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Page 503
87
Simplify:
a 512
42
b 32
23
22
5D
A
88
b x
(2x
x)
5D
A
89
b (5 3
)(5 3
)
5E
A
90
b (32
5
)
5E
A
91
b (52
3
)(52
3
)
5F
A
92
b 35
2
5F
A
93
2
11
5
5G
A
3
35
2
5G
A
94
95
96
97
98
b
5G
A
5H
A
2
3
3
2
3
b
5H
A
1
2
5I
A
b 25
a 5 (64 3 )2
0
100
101
102
103
b
a 1212
99
1
1
b 28 2 28 2
D I A G N O S T I C
5I
A
5J
A
5J
A
6A
A
6A
A
T E S T
503
104
12/8/04
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Page 504
A light-bulb manufacturer found that in every 100 light bulbs, 8 failed the test and
were discarded.
a What is the experimental probability that the next light bulb tested will be
discarded?
b What is the experimental probability that the next light bulb tested will pass
the test?
c If the manufacturer makes 12 000 light bulbs a day, how many are likely to fail
each day?
6B
A
105
6C
A
106
The letters in the word woolloomooloo are written on cards and mixed. They are
placed in a bag and one is drawn out. What is the probability of drawing an o ?
6C
A
107
A standard pack of playing cards consists of 52 cards. One of the cards is drawn out at
random. What is the probability that it is:
a heart?
b a King of diamonds?
6C
A
108
A 4-digit number is made using the digits 2, 3, 4 and 5. What is the probability that the
number formed will:
a start with an even digit?
b be greater than 5000?
6C
A
109
Two coins are tossed at the same time. There are three possible outcomes:
both heads, both tails or one head and one tail. Is the probability of getting
1
two heads 3 ?
6D
A
110
A single letter is chosen at random from the word chance. What is the
probability of choosing a c or an e ?
6E
A
111
7A
A
112
113
504
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
7A
A
7A
A
114
12/8/04
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Page 505
b
50
115
75
b
x
50
a
c
2x
116
7B
A
3x
7B
A
2a
120
a
117
7B
A
55
120
x
115
118
105
120
7C
A
115
135
110
7C
A
119
Use the formula for the sum of the interior angles of a polygon to find the
angle sum of a polygon with 19 sides.
7D
A
120
A pentagon has 4 equal angles. The fifth angle is 88. What is the size of
each equal angle?
7D
A
121
7E
A
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
505
12/8/04
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Page 506
122
How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is:
a 108?
b 144?
123
124
7E
A
7F
A
Each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 30. Find the number of sides of
this polygon.
7F
A
125
7F
A
126
7G
A
regular decagon.
127
Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) would you use to prove that each pair of
triangles is congruent?
a
O
D
D
C
128
129
For each of the following, write the third condition needed to prove that the two
triangles are congruent:
a Two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other triangle.
b Two sides of one triangle are equal to two sides of the other triangle.
a Prove that ADB BCA.
b Prove that ADE BCE.
7H
A
C
E
130
7H
A
7I
A
7I
A
506
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
131
12/8/04
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Page 507
In ABC, B C and AD is
the bisector of BAC.
B
132
7J
A
C
A
B
E
133
C
A
134
7J
A
7J
A
For this pair of similar triangles, write the corresponding sides and the
corresponding angles.
D
A
30
B
135
110
C
30
7K
A
136
110
F
7K
A
C
L
Q
M
7K
A
P
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
507
137
12/8/04
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Page 508
7L
A
138
Find the value of x in this pair of similar triangles. All lengths are in centimetres.
18
7L
A
15
139
Prove that these two triangles are similar and then find the value of each pronumeral.
All lengths are in centimetres.
P
15
18
140
508
5
R
7L
A
A survey of the test results obtained by a class of 30 students gave the following data.
Construct a frequency distribution table for the data.
5
10 6
8A
A
141
142
Fifty families were surveyed to find how many children each family has and the
following set of data was obtained. Draw a frequency distribution table, a frequency
histogram and a frequency polygon to show this information.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
8A
A
143
12/8/04
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Page 509
8B
A
The masses of 30 students in a class are given below. Construct a cumulative frequency
distribution table for the data and then draw a cumulative frequency histogram and a
cumulative frequency polygon.
52 48 46 53 50 47
50 49 48 51 52 46
48 48 46 49 48 48
54 50 46 48 46 49
8B
A
50 46 52 46 47 51
144
145
Find the mean, median, mode and range for each set of scores:
a 3, 5, 3, 3, 7, 3, 6, 5, 4, 3
b 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 18, 20
8C
A
8D
A
9A
A
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
509
147
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Page 510
Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the length of the unknown side in each triangle:
a
y cm
b
6 mm
8 mm
9 cm
15 cm
x mm
148
9A
A
Name the sides in the following right-angled triangles with reference to the angle
marked as:
i
(theta)
ii (alpha)
a
a
13
5
u
9A
A
12
149
150
For this triangle, find the value of each ratio in its simplest form:
a
10
u
8
9B
A
Using the triangles below, answer the following questions without measuring.
F
40
40
C
BC
AB
AC
AB
AC
c Which ratio is equivalent to ?
BC
151
9B
A
BC
AC
ii
AB
AC
iii
C1
C
BC
AB
A
510
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
B1
9B
A
152
12/8/04
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Page 511
cos
iii tan
B
sin
c Show that tan .
cos
153
The
sum
of
complementary
angles is 90. In ABC, angles A
154
sin
A
41
ii
In PQR, find:
a i sin 30
iii sin 60
b Show that:
i
sin 30 cos 60
u
C
9C
A
A
u
17
90 u
C
15
9C
A
P
iv
cos 30
cos 60
ii
cos 30 sin 60
ii
60
1
30
3
9C
A
155
9D
A
156
9D
A
157
9D
A
158
3m
9E
A
63
159
26.3 cm
25
160
9E
A
9E
A
50
20 m
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
511
161
12/8/04
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Page 512
h
35
9F
A
14 cm
162
64 mm
58
A
163
164
800 m
9F
A
19
B
32 cm
14 cm
165
9F
A
9G
A
9G
A
7.2
166
6.4 m
3.2 m
u
167
9G
A
25 m
u
30.6 m
512
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
9H
A
168
169
170
12/8/04
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Page 513
300 m
8.9 m
u
9H
A
u
80 m
250 m
b
80
P
E
20
171
9H
A
9I
A
A small aircraft takes off due north, than turns and flies 60 km due west.
The aircraft is then N63W of its starting point. How many kilometres did it
fly due north? Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
9I
A
172
A ship sails 48 nautical miles from Sydney on a bearing of S40E. How far
(to the nearest nautical mile) is the ship south of Sydney?
9I
A
173
Find the distance between each pair of points. Leave your answers in surd form.
a A(0, 3) and B(6, 2)
b A(7, 3) and B(2, 5)
10A
A
174
Find the distance between each pair of points. Give your answers correct to
1 decimal place.
a (3, 5) and (4, 6)
b (2, 5) and (1, 7)
10A
A
175
6 cm
10A
A
10B
A
10B
A
10B
A
10C
A
6 cm
176
177
178
179
Find the distance between the points A(2, 5) and B(3, 6) and then square it.
Find the exact distance between the origin and the point (1, 6).
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
513
12/8/04
12:44 PM
Page 514
180
The coordinates of the midpoint of AB are (2, 8). If A is the point (3, 6),
what are the coordinates of B ?
181
182
183
184
Prove that the midpoint of (6, 10) and (6, 10) is the origin.
Show that (3, 9), (0, 3) and (2, 1) are collinear.
10C
A
10C
A
10D
A
10D
A
Find the gradient of a line that is inclined to the positive direction of the
x-axis at an angle of 45.
10D
A
185
10E
A
186
10E
A
187
State whether the point given after each linear equation lies on that line:
a 2x 5y 10
(10, 2)
b 3y x 8
(2, 2)
188
189
190
191
Complete the table of values and draw the graph of the equation on a number plane.
Find the gradient of the line that passes through the points A(3, 5) and B(7, 9).
b 3y 4x 12
10E
A
10F
A
10F
A
Write in general form the equation of the line that has y-intercept 3 and is
parallel to the line y 5x 2.
10F
A
y 2x 3
x
192
11A
A
y 2x
ii
y 2x 2
iii
y 2x 3
11A
A
194
11B
A
x 2y 0
ii
x 2y 3 0
11B
A
514
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
12:44 PM
Page 515
195
196
197
11C
A
11C
A
Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (2, 3) and is
parallel to the x-axis.
11D
A
198
Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (2, 5) and is
perpendicular to the y-axis.
11D
A
199
For the equation y 2x 3, find the x-intercept and the y-intercept and then
draw its graph.
200
201
11E
A
11E
A
11F
A
202
Write the equation in the form y mx b of the line that passes through
the point (2, 3) and has gradient 2.
11F
A
203
a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y x .
2
y x2
x
3
2
1
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
204
11G
A
1
For the equation y :
x
a Copy and complete the table of values.
b Draw the graph of the equation.
1
y
x
x
4
3
2
1
11H
A
205
11I
A
206
Solve:
a x 3 12
12A
A
b x97
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
515
207
12:44 PM
Page 516
Solve:
x
a 6
3
b 2x 14 20
12A
A
208
Solve:
a 5x 6 4x 3
b 8x 18 24 2x
12B
A
209
Solve:
a 5x 8 x 4x 24
b 9y 12 2 5y
12B
A
210
Solve:
a 3(x 5) 21
b 7(2x 3) 35
12C
A
211
Solve:
a 8(3x 4) 4(x 2)
b 3(2x 1) x 25 0
12C
A
212
b 5
Solve:
x
a x 6
2
b 15 2y
Solve:
x
x
a 6
2
3
b 2
Solve:
x1
x3
a
4
5
b
213
214
215
2y 7
3
12D
A
7y
6
12D
A
2m
3
m
2
p
2
p
3
5
6
216
217
218
When 9 is added to twice a certain number, the result is 33. Find the number.
12E
A
12E
A
The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. Find the size of each angle.
12F
A
12F
A
Solve:
2
a x 25
b 9x 16 0
12G
A
219
Solve:
2
a 2x 50
b 25x 49 0
220
221
12G
A
12H
A
222
223
224
516
12/8/04
The formula for the volume of a cone is V 3 r 2h. Find V correct to
2 decimal places) when r 14 and h 9.
12H
A
12I
A
12I
A
12J
A
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
12:44 PM
Page 517
225
Solve:
a 3x 15
b 5
12J
A
226
Solve:
a 3(x 2) 5
b 2(7 x) 22
12K
A
227
b 5y 2(1 y) 6
12K
A
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
x
2
12L
A
The length of a rectangle is 4 cm more than its width. The perimeter of the
rectangle is 20 cm. Use the guess and check method to find the length and
width of the rectangle.
12L
A
Use the graphical method to solve the following pair of simultaneous equations:
x 2y 10
x 2y 8
12M
A
12N
A
Solve by substitution:
x 3y 17
yx7
12N
A
Solve by substitution:
2x 3y 18
3x 3y 7
12N
A
12O
A
236
237
The sum of two numbers is 21 and their difference is 13. Find the numbers.
12O
A
12P
A
The difference between the length and width of a room is 4 m and the
perimeter is 52 m. find the length and width of the room.
12P
A
238
Holly is 6 years older than her brother Dylan. If the sum of their ages is
28 years, what are their ages?
12P
A
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
517
239
240
241
12/8/04
12:44 PM
Page 518
13A
A
12.2 cm
6.4 cm
13B
A
13C
A
12 cm
242
Find the surface area of each cone, leaving your answers in terms of :
a
16 cm
1.6 m
1.1 m
15 cm
13D
A
243
244
13E
A
b
10 cm
8 cm
12 cm
18 cm
24 cm2
245
13F
A
8 cm
10 cm
518
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
13G
A
246
12/8/04
12:44 PM
Page 519
3.4 cm
247
248
Find the volume (correct to 1 decimal place) of a sphere of radius 6.5 cm.
13H
A
13I
A
2.4 m
249
13J
A
The figures below are similar. Find the length marked x (correct to 1 decimal place).
7.2 cm2
5 cm2
x
13K
A
2.5 cm
250
The following solids are similar. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the length marked x,
given their surface areas.
5 cm
A 1 84 cm2
x
A 2 200 cm2
13L
A
D I A G N O S T I C
T E S T
519
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 520
Answers
Exercise 1A
1
a
e
i
m
2
2
4
5
b
f
j
n
2
3
3
4
c
g
k
o
b 4
4
2
2
3
d
h
l
p
b
c
d
a 1
a 6
e 3
a 2500
b 1900
e 41 900 f 600
c 32 700 d 11 700
g 7800
h 300
a 6.78
e 2.46
b 2.01
f 5.24
c 0.20
g 2.20
d 0.65
h 4.00
a 16.5
e 10.8
b 2.8
f 8.1
c 3.8
g 2.2
d 18.0
h 4.0
a 2 000 000
d 20
g 8
c 3
4
1
4
2
d 2
bullet 5, rocket 2
b 13
f 3
c 14
g 8
d 7
h 38
b 2
e 300
h 0.002
c 10
f 30
10 a 1 630 000
d 18.8
g 8.10
b 2.46
e 321
h 0.002 15
c 12.0
f 34.2
11 a 13
b 14
12 a i
b i
4.3
4.25
ii
ii
divided.
6
$800 000
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
c 10:15
b 16 cm
d 1:45
2
a 19 cm
Exercise 1C
1
16
p
p
p
Exercise 1B
1
b 7:30
2
a 5:00
520
4.3
4.34
per minute)
B speed (kilometres per hour)
C fuel level
D time
E temperature of oil in engine
C and E
B; possibly to indicate excessive speed.
i
2500 rpm
ii No; the instrument is not precise enough.
iii A relative indication (comparison) is what
most drivers look for. Also, the pointer
continually moves with the speed of the
car and many cars do not even have
engine speed gauges because it is not vital
for safe driving.
i
No
ii It indicates when it is is time to refill
the tank.
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 521
11 A
12 B
b 68 million trees
10 D
13 C
14 C
14 a 38.5 L
15 $220
16 a
c
e
g
i
15 a 81
9, 100
10; exact values
b i 9.5
ii 9.2
iii 9.7
4
4.3
4.4
16 a 2 16, 2 32 b 2 19.7, 2
4.32
4.33
c 2
19.97, 2
20.11
17 a n 5.644
b n 3.727
5 m/s
13.9 km/L
4.56 runs/over
2
7.1 m /L
31.3 kB/s
b
d
f
h
j
$11/h
19.4 L/min
111 beats/min
0.0493%/day
$0.22/min
Exercise 1F
21.1
c n 2.699
Exercise 1D
a 3% per half-year
c 0.5% per month
18%
365
a 25 cm/s
2
c 46 500 m /day
e 42 cm/h
b $8.42/L
d 18 400 kg/week
f 0.63 kL/min
a 900 mm/min
c 24 kg/min
e 5313 L/s
b 1.14 c/mL
d 2400 km/day
f 2040 kB/min
b 7.2 L/km
d 21.6 km/h
f 1000 m/min
0.0493%
a 639.7
d 2.7
a 90 m/min
c $200/kg
e 0.28 ha/week
0.1 mm
a 707 mm , 804 mm
2
2
b about 700 mm and 800 mm
2
2
c 755 mm , 750 mm
a
c
e
g
i
a 11.1 m/s
b 33.3 m
a 20.108 m
b 72.4 km/h
a 106.459
b 111.09
c 106.329
d Accuracy is lost as you round off during a
10 a 13.3 m/s
c 0.48
f 10.1
b 2.1
e 3.0
b $34.27
169.3 m
3 significant figures
b 0.00126
c ii 23
3 0.4641, 317 31701 0.0020;
the second inequality
Exercise 1E
1
a 2:5
d 1:8
b 3 : 10
e 1 : 10
a 35
$56 000
2.13 g of A, 2.67 g of B
Bill is heavier, 95 kg
5:4
b 63
10 1.7 km
12 37 800 parts
c 8:1
f 8:5
5:4
c i
ii 5 : 9
11 195 km
13 55c
0.25 L/s
192 pages/min
60 cm/s
252 m/min
0.675 c/mL
b
d
f
h
j
5040 cm/min
400 g/L
150 000 cm/min
90 km/h
43.2 L/h
b 48 km/h
11 24C
12 $644
13 a 1500 kg/ha
b 360 t
14 20.16 L
15 6 h 56 min 40 s
16 a 28.7 L
c $162 000
b $47.85
17 a 88.9c
b 35.64 L
c about $63.70
18 6 min 51 s
19 a 0.3 kg/m
20 a 4 cups
c about 333 days
b 30 g
b 250 L
d 0.85c
21 a 2.4 cans/day
b 6.2 teaspoons
c 1.8 cans/day
d Some drinkers consume far more than the
average.
22 a 180 g
b 333 m
23 a i $0.70
ii $0.73
b about $690
c about $1750
d about June to Dec. 1997
24 a 385 000 km
c 3700 km/h
b 2 419 000 km
25 a 1.852 km/h
b 25.9 h
26 a 50.7 L
b $47.61
A N S W E R S
521
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 522
1
5
6
25
1
500
1
40
a 0.9
d 0.62
b 0.6
e 0.5125
c 0.45
f 0.672
a 0.833
d 0.135
b 0.583
e 0.866
c 0.364
a 0.429
d 0.0809
b 0.0667
e 0.0171
c 0.0638
a 5.070
d 20.15
b 3.733
e 15.00
c 12.01
6
7
0.3
a 1
e 3
1
81
20 b
11 13 15 17 19 ; yes.
c 5 7 (1 3 5 7) (1 3)
d 9 11 13 15 (1 3 5 7 9
2
11 13 15) (1 3 5 7) 8 4
2
8
2
2
e
16 8
f 731 (2 365 1). Look at the relationship
between the last terms in the numerator and
denominator.
but 0.3 0.333, which is 13.
b 3
c 2
d 1
f 2
g 1
Chapter review 1
1
a 2
a 368
b 86
a 78 600
b 381 000
0.002 mg/L
a Yes
b
c
d
e
10 a
f
11 a
f
0.010 101 01
0.01 0.0002 0.000 004
0.010 204 08
0.01 0.0003 0.000 009
0.010 309 27
The difference between 100 and the
denominator of the fraction is the number of
times each successive decimal must be
multiplied.
0.01 0.0005 0.000 025 0.010 526
2
9
26
33
11
90
491
990
7
9
5
37
5
18
56
825
7
90
82
333
11
225
503
1110
25
99
21
37
e
j
4
11
623
1111
13
36
19
74
637
990
14 a
f
k
15 a
f
k
16 a
f
17 a
b
18 a
19 a
5
9
2263
3333
1709
3333
b
g
1
30
1
180
31
4950
11
15
2023
2475
80
99
794
1111
c
h
7
90
2
275
17
166 500
893
3300
214
825
7
11
8
99
26
111
125
333
13
495
1
45
8
165
1
66
713
9990
149
1665
19
55
11 863
33 300
757
900
37
180
0.16
0.16 0.5 0.6 , so 12 must be added.
0.36
b 130
1
1
0.03, 0.003
30
300
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
d 1
10 B
e 4
f 3
c 9
b No
c Yes
11 C
c 4
13 5000 million
490
999
8
11
b 2
12 a i 0.1
ii 0.2
iii 0.3
b i 0.4
ii 0.7
iii 0.8
13 13 0.3, so 3 13 3 0.3 0.9 .
1
Since 3 3 1, 0.9 must also equal 1.
