Physics 452

Quantum mechanics II
Winter 2012

Karine Chesnel

Phys 452

Homework
Thursday Mar 22: assignment # 18
10.1, 10.2, 10.10

Tuesday Mar 27: assignment # 19

10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.7

Phys 452

Adiabatic approximation
Classical meaning in thermodynamic

Internal
process

Very small / slow

Energy exchange
With outside

In adiabatic process,
the system does not exchange energy
with the outside environment

Phys 452

Adiabatic approximation

Adiabatic theorem
If the Hamiltonian changes SLOWLY in time,
a particle in the Nth state of initial Hamiltonian Hi
will be carried into
the Nth state of the final Hamiltonian Hf

Phys 452

Mathematically:

Adiabatic approximation
H t

Schrdinger equation:

Final solution

but

dH
E
=
dt
t

Characteristic time
of evolution

ih
H t t
t

t cn 0 ein t ei n t n t
t

with

Characteristic gap
In energy levels

1
n t En t ' dt '
h0
Dynamic phase

m t i

d m
dt '
dt

Geometric phase

The particle stays in the same state, while the Hamiltonian slowly evolves

Phys 452

Final solution

Adiabatic approximation

t cn 0 ein t ei n t n t
t

with

1
n t En t ' dt '
h0
Dynamic phase

Internal
dynamics

m t i

d m
dt '
dt

Geometric phase

Dynamics
induced by
external change

Phys 452

Adiabatic approximation
Pb 10.1: infinite square well with expanding wall
Proposed solution

x, t cn n
n

2
n i mvx2 2 Eni at /2 h
n x, t
sin
x e

1. Check that solution verifies Schrdinger equation ih

H t t
t

4 terms

2
i z 2
c

sin(
nz
)sin(
z
)
e
dz
2. Find an expression for the coefficients: n

use

cn n x,0 x,0

4 terms

Phys 452

Adiabatic approximation
Pb 10.1: infinite square well with expanding wall
Proposed solution

x, t cn n
n

2
n i mvx2 2 Eni at /2 h
n x, t
sin
x e

3. Internal/ external time

iEt / h

(t ) a vt

Phase factor:
Internal time
4. Dynamic phase factor:

Wall motion:
external time
t

1
dt '
n E1 (t ')dt '
2
h0
0 a vt '

Adiabatic approx

Ti = Te

Phys 452

Adiabatic approximation

Pb 10.2: Spin precession driven by magnetic field

r
B B0 cos k sin cos(t )i sin sin(t ) j

Hamiltonian

r r e rr
H MB
SB
me

Hamiltonian in the space of the Sz spinors

Eigenspinors of H(t)
solution

t , t

z
z

t c t c t

Check that it verifies the Schrdinger equation

ih H t
t

Phys 452

Adiabatic approximation
Pb 10.2: Spin precession driven by magnetic field

r
B B0 cos k sin cos(t )i sin sin(t ) j

Probability of transition up - down

t t

t
sin sin
2

Case of adiabatic transformation

E E
=
1
h

Probability of transition up - down

t t

Compare to Pb 9.20

Phys 452

Adiabatic approximation
Pb 10.10: adiabatic series

Particle initially in nth state

t cm t m t eim t

with

cm t nm ei n t
(only one term left)

dcm
i
ck t m &k e k m
Also
dt
k
First-order correction to adiabatic theorem
t

cm t cm 0 e
0

i n m i n t '

m &n dt '

Phys 452

Nearly adiabatic approximation

t

Pb 10.10: adiabatic series

cm t cm 0 e

i n m i n t '

m &n dt '

Application to the driven oscillator

h2 2 1
2 2
2
H

xf t
2
2m x
2
Evaluate
eigenfunctions

Driving force

m &n
n x, t n x f

i
&n x, t f& n f& p n
f
h

Evaluate

m pn

Using the
ladder operators

pi

m h
a a
2

Phys 452

Nearly adiabatic approximation

t

cm t cm 0 e

Pb 10.10: adiabatic series

i n m i n t '

n t i

Evaluate

i
d n
n
dt '
h
dt

n p n dt '
0

Evaluate
Here

1
m t n t Em t ' En t ' dt '
h0
1
1

En t n h m 2 xf
2
2

Starting in nth level

cn 1 t 0
cn 1 t 0

Possibility of
Transitions !!!

m &n dt '

Phys 452

Non- holonomic process

A process is non-holonomic
when the system does not return to the original state
after completing a closed loop
irreversibility

pendulum

Earth

Example in Mechanics

After one
Complete
Hysteresis
loop

Example in magnetism

Phys 452

Quiz 30
Which one of these process does not fall
under the non-holonomic category?
A. The motion of a vehicle after one engine cycle
B. The daily precession of Foucaults pendulum
C. The circular motion of a skater on frictionless ice
D. The circular motion of cars on racing ring
E. The circular motion of a skiing-boat on a lake

Phys 452

Foucaults pendulum

Solid angle

pendulum

sin d

2 1 cos 0
Earth
rotating

Phys 452

Berrys phase
t cn 0 ein t ei n t n t

General solution
Adiabatic approx

m t i

with

m
dt '
t

Geometric phase

m t

m t i

Rf

Ri

1
n t En t ' dt '
h0
Dynamic phase

m
m
dR
R

for a closed loop

r
m dR

Berrys phase
(Michael Berry 1984)

Phys 452

Berrys phase

m t i

m
R

r
m dR

Berrys phase
(Michael Berry 1984)

Electromagnetism analogy
Magnetic flux
through loop

r r
r r

A.dR B.dS
S

Vector potential

Analog magnetic field

Magnetic field

r
B i R m R m

Phys 452

Berrys phase
Pb 10.3: Application to the infinite square well
The well expands adiabatically
from 1 to 2
(a) Evaluate the geometric phase:
0

n 1 2 i

1. Calculate

d n
d

2. Calculate

d n
d

3. Calculate n 1 2

d n
n
d
d

(integration along x for given )

(integration along )

Phys 452

Berrys phase
Pb 10.3: Application to the infinite square well
The well expands adiabatically
from 1 to 2
(b) Evaluate the dynamical phase:
0

1. Express

1
n t En t ' dt '
h0

En t '

2. Integrate with time

t2

1
1
E
t
'
dt
'

En d

h t1
h 1

Phys 452

Berrys phase
Pb 10.3: Application to the infinite square well
The well expands adiabatically
from 1 to 2 and contracts back
(c) What is Berrys phase?
0

2
Integrate on closed loop
2

n 1 2 i n
1

d n
d
d

Reversible process??

Phys 452

Berrys phase
Pb 10.4: Case of delta function well

Solution

m m x / h2

e
h

1. Calculate

d
d

2. Calculate

m 2
E 2
2h
Changing parameter:

d
d

(integration along x for given )

3. Calculate geometric phase n 1 2

t

4. Calculate dynamic phase

(integration along )

12
1 2
n En t ' dt ' En d
h t1
h 1

Phys 452

Berrys phase
Pb 10.5: Characteristics of the geometric phase

When Berrys phase is zero?

Case of real

n 0

Geometric
phase

(trick: use the fact that is normalized)

Case of

n ne
'

i n

n (loop ) 0
Berrys phase