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IGCSE
3:45 PM
IGCSE
SI Units
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Mass
Kilogram
KG
Force
Newton
Weight
Newton
Pressure
Pascal
Pa
Energy
Joules
Work
Joules
Power
Watt
Frequency
Hertz
Hz
PD, EMF
Voltage
Current
Amperes
Resistance
Ohms
(Omega)
Charge
Coulombs
J/KgC
J/KG
Temperature
Kelvin/ Celsius
K Or C
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Measuring Time- E.g. : one swing of pendulum ( Find the times for 25 swings for accurate results)
Example of Scalar qualities-Time, Volume, Speed, temperature
Example of Vector qualities- Velocity, Change in Temperature, acceleration, force, momentum
Mass: the property of an object that is a measure of its inertia (a resistance to accelerate), the amount of matter it contai
influence in a gravitational field.
Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object, measured in Newtons, and given by the formula: Weight = mass accele
gravity
Measuring volume
Liquid- Level on the scale Regular object(Square box) - Ruler
Irregular Object(Rock)- Lower into a partly filled measuring cylinder, Rise in level on the volume scale gives the volume of
Alternative method - Displacement Can (Fill water to level of spout, insert object, water displaced = volume of object)
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Downward acceleration is caused by Gravitational field strength; Air resistance slow things down. Once air resistance is equ
Gravitational field strength, it is at terminal velocity ( Constant Velocity)
1.4- Forces
Hooke's Law
The extension of an object is proportional to the load beneath its elastic limit.
Load= Spring constant x extension
Limit of proportionality= point at which load and extension are no longer proportional
Elastic limit= Spring will be permanently stretched
Newton's first law of motion= If no external for is acting on it, an object will, if stationary, remain stationary, and if moving
moving at a steady speed in the same straight line
Newtons 2nd law of motion: F = m a -acceleration is proportional to the force, and inversely proportional to mass
Newtons 3rd law of motion: if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B will exert an equal but opposite force on o
Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force
Circular motions- An object at steady speed in a circular orbit is always accelerating as its direction is changing, but it gets
the centre
Centripetal force- Force acting towards centre of circle
Centrifugal force- Force acting outwards the centre of circle.
Magnitude of centripetal and centrifugal is the same but direction is opposite
Centripetal force increase when mass, speed and radius increase
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Moments of a force are measured in Newton meters, can be either clockwise or anticlockwise.
Conditions of equilibrium= no net moments, sum of clockwise moment is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moment.
What is it?
Example
Kinetic Energy
A moving object
Gravitational Energy
A book on shelf
Chemical Energy
Food, Batteries
Compressed string
potential to do work
Nuclear Energy
Electrical energy
Bulb
Light
Sound
Radiated Energy
Energy Resources
Renewable source- Sources that won't run out
Non-renewable source- Sources that would be extinct in a certain number of time
fuels can be burnt (or nuclear fuel can be forced to decay) in thermal power stations to transform the chemical energy sto
thermal energy which makes steam which turns turbines (kinetic energy) to produce electricity
advantage: cheap, plentiful, low-tech
disadvantage: harmful wastes -produces greenhouse gases and pollutant gases, radiation
hydroelectric dams: river and rain water fill up a lake behind a dam. As water rushes down through the dam, it turns turbi
turn generators
tidal power scheme: a dam is built across a river where it meets the sea. The lake behind the dam fills when the tide com
empties when the tide goes out. The flow of water turns the generator.
advantage: no greenhouse gases are produced
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solar cells: are made of materials that can deliver an electrical current when they absorb light energy solar panels: absorb
and use it to heat water
advantage: does not produce carbon dioxide
disadvantage: variable amounts of sunshine in some countries
Efficiency, Work and Power Formulas
Efficiency= useful work done/ total energy input
Work done= Force x Distance
Power= Work Done/ Time
1.7 - Pressure
Pressure = Force / area
To reduce pressure- Increase surface area of base
Pressure in liquid
Pressure= density x g(10) x height
Characteristic of pressure in liquids:
-Pressure acts in all directions
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Barometers measure atmospheric pressure, standard atmospheric pressure = pressure that supports a column of 760mm o
(101300 Pa)
Manometer measures pressure difference, height difference in manometer shows extra pressure. Actual pressure of gas s
excess pressure + atmospheric pressure.
Gas Pressure and Volume
For a fed mass of gas at a constant temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume. (Boyle's Law
Pressure and Volume are inversely proportional ( volume halves = pressure double)
P1V1=P2V2
Pressure x volume always has the same value
--Next Topic
Topic 1 General Physics
Topic 2 Thermal Physics
Topic 3 Properties of Waves, Including Sound and Light
Topic 4 Electricity and Magnetism
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