522
2 310 0.06
13579
1
50
3
10
49
200
1
15
Exercise 1G
S T A G E
14 a 0.583
b 0.5 0
15 a 19.99
b 1.75
17 $707.50
20 a
23
99
7
30
21 2170 km
22 0.13 L
23 27.8 m/s
24 5148 km/h
25 a 5 min 17 s
b No; the values are averages. A lot will depend
5
26 26
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 523
k 2 x y y z
l 4xxxy
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
a 2
7
e 6 5
1
i
3
a
c
e
g
i
k
2 3
5
2
4 2
2
4
5 8
3
4
4 9
3
2
3
2 3 5
3
2
3
4 5 6
a
d
g
j
a b
2 3 4
a b c
2
5
2 m
3
2
2 m
a 81
e 125
i 64
b m0
a
c
e
g
i
k
33
333
444
44444
5555
999
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
3333333
44444444
55555
666666
1
1
1
2
2
2
3 3 3 3 3
14 14 14 14
7 7 7
11 11 11 11 11
10 10 10 10
999999
88888
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
222xxxx
33yyy
aabbbbb
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
555
5555
33344
33333
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
22222222
3333333
12 12 12
a
b
c
d
e
g
h
i
j
5555555
xxx
222222
88888
aaaa
f bbbcc
5xxxyyyy
3annnn
aabbbcccc
1 m n n n n n
b
d
f
h
j
l
2222
222222
333333
55
88
777
22222222
333333333
4444444
9kkkmmmm
3xxxxyy
aabbbcccc
12 a a a b
5 5 5
9 9 9 9
1.2 1.2 1.2
25 25 25
7 7 7 7
b 3
5
f 4 3
j 25
b
d
f
h
j
l
d 7
5
h (2)
5
l (2.9)
3
3 5
3
3
2
2 3 4
3
4
6 7
4
3
3 11
3
4
(3) 2
3
4
2 x
2 3
x y
4
3
l m
3 2
x y
3 3
a b
b
e
h
k
c 5
7
g 8
4
k (1.6)
c
f
i
l
mn
3
4
3 a
4
3
3 p
3
5
5 x
b 32
f 256
j 343
10 a 243
e 512
1
i
100
b 1
f 27
1
j
1000
c 64
g 25
k 811
d 1 000 000
h 81
l 312
11 a 72
e 280
i 1861
b 500
f 30
27
j
125
c 108
g 99
k 1
d 133
h 79
l 593
12 a 1728
e 2401
i 65
b 225
f 1024
j 243
c 128
g 1331
k 469
d 243
h 4913
l 800
13 a
d
g
j
2, 6, 64
5, 4, 625
4, 3, 64
2, 7, 128
14 a
d
g
j
2 3
3
2
2 3
4
5
4
5
2 3
15 a 10
3
e 10
b
e
h
k
3, 6, 729
6, 3, 216
5, 5, 3125
6, 4, 1296
b
e
h
k
2
c
6
2
f
2
3
2
5 2 3 i
3
3
2 3
l
1
4, 2, 16
7, 4, 2401
6, 4, 1296
4, 5, 1024
237
5
2 3
3
4
2 5
6
2
2 3
d 10
6
h 10
c 2
12
g 2
d 2
10
h 2
c 5
6
g 5
d 5
8
h 5
c 3
d 3
b 2
8
f 2
b 5
4
f 5
b 3
18 a 3
b 10
4
f 10
16 a 2
9
e 2
17 a 5
2
e 5
c
f
i
l
c 10
7
g 10
11
A N S W E R S
523
e 3
12/8/04
h 3
b 2
n
f m
20 a 2 3
e 16a
3
i 6t
c 6
p
g q
Page 524
10
g 3
19 a 3
8
e 2
1:00 PM
d 4
9
h 2
b 18
21 a n 7
d n 15
b n4
e n9
c n4
f n4
22 a 2 3 2 9 18; (2 3) 6 36
2
2
2
2
b 4 5 16 25 41; (4 5) 9 81
2
2
9
3
9
3
2
4
4
16
2
d 3
2
4 3 4 7;
3
4
c 214; 4
2
2
3 4
9 16 25
5
23 p 8, q 4
f
j
xy
12 a
d
g
j
m
p
3
x6
7
5m
x
7y
x
4 5
2a
5
8
(x y)
13 a
e
i
m
f
5h
3
2.5k
2 4
3q r
12t
4
30y
g x
h 2x
5
3
k 56a l 15t
ab
2
a 7b
5
14x
a
a 2b 3
7
5k 1
7
9x 1
a
b
e
h
k
n
q
c
f
i
l
o
5
b p
f 3
2
j 3pq
c w
6
g g
3
k 2m
d 4g
2
h 3i
3
l 2mp
24 m 4 and n 2, so 2
3
324
y1
5
m9
a
8x
e
3x 1
a
4m 1
3
26 x 4.19
Exercise 2C
Exercise 2B
1
14
a 2
10
e 5
17
i 3
b 3
11
f 6
10
j 9
11
c 4
16
g 7
13
k 10
12
d 8
15
h 2
15
l 4
b 3
11
f 7
12
j 10
c 4
17
g 2
15
k 9
d 5
21
h 3
17
l 8
a 8
e 16
i 625
b 243
f 216
j 2401
c 625
g 128
k 512
d 256
h 81
l 512
a
d
g
j
72
10
74
15
8
3 4
10
6 7
53
12
9
2 3
12
10
3 5
16
3
b
e
h
k
14
b m
6
f r
26
j k
a 3
b 2
18
8
e 3
f 7
6
11
14
i 3 6 j 2
a n
3
e p
12
i t
a
e
i
m
3x
10
35a
7
40a
9
24g
a
e
i
m
m n
7 7
ab
7
a b
5 7
pq
3m n
5 3
15x y
5 3
18a b
4 8
12a b
11 a 2x
b
f
j
n
6a
10
24x
4
45t
17
42v
b
f
j
n
a b
5 8
mn
23
ax
8 16
ab
b
f
j
n
5x y
4 6
28a b
3 7
30p q
6 8
54s t
b 6a
C O N N E C T I O N S
c
f
i
l
17
2
12
7
2 5
7
11
6 7
5
8
5 8
d 2
11
10
h 3 5
23
l 3
d p
6
h w
12
l n
10
c a
12
g t
15
k m
8
14
c 4m
5
g 50a
6
k 72x
3
d 6n
5
h 45m
8
l 24x
5 8
c
g
k
o
pq
5 9
ab
8 8
mn
21 11
x b
c
g
k
o
8a b
d 8p q
6
3 5
56t w h 20a b
5 10
3 6
16x y l 21x y
3 3
30a b
d
h
l
p
xy
5 12
xy
3 9
ab
16 16
k l
c 15t
M A T H S
d t
10
S T A G E
c 4
7
g 7
5
k 10
d 8
3
h 2
3
l 3
b 3
3
f 7
3
j 10
c 4
4
g 3
2
k 11
d 5
4
h 8
1
l 12
a 2
7
e 6
9
i 9
a
e
i
m
a 2
6
e 6
4
i 2
a
e
i
m
a 7a
2
e 3m
2
i 3a
b 3x
2
f 4n
7
j 4x
c 3y
4
g 2a
k 4y
a x
3
e 3a
7
i 4a
b y
4
f 7a
5
j 4x
c a
3
g 3a
8
k 8y
a
d
g
j
m
p
19
c 2
18
g 2
10
k 5
b 3
3
f 6
7
j 9
a 2
4
e 5
5
i 3
12
a 2
9
e 6
17
i 5
1
12
10 a
e
i
m
524
10
16
25
64
243
b
f
j
n
x
2
y
7
y
4
g
b
f
j
n
ab
a b
7
a
2
a b
4xy
4 2
3v w
64
343
256
128
d
h
l
p
a
4
m
7
x
2
h
c
g
k
o
d 4
6
h 9
7
l 6
b
6
n
4
a
5
x
d
h
l
p
3
x2
3
m7
a
2x
e
3
(3x 8)
2
5
m 2
4
b
e
h
k
n
m n
9 8
x y
2 5
p q
2 2
4x y
2
6a b
p
4
a
3
m
4
k
2
d 2p
h 2y
3
l 3a
b
e
h
k
n
q
729
512
625
36
6
c 3
8
g 8
8
k 5
2
xy
9
2x
a
4
(x y)
2 3a
w
i j
a
4
c
g
k
o
b 5
11
f 7
7
j 3
10 a
d
g
j
m
81
216
27
125
d m
h 3q
l 11m
y3
c
f
i
l
o
r
5
2a
y
5m
21
5
(x 3)
k 3
7
2q
m
c
f
i
l
o
xy
3 3
c d
2
4a y
2 3
3m n
2 4
8m n
7 2
11 a 2m
4
e 3a
3
i 2a b
12 a
e
i
m
f
8
i
2
5j
5 2
2c d
12/8/04
1:00 PM
b 3x
c 4a
4
2
f 6x
g 9a
4 3
3
j 3x y k 3mn
8
d 4n
5
h 2x
2 4 4
l 4a b c
b e
5
f 6n
j 3pq
Page 525
c k
d i
6
5
g 4c
h 6p
5 6
3 7
k 50a b l 18v w
3 2
4 2
15 (3 ) 3
2
4 2
12
b 3
20
f 6
42
j 5
20
c 4
12
g 7
45
k 2
d 4
20
h 9
35
l 3
a 3
49
e 5
48
i 2
35
b 4
27
f 6
15
j 3
18
c 2
40
g 8
42
k 4
72
d 7
28
h 9
32
l 5
a 64
e 81
i 256
b 9
f 512
j 729
c 256
d 625
g 625
h 1296
k 15 625 l 4096
56
80
15
a a
63
e m
24
i y
a
d
g
j
a
d
g
j
10 a
d
g
j
25x
21
729p
8
256p
48
10 000x
4 6
xy
28 35
p q
10 14
x y
9 21
1000x y
3 9
216a x
9
216m
20 35
32m n
12 15
a b
2x
11 a 5
3p
e 8
2x
i 7
12 a
e
i
m
q
xy
15
14
c
f
i
l
25a b
14
25m
8 6
9l k
10 15
32x y
b
e
h
k
3a
mt
5
tn
m
3xy
6
6a 2
f
pqr
a
2
b 2p
2
f 7m n
d p
30
h b
128
l a
c
f
i
l
ab
12 28
m n
36 12
a b
16 20
625a b
b
e
h
k
b 9
7t
f 5
5y
j 5
3
b
bc
a
f
2tm
8
j
6xy
3 2
n
x 2xy
w
r
13 a 2m
3
e 5i
c
f
i
l
7y
c 6
3y
g 8
3t
k 3
c
g
k
o
ax
c 1
g 8
k 1
d 1
h 6
l 1
a 36
e 3
i 8
b 27
f 3
j 1
c 5
g 2
k 2
d 18
h 1
l 6
a 0
e 4
i 1
b 13
3
f 9a
j 9
c 9
5
g 15n
k 1
d 19
h x
l 1
a 3
3
e 7
5
i 8
b 9
4
f 5
3
j 6
c 2
5
g 4
3
k 10
d 12
2
h 15
5
l 18
a 6
9
e 7
6
i 8
b 9
3
f 5
6
j 2
c 10
4
g 12
5
k 4
d 3
3
h 14
5
l 17
3x (3x) 3 1 1 2
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729
1, 10, 100, 1000, 10 000, 100 000, 1 000 000
1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125, 15 625
b The basic numeral is multiplied by the base.
y
yb
x
30xy
y
8x 12
g
14
64y
40
32a
27
27a
28
625a
5
18 9
27x y
21
216a
2 6
9x y
9
343m
2 2
a i
b 4m
c 8q
5 2
e
8
e 6
Exercise 2F
xz
t
xa
p 2
10a
7
3x 3y
p
c 3r
d 3d
5 4
2 5
g 10w z h 2p q r
12 a 5y 5 1 5; (5y) 1; 5 y 1 y y
0
0
b 5y and (5y)
11 a No
2
3
10 a 9
14m
d 5
9a
h 6
8a
l 5
ii
iii
iv
10
l m
30 15
a b
21 6
27a b
50 60
32m n
d
h
l
p
3 5
b 1
f 6
j 1
30
c a
35
g a
27
k x
216y
15
27y
36
125x
27
216x
b
e
h
k
d 8
24
h 18
105
l 3
36
b x
48
f n
45
j k
15
a 1
e 1
i a
27
c 6
21
g 21
25
k 6
5 3
63
d 4
36
h 6
60
l 7
49
b 9
24
f 15
56
j 4
2 4
Exercise 2E
24
c 3
45
g 8
24
k 9
27
a 5
80
e 9
108
i 3
72
27
b 2
24
f 7
60
j 6
x8
ii
(3 ) 3 (3 ) ii (2 ) 2 (2 )
8 10
80
10 8
iii (7 ) 7 (7 )
b When multiplying numbers (in this case
indices), the order is not important.
a 2
27
e 5
28
i 8
15
17 a 4 2 64
b i x6
a 2
20
e 6
72
i 5
but 3 3 3 and 2 2 2 2
Exercise 2D
3
18 a i
4 2
16 a 4 2 16
b No
2
4
c 4 4422222
3
13 2 2 2
3 2
1
3
1
e 2
a
1
i 2
(6)
a 4
1
9
1
f 5
m
b 1
1
3
1
g 4
10
c 3
1
4
b
f
j
1
9
1
8
1
10 000
e
i 32
27
g
k
43
1
64
1
9
8
27
1
4
7
h 3
x
d 2
1
25
27
8
25
16
h
l
A N S W E R S
525
1
a 7
2
e 3x
1
m
b 3
e a
1
i 5
m
a 0.25
e 0.02
i 16.00
4
c x
1
g 6p
3
1 3
x
4
1
c
x
40
3
f
g
x
9
j 6
k
x
b 0.13
c
f 0.03
g
j 1000.00 k
6
2
p
4
2
a
1
6
9x
0.33
4.00
0.69
52
a 13
b 172
e 1
f 144
9
1
i 144
16
144 j
a x 2
d x 1
g x3
a
e
i
1
49
5
27
1
25
2
10 a 2
35
e 2
13
h 8
1
16
1
18
1
109
11 a
12 a F
e T
i T
13
7
12
1:00 PM
1
b 2
5
f 7n
5 2
x
4
a 1
12/8/04
b x5
e x 2
h x3
b
f
j
1
125
1
7
1
24
3
b 3
3
f 7
12
i x
b
f
j
1
64
1
89
1
72
b F
f T
j F
14
c
g
3
5
d
h
l
d
h
l
2n
1
m
9
5
y
1
6
x
3
3
a
0.04
1.50
0.29
c x4
f x8
i x 11
1
32
1
216
d
h
l
1
12
9
1000
1
8
9
g
k
1
5
24
325
5
64
c T
g F
k T
1
36
h
l
10
1
216
5
6
5
8
c y
10
g 40a
9
k a
b x
2
f 81x
1
j x
a a
4
e 50y
6
i 4p
a 16x
e 99y
b 25a
12x
10
54x
5
125x
8
m 10a
n
4
a F
b F
c F
g F
h T i F
a
d
g
j
4a b
amn
2
x9
4
2y
9
6x
5
b F
h T
11 a T
f T
k F
l x
c 5
1
g 7
14
k 6
b 2
11
f 5
21
j 6
10 a T
g F
10
c 4
d 3
6
10
g 5 7
9
21
j x
k 5
15
a 3
36
e 3
1
i 5
o a
8
s y
n y
11
r x
36
m m
19
q y
d 12
h 1
l 6247
k 5
35
d m
5
h 9a
l
c 419
g 48
k 36
Page 526
13 a
d
f
h
j
d F
h F
l F
15 1
8c
c F
i T
18
d 8
9
h 8
3
l 5
d 36a
5
h 7a
18 4
l m a
27
c 27p
d 56a
g 21a
h 7y
11
k x
526
a
e
i
m
q
2
6
37
a
e
i
m
q
2
8
3
8
2
3
x
2
y
12
8
x
7 9
35a b
6
a 2
35
e 7
20
i 11
10
b
f
j
n
r
3
15
2
10
(3.5)
7
30m
3 2
75a b
d F
j T
e T
k F
c
f
i
l
d F
j F
b
f
j
n
r
3
6
9
4
m
2
3p
3 2
x y
10
b 3
72
f 2
28
j 9
C O N N E C T I O N S
14
4
7
5
12
x
5 11
xy
7 3
45m n
2x 3y
d F
i F
n F
c
g
k
o
s
8
2
5
2
a
6
5a
7 6
a b
18
c 4
36
g 5
14
k b
M A T H S
d
h
l
p
t
2
5
4
3
y
12
2a
6
2xy
d 6
8
h 10
56
l p
S T A G E
f
l
T
T
e F
j F
o F
2
c 2p
9
g 54k
d k
11
h 4m
b a
f
5
15
3
11
7a
8 2
ap
9 9
18a b
F
F
3
5x
a
abc
3
6a
4
e T
k F
d
h
l
p
t
f
l
9a b
4
e x
c
g
k
o
s
c m
d a b
9a b
3 27
b 5 625
c 2 64
3
24
4 64
e 2 16 777 216
4
15
5 625 g 2 32 768
8
3
2 256 i 3 27
25
2 33 554 432
14 a x
Exercise 2G
o 16a
c F
h F
m T
b 12m
5
f 10m
j
18
x 2y
p x
14
t n
5
mn
7
x
e
6y
9
b
e
h
k
b F
g F
l F
12 a 30a
e 4
14
10
12
a
9
b
x
y
3
4b
7 5
10
192x y k
27a
10
15 a x
b x y
10m
e 5
1
g 5
x y
3
16 a 2
5
e 2
b 2
6
f 2
13
c 576x
5
g a b
4
c 2
8
g 2
1
p
3
20b
8
a
h
l
d a b
4
h a
14
3 4
b c
2
d 2
12
h 2
12
17 a 81x
2m 17
e 2
a
25
b
f
1 y
b
9
a
18 a F
b F
c x
16
ab
g
5
d a
12
h n m
c F
d F
e T
g F
19 a
12/8/04
h T
1
4
b 36
20 a 1 b 4
1
42
c 1
1:00 PM
1
66
Page 527
k F
4
9
5
d 1 e 3 f
Exercise 2I
a
c
e
g
i
6a 42
14m 21
9x
3
2
2x 3x y
2
4
15p 3p
b
d
f
h
15x 10xy
8 3t
10xy 15y
4
3
4m 4m
a
c
e
g
i
5a 4
2
3x 29x 40
17y 15
8y 7
30 12m
b
d
f
h
2x 5x 9
5a 2
6m 2
17 7a
a 8x 13
c 7x 17
e 33 14x
a
c
e
g
i
6(x 2)
ab(a 1)
lmn(1 mn)
2
xy(xy x z)
2
m(m 5 mn )
a
c
e
g
i
a 5a
10 14x
10x 15
21 14m
3
2m 2m
a
c
e
g
3a 4a
5
2
m 2m
2
3
3m 5m
3
4
21n 15n
a
c
e
g
i
k
m
o
5a 2a
5
2
x x
6
8
5m m
5
3
30x 15x
2
2
a b
5
3
2
x 3x x 3
2
9a 30a 25
3
6
40p 30p
Exercise 2H
1
4
m
32
1
8
81
x
1
7
x
3y
1
1
94
1
1
73
345
h 120 3
1
k 157
1
2
1
10n
1
4
a 2
e 5
b 3
f 9
c 3
g 3
d 4
h 6
k 7
n 5
a 4
b 27
e 100 000 f 125
7
x2
a
d
g
j
m
5
y3
1
n 8x 4
9.386
2.710
9.337
6.178
181.019
a 125
32
b
e
h
k
n
1
x2
c 54
i
b y
f
10 a 11
g 4
j
b 8
h
c
f
i
l
o
1
4
5.552
73.878
5.569
2.066
0.246
8
21
449
1
4
e 225
3
c m6
d 15x 4
g 32
h 10y 6
j
l
h 8
ab
3
5
b 3
p 81y
a 8
5
6
o 16
h 24
g 24
g 7
e 6a
k 1
i 3a 3ab
5
3
k x 3x
a x
d 125
h 125
c 5
7
10
1
2
1
4
c 8
g 9
b 81
2
1
1
4
18.655
6.025
7.483
1.648
0.231
b x3
a y
e n6
8x
p 26
1
g 28 3
1
1
36
d 39 2
1
27
1
c 10 2
1
m 625x
1
o 11
n yn
m 1
25
m xp
i
4
x
b 32
e 53
16
1
a 22
4
m
16
9
d 4
j
7
2a b 2b
2
6x 4xy
e 30
1
15
c p
1
2
1
2
d x
1
9
13 j
38 k
1
6
12(2x 3y)
3x(3x y)
5x(x 2y z)
2a(5 2b 3a)
b
d
f
h
6x 10x
4
y 3y
3
2
12x 15x
32x 12
b
d
f
h
15y 5y
4
4
a b ab
3
2
9p 9p q
5
3
5a 25a
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
12y 3y
3
3
a b ab
5
3
a a
3
2
8a 8a b
4
4
a b
4
2 2
4
x 2x y y
5
3
6x 12x
1
16
a 10
5
d 10
5
g 10
b 10
7
e 10
6
h 10
c 10
6
f 10
7
i 10
a 3.16
d 1.23
g 2.136
b 8.7
e 5.69
h 7.63
c 4.5
f 8.9
i 1.47
a 10
d 2.3
5
g 10
a 6 10
5
d 1 10
6
g 8 10
1
1
x
2
3x 2y
g x y2
h y6
3
y
3
2
k x 2y
l a
x
c 12 d 24 e 6
f 4
b
d
f
h
b 2x 13
d 10x 14
f 3 2x
Exercise 2J
8
15
b 10
e 2.8
h 3.562
2
c 5.1
f 3.61
i 3.75
3
b 5 10
5
e 5 10
6
h 1.2 10
c 1.2 10
6
f 1 10
7
i 1.25 10
A N S W E R S
527
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 528
a 4.9 10
b 7.0 10
c 3.94 10
0
0
0
d 6.8 10
e 2 10
f 5.1 10
0
0
0
g 7.92 10 h 8.14 10 i 9.25 10
a 8 10
b 5.2 10
c 3.15 10
4
5
13
d 8.9 10
e 7 10
f 1.53 10
5
8
5
g 8.294 10 h 1.638 10 i 9.295 10
a
c
e
g
i
k
m
o
q
3.4 10
4
2.5 10
5
5 10
4
6.29 10
2
5.619 10
3
6.9385 10
7
4.39 10
5
1.702 10
5
2 10
a 50 000
d 64 380
g 7 290 000
10 a
d
g
j
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p
r
b
e
h
k
8.967 10
5
8.37 10
8
9.52 10
2
7.29 10
c
f
i
l
a
c
e
g
i
k
m
o
q
1.5 10
5
3.9003 10
9
8.35 10
4
7.8125 10
5
13 a 1.5 10 km
5
c 2.592 10 s
b 3.84 10 km
5
d 8.415 10 h
3
4
c 8.3
h 5.93
d 3.85
i 8.2
3
2
7
3
a 10
b 10
c 10
d 10
e 10
4
5
3
6
f 10
g 10
h 10
i 10
1
680 000
b 0.005
c 0.000 000 1
3 000 000 000 000
e 0.26
6 000 000 000 000
485
h 0.003 98
i 0.0532
6.05
k 50 000
l 854 000
6
4
4.9 10 cm
5 4.0075 10 km
12
152 100 000 km
7 9.5 10 km
13
13
5.28 10 km
9 4.16 10 km
9
2.773 10 km
11 0.0001 mm
9
0.000 000 029 7 cm
13 1.3 10 cm
11
7
1.5 10 m
15 1.4 10 mm
6
6
a 5 10 cm
b 6 10 g
6
2
8
c 1.2 10 m
d 3.8 10 mL
4
3
a 9.15 10
b 2.21 10
11
5
c 1.546 24 10
d 2.665 625 10
1
c 7 10
1
f 9 10
6
i 3 10
3
4
a 3.5 10
b 7.2 10
c 6.1 10
4
5
2
d 3.9 10
e 6.38 10 f 6.29 10
3
3
7
g 8.15 10 h 2.18 10 i 5 10
a 5.5 10
b 8.37 10 c 2.82 10
3
3
4
d 4.8 10
e 9 10
f 3 10
1
4
9
g 7.6 10
h 8.62 10 i 7 10
1
a
c
e
g
i
k
0.000 04
0.000 008
0.000 000 405
0.069
0.0222
0.000 769
6
a 1 10
6
c 8.23 10
10
e 3.5 10
C O N N E C T I O N S
5
b
d
f
h
j
l
6
10
12
16
17
2
0.0005
0.0093
0.000 040 2
0.000 089 6
0.0063
