EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 4)

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave rectifier

Consider a diode rectifier:

Vo
Vi

Vo
D

slope=1

VD

Vi

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave rectifier

Consider a diode rectifier:

Vo
Vi

Vo
D

slope=1

VD

Vi

If Vi  VD , the diode drop can be ignored.

However, if Vi is small, e.g., Vi = 0.2 sin t V , then the circuit does not rectify, and
Vo (t) = 0 V .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave rectifier

Consider a diode rectifier:

Vo
Vi

Vo
D

slope=1

VD

Vi

If Vi  VD , the diode drop can be ignored.

However, if Vi is small, e.g., Vi = 0.2 sin t V , then the circuit does not rectify, and
Vo (t) = 0 V .
Precision rectifier circuits overcome this drawback.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi

Vi

iD
Vo1

Vo
VD
R

iR

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except
for the diode drop) the buffer we have seen earlier.

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi

Vi

iD
Vo1

Vo
VD
R

iR

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except
for the diode drop) the buffer we have seen earlier.
Since the input current i 0, iR = iD .
Further, V+ V =

Vo1
Vo + 0.7 V
=
0 V Vo = Vi .
AV
AV

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi

Vi

iD
Vo1

Vo
VD
R

iR

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except
for the diode drop) the buffer we have seen earlier.
Since the input current i 0, iR = iD .
Further, V+ V =

Vo1
Vo + 0.7 V
=
0 V Vo = Vi .
AV
AV

This situation arises only if iD > 0 (since the diode can only conduct in the
forward direction), i.e., Vo > 0 Vi = Vo > 0 V .

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo

Vo
Vi

Vi

iD
Vo1

Vo
VD
R

iR

slope=1

Vi

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except
for the diode drop) the buffer we have seen earlier.
Since the input current i 0, iR = iD .
Further, V+ V =

Vo1
Vo + 0.7 V
=
0 V Vo = Vi .
AV
AV

This situation arises only if iD > 0 (since the diode can only conduct in the
forward direction), i.e., Vo > 0 Vi = Vo > 0 V .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi

Vi

Vo

Vo1
R

(ii) D is not conducting Vo = 0 V .

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi

Vi

Vo

Vo1
R

(ii) D is not conducting Vo = 0 V .

What about Vo1 ?
Since the Op Amp is now in the open-loop configuration, a very small Vi is
enough to drive it to saturation.

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi

Vi

Vo

Vo1
R

(ii) D is not conducting Vo = 0 V .

What about Vo1 ?
Since the Op Amp is now in the open-loop configuration, a very small Vi is
enough to drive it to saturation.
Note that Case (ii) occurs when Vi < 0 V . Since V+ V = Vi 0 = Vi is
negative, Vo1 is driven to V sat.

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo

Vo
Vi

Vi

Vo

Vo1
R

Vo = 0
Vi

(ii) D is not conducting Vo = 0 V .

What about Vo1 ?
Since the Op Amp is now in the open-loop configuration, a very small Vi is
enough to drive it to saturation.
Note that Case (ii) occurs when Vi < 0 V . Since V+ V = Vi 0 = Vi is
negative, Vo1 is driven to V sat.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

2
0

Vo
D off
D

Vo1
Vi

Vi

4
Vo = Vi

Vo
R

superdiode

Vo

D on

Vo = 0

8
Vi

10
12

* The circuit is called a superdiode (i.e., a diode with zero Von ).

1
t (ms)

Half-wave precision rectifier

2
0

Vo
D off
D

Vo1
Vi

Vi

4
Vo = Vi

Vo
R

superdiode

Vo

D on

Vo = 0

8
Vi

10
12

Vo1
Vsat

* The circuit is called a superdiode (i.e., a diode with zero Von ).

1
t (ms)

Half-wave precision rectifier

2
0

Vo
D off
D

Vo1
Vi

Vi

4
Vo = Vi

Vo
R

superdiode

Vo

D on

Vo = 0

8
Vi

10
12

Vo1
Vsat

1
t (ms)

* The circuit is called a superdiode (i.e., a diode with zero Von ).

* Note that the Op Amp needs to come out of saturation when Vi changes from
negative to positive values. This is a relatively slow process, and it limits the
speed of this circuit.

