ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE CMPUTO

SECTION OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS MOBILE

Project Radio Frequency Remote Control Car

Students:
Blanca Hilda Castro Morales
Yolanda Domnguez Martnez
Tania Karina Hernndez Heredia
Erick Ral Nava Figueroa
Eduardo Rivero Castro
Daniel ngel Sarmiento Jimnez

Teacher: M. en C. Rodolfo Romero Herrera

Subject: Fundamentals of Mobile Communications

February 10, 2015

Pgina 1

The Technical Service Homeland

Pgina 2

Pages

INDEX

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

MATERIAL

METHODOLOGY

9-16

RESULTS

17

CONCLUSIONS

18

REFERENCES

19

Pgina 3

ABSTRACT

The rise and growth of telecommunications increasingly opening doors exploring new design alternatives that
meet the requirements on bandwidth, efficiency, speed, economy, the new millennium. In the last decade, a
revolutionary new theory: fractals, has broken through, proposing models for the design of antennas allowing the
implementation of new and improved services on mobile systems.

This paper describes the design of a fractal antenna with a frequency of 2400 MHz frequency. Waclaw described
by fractal Spierpiski used. The initial figure, also known as seed, was fractionated using equilateral triangles in
order to generate a perimeter resembling a significant portion of the wavelength. Using (lambda) to determine
a suitable perimeter reduces resistance to radiation. based on the appropriate number of iterations is calculated
for the antenna design.

Fractal antennas were originally designed for mobile applications for their multiband characteristics due to its
design and size that allow them to work in different bands efficiently. The perimeter of the fractal antenna is
related to the perimeter of the initial triangle and this in turn with the door

We carry out a project that requires the use of a communication radio frequency remote control car, where we
learn to use the transmitter and receiver modules are required

Pgina 4

ABSTRACT

Fractal geometry has grown rapidly, playing unsuspected areas since Benoit Mandelbrot fractal creator of the
term and the father of that geometry began to unite the isolated work of great mathematicians, convinced of its
usefulness. According to Mandelbrot a fractal can be defined as: "Having a form, either highly irregular,
interrupted or highly fragmented and remains so at any scale that consideration occurs"

Fractal the term refers to a category. It is an adjective that means the evidence of certain properties owned by the
categorized object. However, it is often used to refer to the object. Some of these properties are: autosimilidad,
fractional dimension and not derivability. The self-similarity, tells us that the object studied has reduced copies
of itself to different scales, therefore, each part of the package or object contains the same information as the
whole.

The fractional dimension, important property and the other is off, takes us into more abstract mathematical
grounds: topology, which depart from the scope of this article. However we can say that the figures, curves and
fractal sets defy the Euclide and geometry, and plunging into space dimensions that can be fractional

Pgina 5

KEYWORDS

Iteration act of repeating a process in order to achieve a desired goal, objective or outcome. Each repetition of
the process is also called an "iteration", and the results of an iteration are used as starting point for the next
iteration

Inactive area: the area created by joining the midpoints of the base triangle

Fractal Antenna: is an antenna that uses a fractal, designed to maximize the distance or perimeter that can
receive or transmit in a given volume or surface

Triangle Sierpinskii: communication system, is extracted from a triangle equilateral triangle formed by the
midpoints of the original. To the resulting triangles are subject to the same procedure and thus continues
indefinitely

The fractal dimension is an exponent that realizes how completely a fractal appears to fill the space under the
first expands into finer and finer scales. No single fractal dimension, but a number of dimensions that often
results equivalent but not always

Pgina 6

INTRODUCTION

In the Mobile Communications Systems (phones, radio telephones, etc) is vital rational use of space. However, a
crucial element of the system that uses much of that space is the antenna. Antennas are essentially narrowband
devices. Their behavior is highly dependent on antenna size and operating wave length. This means that for a
fixed size antenna, the main antenna parameters (gain, input impedance, pattern figure, level and side lobe
distribution) will suffer significant variations when the operating frequency is changed. The size of an antenna is
always closely related to the wavelength band to be transmitted through this; is why it is not possible to use a
single antenna at different frequencies.

Fractals allow designing multiband antennas, antennas with fractal geometry containing a single object, copies of
itself in different sizes, and this allows the same behavior at different frequencies are obtained. One of the basic
properties of a fractal object is self-similarity. A fractal body consists of copies of itself in a reduced scale factor.
The multiband antennas resort to the principle of scalability.

The size dependence of the wavelength is a problem in many prior systems where antenna designs are not
suitable. In that sense, the design of antennas and arrays Fractals can help treat the problem, contributing a large
and varied set of geometric figures with amazing properties.

Pgina 7

OBJECTIVES

This project consists of a car with remote control, which can be managed remotely via the RWS233 (receiver)
and TWS433 (transmitter) modules.