0.3257
M A T H S
S T A G E
2
Exercise 2M
9
10
a
c
e
g
6.3 10
2
6.75 10
9
3.25 10
9
1.152 10
a
c
e
f
h
3 10
b 2 10
2
4
2 10
d 6 10
1
4.083 10 (to 4 significant figures)
8
3
7 10
g 2 10
7
6.631 10 (to 4 significant figures)
a 2 10
3
b 5.1 10
3
d 6.003 10
2
f 2.9 10
a
d
f
g
j
14
3
a 1 10
b 3 10
1
6
d 1.7 10
e 5 10
2
3
g 6 10
h 5 10
8 10
3
7.0 10
3
2.95 10
7
6.50 10
6
6.7 10
5
6.7 10
2
b
d
f
h
j
l
9
6.71 10
2
3.7 10
15
5.7 10
0
3.9 10
2
5.9 10
4
3.25 10
a 3.1
f 5.79
5
2 10
18
7.0 10
3
2.08 10
4
2.9 10
4
5.63 10
27
8.4 10
a
c
e
g
i
k
e 3.3
4
b
d
f
h
j
l
mg
8.15 10
7
5.8 10
11
5.832 10
3
3.609 10
1
6.7 10
6
3.58 10
a 10
b 10
c 10
d 10
e 10
6
4
2
5
f 10
g 10
h 10
i 10
b 7.9
g 7
5 10
4
7 10
7
8 10
5
1.2567 10
2
2.3 10
1
5 10
1
6.31 10
6
9.2 10
2
6.9001 10
a
c
e
g
i
k
528
5
20
3
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p
r
Exercise 2K
3
2
Exercise 2L
12 1.27 10 km
h 8.3 10
2 10
2
1.9 10
6
9 10
3
4.005 10
5
9.3 10
4
7.93 10
10
1 10
4
1.23 10
5
7 10
10 2.6559 10
11 1.08 10 km
4
g 3.61 10
6
i 2 10
6.57 10
4
8 10
2
7.89 10
6
3.452 10
1
3.657 10
5
7.63 10
10
6.5 10
5
6.3051 10
4
6.17 10
b 830 000
c 927 000 000
e 60 900 000 f 813 000
h 8300
i 9 250 000 000
5.2 10
6
6 10
6
5.3 10
1
3.2 10
3
a 3.6 10
b 4 10
c 5.6 10
6
6
2
d 2.32 10 e 5 10
f 3.897 10
5
11
6
g 4.95 10 h 7.58 10 i 3 10
b
d
f
h
1.785 10
6
3.9936 10
6
7.56 10
6
1.512 10
3
b 9 10
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 529
11
c
e
g
i
j
5 10
d 1.575 10
10
2
5.76 10
f 3.264 10
8
9
8.16 10
h 4.2225 10
10
7.989 10 (to 4 significant figures)
4
1.440 10 (to 4 significant figures)
a
c
e
g
i
3.869 10
10
1.250 10
10
1.777 10
6
2.638 10
35
8.900 10
a
c
e
g
i
k
2.7 10
7
2.646 10
10
2 10
12
4.8 10
4
4.472 10
0
2 10
a
c
e
g
i
2.688 10
4
5.510 10
17
4.930 10
3
5.12 10
4
4.589 10
a
c
e
g
i
1.133 10
5
6 10
8
3.803 10
8
5.603 10
3
3 10
a
c
e
g
i
9.365 10
2
3.6 10
2
1 10
2
8.1 10
5
9.32 10
10
19
11
3
4.527 10
7
5.163 10
3
1.066 10
31
3.764 10
2
7.192 10
b
d
f
h
j
l
2.5 10
18
1.62 10
18
4 10
12
1.009 10
1
2 10
12
7.521 10
b
d
f
h
j
1.35 10
3
2.704 10
1
4 10
4
2.522 10
8
1.382 10
b
d
f
h
j
9.12 10
3
2.793 10
4
1.950 10
3
4.9 10
5
2.62 10
b
d
f
h
j
5 10
1
6.315 10
5
6.2 10
6
7 10
0
9 10
5
1
2
3
d
e
f
g
h
a
c
e
g
8.6 10
3
8.6 10
6
5.79 10
7
3.71 10
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
8 10 , 8 10 , 8 10 , 8 10
5
5
5
5
3.8 10 , 5.2 10 , 7.6 10 , 8.2 10
5
4
3
2
6.3 10 , 5.4 10 , 3.8 10 , 9.1 10
3
3
3
3
4.8 10 , 7 10 , 8.1 10 , 9.2 10
6
5
3
2
4.3 10 , 4.3 10 , 4.3 10 , 4.3 10
4
2
0
4
3.6 10 , 4.9 10 , 3.7 10 , 5.7 10
2
2
3
4
5.9 10 , 9.2 10 , 6.8 10 , 8.6 10
3
2
2
8.31 10 , 4.56 10 , 5.12 10 ,
3
3.42 10
a
d
g
j
3.6 10
8
9.25 10
5
8 10
2
4.5 10
b
d
f
h
j
a 7 10 , 5 10 , 8 10
5
5
5
b 6.7 10 , 5.3 10 , 3.2 10
4
3
2
c 2.5 10 , 8.5 10 , 3.7 10
b
d
f
h
2
5.04 10
6
3.2 10
7
5 10
6
8.6 10
3.2
4.8
1.7
9.3
b
e
h
k
2
10
2
10
7
10
7
10
8.6
6.2
5.6
2.7
c
f
i
l
14
10
9
10
3
10
1
10
Chapter review 2
Exercise 2N
3
a 5 10
b 8 10
c 1.5 10
6
2
2
d 2.1 10
e 3 10
f 6.3 10
5
3
g 6.3 10
h 8.3 10
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
3
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a 3
5555
3 3 3 3 3 3
12 12 12
222aaaaa
5aabbbbb
7axxx
3 x x y y y z
4 a a a b c
4
3
25
a 3 8
3
3
c (5) 2
a 169
a 224
b 177
a 2 5
a 7
6
2
16
10 a 2
c (3.7)
d (4)
3
b 2 7
2
2
5
d 3 4 7
1
1000
c 144
d 29
c 2
d 81
b 200
3
b 7
17
b 3
c 7
c 7
d 7
d
1 6
3
A N S W E R S
529
10 2
12/8/04
11 a x y
b 72a b
12 a 256
b 27
13 a 7
3
e x
b 9
2
f 7x
2
14 a 7x y
b 6m n
m n
5x 3
1:00 PM
x 2y
Page 530
9x
c 3
d e
c 32
d 81
c 8
2
g 5y
d 5
3
h m
47 a 0.005
c 0.000 333 4
2
d 4y
3y
d (a b)
40
d 3
2t
18 a a
b 64y
c 7
12
9 6
2nx
e 625p
f 27a b g m
d 8
12
h 216y
19 a 1
b 7
d 6
20 a 12
b t
21 a 9
b 49
15 a 5
b a
15
17 a 8
b 6
25 a
72
5x
c 2
2
c q
d 1
c 216
1
2
b 7
1
4
1
27
1
b
a
22 a 5
c 9
36
23 a
c 7
1
10
c 3
1
729
d 81
1
216
1
c 2
n
1
8
25
g 179
26 a
1
4
1
27
65
1
128
11
b T
c F
36
125
c y
1
5
32 a (12)
b (32)
33 a 2
b 15x
x
d s
1
n
d 3a b
c 6
d 7
b 144
c 25
d 9a
37 a n
38 a
1
3
2
or
c 10a b
3
b 25p
1
8
b 250
40 a 40x
b 8y
41 a 7x 3x
4
4
c a b ab
0
42 a 5.7 10
0
c 2.56 10
3
c 3a
d p
6
64
125
b 6 10
5
d 5.94 10
13
56 a 8.5 10 , 7 10 , 2.4 10
5
6
9
b 3.7 10 , 2.5 10 , 1.8 10
6
59 1.49 10 km
5
61 6.048 10 s
25
62 8 min 20 s
63 3.346 10
64 81 times
65 3.63 10 km
67 0.024 km
d 125x
2
b 3.132 10
5
d 2.979 10
9
cm
b 1.1 10 g
d 4.316 106
14
f 1.7 10
71 32 h
d 5
1
64
1
45
3
53 a 4.273 10
8
c 6.052 10
70 a 2.9 10 cm
6
2
c 3.6 10 m
10
e 1.632 10
17
c 3
b 5 or 25 c
39 a 9
b 243
b 3 10
25
d 7.683 10
b 512
2
b 0.003 51
d 495
66 3.84 10 m
35 a 60
2
51 a 230 000
c 0.0008
c 3
b 6.39 10
4
d 5.12 10
60 7 10
34 a 9
36 a m 3
d 16m
3
72 a 2.075 10
17
c 9.7188 10
14
b 2.65 10
13
d 4.648 10
b x 8x
7
3
d 7m 21m
Exercise 3A
b 8.0 10
0
d 9.6 10
4
$43.50
a $807.85
b $1615.70
b $668.50
$575.75
$14 600
43 a 9 10
5
c 3.65 10
b 5.4 10
7
d 1.92 10
4
5
a $693.75
44 a 6000
c 810 000 000
b 315 000
d 36 800
45 a 8.5 10
6
c 1 10
1
530
c r
2
50 a 8.35 10
5
c 7 10
58 0.000 058 m
1
3
6800
30 000
0.15
0.008
0.0593
515.7
c
f
i
l
o
r
b 30 367
d 32
b
1
2
b 3 5
4
3
d 2 5
30 a 17 812
c 1640.25
31 a
d T
29 a 2 3
2
3
2
c 2 3 5
35.67
1056
0.0036
0.0103
0.000 08
20 100 000
1
81
27 a x 3 b x 8 c x 2 d x 7
28 a T
b
e
h
k
n
q
54 a 6.853 10
4
c 9.3 10
125
h
x6
d
150
39 600
900
0.000 854
0.96
102.6
d 25p
1
125
49 a
d
g
j
m
p
b 1.5 10
0
d 9.87 10
52 a 6.72 10
4
c 2.993 10
2
48 a 4.83 10
4
c 5.7 10
11
c 3a
b 0.000 060 7
d 0.089
b 2.3 10
8
d 5.46 10
3
46 a 6.3 10
5
c 8 10
b 8.34 10
3
d 3.561 10
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
a $32.50
$130.50
a $89.65
10 $1831.81
S T A G E
c Chris, by $25.25
b $25.94
c $34.76
b $97.80
c $65.20
11
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 531
a $81.25
b $120.90
c $212.55
Hours
worked
Hourly
pay rate
Weekly
pay
Brett
35
$17.95
$628.25
Ellen
33
$14.90
$491.70
Nicola
3712
$22.50
$843.75
11 $195
Louisa
42.5
$16.95
$720.38
13 5%
Spiro
34
$18.15
$617.10
14 a $33.95
b $451.05
Ling
45
$35.20
$1584.00
15 a $5425
b $10 800
12 a $887.40
10 a $198.75
b 4 h 41 min c $42.40
d No; the amount paid is per piece, not per
14 $493.75
b $37.80
16 6%
17 a $5840 each month $70 080 pa
$625.28
a $547.40
d $476.53
$813.55
c $1022.97
$1059
b $1479.27
Daily
total
Normal
rate
Time and
a half
912
712
8
812
912
5
4
7
7
7
7
7
212
Total
35
13
Mon.
Tues.
Wed.
Thurs.
Fri.
Sat.
Sun.
b $536.34
21 a
Day
b 53.5c
Exercise 3C
19 $59 548
c $1771.48
18 a $10 700
18 $48 037.50
16 6.5%
b 51 hours
15 a $18.90
d $330.20
Double
time
$1600.90
a $14.50
1
112
212
5
Mon.
Tues.
Wed.
Thurs.
Fri.
Sat.
Sun.
4
4
b $718.75
22 The weekly amounts are A $1157.07, B $1100,
7
7
1
212
3
5
double
time
Daily
pay
$143.65
$181.68
1
4
b $914.58
c 3 hours
Number of hours at
Day
1
2
b $87
$194.35
$160.55
$135.20
$815.43
Exercise 3D
23 42 hours
24 a $27.15
$21.50
a $380.30
b $405.12
c 27.4%
a $928.19
d $37.20
b $287.74
e $519.71
c $83.54
b $2857
$146.25
a $2398.98
$10.50
a $65 963
b 65 963 52.179 (weeks in a year) 35
25 $29.90
Exercise 3B
1
a $249.38
$924.25
3
2
$15.48/m
a $475
c $1375.02
$412.80
b
d
$1028.50
$1665.61
b $651.04
c About 11 years
c $2379.02
A N S W E R S
531
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 532
d $748
e 29.6%
f Sum of superannuation ($213.27),
D $363.28
b 16.0%
Exercise 3G
Exercise 3E
1
a nil
b $1466.93 c $6546.00
d $13 132.80 e $22 057.00 f $57 307.00
a $354.75
d $678.10
a nil
d $828.60
$9860
b $164.40
e $1125
c $518.70
f $2250
c $1525.50
f $871.60
c 10%
a $80
b 11.1%
a $8125
b $19 500
a $70 800
b $365 800
$2900
a $52 035
a Latest releases
b Latest releases $25; Popular music $20;
a $947.65
d $741.71
a $49 070
b $10 893
c $736.05
d He will receive a refund of $3535.85.
10 a $16.20
b $52.20
11 a $1.05
c $11.45
b 5
d 1090.5%
12 a $42
b $33.60
10 a $43 646
c i $9793.92
b $45 406.40
11 a $205 944.84
c $92 563.03
b $225 012.84
12 a $53 414.10
b $12 365.92
ii
Exercise 3F
a $241
b 24.3%
c 49.8 50 weeks
a $881.76
b $96.76
c $77.07
$126
a 100
b $62.50
a $2178.33
b Yes
a
c
e
f
c $900
$21 330
b $11 731.50
$4018.43 d $8758.53
$39 413.38 $21 330 $60 743.38
The more she can save, the less interest she
will have to pay in servicing the loan.
$3620
iii $1008
C O N N E C T I O N S
ii
iv
$9.50 to $10
c $44.37
17 a $946 each
b $3.24 per sprayer
c at least 926 sprayers
a 0.225c/g
c 0.6104c/g
b 0.3 c/g
d 0.636c/g
a 0.15c/mL
c 0.342c/mL
b 1.07c/mL
d 0.701c/mL
a 600 mL
d 114 L
$3.40
a 400 g
a Fionas tyres
b The comparison is not fair. Tyres of the same
b 1 kg
e 5L
5
$1278
$2286
M A T H S
16 $51.90
a i
$287.50
Exercise 3H
$13 785.40)
c She will have a refund of $261.19.
0%
13 100%
$681.10
13 a $54 835.40
b Tax $12 962.87, Medicare levy $822.53 (total
532
b ($46.20)
e $1513.80
S T A G E
12/8/04
10 a 72 m
b $1800
e Buy a 100 m roll.
1:00 PM
c $1500
Page 533
d $1620
24
Exercise 3I
1
a $5400
c $30 600
b $21 600
d $3600
a $2163
d $10 958
b $4028
e $28 260
$240
a 14 days
c $3085
$53.10
5 $100.35
18%
b 0.0493% per day
365 days
c $26.11
Annual
income
Tax paid
$35
$45
$55
$65
$75
$6 672
$9 672
$13 032
$17 357
$22 057
000
000
000
000
000
25 a $214.60
a $575
b $4025
c $188.55
a $8535
b Do not overextend when buying. Wendell
b $439.38
26 $10 654.50
27 a $490
b $2590
c $140
d 5.7%
29 $24.50
30 C
31 a Student response
b $22 057 $20 962 $1095
c $22 087
c $2010.25
19.1%
21.5%
23.7%
26.7%
29.4%
28 $8510
Tax as a percentage
of income
Exercise 4A
1
a 43.2 cm
d 44.0 cm
b 46.6 cm
e 73.8 cm
c 45.1 cm
f 46.8 cm
a 126.4 cm
c Yes
a 3.75 m
d 170.4 cm
b 69.7 cm
c 92.5 mm
19 a $375
b $380
c $380
d A single discount percentage is not the sum of
a 434.5 m
d 272 cm
b 72 cm
c 88 cm
44.56 m
a 235.6 cm
6032 m
12 25%
13 $54
14 $8358.54
15 $25.40
20 a 24%
d 17.1%
b 17.2%
e 30.9%
27.8%
a 101 cm
Yes
10 a 58.0 cm
d 119.4 cm
g 301.6 cm
Chapter review 3
b 424.4 revolutions
b 84 cm
c 57 cm
b 81.1 cm
e 71.5 cm
h 49.4 cm
c 243.6 cm
f 75.4 cm
i 95.0 cm
11 40 087 km
1
$2000
$59.50
$31
12 942 million km
$14.40
$771
$468.75
12.5%
$71.10
13 a 38.74 mm
b 6.17 mm
c i D
ii 6.56 mm
10 $1597
11 $877.50
17 $18 000
d E
12 $566.44
14 a 1885 m
b 2314 m
15 $120
15 a 54.4 cm
b 66 cm
18 $8.25
c 58.8 cm
19 a $547.50
b $540
c Cameron, by $7.50
17 31.4 cm
20 a $60.90
18 a 24 342 m
21 $2950
19 a 6283.2 m
b 6.3 m longer
22 a $23
20 a 88.9 cm
b 7.9 m
21 a 3 cm
b 13 cm
23 a $99
b $809.10
b i
$7
b $99
c $9709.20
ii
30.4%
c 32 cm
A N S W E R S
533
12/8/04
22 a 10 cm
1:00 PM
Page 534
b 40 cm
23 78.5 m, 25 m
e square centimetres
f square metres or square kilometres
g square metres
h square millimetres
24 2 times
11 a 1 ha 10 000 m
2
c i 3 545 520 m
26 31.8 cm
ii 354.55 ha
3.55 km
2
2
d 1 km e 1 km 1 000 000 m 100 ha
Exercise 4B
a
e
1
4
1
6
1
2
1
8
b
f
3
4
5
12
c
g
12 a 100 cm
2
c 16 cm
1
3
5
8
d
h
14 a 4047 m
c 240
d 72
a 35.7 cm
d 74.1 cm
g 45.4 m
b 72.0 cm
e 8.7 m
h 69.7 m
c 36.9 cm
f 28.2 m
a 43.61 cm
d 67.13 cm
b 12.19 cm
c 35.21 cm
a 72.0 cm
b 92.55 mm c 36.51 m
42.4 cm
b 6 cm and 4 cm
c Yes
71.4 cm
ii
c No
12 122 m
13 a T
b T
c T
d F
Exercise 4C
1
c 12 784 mm
2
f 1330.2 cm
2
x 27 cm, A 486 cm
2
x 12.7 cm, A 53.3 cm
2
x 22.4 cm, A 114.2 cm
2
x 9.9 cm, A 56.4 cm
2
x 6.2 cm, A 88.0 cm
a 6.9 cm
a 0.66 m
2
d 15.9 m
a 1m
b 10 000 cm
2
2
c 1 m 10 000 cm
Student answers
1 000 000 m
b 93.6 m
c 107.26 cm
f, e, a, d, g, b, h, c
a 79 cm
b 310 cm
2
2
d 310 cm
e 490 m
2
2
g 6300 mm h 3.5 cm
a 506.25 cm
M A T H S
S T A G E
c 84 cm
2
f 6700 mm
8
3
2
d 24 cm
2
b m
b 57 cm
a 157.08 cm
2
c 75.40 cm
4 cm
a 6.6 cm
d 7.5 cm
b 6.2 mm
a 5.66 cm
b 14.55 cm
b 56.55 cm , 25.13 cm
10 d 10 cm, A 39.3 cm
c 1.9 m
11 4 times larger
2
12 a 314.2 cm
13 191 cm
b 85.8 cm
14 3.4 cm
15 a 18.1 cm
b 12.4 cm
16 a F
b T
Exercise 4E
2
a 520 cm
2
348 m
2
235.6 cm
2
325.58 m
2
308.5 cm
b 1947 cm
600 m
2
1131.0 m
2
447.6 m
2
50.3 cm
a
d
g
j
a 88.2 cm
b 164.4 cm
2
2
d 27 500 cm e 13.1 m
2
2
g 508.9 cm h 19.3 cm
a 216 cm
b
e
h
k
C O N N E C T I O N S
c 24 mm
534
b 34.5 m
b 165.6 cm
2
16 a 75.4 cm
a 41.5 m
b 340.8 cm
2
2
d 678.9 m
e 5.8 m
2
g 320.3 cm
Exercise 4D
10 1.9 cm
11 a i 71.4 cm
b Yes
15 5.64 cm
10
b 225 cm
2
d 4 m
a 5 cm b 10 cm c 3 cm d 2.5 cm
b 54 ha
iii
198.4 cm
b 60 cm
c 24 cm
c
f
i
l
2
2
1028.3 cm
2
850 cm
2
168.3 cm
2
100.5 m
2
c 34.4 cm
2
f 25.2 cm
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 535
CHAPTER 5 Surds
Exercise 4F
1
$1762
a $824.44
a 19 tiles
b 13 tiles
c 247 tiles
2
d $214 $270 $484 (assuming 10 m of tiles
Exercise 5A
b 60 windows
are needed)
a R
g R
a 1.41
e 3.32
a 2 and 3
d 7 and 8
g 8 and 9
a 5520 m
b 1380 kg
c i 69 bags
ii $3312
a 67.77 m
b $4879.12
a 47.54 m
b 8 L (2 cans) c $75
a 15.6 m
d $1872
b 19.6 m
a 7830
b 156.4 m
a
b
d
f
g
c across
2
c 50
d $9396
about 2.5 kg
n
2
An 2 m
i A0
ii
100 mm
201 m
47 cm
a 158 m
216.4 m
1913.4 m
a iii 51
and iv 27
b For a real square root, the number under the
square root should always be greater than or
equal to zero (x 0).
c x
0
53
cm
b 7.20 cm
c 1.44 m
2
2
e 52.36 cm f 182.20 cm
b 2.882 t
b 28.3 cm
24 a
c
d
e
e 5
10 34
cm
a 3
g 45
a
e
i
m
q
a 28
e 250
i 144
b 45
f 99
j 63
c 75
a 62
e 302
i 282
b 62
f 403
j 242
c 255
a
e
i
m
q
152
126
163
255
65
b 102
c 242
g 123
c same area
b 18
cm
6 and 6
d 13
20 Greater than
21 a 3 cm, 9 cm
2
c 18 cm
c 10
a 6
e 8
i 10
c $2070
2
18 a 28.3 cm
36
c 28 cm
f 57.6 cm
16 29.1 m
2
ii
b 9
a T
15 573 ha
17 a 7205 m
36
b 8
, 3, 17
, 6
d 7, 60
, 80
, 9
13 21 300 km
2
c 6 and 7
f 5 and 6
a 7
b 212.0 cm
b 13 cm
e 25.7 cm
14 a 53.98 cm
2
d 13.85 m
e 9 and 10
h 14 and 15
d 2.65
h 6.40
a i
11 $105 700
12 a 33.6 cm
d 25.1 cm
b 4 and 5
I
I
8 $6808
10 1428.3 m
c 2.45
g 5.39
f
l
b 31.4 cm
e I
k R
Exercise 5B
100 000
a 367.7 cm
b 1.73
f 4.12
d R
j I
a 2
, 3
, 2, 5
c 3
, 8
, 3, 15
A1
c I
i R
Chapter review 4
b R
h R
b 446.9 cm
148 m
b 839 m
$28 950 (to the nearest $50)
2
43 724 m
about $369 900
b F
b 15
f 21
j 20
b 7
h 24
22
27
47
105
43
c F
b
f
j
n
r
c 9
i 90
32
310
82
83
92
f 282
j 910
n 215
r 206
a 23
e 211
i 156
b 26
a 8
e 48
i 108
b 12
f 56
j 98
d F
e F
c 30
g 6
k 3
d 6
h 2
l 2
d 5
e 10 f
j 176 k 175 l
c
g
k
o
s
25
53
55
113
42
d
h
l
p
t
8
32
62
72
92
93
84
d 72
g 96
h 48
k 125
l 640
d 163
g 96
h 166
k 242
l 215
d 153
h 153
l 303
k 413
o 277
p 814
s 365
t 842
c 42
d 210
f 35
g 46
h 226
j 242
k 2015
l 315
c 20
d 45
g 48
h 175
k 243
l 320
A N S W E R S
535
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 536
e 25
i 9
m 215
f 35
j 27
n 8
g 32
a 206
e 303
i 90
b 303
f 242
j 212
c 60
a 2
e 5
i 1
b 3
f 6
j 2
c 3
g 2
k 13
d 2
h 2
l 3
a 8
e 2
i 22
b 5
f 3
j 33
c 50
d 9
h 4
l 53
a 106
e 12
i 8
m 1515
b
f
j
n
a 123
e 302
i 363
b 8
a 12
e 3
i 426
b 123
f 27
j 60
Exercise 5C
1
a 23
, 33
c 2a
, a
e 83
, 63
b 35
, 25
d 55
, 75
f 5m
, 6m
g 52
, 32
h 37
, 77
and 73
, 53
i 5a
, 3a
and a5
, 35
j 211
, 511
and 11m
, 6m
2
a
e
i
l
87
b 610
c 14
d 55
23p
f 192
g 6
h 102
83
j 83
52
k 13
152
17
a 52
e 3
i 72
62
55
25
267
b 83
f 73
j 7
b 82
c 76
f 26
g 83
j 422
k 53
n 263
a
e
i
m
a 3
32
c 43
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p
e 143
35
g 192
53
i 6
k 95
m 47
o (m 2)m
6
a 62
c 53
f 27
b
d
g
j
d 82
h 22
l 7
d 75
h 32
l 185
7
56
715
43
56
142
582
153
(a 2)a
3a
2
x (x 4)x
23
22
102
e 55
22
33
h 46
72
k 33
62
85
a
c
g
k
32
36
b 23
2
82
d 186
e 93
f 102
96
h 442
i 23
j 33
85
l 42
i
7
c 95
g 75
k 6
a T
10 a 11
b T
c T
d F
e T
b 143
536
b 23
f 12
j 75
c 5
a 5
e 2
b 3
f 2
c 3
b 21
C O N N E C T I O N S
g 6
k 43
c
g
k
o
452
30
166
20
d 23
g 6
h 66
k 1510
l 1221
g 3
d 1
h 10
2
k 5
c 33
d 8
M A T H S
635
72
123
12a
c 40
g 5
k 12
d 24
h 3
l 542
10 a 6
10
c 6 23
e 4
g 26
210
i 12 415
k 6 92
b
d
f
h
j
l
22
23
6
3
10 15
310
315
14 221
95
25
12
11 a 210
c 24 122
e 515
75
g x 3x
i 9y 15xy
k 6x 4x
b
d
f
h
j
l
21
36
27
60 1210
4a
43x
24
axa
ax
Exercise 5E
1
a 15
35
43
12
b 10
6
15
3
e 6
53
2
5
f
29 137
g 66
92
23
3
h 35
25
21
23
i
14 21
27
3
12 310
k 12 63
215
35
l
S T A G E
d
h
l
p
c 182
d 2410
f 362
g 806
h 6015
2
j 48x
d 6
6 15
310
a 10
e 6
i 48
5
i
2
a 10
d 365
g 607
h 243
k 72
l 3010
c 35
10
21
6
Exercise 5D
1
815
830
246
54
h 210
k 5
l 43
o 221
p 16
8 22
214
7
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 537
a 5 35
15
21
b 221
6
c 55
24
d 9 53
e 18 105
f 12 26
230
25
g 15
6 210
46
h 14
21
22
33
i 15
210
6 46
j 36
17
k 53
62
256
60
l 35
221
15 615
3
a 35
314
215
66
b 30 615
610
66
c 15
10
32
23
a 7 43
c 5 26
e 7 210
g 69 2011
i 43 302
k 179 566
5
a 120 3015
c 27 435
e 9x 12x
4
g 16 83
i 76 103
k 47 610
b 29 125
d 16 67
f 9 214
h 7 43
j 61 283
l 25 614
b 30 202
d a 2ab
b
f 4x 12xy
9y
h 43 302
j 12 235
l 66 246
2
2
30
e
6
b 3
f 22
j 79
c 10
a 59
e 4
i 43
b 13
f 17
j 103
c 445
a 11
e 44
i 19
b 41
f 171
j 26
c 2
a 47
e 178
i 227
b 167
f 58
j 626
c 95
a 1
e 146
i 108
b 4
f 5
j 9
c 7
g 1
k 56
g 5
k 145
g 117
k 141
g 138
k 317
g 22
k 144
d 2
h 5
l 41
d 172
h 90
l 13
d 37
h 58
l 44
g 119
k 38
d 36
h 171
l 89
3
2
10
d
2
2
5
21
2
3
g h
7
3
3
7
k 82
l
7
7
5
2
21
o p
5
3
c
2
21
7
2 2
e f
2
9
5
i j
25
7
10
15
3
d
5
5
5
3
35
5
2
7
3
g h
35
4
9
4
14
10
5
3
k l
21
5
a b c
3 23
3
310
35
5
5 5
5
6
215
3
14
6
2
21
15
6
35
21
7
3 3
d
6
3
6
f
2
5 10
h
5
15
10
j
5
21
14
l
7
52
25
10
103
95
15
13
2
4
3
6
72
27
14
314
26
6
76
67
42
310
45
d
10
a
k
5
b
11
2
21
33
10
c d
2
7
11
5
2
6
3
35
5
6
8
21
e f g h
3
7
3
7
3
10
4
15
3
14
6
10
i j k l
10
3
35
5
d 4
h 5
l 87
d 223
h 43
l 343
c 13
a b
a 47
e 2
i 5
b 198
f 172
j 46
2
3
3
7
2
f
2
9
x
i 32
j
x
2
15
5
11
m n
5
11
a
Exercise 5F
1
a 87
e 71
i 5
Exercise 5G
1
d 25 53
52
6
e 915
36
1510
10
f 188 527
g 5 235
310
614
h 630
83
910
12
i 35
14
15
6
j 10
15
43
62
k 310
314
235
14
l 6 6
221
14
4
a
c
e
g
i
k
b
b
0
30
26
6
17
2
15
21
7
7
h
j
l
A N S W E R S
537
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 538
Exercise 5H
1
a 2
1
5
1
4
e 55
10
g 5
2
c
k 3
5
a
c
e
g
i
k
3
f 7
5
h 27
23
j
3
4
26
12 6
46
37
3
12
125
83
33
187
123
51
152
63
38
d 32
3
5 3
11
3
1
2
b
d
f
h
j
l
49 125
g
41
92 157
i
83
1711
173
k
8
4
635
1410
73
a
5 7
6
7 27
3
15
2 5
17
67
35
23
23
2
5
247
165
43
352
153
71
1211
87
71
a
21 610
5
2
3
5
11
25
16
a
d 4 15
5 21
f
2
13 43
h
11
20 43
j
11
103
55
l
7
e 169
i
25
1
r 9x
1
2
S T A G E
3 2
42
c
1
1
y
1
9
k 8
5
16
27
s 5x
1
2
1
263
413
1
1
1
g 1153
1
k 114
1
h 343
l
1
o 1239
1
m
1
2
1
375
1
p xn
1
4
s 15
c 8
g 5
d 4
h 9
l 12
b 3
a
e
i
m
q
16
1000
2
7
81
b 243
a
e
i
m
q
8.07
5.95
4.55
7.44
5.57
b 17.89
c 4.47
g 4.41
a
e
i
m
q
216
b 16
3
4
f 49
j 32
n 25
r 16
f 2
j 2
n 5
r 2
8m
1
n 197
r k
d 382
c 14
3
3
6
1
2
p y
a
e
i
m
q
8
16
923
d 144
o x
b 7
613
c 121
1
2
a 5
q p
1
1
4
1
36
n 16
m 826
3
b 100
9 65
4
32
2
14
b
m 64
q 3p
b
M A T H S
a 64
1
66
215
310
5
13
C O N N E C T I O N S
2
6
e 462
35
215
3 23
g
3
37 203
23 415
h
i
13
17
538
45
22
3
Exercise 5I
510
15
102
23
c
47
33 193
d 32 212
e
3
f
33
45
42
37
12
35
93
2
43
20 215
85
b
17
e 7 43
6
7
157
103
51
k
c
a 9 45
c 2
152
103
6
63
35
14
k 7
38
o 14
s 5
1
4
f 125
c 8
g 512
j 9
n 9
r 2
k 1
o 81
s 3
d 4
h 216
l 3
f 22.58
j 9.90
n 3.87
r 4.48
k 7.46
o 7.68
s 1.84
c 4
g 256
k 9
o 8
s 27
p 32
729
d 2.80
h 18.71
l 9.38
p 3.19
3.00
d 38
h 64
l 9
p 49
25
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 539
b 85
Exercise 5J
1
c 129
d 45th
21 a
22 squares
number.
b Adding 1 to an even integer will make an odd
number.
c odd
2
m 1, m 2, m 3
p 2, p 4, p 6
q 2, q 4, q 6
a even
b even
e odd
h even
d odd
g even
End digit of
second number
__1
__3
__5
__7
__9
__2
11
__4
11
13
__6
11
13
15
__8
11
13
15
17
__0
11
13
15
17
19
13 odd
integers is odd.
20 a
14 squares
15 squares
Tens
digit
Units
digit
5 possibilities
8 possibilities
7 possibilities
5 possibilities
Sum of 2
consecutive
numbers
Sum of 3
consecutive
numbers
Sum of 4
consecutive
numbers
Sum of 5
consecutive
numbers
Sum of 6
consecutive
numbers
Sum of 7
consecutive
numbers
10
15
21
28
14
20
27
35
12
18
25
33
42
15
22
30
39
49
11
18
26
35
45
56
13
21
30
40
51
63
15
24
34
45
57
70
17
27
38
50
63
77
19
30
42
55
69
84
21
33
46
60
75
91
23
36
50
65
81
98
Chapter review 5
1
a R
b R
c I
d I
a 62
e 72
b 75
f 511
c 46
d 83
3
3
2
a 5
11
2
5
b 7
c 12
a
b c 23
a 20
e 45
b 99
f 175
a 72
c 93
e 125
a 221
b 36
c 215
d 21 321
a 6
b 23
c 6
d 14
a 21
27
43
8
b 40 223
c 29 152
d 9 214
3
4
Hundreds
digit
Thousands
digit
5 8 7 5 1400
14 odd
b Yes
d 63rd
solution:
c 186
c even
f even
i odd
10 a i
11
b 114
10 a 2
d 22
d 50
c 112
d 150
b 23
42
d 155
36
f 102
105
b 3
c 25
d 11
A N S W E R S
539
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 540
11 a 6 521
c 14 46
e 2
b 66
103
3
2
12 a
2
5
11
b
11
221
57
d
7
157
153
f
4
d 32 107
f 48 615
c 22
e 9 62
g
13 a
c
e
g
253
15
22
5
7
7
2
5
5
73
14
1
5 21
2
h 9 45
3
5
10
3
10
d
70
27 815
f
7
47 610
h
43
b
14 a 410
b 153
c 63
c N, U, M, B, E, R
a, c, d, e
a even chance
c impossible
b certain
a even chance
c not likely
b not likely
d certain
11 Student discussion
d 1030
b 163
182
d 65
142
57
16 a 215
335
c 108
b 46
215
d 36
12 a i
b i
Exercise 6B
a 268
b
c 67
d The schools surveyed are representative of
28
46
67
38
100
19
50 , 38%
2
25
definite
most likely
more likely
C O N N E C T I O N S
c 400
possible
more unlikely
540
a head, tail
19
20
18
67
all schools.
1
most unlikely
not possible
1
20
definite
more unlikely
definite
more unlikely
possible
No
Exercise 6A
a
c
e
g
i
ii
CHAPTER 6 Probability
0 (miss), 4, 6, 10 ii No
0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20
17 a 35
10
b 9 45
c 25
d 18
35 76
18
19 x 80
19
8 10
7
20 22
21
3
2
15
23
4
22 a 3
b c d 4
3
3
33
1
23
3
24 t 5
25 a 14, b 4
10 a, b, d, f
15 a 82
23
c 142
most unlikely
most unlikely
possible
not possible
most likely
65
1
4
iii
124
2
7
ii
3
35
iii 70
a i
1
6
ii
1
10
iii 3
11
iv 7
iv 30
13
the same.
b 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
M A T H S
b 124
ii
5
b
d
f
h
j
a roses
5
c i 62
S T A G E
12/8/04
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Page 541
c
e
g
i
Exercise 6C
1
1
2
c P(6)
1
6
a
b P(Y ) 7 c P(R)
5
4
d P(R or G ) 7
e P(G ) 7
2
7
b P(odd)
e P(07) 1
f
3
1
6
5
P(6 ) 6
3
P(G ) 7
a P(3)
P(Y ) 7
b P(vowel)
e
5
5
P(E )
a P(5)
6
1
20
d P(vowel )
1
2
d P(even )
2
5
e P(prime)
1
4
P(5)
h P(3)
15 a
a P(p)
c P(vowel)
4
11
17 a i
iii
2
11
18 a
d P(a, b, c, d, e)
3
11
26
13
iii
vii
13
4
iv 13
viii 4
12 x 1
1
1
P(red) 2
ii P(red ) 2
1
1
iii P(diamond) 4
iv P(5) 13
2
1
v P(2 or 3) 13
vi P(red 9) 26
1
vii P(black jack) 26
1
viii P(queen of hearts) 52
ix
b i
10 a P(large)
1
3
20 a
b P(small)
P(red) 23
13
P(yellow ) 23
2
v P(6) 23
1
P(red 5) 5
19
19
b
100
ii
P(green) 23
iv
P(3) 23
vi
P(even) 23
11
c 98
19
98
1
8
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
8
7
8
21 a E
c i
22 a
2
13
23 a 0
b
b
1
12
1
13
1
3
1
6
e 0
7
.
12
Exercise 6D
1
2
3
d P(- - - 8) 4
3
f P(
8000) 4
51
1
2
the same.
1
2
3
4
3
10
a i 26
v 13
b P(odd)
16 a i 39%
ii 71%
iii 43%
b No. Liking animals and having pets are not
1
10
b P(b)
65%
c
e P(5000) 1
g P(3) 0
1
11
13
or
20
1
P(even) 2
1
P(7 - - -) 4
c P(red)
P(end 2) 10
1
3
2
3
b P(10 or 20)
c P(even)
g P(5)
2
3
13
15
alphabet
c P(consonant)
3 vowels.
or red)
1
6
P(ma) 5
2
P(small ma) 3
P(small sc) 0
13
P(small or sc) 15
12 125
a P(H)
d
f
h
j
k P(large ma)
5
7
g P(R )
P(ma) 5
P(geo) 0
2
P(large ma) 15
P(large or ma) 1
A N S W E R S
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22 a
23 a
e
2
7
1
4
4
13
b 1
b
f
2
13
7
13
c
g
1
7
3
26
12
13
d
d
h
5
7
1
13
3
4
25 a 50
b Not necessarily. The results will vary, but
26 a 8%
b 39%
c 46%
d Yes; 28% contain less than 23 lollies.
27 a 8
b 22.2 %
c The sentence is short and is deliberately
should be close.
chance of passing.
30 a
1
2
1
5
1
2
1
5
1
10
CHAPTER 7 Properties of
geometrical figures
Exercise 6E
1
b, d, f
a
d
9
27
4
27
2
5
a
f
11
30
1
12
3
b
b
g
12
27
10
27
1
5
1
5
9
20
7
15
Exercise 7A
c
h
9
17
30
9
10
d
d
i
2
5
1
3
8
15
2
27
e 1
e
j
1
10
11
60
a 0.838
b at least 4 times
c at least 17 times
C, E
a
c
e
g
a
c
d
f
g
h
a
b
d
e
f
quadrilateral, convex
hexagon, convex c pentagon, non-convex
quadrilateral, non-convex
hexagon, non-convex
octagon, non-convex
Chapter review 6
1
6
11
2
7
1
2
12
13
2
7
3
5
3
4
3
8
1
3
2
3
4
9
1
2
7
10
10
4
13
12 0
2
5
15
12
17
16 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
triangle
pentagon
heptagon
decagon
a equilateral triangle
A, C
b
d
f
h
quadrilateral
hexagon
octagon
dodecagon
b square
b
542
2
5
19
(other
solutions
possible)
1
37
20 a
1
6
1
4
5
12
21 a
22
27
1
3
5
27
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
7
12
17
27
10 a decagon
S T A G E
b nonagon
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 543
Exercise 7B
a 2700
b 3780
c 8460
b 28
c 16
a 33
a a 35
b x 60
c y 35
112
10 135
a 22
b 98
c 66
11 100
12 141
a x 60
c a 25
b x 75, y 30
a x 138
c a 27
b a 30, b 82
a y 55
b y 72
a x 30
b x 120
Exercise 7E
c y 95
a 108
b 120
c 135
c x 90
a x 72
b x 60
c x 45
a 150
b 140
c 144
a m 94
b p 115
c a 65, b 65, c 115
3
4
a 5
b 12
c 18
a 20
b 30
c 15
a 120
b 129
c 147
a 160
b 164
c 165
a 15
b 156
165
a x 30
b x 30
10 a x 40
b a 20
c x 30
Exercise 7C
10 a 90
a y 80
a x 123, y 83
c a 90
b m 90
b x 70
a a 65
b a 71
c a 36
a x 107
b x 45
c x 45
a y 45
c x 60
b a 65, b 113
a 105
b 50
a x 106
c x 140
c x 245
a a 36
b x 59
c a 120, x 90, y 60
a x 50
10 a m 36
b x 50
c x 110, y 70
b m 38
c m 40
a 72
120
b 60
15
a 40
b 120
a 9
b 140
c 1260
a 15
b 156
c 2340
a 20
b 160
c 2880
60
45
c 45
90
30
ii
ii
120
135
iii
iii
Exercise 7G
D
E
B
E
a 5
b 6
c 1080
a 14
b 17
c 23
d 28
a 900
b 3420
c 2880
d 1260
a 142
b 158
c 155
4680
60
60 60
60 60
60
90 90
90 90
a 10
b 10
c 36
a 9
b 9
c 40
d
36
36
36
36
720
1080
10 a i
b i
Exercise 7D
1
c square
Exercise 7F
c 90
b x 65
b 4
45 45
45
45
45
45
45 45
36
36
36
36
36
36
A N S W E R S
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Page 544
6
30 30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30 30
a 15
b 24
a 7
b 7
a 11
b 11
10 a 20
5137
32 181
b 18
11 a 150
b, c and d Student work
e A number of approaches are possible. Discuss.
f about 16 mm
Exercise 7H
a SSS
e AAS
i AAS
b AAS
f RHS
j SSS
c SSS
g SAS
k AAS
d SAS
h RHS
l SAS
a SSS
e SSS
b SSS
f SSS
c RHS
d SAS
a side
c side
Exercise 7I
1
AB BA
AD BC
D C 90
ADB BCA
b In ADE and BCE:
AD BC
D C 90
DEA CEB
ADE BCE
(given)
(given)
(vertically opposite
angles)
(AAS)
a BAC DCA
(alternate angles)
b BCA CDA
(alternate angles)
c In ABC and CDA:
C O N N E C T I O N S
(alternate angles)
(alternate angles)
(common)
(AAS)
M A T H S
S T A G E
(radii)
(given)
(common)
(SSS)
AB DC 12 cm (given)
AD BC 5.6 cm (given)
BD BD
(common)
ABD CDB
(SSS)
b x 65 (corresponding angles of congruent
triangles)
c y 25 (corresponding angles of congruent
triangles)
(common hypotenuse)
(given)
(given)
(RHS)
BAC DCA
BCA DAC
AC AC
ABC CDA
544
(given)
(given)
(common)
(SSS)
BM MC
DBM EMC
DMB ECM
BMD CME
(given)
(corresponding angles)
(corresponding angles)
(AAS)
Exercise 7J
1
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 545
P R
(given)
(given)
(common)
(SSS)
(corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)
(given)
(given)
(common)
(SAS)
(corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)
(given)
(given)
(common)
(AAS)
(corresponding sides of
congruent triangles)
(given)
(given)
(common)
(SSS)
(corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)
However, these are alternate angles,
PQ SR
Also: PRQ SPR (corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)
However, these are alternate angles,
QR PS
PQRS is a parallelogram.
6
(given)
(alternate angles)
(common)
(SAS)
(corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)
(given)
(given)
(common)
(SSS)
(corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)
(common)
(alternate angles)
(alternate angles)
(AAS)
(corresponding sides of
congruent triangles)
and A C
(corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)
Similarly, by joining AC we can prove that
B D. Hence the opposite angles of a
parallelogram are equal.
(given)
(alternate angles)
(alternate angles)
(AAS)
(corresponding
sides of congruent
triangles)
Now again in DAE and BAE:
DA BA
(given)
AE AE
(common)
DE EB
(proved)
DAE BAE
(SSS)
AED AEB
(corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)
But AED AEB 180 (supplementary
angles)
AED AEB 90
Hence the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each
other at 90.
AB AC
AD AD
ADB ADC
BD DC
(hypotenuse, given)
(common)
(RHS)
(corresponding sides of
congruent triangles)
AE CE
AED BEC
DE BE
AED CEB
AD BC
(given)
(vertically opposite angles)
(given)
(SAS)
(corresponding sides of
congruent triangles)
A N S W E R S
545
12/8/04
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Page 546
12 In ABC :
AB AC
(given)
ABC is isosceles
(2 equal sides)
B C 65 (equal angles opposite
equal sides)
DE BC (given)
ADE B 65 (corresponding angles)
and AED C 65 (corresponding angles)
So ADE AED
(already proved)
ADE is an isosceles triangle (2 equal angles).
Exercise 7K
1
PQR PST
7
Exercise 7L
1
a x8
c x 28
b x 8.75
d x 18
a x 4, y 15
c x 412, y 12
b x 8, y 25
d x 16, y 12.5
a x 9, y 1123
c x 20, y 18
b x 4, y 12
d x 5, y 6
a x 15, y 53
c x 12, y 5
b x 26
d x 10, y 2313
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
546
Chapter review 7
1
a
b
c
d
e
a nonagon
b octagon
a x 75
b x 25
a x 60
b b 40, a 65
a x 77
b x 110
(equiangular)
AB
162 21
DE
BC
150 21
EF
CA
186 21
FD
ABC DEF (corresponding sides in
same ratio)
M N 90
(given)
LNM PNQ
(vertically opposite angles)
L P
(angle sum of triangle)
LMN PQN
(equiangular)
B D
C E
A A
ABC ADE
(corresponding angles)
(corresponding angles)
(common)
(equiangular)
Q S
R T
P P
(corresponding angles)
(corresponding angles)
(common)
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
octagon, convex
quadrilateral, non-convex
hexagon, non-convex
rectangle (quadrilateral), convex
square (quadrilateral), convex
a x 28, y 62, z 28
a 75
b x 30
b 115
10 a x 32.5
b x 90
11 a 110
b 57
12 a x 237
b y 67
13
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 547
a 3
b 4
c 720
Exercise 8A
1
A
14 a x 145
Score
(x)
b x 105
15 1440
16 26
b 108
18 a 1260
b 140
19 a 18
b 160
20 a 24
b 3960
21 a 18
b 162
c 3240
22 a 12
b 150
c 1800
23 a 45
b 8
24 a x 40
25 8
26 6
b 40
2
c 4
Score (x)
LM QP
(given)
LNM QNP
(vertically opposite angles)
L Q 50 (angle sum of triangle)
LNM QNP
(AAS)
MN NP
(corresponding sides of
congruent triangles)
D B 90
DQ BM
PDQ NBM
PQ MN
ABD ACD
BAD CAD
AD AD
ABD ACD
32 a x 7.5
34 S Q
T R
P P
PST PQR
35 a T
b F
a i
c
2
3
b x 1.5
c F
d T
6
7
9
e F
14
14
28
12
40
e 26
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
Frequency ( f )
13
19
22
Score
(x)
(corresponding angles)
(corresponding angles)
(common)
(equiangular)
d 14
c 22
f T
(given)
(given)
(common)
(AAS)
33 ABC AED; x 9
b 4
e 18.2%
f 22
27 12
PD NB
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
f 40
c 1080
b x 36
Tally
1
2
4
52
554
552
17 a 60
Frequency
(f )
ii
Tally
3
3
51
52
3
3
1
4
d 6
b 7 years
Frequency
(f )
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
12
19
22
25
26
30
f 30
d the ages of children
e the number of children of that age
f 12
g 6
h 8, 26.7%
A N S W E R S
547
1:00 PM
a
Score (x)
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
Frequency ( f )
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Page 548
2
5
9
14
10
6
0
4
2
7
16
30
40
46
46
50
Score (x)
c 2
any of 8, 9 and 10
7
Score (x)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2
3
3
7
0
5
6
4
2
Score (x)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
b i
9
9
22
ii
Marble colour
Number of marbles
10
20
40
14
10
12
16
26
12
38
47
53
58
10
60
f 60
Tally
1
3
52
53
4
2
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
Frequency
(f )
1
3
7
8
4
2
1
4
11
19
23
25
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
10
f 25
548
Cumulative frequency
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
4
Exercise 8B
Score
(x)
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
Frequency ( f )
c 60
a highest 8, lowest 3
b
4
11
23
44
61
78
86
a and b
21
22
b green
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
4
7
12
21
17
17
8
Age of car
(years)
15
Frequency ( f )
3 4 5 6 7 8
Mark
f 86
2
5
8
15
15
20
26
30
32
f 32
8
Frequency ( f )
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
Frequency ( f )
f 50
b 20
Cumulative frequency
12/8/04
Frequency
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
d 38
e 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age of car (years)
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 549
d and e
Number
of heads
Height
(cm)
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
Frequency ( f )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
4
5
7
8
6
6
3
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
2
6
11
18
26
32
38
41
f 41
g Yes
Tossing 7 coins
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Cumulative frequency
25
20
15
10
5
61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91
Height (cm)
c about 68%
Exercise 8C
1
range 6
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
range 27
range 17
range 16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Score
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Score
1
1
3
7
12
18
24
26
29
30
31
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of heads
1
0
2
4
5
6
6
2
3
1
1
f 31
Cumulative frequency
41
Cumulative frequency
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
Frequency ( f )
b 26
a 30
d 4
e 3
g No; there are
actually about
double that
figure.
c 1
f
Class size
Frequency ( f )
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
3
7
7
0
4
3
1
a 62.4
b 51.12
by 3.
The range is unaffected; the mean and
median increase by 10.
c i
A N S W E R S
549
12/8/04
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Page 550
a 5.3
d 20.02
a
b
c
d
e
b 16.85
e 6.57
92%
c 7.0
Frequency ( f )
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
d 19
e Yes; count to the 13th score along.
f The medians are the same.
12 Student work; median 11
13 Student response
14 a 37
b i 31
c 62
to the mean.
16 a decrease
b no change c increase
17 a increase
b no change c decrease
1
2
2
3
5
8
12
12
14
16
17
20
22
24
25
20 6
Exercise 8D
1
a 15
M A T H S
S T A G E
c 9
d 20.5
Class
centre Frequency
(x)
(f )
2630
3135
3640
4145
4650
C O N N E C T I O N S
b 27.5
Class
f 25
550
30
15 a 6.74
b 6 will have the least effect because it is closest
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
1
1
0
1
2
3
4
0
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
ii
18 a 18 students
b It must be a positive whole number (can you
11 a and b
Score (x)
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Score
c 53.58
10 a 4
Cumulative frequency
ii
28
33
38
43
48
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
fx
4
8
11
9
5
112
264
418
387
240
f 37
fx 1421
b i
3640
ii
38.4
a i
83 km/h
ii
120 km/h
e 37.45
iii
38
4
12
23
32
37
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 551
b and c
Class
centre
(x)
Class
8185
83
8690
88
9195
93
96100
98
101105
103
106110
108
111115
113
116120
118
d
e
i
j
4
Class
612
Tally
Frequency
(f )
4
51
52
51
1
54
5
2
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
fx
332
528
10
651
17
588
23
103
24
972
33
565
38
236
40
f 40
fx 3975
Pulse
(beats/
min)
Class
centre (x)
45.5
Frequency
(f )
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
59
1014
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
9
16
2026
23
2733
30
3440
37
4147
44
4854
51
Tally
Frequency
(f )
52
5552
55
53
4
3
1
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
fx
63
17
272
24
10
230
34
240
42
148
46
132
49
51
50
f 50 fx 1136
b 50
d Student work
f i
1
c 22.72
e 2026
ii
84%
a and b
Class
Class
centre Frequency
(x)
(f )
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
fx
2937
33
99
3846
42
252
4755
51
12
612
21
5664
60
16
960
37
6573
69
13
897
50
7482
78
702
59
8391
87
435
64
f 64
fx 3957
c 61.8
d 5664
65.5
75.5
14
25
13
22
47
60
65
85.5
c 64.4 beats/min
Class
Duration centre Frequency
(Class)
(x)
(f )
106110 km/h
ii 99.4 km/h
23
f 7
g 40%
h 410
Student work
median class 96100 km/h; estimate of
median speed 98 km/h
Class
centre
(x)
55.5
b 6170 beats/min
1319
7
12
17
22
27
32
37
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
fx
25
55
31
18
8
2
1
175
660
527
396
216
64
37
f 140
fx 2075
25
80
111
129
137
139
140
a 262
c 44 years
d i
70
ii
1517
1820
2123
2426
2729
3032
3335
3638
3941
b 26.4 babies
Class
Frequency
centre (x)
(f )
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
fx
2
3
5
6
5
4
2
2
1
32
57
110
150
140
124
68
74
40
f 30
fx 795
A N S W E R S
551
ii
12/8/04
Number
of babies
1:00 PM
16.5
20.5
24.5
28.5
32.5
36.5
40.5
Class
centre (x)
1115
1620
2125
2630
3135
3640
fx
3
6
7
7
4
2
1
f 30
Number
of babies
Class
Frequency
centre (x)
(f )
1518
1922
2326
2730
3134
3538
3942
iii
Page 552
49.5
123
171.5
199.5
130
73
40.5
fx 787
Frequency
(f )
13
18
23
28
33
38
fx
1
4
9
9
4
3
13
72
207
252
132
114
f 30
fx 790
a 3.8 mg/L
b and c
Class
Score centre
(mg/L)
(x)
1.01.4
1.2
1.51.9
1.7
2.02.4
2.2
2.52.9
2.7
3.03.4
3.2
3.53.9
3.7
4.04.4
4.2
4.54.9
4.7
5.05.4
5.2
a 19.5
e to 15
g 25
b 165
28
f
552
Cumulative frequency
c 643
a and b
c 42
d 181187 cm
C O N N E C T I O N S
40.8
28
11
24.2
39
10.8
43
12.8
47
47
4.2
48
4.7
49
5.2
50
1
1
1
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
a No
b 89
c 19
d 70
e Add the scores and divide by the number
f 20%
g
Score
(class)
Class
centre
(x)
1120
15.5
2130
25.5
31 40
35.5
41 50
45.5
Heights of US presidents
18
16
histogram
14
12
10
8
polygon
6
4
2
0
163 177 191
170 184
Height (cm)
51 60
55.5
6170
65.5
M A T H S
S T A G E
7180
75.5
8190
85.5
1
1
3
4
51
5
2
3
h 5160
10 a 35
Frequency
(f )
Tally
fx
i
b 16
15.5
25.5
106.5
182
333
327.5
151
256.5
f 25
fx 1397.5
55.9
c 11
24
of scores.
d 24.7
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
Frequency
4.8
b 20 hours
Cumulative frequency
Chapter review 8
fx
a 41
4
555
54
551
4
4
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
f 50 fx 107.5
Tally
Frequency
(f )
d 48
Frequency
11 a and b
Cumulative frequency
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 553
14 a
d about 10 hours
13 a
281285
286290
291295
296300
301305
306310
311315
283
288
293
298
303
308
313
10.511.4
11.512.4
12.513.4
13.514.4
14.515.4
15.516.4
16.517.4
10.95
11.95
12.95
13.95
14.95
15.95
16.95
b
c
d
e
Class
centre
(x)
Class
centre
(x)
Frequency
(f )
5
8
11
18
12
10
6
f 70
12 a 2
b 55.4%
c No; the dams are of different capacities. For
Mass of
calcium
(mg)
Mass
(kg)
Frequency
(f )
fx
7
11
18
16
14
11
3
f 80
1981
3168
5274
4768
4242
3388
939
fx 23 760
Cumulative
frequency
(c f )
7
18
36
52
66
77
80
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
fx
54.75
95.6
142.45
251.1
179.4
159.5
101.7
5
13
24
42
54
64
70
fx 984.5
14.0 kg
modal class 13.514.4 kg; mean 14.1 kg
65.7%
A class interval of 2.0 would have resulted in
only 4 classes, and the pattern of clusters and
spread in the data would be more difficult to
distinguish.
CHAPTER 9 Trigonometry
Exercise 9A
1
a BC
a x O, y A, z H
c x O, y A, z H
e x A, y H, z O
b x H, y A, z O
d x O, y A, z H
f x H, y O, z A
a p O, q A, r H
c d O, e H, f A
e p O, q H, r A
b a A, b O, c H
d a O, b A, c H
f l A, m O, n H
a AB
a 13 cm
d 12 cm
b 5 cm
e 5 cm
c 12 cm
a 17 mm
b 4 cm
c 24 cm
a i
ii
b i
ii
c i
ii
d i
ii
e i
ii
b EF
b BC
c AC
c PQ
d AC
e BC
A N S W E R S
553
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 554
c
e
4
Exercise 9B
1
8
17
3
5
8
15
4
5
15
17
QR
PR
b
PQ
PQ
DF
EF
e
DE
DE
They are equiangular.
Q1R1
PQ1
i
ii
PR1
PR1
They are equiangular.
e
d
i
ii
f
f
1
2
8
17
3
4
PR
QR
DF
f
EF
Q R1
1
PQ1
1
2
5 12 5
, ,
13 13 12
2
3
2
, ,
13
13
3
15 8 15
, ,
17 17 8
1
3
1
, ,
10
10 3
Exercise 9C
1
d
2
4 3 4
, ,
5 5 3
2
1
, ,
5
5
a i
b i
c i
d i
e i
f
554
x y x
, ,
10 10 y
a 5 a
, ,
c c 5
8 p 8
, ,
m m p
7 a 7
, ,
b b a
m 4 m
, ,
l l 4
m 3 m
, ,
n n 3
C O N N E C T I O N S
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
y x y
,
10, 10 x
5 a 5
, ,
c c a
p 8 p
, ,
m m 8
a 7 a
, ,
b b 7
4 m 4
, ,
l l m
3 m 3
, ,
n n m
M A T H S
a 17 cm
b i 187
ii
15
8
iii
8
17
a 15 units
b i 45
ii
4
5
iii
4
3
iv
8
15
ii
5
13
iii
12
5
a i
40
41
ii
9
41
iii
9
41
iv
40
41
a i
1
2
ii
27
6
iii
27
6
iv
1
2
a x 40
b x 55
10 a 60 units
b i
11
61
ii
60
61
iii
11
60
Exercise 9D
1
a 0.27 b 0.09
f 23.37 g 0.06
a 35
f 56
c 36
h 73
a 29
e 39
i 58
e
iii
d
1
2
12
13
c
iii
3
5
3
, ,
34
;
34
34
5
15 8 15
17; 17 , 17 , 8
a i
15
8
AB1
AB2
AB3
b
AC1
AC2
AC3
a
b
8
B1C1
B2C 2
B3C3
AC1
AC 2
AC3
B1C1
B2C2
B3C3
c
AB1
AB2
AB3
b
7
15
17
a
d
6
5
, ,
b 29
;
29
29 2
b 38
g 69
b 71
f 61
j 25
d 53
i 84
c 13
g 26
k 47
e 49
d 61
h 52
l 27
Exercise 9E
S T A G E
a x 7.5 cm
c m 15.5 cm
e x 11.3 cm
b a 5.3 cm
d x 6.5 cm
f x 12.8 cm
a a 2.12 cm
c m 9.76 cm
b y 17.38 cm
12/8/04
a m 33 cm
c n 36 cm
1:00 PM
Page 555
b l 25 cm
h 1.34 m
x 5.06 m
x 10.5 cm
l 18 cm
d 1080 m
h 24.29 m
12 x 12.9 cm
13 x 26 cm, y 77 cm
14 h 10 m
15 PR 45.8 m
80
210
Exercise 9F
20
a 11.8 cm
d 4.7 cm
b 9.2 cm
e 20.5 cm
c 15.2 cm
f 11.4 cm
a 31.3 cm
d 18.2 cm
b 35.0 cm
e 21.9 cm
c 15.7 cm
f 50.8 cm
26.15 cm 4
32.2 cm
5.51 m
9.1 cm
45.1 cm
2.15 m
86 mm
10 44 cm
12 43 m
50
11 AC 9.8 m
335
W
10 AC 9 m
25
55
260
40
S
11 1491 m
13 5 m
30
W
Exercise 9G
N
28
35
a 23
e 18
b 53
f 64
c 24
d 26
a 72
e 52
b 27
f 64
c 49
d 14
47
4 31
5 2523
6 3835
2224
8 4043
9 580
10 30
11 543
12 284
13 553
52
4 398 m
7 18
10 92 m
13 9.09 m
16 44 m
17 a
62.50 m
5 2
8 92.30 m
11 2.52 m
14 130.89 m
2
35
6 562
9 130 m
12 2237
15 166 m
3
23.3 km
a 0.9 km
146T or S34E
a 636 m
i 121T
ii
50 km
S59E
E
30 km
10 a 8 km
18
020T, N20E
200T, S20W
330T, N30W
056T, N56E
b 397 m
N
h
14
b 4.9 km
b
d
f
h
a
c
e
g
i
070T, N70E
105T, S75E
140T, S40E
298T, N62W
285T, N75W
Exercise 9H
b 13 km
11 39 nautical miles
500 m
c 152 m
Chapter review 9
Exercise 9I
1
a 90
e 45
b 180
f 45
c 45
g 45
d 2212
h 135
a p O, q A, r H
b a A, b O, c H
c d O, e A, f H
n
n
a cos , tan
10
m
A N S W E R S
555
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 556
q
q
p
r
d
d
c cos , tan
f
e
b cos , tan
3 3
c m 12,
12 12
,
13 5
a 0.55
b 22.42
c 175.90
a 26
b 41
c 51
a m 15.69 m
c l 6.90 mm
b p 6.59 cm
a 64.61
b 105.36
a 20
b 30
AB 296.5 m, AC 357.7 m
10 60.6 m
a
d
g
j
50
units b
61
units e
117 units h
34
units k
32
units c
97
units f
80 units i
145 units l
32
units
89
units
41 units
146 units
a
d
g
j
7.1 units
7.1 units
3.2 units
12.4 units
5.7 units
10.4 units
10.3 units
7.1 units
3.2 units
5.8 units
9.2 units
12.8 units
a AB 3 units, BC 4 units,
35 35
a x 5, 5, 4
11 43
13 a PS 20 cm
CD 3 units, DA 4 units
12 259
14 6056
15 4.0 m
16 26 cm
17 587
18 3341
19 94 m
a 15 units
a 80
265
units 45
265
units
b isosceles
24 4135
25 57.5 m
b 14.6
27 a 161T or S19E
b 90 km
28
12 a D(3, 3)
a
d
g
j
c
f
i
l
50
units
10
units
5 units
68 units
a 5 units
b 10 units
c
d
80 units e 5 units
f
g 41
units h
18 units i
40
units
20
units
34 units
a 4.47 units
d 1.41 units
g 11 units
170
E
d
10
300 km
S
295 km
31 357 m
2
b 430 cm
c 97.1 cm
33 a 5 cm
b 538'
34 60
Exercise 10A
556
a 4 units
d 4 units
g 7 units
a
d
g
c 5 units
f 7 units
85
units b 50
units c 41
units
52
units e 65
units f 53
units
52 units h
41 units i 5 units
50
units c 53
units
98
units f 85
units
53 units i 74
units
C O N N E C T I O N S
41
(15 29
) units
29
units
AC 26
units, BC 4 units; B is closer.
9 34
units
10 PC 20
units, QC 10
units;
8
Q is closer to C.
b 5 units
e 4 units
h 5 units
a 5 units
b
d
72 units e
g 65
units h
50
units
13
units
34 units
10 units
b
e
h
k
b AB
b PQ 9602 mm
32 a 22.6 cm
45
units
10
units
37 units
10 units
it is a right-angled triangle.
20 units, BC
50 units,
AC
34 units; it is not a right-angled
triangle.
29 930 km
30 a RQ 5661 mm
Exercise 10B
8 Q
23 3058
26 a d 79.4 m
b B
10 a 65
units
20 m 408 m, n 221 m
22 6240
c
f
i
l
b AC 5 units, BD 5 units
b QS 30 cm
21 37 cm
b
e
h
k
M A T H S
S T A G E
11 5 units
12 a i 4 units ii 3 units
iii 5 units
b It is a right-angled triangle.