Half-wave precision rectifier

2
0

Vo
D off
D

Vo1
Vi

Vo

D on

Vi

4
Vo = Vi

Vo
R

Vo = 0

superdiode

8
Vi

10
12

Vo1
Vsat

1
t (ms)

* The circuit is called a superdiode (i.e., a diode with zero Von ).

* Note that the Op Amp needs to come out of saturation when Vi changes from
negative to positive values. This is a relatively slow process, and it limits the
speed of this circuit.
SEQUEL file: precision half wave 1.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2
R2

iD1
iR1
Vi

D1
R1

iD2

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

iR

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2
R2

iD1
iR1
Vi

D1
R1

iD2

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

iR

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = VD1 0.7 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2
R2

iD1
iR1
Vi

D1
R1

iD2

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

iR

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = VD1 0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
iR2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

iR2
R2

iD1
iR1
Vi

D1
R1

D1

iD2

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi

R1

iR

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi > 0

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = VD1 0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
iR2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

iR2
R2

iD1
iR1
Vi

D1
R1

D1

iD2

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi

R1

iR

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi > 0

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = VD1 0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
iR2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V .
iR1 = iD1 which can only be positive Vi > 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

iR2
R2

iD1
iR1
Vi

D1
R1

D1

iD2

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi

R1

iR

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi > 0

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = VD1 0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
iR2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V .
iR1 = iD1 which can only be positive Vi > 0 V .
(ii) D1 is off; this will happen when Vi < 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

iR2

iR1
Vi

D1
R1

R2

R2

iD1

D1

iD2

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi

R1

iR

D1
Vo

Vo1
D2

Vi

R1

R
Vi > 0

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi < 0

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = VD1 0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
iR2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V .
iR1 = iD1 which can only be positive Vi > 0 V .
(ii) D1 is off; this will happen when Vi < 0 V .
In this case, D2 conducts and closes the feedback loop through R2 .

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

iR2

iR1
Vi

D1
R1

R2

R2

iD1

D1

iD2

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi

R1

iR

D1
Vo

Vo1
D2

Vi

R1

R
Vi > 0

Vo

Vo1
D2
R

Vi < 0

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = VD1 0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
iR2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V .
iR1 = iD1 which can only be positive Vi > 0 V .
(ii) D1 is off; this will happen when Vi < 0 V .
In this case, D2 conducts and closes the feedback loop through R2 .

0 Vi
R2
Vo = V + iR2 R2 = 0 +
R2 = Vi .
R1
R1
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

Vo

1k
1k

Vi

R1

R2
Vi
R1

D1
Vo1

Vo

D2

Vo = 0
R

Vi

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

2
R2

Vo

1k
1k

Vi

R1

D1
Vo1

R2
Vi
R1

1
Vi

Vo

D2

Vo = 0
R

Vo

0
Vi

1
0

1
t (ms)

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

2
R2
1k
1k

Vi

R1

D1
Vo1

Vo1

Vo
R2
Vi
R1

1
Vi

Vo

D2

Vo = 0
R

Vo

0
Vi

1
0

1
t (ms)

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

2
R2
1k
1k

Vi

R1

D1
Vo1

Vo1

Vo
R2
Vi
R1

1
Vi

Vo

D2

Vo = 0
R

Vo

0
Vi

1
0

1
t (ms)

* Note that the Op Amp does not enter saturation since a feedback path is
available for Vi > 0 V and Vi < 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

2
R2
1k
1k

Vi

R1

D1
Vo1

Vo1

Vo
R2
Vi
R1

1
Vi

Vo

D2

Vo = 0
R

Vo

0
Vi

1
0

1
t (ms)

* Note that the Op Amp does not enter saturation since a feedback path is
available for Vi > 0 V and Vi < 0 V .
SEQUEL file: precision half wave.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

Vo
Vo = 0

D1
Vi

R1

Vo1

Vi

Vo

D2
R

R2
Vi
R1

The diodes are now reversed.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

Vo
Vo = 0

D1
Vi

R1

Vo1

Vi

Vo

D2
R

R2
Vi
R1

The diodes are now reversed.

By considering two cases: (i) D1 on, (ii) D1 off, the Vo versus Vi relationship shown in
the figure is obtained (show this).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2

Vo
Vo = 0

D1
Vi

R1

Vo1

Vi

Vo

D2
R

R2
Vi
R1

The diodes are now reversed.