MATERIAL

Modulo Issuer
Module TWS433
HT12E Encoder
Push
fractal antenna
resistor 1M and 10K
4 Push Button
Receiver module
Modules RWS233
Decoder HT12D
LED (4)
47K resistor and 330 for the LED
Fractal Antenna
General

Welding
Tweezers
1M resistors (1), 47K (1), 330 (1) and 10K
Chassis to cart
To the car two DC motors
SN75441 engine driver
2 Power Supply

Note: all integrated supply 5 volts

Pgina 8

METHODOLOGY
FRACTAL ANTENNA
The use of fractal antenna design provides several benefits to device manufacturers tend to miniaturization.
Techniques as curves allow creation Koch fractal long enough to approach practical values of (lambda) and
also exceed the power limit of small antennas through efficient geometric distribution (Balanis, 2005). Fractal
Antenna Sierpinski triangle, Communication Systems

Fractal geometry was described in 1975 by Benot B. Mandelbrot in contrast to Euclidean geometry that
dominated for many years (Gonzlez & Guerrero, 2001). This different view of geometry attempts to
mathematically describe objects and phenomena that would be too complex to describe in Euclidean geometry as
the length of an island, a fern, functional signs of an electrocardiogram; or simply chaotic as the "Brownian"
movement
There are several techniques for creating fractals: Koch curves, snowflakes Koch Spierpiski triangles. The latter
technique was made for convenience, however, the comparison of the fractal antenna efficiency by different
techniques is a topic of interest
For the construction of fractal you start with an initial figure known as seed. In this figure generator applies a
certain degree of iteration and finally to obtain the desired shape (Brenes & Corrales, 1991)
The final figure will serve as a model to design the fractal antenna. Efficiently using space antenna has a
perimeter sufficiently long compared which causes resistance to radiation increases, decreases reactive power
and efficiency of radiation increases (Poprzen & Gacanovic, 2000)
It starts with a square of side representing the base plate on which we will embed the antenna. For simplicity and
symmetry, the geometric figure is a square (Figure 1). The square container is a kind of the antenna and is used
to have a value of length of the plate relative to the fractal antenna is embedded

Figure 1

Figure 2

At the point where the bisectors intersect two adjacent sides of the central point of the square is obtained and
proceeds to draw a circle of radius and an inscribed equilateral triangle (Figure 2). This triangle is called base or
initial triangle and has a triangle side. Being oyr the center and the radius of the circle respectively r length and
has a maximum value rests with the designer especially if it is desirable to leave a space between the frame plate
and the vertices of the triangle base angle . It is also important to determine whether space for antenna connector
is required for this exercise no interference radiation of the same

Pgina 9

Iteration zero (n = 0)
Iteration zero is defined to have the initial Give you figure without any change (Figure 3). For each iteration the
value of which determines the number of iteration, iteration at zero and so on increases. Therefore, in iteration
zero equilateral triangle having a side

Figure 3 Iteration zero (n = 0)

At each iteration an active area and an inactive area within the triangle was identified basis. The active area is
the one on which can be divided by the triangles joining the midpoints of the sides. In the zero iteration, the
entire area of the equilateral triangle is active
The inactive area is the area created by joining the midpoints of the base triangle. This area in turn belongs to
another equilateral triangle that result from the union of these points. After one iteration, the procedure is
repeated to all active triangles that increase in amount per iteration as will be discussed below
The zero iteration readily identifies the perimeter (4) and area (5) of the triangle base that follows from the
application of the Pythagorean theorem

Initial iteration (n = 1)
The initial iteration or one iteration process divided into two equal sides of the triangle from the previous
iteration (initial figure) and connect the dots to form another equilateral triangle is defined, and these in turn
form, together with the respective sides figure initial three equilateral triangles (Figure 4). The triangle formed
by the joining points describes an area which is inactivated and can not be divided. The remaining triangles are
created and active areas may be split into the next iteration

Figure 4 Initial iteration (n = 1)

Pgina 10

Nth iteration (n)

For a given iteration n, which is identified triangles are active and proceeds to divide each side of each triangle
into two equal parts and then the points of each triangle forming bind four triangles respectively as observed in
the initial iteration. As the center triangle, formed by the union of the points mentioned above, is characterized
by an inactive area. The other three triangles represent the active part which form the fractal antenna
Each iteration creates triangles (6) describing exponential growth. Area formulas (7) and perimeter (8) are
described in terms of the base triangle. For each iteration increases the number of triangles and the area and
perimeter of triangles increases in turn. It should be noted that the perimeter tends to infinity (9) creating
considerably longer length antennas in confined spaces

Fractal antenna 2400 MHz

After reviewing the fractionation technique used in triangles Spierpiski is necessary to determine the amount of
iteration to answer the question how many iterations are required to design an antenna 2400 MHz? To answer
this question requires obtaining the value of for the frequency in question (11) value you can get the antenna
length (Table 1).

Table 1. Relationship between lambda and the length of the antenna

Fractal antennas were originally designed for mobile applications for their multiband characteristics due to its
design and size that allow them to work in different bands efficiently (Polanco, 2002)
The design of the antenna is related to the operating frequency for a monopole design operated at 2400 MHz
fundamental vibration of the quarter wave () provides current node (belly voltage) at the end of the antenna and a
belly intensity (voltage node) at the level of the ground (Guilbert, 1976). Based on this, the perimeter of the
fractal antenna design should have a length of 3.125 meters.
The perimeter of the fractal antenna is related to the perimeter of the initial triangle and this in turn with the
door. Shows that the perimeter resembling quarter wavelength of 3.125 is found above the fifth iteration.
However, for greater accuracy of the length of the antenna and the quarter wave length can be equal to 3.125 and
obtain a more accurate value for the sample in question (14, 15, 16).

Pgina 11

The new value is divided into three to obtain the value which will permit a fractal perimeter with an identical
wavelength (17).

Variation is 3.7174211 centimeter, should not be able to extend because no board space is required iterate again,
n = 6, and perimeter cut with small values. Finally five iterations applying to the base figure, the design of the
desired fractal antenna (Sierpinski Figure 5) is obtained

Figure 5. Fractal antenna Prototype 2400 MHz.

Table 2. List of Nn and Pn for La = 0.1 [m] and Pi = 0.3 [m]

OPERATION OF THE ISSUER

The transmitter module consists of TWS433, integrated HT12E and 4 push button, which will make showing the
movement of the car.
The HT12E is responsible for encoding the signal of the push button, which will be sent by the TWS433.
Previously the module transmitter and receiver must be in the same address data, which are both integrated pin 1
to 9, these must be connected to GND.
The push button must be connected to the data input and must be connected to VCC (+ 5V)

Pgina 12

Pgina 13

OPERATION OF RECEIVER

EL receiver module consists RWS433, integrated HT12D and leds.

The HT12D is responsible for decoding the signal received by the RWS433 and according to the bit transmitted
this deliver 5 volts at the output corresponding to the push button I power.
To set the scope thereof the RWS433 consists of a variable coil which increases or decreases in scope, to see this
is to be connected to pin 17 of HT12D the LED with the respective resistance (330).
To receive data must have the same address data the transmitter module.

Note: For both cases you can put the fractal antenna

Pgina 14

MOTOR DRIVER

The motor control consists of integrated SN75441, which is an H BRIDGE, which facilitates the realization of
the board and all you need to calculate is the peak current as this integrated supports a maximum of 2 Ampere.

This is the division of the integrated legs

Pgina 15

Calculations

La antena fractal depende del nmero de iteracin y de su tamao para poder determinar la distancia de
transmisin, en los siguientes datos se puede observar los clculos realizados para una antena de 5cm.
Can be obtained
This is to cover the moor 95 cm.
And iteration formulas we have decided the third iteration so we get 27. This information is obtained triangles
follows
wherein n=3.
To obtain the perimeter of the plate we have:
Pi=3*La=3*0.05m (is the measurement on each side of the plate)
n=3
Calculating have the following formula

( )

Pgina 16

RESULTS

In this paper the properties having a fractal antenna mentioned. Folder and triangle Sierpinskii by iterative
geometric means are defined and verified that fractals are using the metric. The importance of these concepts for
electronics through its application in antenna is illustrated. However, a crucial element of the system that uses
much of that space is the antenna.

At last he reached the goal of radio frequency remote control car. An unexpected solution to this problem was to
build antennas Fractals, which are more compact and have certain properties that make them preferable to
traditional antennas.

Pgina 17

CONCLUSIONS

The objective of using Fractals antennas is to extend the frequency bands in mobile systems. Using an antenna
for each band is unhelpful and is looking to have a single antenna that works for various frequencies. The
application of fractal antenna design offers many advantages, such as miniaturization and multi-band. Also, have
a practical method of creating fractal antennas can accelerate the design and assembly of devices requiring
compact antennas with efficient use of space

Pgina 18

REFERENCES

Mandelbrot, Benoit. Fractals objects in the Balanis, CA (2005) nature. Antenna Theory: analysis and design.
New Jersey 3rd Ed. Wiley.

Gonzalez, V. & A. Guerrero, A. (2001). Fractals: Fundamentals and Applications. Part I: geometric Concepcin
in science and engineering in <inge-nierias.uanl.mx/10/pdf/10_Virgilio_ Gonzlez_ Fundamentos_y.pdf>

Brenes, G & Corrales, V (1991). Technology in Motion. Vol. 11, no. 1. 1991. p.41-51.

Poprzen, N & Gacanovic M (2000). Fractal Antenna: design, caractersticas and application. Taken from: http:
//www.phd. etfbl.net/files/Works_PDF/Poprzen%20Nemanja%20.pdf

Polanco, Jeyson (2002). Computer window. No. 10. P. 111-120.

Guilbert, CH. (1976). The Practice of antennas. Barcelona: Ediciones Marcombo Techniques

Pawar, Ajit A .; Jadhav, A .; Bhosale, J .; Khobragrade, S. & Anitha, V.R. (2011). Study of Fractal Antenna
Sierpinski Carpet. Retrieved from: http://ursigass2011.org/abstracts/ursi/a02-2.pdf

Pgina 19