13 PQ RS 5 units; QR PS
14 a 34
units
c Yes
15 a i 32
units
b i 32
units
c Yes
29
units
b 34
units
d Yes; distances are the same.
ii
ii
65
units
65
units
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 557
d i
Exercise 10C
1
a (0, 2)
b (1, 2) c (0, 0)
e (1, 3) f (2, 2)
g (1, 1)
i (1, 2) j (1, 3) k (1, 3)
a (4, 3)
d (4, 3)
g (4, 1)
a (0, 6)
e (4, 0)
i (3, 7)
(6, 9) b (4, 9)
(0, 1) f (4, 4)
(14, 14)
(5, 9)
a
e
i
k
(3, 2)
(4, 6)
c
g
j
l
(2, 6) d (3, 3)
(0, 0) h (5, 3)
1
1
(102, 6 2)
(4, 1)
(4, 4)
5 5
2
8 8
14 p 7, q 14
15 E (2, 7)
7
9
c 1.73
g 2.61
d 1.73
h 3.73
12 a 45
e 27
b 72
f 37
c 60
g 50
d 30
h 38
14 x 2
15 5
16 a
17 a
a i 2
b i DF
v
OF
a 12
1
e 6
2
i 5
a 2
ii
ii
vi
CD
ED
3
b 2
1
f 2
j 1
b
4
3
1
2
2x 3y 7 0
3x 2y 6 0
5x y 8 0
4x y 10 0
3x y 4 0
x y 14 0
a y 2x 4
c
e
g
i
10
7
a m 2, b 1
c m 1, b 5
g m
7
5
9
8
d
f
h
j
y
y 7x 14
y 3x 8
y 2x 7
y 3x
b 4
m 4, b 1
h m 1, b 0
a y 2x 1
c y x 4
b y 7x 2
1
d y 2x 3
e y 3x 3
5
3
x
8
b m 7, b 3
d m 2, b 3
1
,
2
xy90
3x 8y 5 0
2x y 1 0
8x 5y 7 0
x 3y 3 0
9x 8y 3 0
b y 5x
y 6x 9
y 3x
y x 1
y 3x 6
k y 7x
3
b
d
f
h
j
l
3
x
4
3
,
4
y 2x 9
a y
6, m b 6
b y x 5, m 1, b 5
c y 5x 9, m 5, b 9
d y 5x 2, m 5, b 2
c negative
f positive
i negative
2
iii 11
iii
b 5
a
c
e
g
i
k
1
)
2
b negative
e positive
h negative
3
5
1
2
Exercise 10D
a positive
d negative
g positive
5
3
b 1
f 0.58
b (3, 212)
10
e m 2, b 2
8
3
11 a 0.58
e 1
1
)
2
h 3
k 0
g 2
B and C
(412, 5)
12 a 5, b 9
2
5
0, 2 0
1
b i (4, 4)
ii (42, 5)
c Yes
d i The diagonals of a square bisect each other.
ii
8
x4
b (5, 2)
ii
Exercise 10E
b 5 units
8
80
units
11 a i
c (2, 1) d (4, 4)
g (2, 3) h (6, 2)
k (0, 0)
l (0, 0)
2
3
9
4
10 a
c (3, 1)
f (5, 4)
i (3, 1)
b (2, 1)
e (1, 3)
h (4, 7)
b (2, 6)
f (0, 4)
j (4, 6)
d (1, 1)
h (1, 2)
l (2, 3)
iv
AF
iv
2
c 3
7
g 2
2
k 5
c 1
12
FC or AB
1
d 3
h 3
3
l 2
d
1
a Yes
e Yes
b Yes
f Yes
A, D, G, H
a y 2x 7; m 2, b 7
b y x 6; m 1, b 6
1
1
c y 2x; m 2, b 0
3
c No
g Yes
d No
h Yes
5
2
10 x 3y 2 0
14
3
A N S W E R S
557
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 558
29 x 4, y 7
Exercise 10F
1
a Yes
e Yes
b No
f Yes
4
3
m 2 for both
3
2
2x y 7 0
m 2 for both
AB || CD, BC || AD
c Yes
g Yes
10 a i 6
ii 3
iii
b It is a parallelogram.
d Yes
h No
1
6
iv
c y
d y
32 a
Yes
33 a b 2
34 a
8
7
c (0, 3)
Yes
b y 2x 5
1
y 2x 5
34
units b (2, 62)
35 a y 2x
1
3
7
3
7
and y x ; No
2
2
2
5
9
5
4x 4 and y 4x 3; Yes
1
1
1
5
x and y x ; Yes
3
2
3
3
2
2
17
3x 6 and y 3x 3; Yes
3
5
Exercise 11A
1
a i
yx
e y x 3 and y x 6; No
f
11 a y 2x
b y
30 5 units
b 2
31 a 2
12 a 7
y
4
ii
2
3
13 y 2x 1, y 2x, 4x 2y 6 0
14 y x 2 and x y 2
15 a y 3x 2
c yx8
y 5x 3
yx
4 x
2
4
Chapter review 10
b i
45
units b 50
units c 10
units
2 P (23 45
) units
1
a (4, 0)
(8, 10)
a 2
a 3x 5y 8 0 b x 2y 14 0
c 7x 3y 11 0
a y x 3; m 1, b 3
4
7
4
7
b y 3x 3; m 3, b 3
c y 2x 8; m 2, b 8
yx1
b (3, 3)
1
b 8
12 y 5x 3
c (3, 3)
c
8
3
c i
b m 4, b 3
y 2x 1
13 3x 7y 28 0
16 (2, 6)
18
20
68
units
52
units
24 x 3
27
c 4
17 (6, 7)
19 AB AC AD 5 units
d i
23 (5, 4)
y x
25 x 2, y 4
b (5, 4)
C O N N E C T I O N S
y 2x 1
4 x
61
units
28 a (5, 4)
558
b (1, 3)
4 x
y
6
ii
11 y 5x 3
164
units
14 y 3x 1 and y 3x 0
15 a
yx1
a m 3, b 5
c m 2, b 3
10 m 3
y
4
ii
c Yes
M A T H S
S T A G E
1
2
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 559
y
4
ii
y x
d i
y 12x
y
4
1
2
4 x
ii
right
_1_
2x
4 x
y 3x 2
e i
y
8
ii
y
e i
y 3x
y
6
y 3x
ii
right
4 x
4
2
y 3x 2
4 x
y 2x 1
1
3
y 13x 1
y
4
2
3
1
3
x
4
ii
y 13 x 1
left
2
4
y
4
ii
y 2x 1
a i
y 2x 5
2
0
4 x
y
8
2
1
6
4
ii
a i
y
4
4
1
b i
2
0
right
4 x
y 3 5x
y 3 5x
ii
2
7
y
8
c i
ii
left
8 x
y 2 3x
y
4
1
4
ii
left
d i
y 2 3x
2
4 x
ii
4
1
1
3
4 x
m 2
b 1
0
2
2
4 x
y 2x 1
y 5x 4
y
8
4
m5
b 4
y 5x 4
4
8 x
4 x
4
8
yx4
y
4
2
1
m1
b 4
0
y
4
y 2x 1
ii
c i
y 3x 4
b i
m2
b5
4
y 3x 4
ii
y 2x 5
0
2
4
yx4
A N S W E R S
559
e i
12/8/04
1:00 PM
y 3x 2
2
g i
h i
y 3x 2
ii
c i
d i
y
4
2
1
2
m2
b2
ii
e i
y
2
m2
b7
m 3
b1
4 x
1
2
1
ii
a i
2
0
1
1
y 3x 4
m1
b2
C O N N E C T I O N S
g i
2
1
2
m3
b4
ii
S T A G E
2
1
4 x
y 3x 4
4 x
yx3
m1
b3
4 x
2
4
y 2x 7
y
8
3
1
m2
b 7
4
8 x
y 2x 7
y
4
3
2
1
m1
b 3
0
4
yx3
y
4
4 x
M A T H S
yx3
yx2
y
6
2
2
y 2x 3
ii
y
4
4 x
4 x
560
m 2
b3
yx2
yx2
y
ii
m1
b 2
y
4
ii
yx2
0
y
4
ii
y 2x 3
y 3x 1
2 5
y 2x 7
4 x
y 3x 1
y 2x 2
1
ii
2
6 x
y 2x 2
3
y5x
m 1
b5
y
4
y
8
y5x
y 2x 7
4 x
ii
m3
b 2
ii
b i
y
4
ii
Page 560
0
2
4
yx3
2
4 x
12/8/04
1:00 PM
y 4x 1
h i
y
8
1
3
5
8
y 5x 2
2
m5
b 2
8 x
2
1
1
3
1
y 12 x
2
0
4 x
2
4
4 x
y 2x 3
a y 2x
c yx2
e y 2x 2
b y 4x 4
d y 12x
f y x 3
Exercise 11B
1
a i
gradient.
y
4
4 x
y
4
y 12 x
y 2x
y 2x
4 x
y
4
ii
y 5x 2
yx
2
0
8 x
y 2x
y
4
y 2x 3
iii
y 2x 3
ii
y 2x 3
ii
y x
y 2x
a i
y
4
ii
a i
y
8
7
y 4x 1
m4
b1
ii
Page 561
y 3x y 2x
xy30
y
4
ii
yx
0
2
4 x
xy 30
y 2 x
4
4 x
2
4
b i
xy10
y
xy 10
4
ii
1
4 x
2
4
A N S W E R S
561
12/8/04
1:00 PM
xy50
c i
Page 562
ii
3
2 1
2
3 4
c 4x y 3 0
y
2
2 x
y
8
3
2
xy 50
xy0
d i
y
4
ii
2x y 1 0
e i
d xy10
1
2
e 2x 5y 0
3x 2y 0
5
2
2x y 1 0
2
3
3x 2y 0
4
a 2x y 5 0
4 x
3
1
2 1
1
1
y
0
4 x
a x 2y 3 0
4 x
1
1
2 3
4 x
b xy40
3
4 x
y
4
2 1
2
0
2
4 x
x 2y 3 0
xy 40
S T A G E
3x y 1 0
xy 30
y
4
M A T H S
8 x
1 2
1 4
C O N N E C T I O N S
562
3 2 1
y
4
y
4
xy30
x
b 3x y 1 0
x
3
4
2x 5y 0
y
4
2x y 5 0
4 x
y
4
ii
y
8
8 x
xy 10
4
4x y 3 0
y
4
4 x
xy 0
y
6
ii
4 x
12/8/04
1:00 PM
c 2x y 3 0
y
4
2 1
1
Page 563
d 3x y 1 0
1
2
4
2
4 x
4
3x y 1 0
2
a x 4y 6 0
0
2
2
4 x
1 4
4
4x 3y 6 0
x
3
3x y 2 0
2
y
4
4
3
4 x
c x 2y 0
2
4 x
4x 3y 6 0
2
2
1
d 2x y 3 0
2x 3y 2 0
1
4 x
1
1
2
0
2
4
4 x
2x y 3 0
4 x
x 2y 0
y
xy 10
4
4 x
y
4
h xy10
3x 4y 0
y
4
2
6 x
y
4
0
2
g 2x 3y 2 0
x 4y 6 0
b 3x 4y 0
3
4
2x y 6 0
y
2
2 6
4 x
y
4
y
4
e 3x y 2 0
y
4
y
4
2x y 6 0
2x y 3 0
4 x
e 3x 2y 1 0
y
4
1
2
3x 2y 1 0
2
4 x
2
4
A N S W E R S
563
12/8/04
1:00 PM
2x 3y 5 0
Page 564
y
4
2
3
1
Exercise 11C
2x 3y 5 0
4 x
2
4
g x 4y 8 0
y
4
4
x 4y 8 0
B, C, D, E
B, C, E
Yes
A, B, D, E, F
a (0, 3)
d (1, 5)
c (3, 3)
f (4, 5)
m 2
a3
11 a C
b
No
10 b No
y
6
4 x
b (1, 1)
e (2, 1)
2
D (2, 1)
2x y 5
C (2, 1)
h xy60
x
3
4
2 0
2
A (2, 1)
B (2, 1)
2
y
4
2 1
6 x
Exercise 11D
xy 60
xy40
3
2 1
1
2 3
4
0
y
8
xy 40
4 x
4 x
2
0
8 x
y
4
2x 3y 4 0
2x 3y 0
y
4
2x 3y 6 0
x 1
x2
y
4
y
4
4 x
4 x
4 x
y
4
y3
2
4 x
y 2
y
4
2x 3y 0
3
2
3
iii
2x 3y 6 0
4 x
2x 3y 4 0
1
2
x 3
gradient.
i
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
y
4
4 x
2
y
4
564
y5
ii
y
6
x1
4 x
y2
2
4 x
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 565
10 a
y
4
y
4
x4
y2
4 x
y 2
x 2 x 3
y
8
x 5
x4
x 3
4 x
d
y3
x2
x1
0
2
y
4
x 4
y4
y
4
x3
b
x0
y 3
y
4
2
x1 x3
y0
8 x
4 x
4
2
y 1
y 4
4 x
4 x
2
4
y
4
y-axis).
3
y
4
y
4
x2
y3
4 x
4 x
y 1
x 3
4
11 a
4 x
y 2
x1
y
4
y3
y
4
y
4
x6
2
x 2
6 x
4 x
y
4
2
y 2
y 0
0
2
4
x3
a (1, 4)
b (3, 2) c (2, 5) d (4, 1)
e (3, 7) f (1, 0) g (0, 2) h (4, 3)
a x3
b y2
a y0
b x0
a (2, 0)
b (0, 5)
c x 1 d y 4
4 x
y 1
x2
12 a x 5
b y 1
13 a y 5
b x 3
14 a x 2
b y2
Exercise 11E
1
a x5
d x4
b x6
e x2
c x 12
f x6
a y 2
d y 9
b y 5
e y 4
c y 3
f y 3
a
b
c
d
e
f
x-axis).
5
2
4 x
y 1
y 4
y2
i
i
i
i
i
i
x6
x4
x5
x3
x6
x4
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
y 4
y 1
y5
y 3
y 9
y3
A N S W E R S
565
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 566
y
4
2
4 x
4 x
e 4x 3y 12
y
4
2
4 x
4
4 x
y
2
4 x
4 x
x 4y 8
x
x 4y 8
0
4
2
b x 3y 6
x
2
6
2x 5y 10
112
3
6 x
b xy50
1
c x 3y 6 0
y
4
2
3x 4y 6
0
4
C O N N E C T I O N S
4 x
2x y 3 0
xy50
6 x
2
1
2
4
6 x
x 3y 6
2
c 3x 4y 6
y
6
8 x
y
4
a 2x y 3 0
y
4
4 x
y
4
y
8
a 2x 5y 10
4 x
4x 3y 12
y
4
566
2x 3y 6
y
4
y
4
y
4
d 2x 3y 6
y
4
4 x
y
4
2
M A T H S
S T A G E
x 3y 6 0
6 x
12/8/04
1:00 PM
d 2x 5y 10 0
x
2
Page 567
d y 3x 6
y
4
2
0
2
y
2
2
6
1
2
6 x
y 3x 6
2x 5y 10 0
0
4
2x 5y 5 0
x
212
a yx1
e y 3x 5
3x 4y 6 0
2
5
y 3 2x
4 x
0
2
y 3 12 x
g y 8 4x
yx1
2
4 x
1
0
4
h y 3x 9
y 2x 1
2
9
72
0
4
4 x
8 x
8 x
y 3x 9
8
12
y
8
y
4
y 8 4x
c y 3x 5
6 x
y
4
1
2
y
8
y 43 x 5
y
4
2x 5y 5 0
b y 2x 1
0
2
4 x
y
4
1
4 x
y
2
3
4
y
4
4 x
y
4
2
e 3x 4y 6 0
y 23 x 5
y 2x 3
y
4
12
8 x
y 2x 3
2
4 x
Exercise 11F
1
a m 5, b 4
c m 3, b 8
e m 53, b 1
b m 7, b 9
d m 8, b 11
f m 3, b 0
A N S W E R S
567
g m 2, b
i
12/8/04
Page 568
h m 12, b 3
5
6
m 6, b 5
k m 12, b 9
2
1:00 PM
12,
m
m 37, b 27
y
4
b 4
5
8
g y
h y
i
y
y
k y
l
3
y
y 3x 4
y 7x 5
y 34x 3
y 47x 3
y 4x 12
k y x 7
a
c
e
g
i
b
d
f
h
j
l
b 2, y
y 5x 2
yx3
y 2x 6
y 2x 56
y 8x 35
y 35x
y 2x 2
4 x
4 x
y
4
y
4
2
3
4
3
2
2
4
0
2
2
y
4
4 x
2
2
4 x
y 23 x 4
2
y 2 12 x
y 12x 1
4 x
y
4
1
12
y
8
2x
m 47, b 4, y 47x 4
6
m 12, b 3, y 12x 3
k m 45, b 4, y 45x 4
m 23, b 4, y 23x 4
y
4
(1, 3)
2
4
2
y 2x 1
4 x
y
4
y 2x 1
0
2
4 x
3
2
1
18
18
y
20
2 4
1
2
2
2
4 x
j
l
y 2x 2
d (0, 0)
e y-axis
12
C O N N E C T I O N S
h 0
4 x
M A T H S
S T A G E
x0
g No
8
y 3 2x
c concave upwards
16
y 2x 1
y 2x
y 3x 14
y 5x 14
y 25x 154
y 7x 9
y
6
b
d
f
h
Exercise 11G
y
4
y 12 x 3
y 3x 1
yx5
y 2x 1
y 23x 73
y 3x 5
k y x 3
a
c
e
g
i
568
h m 1, b 3, y x 3
4 x
4 x
y
4
y 3x 1
c m 34, b 3, y 34x 3
2
x
5
b m 13, b 1, y 13x 1
y
4
a m 1, b 2, y x 2
2
,
5
4 x
e y 25x 2, m 25, b 2
2
2
y 3 x 2
9
2
y
4
y 2 x 2
8 x
y 3x
y
16
12/8/04
yx
1:00 PM
Page 569
c yx 1
3 2 1
12
1
8
y 12 x 2
12
8
8
y x2 1
8 x
b
d
f
g
3
(0, 0)
c concave upwards
x 0 (the y-axis) e 0
concave upwards
2
narrower than y x and concave upwards
8 x
d yx 3
y
8
8 x
4
y 12 x 2
3 2 1
12
12
16
y
16
12
12
2
yx 3
16
y x
d 0
b (0, 0) c concave downwards
e concave downwards and narrower than
2
y x
a y 3x
3
e y (x 1)
1
27 12 3
x
y
2
3 12 27
y
16
8 x
4
8
8 x
3 2 1
y
8
12
y 3x 2
12
y (x 1)2
16
8
20
y (x 1)
24
28
8 x
3 2 1
16
b yx 1
x
3 2 1
10
10
y
16
12
8
y
16
y (x 1)
12
8
8
8 x
2
yx 1
8 x
A N S W E R S
569
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 570
y
16
6 4 2 1
3
b i
c iv
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
8 x
12
4
1
2
b y x
a y x
12 6
2
y x
d ii
Exercise 11H
1
2
y
8
4
8 x
y x2 1
a iii
y x2 3
2
yx 1
2
yx 3
a y x
12
y x2 2
2
yx
8
3
2
4
1
6 12
0
1
12
12 6 3 1
12
4
2
y
8
y
12
8
1 3
12
y
x
12
1
2
1
4
y x
12
12 x
4
12
12 x
c y x
8
12
No
d No
undefined
f undefined
1st and 3rd
h continues decreasing
continues increasing
12
a y x
c
e
g
i
2
4 3 2 1
1
4
1
3
12 6
1
4
3
2
1
12
12 6
12
3
2
1
4
1
3
8 x
1
3
12 x
1
2
y
8
M A T H S
S T A G E
0
4
C O N N E C T I O N S
1
2
y 1
6 4 2 1
12
570
2 1
y
4
d y x
4
12
12
1
2
y
12
y
x
y
8
1
2
2
4
2
y
x
8 x
2 1
2
1
3
1
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 571
a y x
e xy 16
3 1
3 1
8 4 2
2 4 8
y
8
y
8
8 x
8 x
3
y
x
b y x
xy 6
6 3 1
4 2 1
1 2 4
y
8
xy 16
6 2 1
y
8
4
y
x
4
8
8
8 x
8 x
4
8
xy 6
c xy 6
Exercise 11I
6 3 1
1 2 6
1
a y2
y
8
4
xy 6
3
2
1
1
8
1
4
1
2
y
16
8 x
y 2x
12
4
(0, 1)
d xy 4
x
4 2 1
1
y
8
4 2 1
a y2
x
y
0
4
8 x
d 16, 32
c 116 , 312
f It becomes steeper.
g No
h (0, 1)
e 512
x
3 2 1
8
1
2
1
4
1
8
8 x
xy 4
A N S W E R S
571
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 572
y
16
y 2x
a y2
3 2 1
12
2x
1
64
y
8
y
16
8 x
16
64
1
4
1
16
1
64
y 22x
8 x
2x
b y2
3
2
1
1
27
1
9
1
3
27
3 2 1
64
y
28
y 22x
y 3x
24
16
8
8
8 x
c y2
8 x
c No
3 2 1
1
512
64 512
d (0, 1)
y
16
3x
12
8
16
y
16
20
12
1
4
(y decreases).
g No
h (0, 1)
0
1
1
d
e
c 16, 32
512
f It keeps on getting closer to the x-axis
a y3
1
4
12
1 1
,
16 32
1
16
y5
y
16
1
64
1
8
y 23x
12
12
8
8
4
4
8
8
8 x
1
x
2
a y2
x
3
2
1
0.35 0.5
0.7
1.4
2.8
b and c
1
y 2 2x
y
16
8 x
d y3
b (0, 1)
5
4
x
3 2 1
27
1
3
1
9
1
27
y
28
y 3x 24
y 2 2x
20
12
16
8
12
4
8
8
8 x
572
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
8 x
e y
12
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 573
3 2 1
y 2x 3
a i
1
2
1
4
1
8
y
4
1 2
1
m 2, b 3
ii
y
16
y 3x 7
b i
8 x
2
y3
x
3 2 1
1.7
5.2
1
x
y 32
1
2
8 x
Chapter review 11
x
y
3 1
0
2
1
3
y 3x 1
2
4 x
y 2x 3
y
4
3
3 2 1
0
2
x
y
y
2
4 x
b 2x 5y 20
4 x
x 3y 6
y
8
5
6 4 2
5 4 3
2
4 x
y 3x 2
a x 3y 6
b xy5
0
2
1
4
y 3x 2
iii
y
4
y
4
y 3x
ii
a y 2x 3
4 x
y 3x
4
0
0
2
y 3x 1
a i
12
y 3x 7
m 3, b 7
ii
y
16
y
4
1
x
2
4 x
12
8
0
2
1 x
y ( 2 )
y 2x 3
xy5
0
4
8 x
2x 5y 20
A N S W E R S
573
12/8/04
1:00 PM
a x 2y 3 0
Page 574
y
x 2y 3 0
4
1
15 a
y
6
4
4 x
b xy20
2 1
4 x
xy30
2 1
1
2x 2y 8 0
ii
4 2
0
4 x
a i
4 x
y
4
1 2
4
y
4
xy20
0
3
16 a 3x 7y 21
x
3
y
8
4
4
8 x
3x 7y 21
yx6
iii
y
y
8
2x 2y 8 0
3 2 1
xy30
b x 2y 6
x
3
8 x
6 x
x 2y 6
yx6
17 a y 2x
No
2 1 0.5 0
8 2 0.5 0 0.5 2 8
0.5
10 p 3
11
x 3
x1
y
8
8 x
4
y 2x
x5
12
y
4
16
8 x
b yx 2
12 (2, 5)
13 y 5
14 a i
b i
574
(4, 0)
(10, 0)
C O N N E C T I O N S
ii
ii
(0, 3)
(0, 4)
M A T H S
S T A G E
3 2 1
7
1 2 1
12/8/04
Page 575
y
12
y
28
24
1:00 PM
20
y x2 2
y 3x
16
8 x
12
8
c y (x 2)
3 2 1
25
16
8 x
18 a y x 1
y
16
12
y
4
1
8
y (x 2)2
4 x
yx1
8 x
b yx1
d y x
x
3 2 1
2 3 6
y
4
1
2
1
yx1
4 x
2
y
8
y x
c y 4x
8 x
y
4
1
4
y 4x
2
4 x
x
e y2
3 2 1
1
2
1
4
1
8
y
16
y 2x
d y2x
y
4
1
12
y2x
2
4 x
2
8
4
4
e y 3x
8 x
y3
x
y
3 2 1
1
27
1
9
1
3
0
1
1
3
2
9
3
27
y
4
1
13
1
3
y 13 x
4 x
2
4
A N S W E R S
575
12/8/04
1:00 PM
x3
y
2
y
4
1
112
Page 576
19 a iv
d vi
x3
y
2
20 a i
b iii
e ii
y 2x 5
ii
1
213 2 123
1
2
0
2
1
1
2
4
iii y 2x
4 x
x
y 2
3
y 2x
y
6
h y 2 3x
y
8
4
2
4
y 2x 3
y 2 3x
2
4 x
y
4
1
112 1
12
4 x
2
4
4
8 x
y 2x 5
x
y 1
2
21 a m 6, b 5
3
c m 2, b 4
22 a i
b i
c i
3
1
2
ii
1
ii
1
2
ii
12
y x 3
y 12x 1
1
iii y 2x 2
iii
iii
1
123 113 1
b y
4
x
5
7
;
5
2
4 x
x 3y 4
1
2 2 2
1
2
0
2
4 x
c
3
y 2
1
634
514
3x 4y 24
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
y = 13x + 2
26 a y 7x 11
27 a i
a 1y
7x
2
4 x
11
by
2x 3
cy
3x
1
27
ai
b y 2x 3
c y 3x 1
x
4
4 x
y
4
2
y
8
1
x + 1
y = 26
2
3x 4y 24
y
4
yx 3
y
4
b y 2x 6
5
9
c y 7x
b 5
24 a y 4x 7
25 a
k y 2
m
4
,
5
c y 3x 8; m 3, b 8
23 a y 3x 4; m 3, b 4
y
4
576
b m 8, b 0
x 3y 4
y 2x 3
y
4
3 1
x
g y 2
3
4 x
c v
f i
b iii
5
c iv
5
28 a m 6, y 6x
2
4 x
S T A G E
b i
(0, 33)
d iv
e ii
10
3
ii
(4, 0)
iii
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 577
a
d
g
j
x2
x6
x 17
x7
b
e
h
k
x 6
a6
x2
m3
c
f
i
l
x8
x 10
m 1
x7
a
d
g
j
x7
x 10
x8
x 33
b
e
h
k
x9
x 30
x 14
x 23
c
f
i
l
x 14
x 19
x 11
x2
a
d
g
j
x4
x2
x 15
m3
b
e
h
k
a 46
x9
y 27
x2
c
f
i
l
m 2
x3
t 13
n4
a
d
g
j
x 14
x 36
x5
x5
b
e
h
k
x 27
x 42
x9
x4
c
f
i
l
x 20
x 24
x7
x7
a
d
g
j
t1
a6
x 7
x3
b
e
h
k
a8
x6
y4
t5
c
f
i
l
x6
x 2
x 5
x5
a
d
g
j
x 14
m 20
x 2
x3
b
e
h
k
p 9
y 7
a 42
a 24
c
f
i
l
a 12
a 4.4
m 5
x 11
a
d
g
j
correct
incorrect
correct
correct
b correct
e incorrect
h correct
k correct
c
f
i
l
correct
correct
incorrect
correct
a
d
g
j
x 12
m 40
x 14
y 7
b
e
h
k
x3
x 56
x 4
x 7
c
f
i
l
x 18
x4
x 4
x 14
a
d
g
j
y 8
y1
x 1
t8
b
e
h
k
x1
x5
y 8
t2
c
f
i
l
t 1
t 2
m5
x 9
a
d
g
j
x1
m 712
m 90
x7
b
e
h
k
x4
x 15
x5
y6
c
f
i
l
y4
a4
x 27
k 10
a
d
g
j
x 5
x1
t 22
m 9
b
e
h
k
y2
x4
a 4
y7
c
f
i
l
x 11
a8
x 7
a 4
a
d
g
j
a 72
a 1.8
a2
a4
b
e
h
k
p3
a1
x2
y 112
c
f
i
l
x 22
a 77
x 64
y3
a
d
g
j
x6
a3
x 2
y1
b
e
h
k
m 13
x 5
a 31
x4
c
f
i
l
x4
x8
m 21
y 1
a
d
g
j
x 20
x4
y2
x 1023
b
e
h
k
x8
x4
m 512
x 12
c
f
i
l
x 712
m 3
p5
x5
a
d
g
j
x5
y 1
t6
m8
b
e
h
k
m 24
x3
x4
m 49
c
f
i
l
x7
x7
x4
k5
a
d
g
j
x0
a3
x6
x 10
b
e
h
k
a1
m8
m3
x6
c
f
i
l
m9
a 14
x1
m1
a
d
g
j
x4
a 112
x 60
x 29
b
e
h
k
x1
x 31
x1
x 10
c
f
i
l
a 32
x 7
x 5
a 12
a
d
g
j
x 17
x 8
x 10
t 15
b
e
h
k
x 312
x 17
x 4
m 21
c
f
i
l
m 6
x 12
y3
x0
a
d
g
j
t3
x6
x 38
m 15
b
e
h
k
m1
t 4
x 6
a4
c
f
i
l
x 5
y 3
x3
p4
a
d
g
j
a 418
x 3
m 512
x6
b
e
h
k
x 11
n 3
x9
a 117
c
f
i
l
p6
x 10
y 40
x6
a
d
g
j
x 5
y6
x 14
a 32
b
e
h
k
x 3
x5
n 212
x 65
c
f
i
l
m 35
x 26
x 20
m3
a x 238 b x 9
e z0
i x6
f
j
c y 234 d m 35
k 13 g p 313 h n 20
x 4 k x 4
x 29
ii x 35
2x 3
b In 11, all of 2x 3 is divided by 5.
5
2x
In 3 22, only 2x is divided by 5 and
5
3 is subtracted from the result.
Exercise 12C
10 a i
Exercise 12B
1
a
d
g
j
m2
x2
x6
x4
b
e
h
k
x 12
x 16
a 11
x4
c
f
i
l
x3
x6
y8
m 9
A N S W E R S
577
a x 113
d a1
g a 37
12/8/04
b a 219
e a 29
h a 156
a 23
k x
a
d
g
j
t 2
x1
a2
m 17
b
e
h
k
a x5
d x 31
g t 23
10 a a 56
d t4
g x2
6
7
a1
a 6
x6
x0
1:00 PM
Page 578
c y 15
f a 20
i a 46
l
a 823
c
f
i
l
t 12
m 4
m 7
y 8
b x4
e x 23
h a 19
c x4
f m 30
b x2
e a1
h m4
c x1
f y1
Exercise 12E
1
a
d
g
j
a 12
x 10
m 12
t 36
b
e
h
k
m 15
x 23
x 12
p 28
c
f
i
l
a 96
x 108
y 60
x 270
a
d
g
j
p 4123
x6
x 71137
x7
b
e
h
k
y 223
x 140
m 445
x5
c
f
i
l
a 36
y 43
x 1114
x6
a
d
g
j
x 1131
a 1
x 36
x 70
b
e
h
k
x 24
m 21
x7
p6
c
f
i
l
x 275
x 20
x 30
b1
a
d
g
j
t 10
x 312
x 12
x 878
b
e
h
k
p 11173
x 61123
p 10131
y 912
c
f
i
l
m 445
k7
x 725
x 1214
a a 335
d x 1113
g x7
Exercise 12D
1
a
d
g
j
a 35
a 57
a 12
x4
b
e
h
k
a 1312
y6
a 313
a 12
c
f
i
l
x 34
x 10
x 28
x 16
a
d
g
j
a 30
m 17
p 24
x1
b
e
h
k
x2
a 19
x 425
x 1412
c
f
i
l
m 1014
p 823
x1
x5
a
d
g
j
p7
a8
x 126
x 16
b
e
h
k
p 18
a 17
a1
x 14
c
f
i
l
a 325
k 38
y 15
x 338
a x 12
d a 30
g m 23
c y 514
f y7
i x 614
l
a 415
c
f
i
l
y 25
x 612
x 18
x 334
x 52
k x 7
a
d
g
j
x 18
a 27
x 6
x 69
b
e
h
k
p 22
m 1813
x 2
x 20
a x2
b a 212
c m7
d x 10
e x 2523
x 634
g x9
h x
m6
x 1191
c
f
i
l
m3
m 16
a 52
x 16
x 1614
k x
a
d
g
j
x
a 45
x 12
a 278
b
e
h
k
157
1
2
1
6
p 37
x 10
y 4
x1
a x 10
b a 33
c x 556
d m 15
e x
a 241
g y1
h x 113
x 112
578
b a 12
e x 15
h x6
x 313
5
8
k m 1712 l
C O N N E C T I O N S
k x
5
17
x 11169
a m 67
d x 337
b t 116
e x 10
c x 13
f x 40
g x 215
h p 217
a 234
x 5
j
7
p 657
c x 158
f x 3
i x 1512
x3
k m
1712
a x7
d y 1271
b x5
e a 1190
c x 2110
f x5
g a 1534
j t 31
h x 214
k x 7
i
l
a y 12
d x 23
g x 156
b x 112
e m 137
h x 3
c x 556
f x 3
i m 13
x5
k x 123
x 1159
a 7171
x 412
Exercise 12F
y 35
M A T H S
b a 14
e x9
h x 16
S T A G E
a 4
d 8 cm
b 18
e 37
a 12
d 3
a
d
g
i
b 8
c 10
e 35, 70, 75
x5
b x7
a8
e x 21
m 32, n 32
x 39, y 31
c $9, $18
c m9
f x 17
h x 32
a
b
d
e
f
g
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 579
a 14
b 188
c 70 cm, 140 cm, 120 cm
e 6 pages/min, 12 pages/min
a A 271.75
c V 1161.00
e A 363.73
a V 102
b F 107.6
d C 53.41 e V 615.75
g S 214.5
d 80 km
f $200
a
d
g
j
x 2
x 5
x 9
x 5
b
e
h
k
a
d
g
j
x 35
x 22
m 23
t 23
b x 25
c x 6
e x 23
f y 15
2
h x
i x 35
3
5
k x 3
l x
2
a m 42
b x 34
d a 1
e x 45
5
g x 2
h x 58
x 15
k x 1
a
d
g
j
x 37
x 11
x 23
x 4
b
e
h
k
a x 72
d x 5
g y 9
j
6
b
e
h
x 19
k
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
x 3
x 8
x 11
x 17
x 12
x 5
x 32
x 74
no solution c
x 2
f
x 10
i
x 14
l
x 2
no solution
x 2
no solution
x 53
x 15
x 2
x 4
x 52
a 6
m 94
x 72
c
f
i
l
a a 7
b m 14
c y 73
d y 6
e x 6
f y 7
g a 65
h x 97
i x 152
j
7
x 1
x 6
x 10
x 11
p 181
k x 12
a b8
d r 14.66
b h8
e a 56
c A 39
a a3
d l 70.06
b u 24
e h8
c p 10 000
a a 42.48
d b 18.4
b l 72
e l 14
c d 96
a m 3.2
d r6
b m 1.15
e d 114
c h3
a m4
d h9
b b8
e r4
c l4
a a 14
d A 32
b h 1.27
e a 15
c r 4.5
a d 400
d a 12
b r 9.90
e h4
c r 6.25
a F 113
b R 5.48
d P 15 000 e l 127.9
a C 50.24 b P 12
d E 100
e V 36
g A 616
h V 729
a
c
e
g
c 10
s3
D 23
S 4408
a
c
e
m 85
g
i
k
Exercise 12H
a
c
e
g
i
a A 60
d S 342
g V 576
b P 50
e V 280
h P 64
c S 820
f A 100
c F 165
f C 100.48
i A 252
b S 2352
d x 2, x
f V 616
2
7
c s 176
Exercise 12J
c A 90
f S6
Exercise 12I
Exercise 12G
1
b V 297.80
d A 356.90
o
3
x1
x 3
x 4
2
x 3
x
1 and x 5
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a x
7
b
d
f
h
x2
x7
x 3
6 x 1
x 1 and x 5
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d n7
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
e y4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b a4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
c m
9
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A N S W E R S
579
12/8/04
g m5
1:00 PM
h m 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y
2
a 1
y1
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x5
y 8
x
14
x6
b
e
h
k
a4
x
8
y 4
x 15
c
f
i
l
y
3
y 6
x
10
x
6
a
d
g
j
x
212
x 4
x 7
x 3
b
e
h
k
x 4
x
2
x 4
x 3
c
f
i
l
p 3
x2
x 6
y 10
a
d
g
j
x
2
n
7
x
6
m 3
b
e
h
k
y2
p9
p 3
m
8
c
f
i
l
m
2
x 18
x3
x4
a
d
g
j
p 2
x
1
y 5
y7
b
e
h
k
a7
p 4
p
3
p 3
c
f
i
l
x 7
m 8
x 6
m
7
a
d
g
j
x5
m6
a 5
x 3
b
e
h
k
y
3
x2
x
6
x 2
c
f
i
l
p 2
x7
x 28
p 1
a
d
g
j
a 8
x
1212
x 7
x 634
b
e
h
k
x6
y 4
t1
a 10
c
f
i
l
x
6
a
12
x8
m6
b x
d x
212
3 2 1 0 1
e m
1 2
3 32
f
5 6 7
g a 3
h m 1
y2
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
k y 6
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
580
C O N N E C T I O N S
18 17 16 15 14 13 12
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
115
x 8
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
3 2 1 0 115 2 3
x 313
1 2
33 4 5 6 7
a x6
b 78
w
90
c 13
x
19, so integer values could be 14,
d 4
x
8 e x 135
f
g x 18, at least 18 trips
h between 5 cm and 25 cm
y 723 cm
Exercise 12L
1
a No
e No
a 0, 8; 1, 7; 2, 6
c 5, 30; 20, 20; 8, 28
a Yes
c No
a x 10, y 5
c p 18, q 9
a
c
e
g
i
k
x 1, y 2
x 2, y 3
x 2, y 2
x 2, y 1
x 4, y 2
x 2, y 0
b
d
f
h
j
l
x 2, y 2
x 1, y 2
x 3, y 2
x 1, y 2
x 1, y 1
x 1, y 4
a
c
e
g
i
k
x 2, y 7
x 1, y 5
x 1, y 2
x 2, y 4
x 1, y 6
x 4, y 2
b
d
f
h
j
l
x 3, y 1
x 2, y 5
x 2, y 3
x 3, y 4
x 3, y 1
x 2, y 0
b Yes
f Yes
b Yes
a 7, 4
11 cm, 8 cm
b 16, 9
12 boys, 17 girls
c Yes
g Yes
d Yes
d Yes
b a 8, b 4
c 4, 3
d 5, 10
a
1
Exercise 12M
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x 3
k x
y
15
h x 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
131 2 3
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x 1
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3 2 1 0
d t
6
g x 3
3 2 1 0 21 1 2 3
2 12
323
2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
2
5
3 2 1 0 25 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
e x 1
a
d
g
j
c y
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
a a3
b y 113
8
9
c a
2
Exercise 12K
1
a x
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
k x 2
Page 580
a
2
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
M A T H S
S T A G E
a x 3, y 1
b x 2, y 2
c x 1, y 2
d x 3, y 1
e no solution (parallel lines)
f
g
h
i
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 581
a
c
e
g
i
k
x 2, y 1
x 2, y 1
x 1, y 3
x 1, y 6
x 2, y 1
x 3, y 1
b
d
f
h
j
l
x 1, y 4
x 2, y 1
x 1, y 2
x 2, y 1
x 1, y 3
x 2, y 5
a x 2, y 3
c x 1, y 2
e x 9, y 15
x 22.5, y 47.5
a A: C 5d; B: C 200 3d
e
g
i
k
2
i x 9, y 1
k x 8, y 34
3
b x 1, y 1
d x 2, y 1
f x 5, y 8
b 100 km
c On distances less than 100 km it is cheaper to
Exercise 12N
a
c
e
g
i
x 11, y 1
a 7, b 3
m 4, n 3
x 2, y 3
x 3, y 4
b
d
f
h
m 3, n 14
a 3, b 1
x 1, y 5
x 4, y 2
a
c
e
g
i
x 4, y 3
x 3, y 12
x 3, y 5
x 3, y 2
m 13, n 6
b
d
f
h
p 0, q 6
x 4, y 112
x 3, y 4
a 5, b 2
a
c
e
g
i
x 25, y 14
m 2, n 3
x 2, y 1
a 5, b 1
x 6, y 2
b
d
f
h
x 1, y 1
x 5, y 1
x 4, y 2
x 1, y 3
a
c
e
g
i
x 3, y 4
x 7, y 1
x 2, y 1
a 2, b 2
a 1, b 3
b
d
f
h
x 2, y 12
x 3, y 7
x 9, y 1
x 9, y 3
a
c
e
g
i
x 3, y 2
m 2, n 3
x 4, y 4
x 1, y 4
m 5, n 1
b
d
f
h
a 2, b 1
x 6, y 3
m 1, n 6
x 4, y 2
a x 6, y 4
c x 5, y 113
b x 3, y 4
d x 0, y 3
f x 6, y 3
h x 5, y 2
j
l
b
d
f
h
j
l
x 5, y 4
x 5, y 12
x 1, y 4
x 3, y 4
x 3, y 15
x 2, y 1
b
d
f
h
x 2, y 5
x 4, y 0
x 1, y 3
x 6, y 4
x 0, y 2
x 1, y 4
m x 3, y 1
o x 6, y 5
q x 1, y 2
b
d
f
h
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
j
l
x 3, y 2
x 3, y 2
x 2, y 1
x 2, y 5
x 6, y 2
x 112, y 1
x 412, y 3
x 1, y 23
x 6, y 13
x 8, y 1
x 2, y 4
x 7, y 13
x 2, y 8
x 10, y 2
x 1, y 5
x 28, y 18
x 2, y 2
x 4, y 0
j x 3, y 1
l x 5, y 2
n x 6, y 5
p x 19, y 46
r a 9, b 5
Exercise 12P
1
a 15, 8
d 12, 24
a
b
c
d
e
a x 4, y 2
c x 26, y 39
e x 12, y 2
a
b
c
d
e
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Exercise 12O
1
a
c
e
g
x 1, y 4
x 3, y 1
x 2, y 8
a 9, b 5
x 3, y 113
x 12, y 2
x 6, y 4
x 513, y 2
b 61, 19
e 17, 2
c 27, 29
7
15
a 30 questions
b 5 questions
A N S W E R S
581
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 582
Chapter review 12
1
a x 15
d x 16
b x 17
e x9
c x7
f x4
a x4
d m 12
b x4
e x4
c x 8
f x7
a m 16
d x 2
b x2
e x 2
c y 4
f a 12
a a 8
d x 16
b x 16
c x 212
a t
a x7
b x 10
a p8
b a5
a x 412
b m 15
a x
b y 24
1
2
10 a y 4630
b x
11 a 6
b 20
12 a x 13
b x 15
13 a x 5
b x 52
14 a v 12
a 294 cm
a 97.92 m
a 81.72 m
c r 2.31
16 l 142.98
b x 9
19 a a 2135
b x 14
18 19 20 2135 23 24
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
c 2
x 2
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
b 423.36 cm
c 4.86 m
b 395.2 cm
b 2408.98 mm
2
b 589.8 cm
b 1300.2 m
a 267.2 cm
a 863.6 cm
52 241.45 cm
a 336 cm
b 720 cm
2
d 4697.4 cm
a 864 m
b 5212 cm
2
d 4602.6 cm
c 1195.8 cm
2
c 8999.5 m
78.54 cm
2
415.48 cm
2
4.52 m
2
47.78 mm
a
b
c
d
a 26.88 cm
2
c 96 m
a
b
c
d
23.6 m
i
i
i
i
ii
ii
ii
ii
i
i
i
i
439.82 cm
2
2456.73 cm
2
27.90 m
2
480.29 mm
2
b 2.97 m
2
d 702 mm
20.4 cm
2
42.5 m
2
14.1 m
2
3620 mm
2
ii
ii
ii
ii
5
2
a 326.7 cm
2
c 63 774.3 cm
a 1600 cm
2
c 38 m
29.4 cm
iii
2
35.9 m
iii
2
70.7 m
iii
2
14 600 mm iii
29 900 cm
49.8 cm
2
78.4 m
2
84.8 m
2
18 200 mm
b 500 644.2 cm
2
d 3554.8 cm
b 510 cm
2
d 2200 cm
20 x 2, y 1
21 x 1, y 2
22 x 1, y 3
23 x 1, y 2
a 4.2 cm
24 x 5, y 0
25 7, 21
26 a x 1
b 12
27 a a
x 21123
28 a x 30
m6
29 a x
3
x 10
30 a x 12
m 245
31 a y
1
5
x
32 a x
8
x9
33 a x 16
34 a x 715
35 a n
623
278
36 a x 2, y 2
10 355 cm
b 346 cm
2
2
11 a 408.4 cm
b 1633.6 cm c 4 times
2
12 a 28 328 cm 2.83 m
C O N N E C T I O N S
b 6 bins
Exercise 13C
835
a 256 cm
b 114.07 cm c 1779.84 cm
2
2
d 408.82 cm e 89.76 m
x6
a 5090.8 cm
x 11
a Yes
b Yes
c i 11.31 cm
ii 5.66 cm
2
d 11.49 cm e 10.77 cm f 236.32 cm
m 2, n 3
a 10.6 m
2
3
b 11.2 m
M A T H S
S T A G E
b 954 cm
z 18.63 cm
582
c 138.24 m
b u0
18 a m 3
b 2649.92 cm
Exercise 13B
b h 2.73
b x
10
11
18
17 a x 3
a 1032 cm
b m 12
4
5
15 a V 1099.56
Exercise 13A
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 583
b 910 cm
6
173.2 cm
a 18 cm
a 302 cm
2
d 24.0 m
b 424 cm
c 296 cm
a 3.36 m
b 89.05 cm c 127.02 cm
2
d 1.3125 m
a 407.2 cm
a 6 cm
b i 2
4 times
b 282.7 cm
0.25 m
A, C
ii
c 147.8 cm
b 710 cm
b 49
a 728 cm
a 204 cm
a h 4.9 m, d 3.4 m
c about $343.50
a 9.075 m
b 13 736 cm c 13.6 m
2
a 52 000 m
b 228 m
3.2 m
c 2.54 million m
10 a 72.24 m
11 522.7 cm
c 164.2 cm
b 3222.95 cm
Exercise 13H
a 4 cm
2
c 33.64 m
a 10.86 m
9.5 m
a 115.5 cm
b 1.5%
7
2
d 3.22 10 km
229 cm (approx.)
a 3190 cm
It quadruples.
10 a 23.56 cm
3
c 48.7 cm
a 2513 m
b 4
c about 10 052 panels
a 5.15 10 km
8
2
c 3.65 10 km
14.47 cm
a 291 cm
8
2
75.27 m
a h 2.02 m; V 3.57 m
3
b h 19.79 cm; V 1460 cm
3
c r 2.24 cm; V 20.5 cm
c 380.1 cm
2
f 17.1 m
b 461.8 cm
a doubles
129.2 cm
b 519.01 cm c 2037.37 cm
a 452.4 cm b 72.4 m
2
2
d 153.9 cm e 66.5 cm
1
4
b 60.84 cm
2
d 14.0625 m
b 25.9 m
10 2.82 cm
b quadruples c multiplied by 8
8
b 7841 cm
Exercise 13I
Exercise 13F
b 64.5 cm
c 589 cm
b 27.7 m
a 12 160 cm b 3617 cm
c 52 500 cm
3
3
d 1334 cm
e 58 480 cm
Exercise 13E
10 13 : 24
a 32 m
iii
Exercise 13G
a 56 400 cm b 11.2 m
c 4770 cm
3
3
3
d 369 m
e 56 700 cm f 213 m
b 17 cm
Exercise 13D
1
a 108 m
3
c 1512 cm
3
a 13.824 m
b 2852 mm
3
d 73.32 m
3
b 10.2 m
3
a 33.5 cm
3
d 65.4 cm
a 57.9 m
c 1160 cm
3
3
b 1436.8 cm c 1150.3 cm
3
3
e 288.7 cm f 24.9 m
3
b 950.8 cm
c 11.2 m
624 m
a 6400 km
b 1.10 10
a 9 cm and 10 cm
b 1 cm
12
km
A N S W E R S
583
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 584
c 1135 cm
a 1590 cm
149.7 L
a 3.35 cm
b 50.13 cm c 225.57 cm
3
d 75.18 cm e 33.3%
b i
d 8.17 kg
iv
b 1.94 m
124 mL
a 89 250 mL 89.25 L
a 9.425 L
4
5
b 78 days
b 565.5 L
a 348.3 m
b About $1141.78
c 52 containers
2
a 93.03 m
b $316.30
d 65 h 15 min
c 78.3 kL
i
i
i
i
i
i
a 1750 L
b $1.14
a 1440 cm
b 27 792 g 27.79 kg
c The gold is heavy and would slow the
672 L
260 kg
22.7 cm
37.5 cm
a 160 g
b 7.5 cm
b 3456 t
b 18 700 kg 18.7 t
10 a 300 cm
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
c A1 4.4 m , V1 3.1 m
2
3
d A2 41.6 cm , V2 35.7 cm
2
3
e A2 151.5 cm , V1 61.4 cm
2
3
f A1 5.2 m , V2 4.9 m
b 11 fish
1:1
3:4
64 : 125
64 : 343
216 : 343
8 : 27
27 : 64
8 : 27
a A2 54.0 cm , V1 8.0 cm
2
3
b A2 23.4 cm , V1 10.2 cm
Exercise 13J
a 14.14 m
16 : 25
16 : 49
36 : 49
4:9
9 : 16
4:9
iii
vi
a
b
c
d
e
f
11 a 113.1 cm
b 113.1 cm
c same numerical value
1:2
1:3
10 8
13 a square pyramid
b The height of each wedge is the radius of
ii
v
Exercise 13L
1:2
1:4
c 8.5 L
11 a 4.2 L
b 4.2 kg
c No; its mass is 524 kg (over half a tonne!).
robbers down.
8
0.56 cm
a 53.4 cm
Chapter review 13
3
b 478.5 g
c 2090 m
b 952.5 kL
e 303 975 L
c 952.5 t
f 78 cm
10 a 952.5 m
d 28.6 kg
11 a 238.8 cm
3
12 a 3.744 m
d 175 mm
b 4188 labels
b 3744 L
b 14 units
2
e 68 units
c 2
a 9:1
d 9:4
b 9:1
e 25 : 16
c 4:1
f 16 : 9
a 1.77 cm
2
d 4.22 cm
b 0.81 m
c 5.18 cm
2
e 14.04 cm
a 3m
d 2.1 m
b 7.8 cm
e 5.4 cm
37.5 cm
a 2:3
540 cm
445.5 cm 5
380 cm
c 5.8 cm
f 18.2 cm
11 156 cm
2
4 times
2
2
c 1520 cm
b 936 cm
c 1242 cm
b 9.1 L
c $180.20
b 309 cm
2
3
15 a 0.619 m
b 10 400 m
16 3393 cm 3.393 L
17 16.6 cm
2
18 a 15 cm
2
19 a 54.4 m
2
20 a 57 m
620 cm
b 13.4 cm
22 a 336 cm
b 2656 g
c Place a beaker full of water inside a larger
b 4.56 m
21 a 111.3 cm
11 33.9 cm
C O N N E C T I O N S
14 2354 cm
584
a A 42.4 m , V 819.0 m
2
3
b A 264.2 cm , V 11 253.2 cm
b 475.2 cm
b 9 cm
2
10 about 1500 cm
a 432 cm
12 a 1260 cm
a It quadruples.
b It increases 9 fold ( 9).
10 0.6 m
a 7 units
2
d 17 units
1620 cm
c 98.5 cm
Exercise 13K
S T A G E
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 585
23 a 7238.2 cm b 261.8 cm
2
c 33.7 m
25 a 283.2 cm
26 a
d
f
g
ii
28 a a b
b 12y
b 4
8
30 a 25a b
30 a 184.5 cm
b 3.0 m
31 a PE 13 cm
b 91 cm
5x
b 6
b 35
b 9
b 4
35 a a b
32 Volume doubles.
36 a a
33 a 1 : 3
b 1:2
3
34 a 9.0 cm
b 667.6 cm
c 408.4 cm
35 a V 179.6 cm , SA 153.9 cm
b i 4 times
ii 8 times
2
b
8
b 43.1 m
b 3219 s
54 min
39 a same
b same
41 7.2 cm
42 120 mL
6
2 1
1 7 5
a b
9
b 7
5
b 3x 3x 6
40 a 4(2x 3)
2
41 a x y
b 7y(y 2z 3)
b 2x 3x y
6
38 a 138.4 m
(or 20
b a
38 a 40
3
b x
37 a 8x
6
5
b x 1
39 a 6x 18xy
6
33 a 2
34 a x 3
21
29 a 3
140 cm
4x 1
b a
31 a 1
225 cm
b i
3
32 a 8
29 a 5 cm
3
b 8x
b 1.13 m
10
b 32x
28 4 times
40 45 cm
b 2
27 a 5
1602 cm
b 409.1 cm c 17.01 m
3
3
27.59 m
e 395.7 cm
3
3
27 240 cm 0.027 24 m
3
3
358.1 cm h 2180 cm
27 a 5100 L
24 a 3
26 a 42a b
12
c 373.9 cm
b 2 35
11
c 13 171 cm
b 3.8 cm
10
25 a m
24 a 2092.7 cm b 55.4 m
23 a 2 3
2
3
42 a 7.632 10
b 8.9632 10
43 a 92 000 000
b 9 130 000
44 2.3568 10
20
mg
45 a 0.000 060 3
b 0.007 25
46 2.863 10 m
4
b 2.336 10
10
b 5.539 10
47 a 9.565 10
Diagnostic test
48 a 3.212 10
1
49 a 9.3854 10
50 8.32 10
36.4
a 600
b 640
c 636
$10
$150 000
52 $44/h
a 15 000, 15 089
b 12, 12.976
54 a $40.60
a 15
b 1
55 $824.92
a 84 or 83.8
57 a $46 886
59 a $1002.40
13 60c
61 a $330
14 $60 000
15 Geoff, 80 kg
62 C
16 11.1 m/s
17 $784
64 $132.90
18 30.24 L
20
7
9
23
99
4
15
21 a 2 2 2 2 2
b 3aabbbbb
c 5 x y y y
5
22 a 2
53 $57 081
b $539.40
c $2111.20
56 $1001
b $3282.02
b $172.40
c $148.03
b 34.74%
c 25.78%
60 $480
b 6 : 11
12 30, 60, 90
19 a
b 1.32
11 a 3 : 14
b 7 10
4
3
10 208 m
25
b 5 8
63 B
65 $51.14
66 a 38.4 cm
b 17.1 cm
67 a 5.55 cm
b 67.5 cm
68 a 72.0 cm
b 173.3 cm
69 a 204.2 cm
b 979.4 revolutions
70 a 15.24 cm
b 45.26 cm
71 the quadrant by 12 cm
A N S W E R S
585
12/8/04
Page 586
118 a x 70
72 a 270 cm
b 1129.14 cm
74 28.3 cm
119 3060
b 134.04 mm
b 20.23 cm
123 36
b 57.69 cm
125 a 18
b 160
c 2880
126 a 10
b 10
c 36
127 a SSS
b SAS
121 a 135
78 a 192 cm
79 $3158.64
80 a 3329
b $14 148.25
81 a 3 and 4
b 6 and 7
c 9 and 10
82 a 2, 5
, 11
, 23
b 10
, 23
, 5, 7
83 a 303
b 362
84 a 300
b 135
85 a 57
3m
b 6
b 102
87 a 406
b 243
88 a 10 6
b 2x xx
89 a 315
30 63
125
b 22
90 a 9 214
b 23 610
91 a 29
b 47
92 a 4
b 41
21
3
95 a
15
5
5
45
152
10
96 a
63
3
11
b
b
b
b
99 a 8
b 28
B C
DAB DAC
AD AD
ABD ACD
AB AC
AE
BE
AEB
AEB
AB
and ABE
103 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
104 a
105 a
106
2
25
1
2
23
25
107 a
108 a
109 No;
b
1
4
ABCD is a parallelogram.
133 In ABC :
1
52
1
4
110
AB AC (given)
C 75 (given)
1
2
b trapezium, irregular
586
(given)
(given)
(vertically opposite angles)
(SAS)
AB || DC
b 1
b
CE
DE
DEC
CED
DC
CDE
c 960
8
13
1
4
1
2
(given)
(given)
(common)
(AAS)
(corresponding sides of
congruent triangles)
1
25
100 P 2, P 4, P 6
101 odd
(given)
(radii of circle)
(common)
(SSS)
36
3 62
23
15
98 a 121
AB AB
(common hypotenuse)
AD BC
(given)
ADB BCA (RHS)
b In ADE and BCE:
D C
(each 90)
AED BEC (vertically opposite angles)
AD BC
(given)
ADE BCE (AAS)
AC BC
OA OB
OC OC
ACO BCO
6
310
2
13
3
18
b 33
72
2
55
5
97 a 4
b 10
124 12
86 a a (a 5)a
94 a
b 156
122 a 5
77 a 198.94 m
93 a
b x 110, y 70
120 113
75 a 25.66 cm
76 134.13 cm
1:00 PM
Now:
DE || BC (given)
114 a x 60
b x 125
115 a x 30
116 a x 60
b a 36
117 a x 85
b x 60
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 587
A
ADE
AED
ABC
143
A
ABC
ACB
||| ADE
(common)
(corresponding angles)
(corresponding angles)
(equiangular)
M Q
(each 90)
LNM QNP (vertically opposite
angles)
MLN QPN (third angle of triangle)
LMN ||| PQN (equiangular)
137 x 4, y 10
138 x 6
P
PST
PTS
PST
P
PQR
PRQ
||| PQR
(common)
(corresponding angles)
(corresponding angles)
(equiangular)
x 9, y 24
140, 141
Test
results(x)
1
1
3
53
52
4
5
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
142
Frequency
(f )
Tally
Number of
children (x)
1
1
3
8
7
4
5
1
f 30
Frequency
(f )
Tally
5
55
553
553
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
5
10
13
13
4
5
f 50
1
2
5
13
20
24
29
30
Mass (kg)
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
1
2
3
4
Number of children
7
2
7
3
4
2
3
1
1
7
9
16
19
23
25
28
29
30
range 4
range 12
145 a
Class
centre
(x)
Class
5559
57
6064
62
6569
67
7074
72
7579
77
8084
82
8589
87
Tally
Frequency
(f )
5
4
51
52
55
553
5
Cumulative
frequency
(cf )
fx
285
248
15
402
22
504
10
32
770
13
45
1066
50
f 50
Frequency
Frequency
52
2
52
3
4
2
3
1
1
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
Frequency
histogram
Frequency
polygon
Frequency
(f )
Masses of students
30
Cumulative
25
frequency
20
polygon
Cumulative
15
frequency
10
histogram
5
0
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Mass (kg)
Tally
f 30
Cumulative frequency
435
fx 3710
Mathematics results
13
12
Grouped
11 frequency
polygon
10
9 Grouped
8 frequency
histogram
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
57 62 67 72 77 82 87
Percentage marks
A N S W E R S
587
Cumulative frequency
12/8/04
1:00 PM
Page 588
Mathematics results
50
Cumulative
45
frequency
40
histogram
35
Cumulative
30 frequency
25
polygon
20
15
10
5
0
57 62 67 72 77 82 87
Percentage marks
146 a AB
b BC
147 a 10 mm
184 1
185 y 2x 5, m 2, b 5
186 a 3x 2y 7 0
b 4x 3y 12 0
187 a Yes
b Yes
188 m
189 m 5
2
7
190 5x y 3 0
191 y 2x 3
c AC
d AC
e BC
b 12 cm
y
8
148 a i
149 a
3
5
4
5
6
y 2x 3
4
2
192 a
3
4
EF
DF
EF
b
c
DE
DE
DF
151 a In ABC and AB1C1:
A A
(common)
(each is 90)
B B1
(third angle of triangle)
C C1
ABC ||| AB1C1 (equiangular)
B1C1
AB1
B1C1
b i
ii
iii
AC1
AC1
AB1
152 a BC 40
y 2x
y
4
150 a
b i
9
41
ii
153 a i
15
17
ii
8
17
154 a i
1
2
ii
3
2
40
41
iii
8
17
iv
15
17
iii
3
2
iv
1
2
155 a 3.25
b 22.4
156 a 39
b 59
157 a 4.3819
b 8.3904
2
y 2x 2
4
m 2, b 3
iii
193 a x y 4 0
x
y x y4 0
4
2
159 24 cm
160 24 m
161 17.1 cm
162 75 mm
163 2457 m
164 2557
165 2517
166 30
167 39
168 2
169 18
171 30.572 km
177 37
units
178 P(2, 4)
5)
4 x
4 x
2
x 2y 0
4
182 1
M A T H S
y x 2y 3 0
4
b (4, 9)
C O N N E C T I O N S
b 12.4 units
176 146
194 a
b 145
units
175 8.5 cm
179 a
172 37 n miles
(312,
b 110T, S70E
173 a 61
units
2
4 x
y 2x 3
158 2.67 m
588
iii
9
40
4 x
S T A G E
12/8/04
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195 Yes
196 m 2
197 y 3
198 y 5
Page 589
y
16
y 2x
12
(0, 1)
8
4
4 x
206 a
207 a
208 a
209 a
210 a
211 a
212 a
213 a
214 a
215 a
y 2x 3
200 x-intercept 3
y
4
y-intercept 2
201 y
3, m
b 3
3
x
4
3
,
4
4 x
202 y 2x 7
203 a y x
2x 3y 6
8 x
x9
x 18
x9
x8
x 12
x2
m 21
x4
x 36
x 17
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
216 12
x 16
x3
x7
y 1
x1
x 4
y4
y 18
m 12
p1
3
2
1
218 a x 5
b x 43
219 a x 5
b x 75
y
10
y x2
223 a 63
b m 3
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x
221 V 1847.26
222 u 16.9
224 a x
4
220 P 28
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x
225 a x 5
b x 10
226 a x
323
b x 4
227 a a
4 x
e y-axis
228 x 3, y 2
1
204 a y
x
4
3
2
14
13
12
1
1
b y 113
0 1 2 3 x
3 13
113
3 2 1 0
113
3 x
230 x 1, y 4 12
231 x 4, y 4
232 x 1, y 6
233 x 5, y 83
235 x 7, y 8
234 x 6, y 12
1
2
1
3
1
4
236 17, 4
237 length 15 m, width 11 m
y
4
2
239 201.84 cm
2
2
241 720 cm
4 x
2
2
243 128.68 m
245 320 cm
b 200 cm
244 a 288 cm
205 y 2
242 a 2.97 m
1440 cm
246 188.85 cm
3
2
1
247 1150.3 cm
1
8
1
4
1
2
248 a 16.29 m
249 x 2.1 cm
250 x 7.7 cm
74 days
A N S W E R S
589
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Page 590
Index
adjacent sides 294
allowances 92
angle sum
of a polygon 2267
of a quadrilateral 223
of a triangle 220
angles
of depressions 316
of elevation 316
naming 127, 294
approximations 23
and levels of accuracy 15
and significant figures 2
arc length 127
area
of a regular polygon 324
of common shapes 1323
of composite shapes 143
solving practical problems 147
ascending order 76
asymptotes 376
award rates 86
axis of symmetry of parabolas 372
circumference 122
class centres 279
classes of data 279
coefficients 44
collinear points 346
commissions 90
compass bearings 320
complimentary angles 222
composite shapes 143
concave (non-convex) polygons 218, 220
concavity of parabolas 3723
congruent triangles 238
applying tests for 242
using to prove properties 2445
conjugate surds 170
continuous data 279
converting rates 20
convex polygons 218
cosine ratio (cos) 300
cost price 106
cube roots 178
cumulative frequency histograms 2689
cumulative frequency polygons 2689
cumulative frequency tables, 264
cyclic numbers 289
cyclic quadrilaterals 15
data
classes of 279
continuous 279
discrete 279
grouped 279
decimals
recurring 24
terminating 24
deductions
from gross income 95
tax 98
descending order 76
diagonals in a polygon 255
difference of two squares 170
discounts 111
discrete data 279
distance between two points 332
distance formula 335
distributive law 167
dividing indices 47
calculators
displaying scientific notation 72
evaluating with scientific notation 74
and key statistics 2867
using in trigonometry 304
casual work 90
catenary curves 383
centre of enlargement 247
chance of an event 190
circles
area of 132
circumference of 122
590
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Page 591
income 8694
gross 95
net 95
taxable 98
income tax 95, 98
index 38
index form 38
index laws 44
combining 59
division 47
fractional indices 63
multiplication 44
and negative indices 56
powers of powers 50
zero index 53
index notation 38
inequalities (inequations) 412
graphing 413
solving 412
inscribed squares 151
intercept method of graphing lines 367
interior angles
of a triangle 220
of regular polygons 230
irrational numbers 24,158
irregular polygons 218
iteration 176
kites, area of 133, 139
levels of accuracy 15
likelihood of an event 190
linear equations 390
general form 348, 361
gradientintercept form 3478, 358
graphing 358, 361
solving 390
linear inequalities 412
linear relationships 358, 372
loss 106
mean 273
measures of central tendency 273
median 273
Medicare levy 98
midpoint formula 338
midpoint of an interval 338
mode 273
monomials 167
mutually exclusive events 2089
I N D E X
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salaries 86
sample space 200
scale factors 247
scientific notation 67
calculations 74
comparing numbers 76
displaying on the calculator 72
for numbers greater than 1 68
for numbers less than 1 70
scores 264
sectors
area of 139
perimeter of 127
selling price 106
592
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
S T A G E
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Page 593
conjugate 170
like and unlike 162
multiplying and dividing 165
simplifying 160
tally marks 265
tangent ratio (tan) 300
and gradient 344
tangents 382
tax brackets 98
tax deductions 98
tax refunds 98
taxable income 98
taxation see income tax
terminating decimals 24
theoretical probability 193, 200
trapeziums, area of 133, 138
triangles
angle sum of 220
area of 132
congruent 238
exterior angles of 232
naming 294
proving properties of 2445
similar 249, 252
trigonometric ratios 300
trigonometry 294
finding an unknown angle 313
finding an unknown side 306
finding the hypotenuse 310
using calculators 304
true bearings 320
turning points 3723
vertex of parabolas 372
vertical lines 365
vertically opposite angles 221
wages 86
worded problems
and linear equations 402
and simultaneous equations 429
x-intercept, and graphing vertical lines 365
y-intercept, and graphing horizontal lines 364
zero index 53
I N D E X
593