By considering two cases: (i) D1 on, (ii) D1 off, the Vo versus Vi relationship shown in
the figure is obtained (show this).
SEQUEL file: precision half wave 2.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15
Super
diode
AM
signal

Vo1

filter

Vi
Vo1

Vo2

0.15

1
t (ms)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15
Super
diode
AM
signal

Vo1

filter

Vi
Vo1

Vo2

0.15

1
t (ms)

* charging through superdiode, discharging through resistor

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15
Super
diode
AM
signal

Vo1

filter

Vi
Vo1

Vo2

0.15

1
t (ms)

* charging through superdiode, discharging through resistor

* The time constant (RC ) needs to be carefully selected.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15
Super
diode
AM
signal

Vo1

filter

Vi
Vo1

Vo2

0.15

1
t (ms)

* charging through superdiode, discharging through resistor

* The time constant (RC ) needs to be carefully selected.
SEQUEL file: super diode.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Full-wave precision rectifier

VB
Vi
x (1)

Vi

Halfwave
rectifier
(inverting)

Vo1

VB

x (2)

Vo1

Vo

VA

Vo

VA
Vi

Vi
Vi

Full-wave precision rectifier

VB
Vi
x (1)

Vi

Halfwave
rectifier
(inverting)

Vo1

VB

Vo

VA

x (2)

Vo1

Vo

VA

Vi

Vi

Vi

R1

D1
Vi

Vo

R/2

R1
D2

Vo1

inverting halfwave rectifier

inverting summer

(SEQUEL file: precision_full_wave.sqproj)

Full-wave precision rectifier

VB

Vi
1
x (1)

Vi

Halfwave
rectifier
(inverting)

Vo1

VB

Vo

VA

x (2)

Vo1

Vo

VA

Vi

Vi

Vi
Vo

Vi
2
0

R1

1
t (ms)

D1
Vi

Vo

R/2

R1
D2

Vo1

inverting halfwave rectifier

inverting summer

(SEQUEL file: precision_full_wave.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

R0

i
0V

A
D

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

i
0V
R0

i
0V

R
V

A
D

R0

V0

D off

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

i
0V
R0

i
0V

D off

V0

When D is off, VA is (by superposition),

R0
R
V0
.
R + R0
R + R0

VA = V

R
V

A
D

R0

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

i
0V
R0

i
0V

R
V

A
D

R0

D off

V0

V0

When D is off, VA is (by superposition),

R0
R
V0
.
R + R0
R + R0

VA = V

For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak =

R
(V0 + Von ) + Von .
R0

Wave shaping with diodes

R0

i
0V
R0

i
0V

R
V

A
D

D off

V0

V0
R0

i
0V

Von
D on

R
R
V0

When D is off, VA is (by superposition),

R0
R
V0
.
R + R0
R + R0

VA = V

For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak =

R
(V0 + Von ) + Von .
R0

Wave shaping with diodes

R0

i
0V
R0

i
0V

R
V

A
D

D off

V0

V0
R0

i
0V

Von
D on

R
R
V0

When D is off, VA is (by superposition),

R0
R
V0
.
R + R0
R + R0

VA = V

For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak =

When D is on,
V
V Von
V0 Von
i =
+
+
R0
R
R0

1
1
=V
+
+ (constant)
R0
R

R
(V0 + Von ) + Von .
R0

Wave shaping with diodes

R0

i
0V
R0

i
0V

R
V

A
D

D off

V0

V0
R0

i
0V

Von
D on

R
R
V0

When D is off, VA is (by superposition),

R0
R
V0
.
R + R0
R + R0

VA = V

For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak =

When D is on,
V
V Von
V0 Von
i =
+
+
R0
R
R0

1
1
=V
+
+ (constant)
R0
R
i.e., V = (R0 k R) i + (constant) .

R
(V0 + Von ) + Von .
R0

Wave shaping with diodes

R0

i
0V
R0

i
0V

R
V

A
D

D off

V0

slope = R0

V0
Vbreak

R0

i
0V

slope = R0 k R

Von
D on

R
R

V0

When D is off, VA is (by superposition),

R0
R
V0
.
R + R0
R + R0

VA = V

For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak =

When D is on,
V
V Von
V0 Von
i =
+
+
R0
R
R0

1
1
=V
+
+ (constant)
R0
R

R
(V0 + Von ) + Von .
R0

i.e., V = (R0 k R) i + (constant) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

i
0V

R0
V

Wave shaping with diodes

V

i
0V

R0
V

Wave shaping with diodes

V

R0

i
D1B

R1B

R1B

0V

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V

R0

i
D1B

R1B

R1B

0V

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V

R0

R1B

D2B

R2B
R2B

D1B

R1B

0V

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V

R0

R1B

D2B

R2B
R2B

D1B

R1B

0V

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V0
R1A

R1A

D1A

R0

R1B

D2B

R2B
R2B

D1B

R1B

0V

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V0
R1A

R1A

D1A

R0

R1B

D2B

R2B
R2B

D1B

R1B

0V

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

R2A

D2A

R1A

D1A

R0

R1B

D2B

R2B
R2B

D1B

R1B

0V

R2A

R1A

V0

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

R2A

D2A

R1A

D1A

R0

R1B

D2B

R2B
R2B

D1B

R1B

0V

R2A

R1A

V0

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

R2A

D2A

R1A

D1A

R0

i
Ra = 5 k

R1A

D1A

D2B

R2B

R1B

D1B

R1B

V0

Ra

R2B

V0

R0

i
Vi

D2B

R2A

D2A

R1B

R2B

R2A = R2B = 10 k

D1B

R1B

R1A = R1B = 60 k

R2A

R1A

R2A = R2B = 5 k

R2B

R1A = R1B = 15 k

V0 = 15 V

0V

V0

R0 = 20 k

R2A

R1A

V0

Vo
RL

Wave shaping with diodes

R2A

D2A

R1A

D1A

R0

i
Ra = 5 k

R1A

D1A

V0

R0
D1B

R1B

D2B

R2B

R1B

R2B

R2A

D2A

D2B

R2B

R2A = R2B = 10 k

R1B

R1B

R1A = R1B = 60 k

R2A

R1A

R2A = R2B = 5 k

D1B

R2B

R1A = R1B = 15 k

V0 = 15 V

0V

V0

R0 = 20 k

R2A

R1A

V0

V0
i
Vi

Ra

Vo
RL

Since Vi = Ra i, the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (Ra ) factor.

Wave shaping with diodes

R2A

D2A

R1A

D1A

R0

i
Ra = 5 k

R2B

V0

R0

D2B

R2B

R1B

D1B

R1B

10

5
V0

Ra

D2B

R2B

R1A

D1A

i
Vi

R1B

R1B

R2A = R2B = 10 k

D1B

R2A

D2A

Vo (V)

R1A = R1B = 60 k

R2A

R1A

R2A = R2B = 5 k

R2B

R1A = R1B = 15 k

V0 = 15 V

0V

V0

R0 = 20 k

R2A

R1A

V0

Vo
RL

10
5

0
Vi (V)

Since Vi = Ra i, the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (Ra ) factor.

Wave shaping with diodes

R2A

D2A

R1A

D1A

R0

i
Ra = 5 k

R2B

V0

R0

D2B

R2B

R1B

D1B

R1B

10

10

Vo

i
Ra

D2B

R2B

R1A

D1A

V0
Vi

R1B

R1B

R2A = R2B = 10 k

D1B

R2A

D2A

Vo (V)

R1A = R1B = 60 k

R2A

R1A

R2A = R2B = 5 k

R2B

R1A = R1B = 15 k

V0 = 15 V

0V

V0

R0 = 20 k

R2A

R1A

V0

Vo
RL

Vi

10
5

0
Vi (V)

10

4
time (msec)

Since Vi = Ra i, the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (Ra ) factor.

Wave shaping with diodes

R2A

D2A

R1A

D1A

R0

i
Ra = 5 k

R2B

V0

R0

D2B

R2B

R1B

D1B

R1B

10

10

Vo

i
Ra

D2B

R2B

R1A

D1A

V0
Vi

R1B

R1B

R2A = R2B = 10 k

D1B

R2A

D2A

Vo (V)

R1A = R1B = 60 k

R2A

R1A

R2A = R2B = 5 k

R2B

R1A = R1B = 15 k

V0 = 15 V

0V

V0

R0 = 20 k

R2A

R1A

V0

Vo
RL

Vi

10
5

0
Vi (V)

10

4
time (msec)

Since Vi = Ra i, the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (Ra ) factor.
SEQUEL file: ee101 wave shaper.sqproj
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes: spectrum

10

Vi

0
10

Wave shaping with diodes: spectrum

10

Vi

0
10
10

10
Vo

10

4
time (msec)

0
0

10

N
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay