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Abstract: Power-line carrier (PLC) line-tuning equipment connected between the coupling
capacitors and PLC transmitter/receiver terminals operating in the frequency range of 30 kHz to
500 kHz over power transmission lines and cables or to similar line-tuning equipment in a carrier
bypass are addressed in this standard. PLC line-tuning equipment includes assemblies and
components: tuning inductor, impedance matching transformer, balancing transformer, tuning
capacitor, inductance-capacitance (LC) tuning unit, hybrid, filter, protective unit, interconnecting
cables, and enclosure. This standard includes the protective devices that facilitate the safe
operation and maintenance of the line-tuning components under normal and usual operating
conditions. This standard will develop technical definitions, performance ratings, testing methods,
and manufacturing requirements for the included line-tuning equipment.
Keywords: hybrid, IEEE C93.4, line tuners, PLC, power-line carrier, protective device
ISBN 978-0-7381-8158-5
ISBN 978-0-7381-8159-2
STD98105
STDPD98105
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iv
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Participants
At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the Power-Line Carrier Line-Tuning Equipment Working
Group had the following membership:
Roger Ray, Chair
Miriam Sanders, Vice Chair
Ray Fella
Jerry Finley
Bob Ince
Jon Kellner
John Miller
Slobodan Misur
Bruce Pickett
Zoltan Roman
J. Mark Simon
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
G. Bartok
Oscar Bolado
Robert Bratton
Gustavo Brunello
Mark Bushnell
William Byrd
Gary Donner
Randall Dotson
Gary Engmann
Dan Evans
Kenneth Fodero
Jalal Gohari
Stephen Grier
Randall C. Groves
Edward Hare
Roger Hedding
Jerry Hohn
James Kinney
Jim Kulchisky
Chung-Yiu Lam
Greg Luri
Michael McDonald
John Miller
Adi Mulawarman
Jerry Murphy
R. Murphy
Bradley Nelson
Michael S. Newman
Gary Nissen
Gearoid O'hEidhin
Robert Pettigrew
Bruce Pickett
Percy Pool
Roger Ray
Michael Roberts
Charles Rogers
Zoltan Roman
Miriam Sanders
Bartien Sayogo
Gil Shultz
J. Mark Simon
Veselin Skendzic
Jerry Smith
Gary Stoedter
Charles Sufana
Richard Taylor
Demetrios Tziouvaras
Joe Uchiyama
Eric Udren
John Vergis
John Wang
Kenneth White
Ray Young
Jian Yu
vi
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When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 5 December 2012, it had the following
membership:
Richard H. Hulett, Chair
John Kulick, Vice Chair
Robert M. Grow, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
Satish Aggarwal
Masayuki Ariyoshi
Peter Balma
William Bartley
Ted Burse
Clint Chaplin
Wael Diab
Jean-Philippe Faure
Alexander Gelman
Paul Houz
Jim Hughes
Young Kyun Kim
Joseph L. Koepfinger*
David J. Law
Thomas Lee
Hung Ling
Oleg Logvinov
Ted Olsen
Gary Robinson
Jon Walter Rosdahl
Mike Seavy
Yatin Trivedi
Phil Winston
Yu Yuan
*Member Emeritus
Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative
Michael Janezic, NIST Representative
Don Messina
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development
Erin Spiewak
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development
vii
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Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C93.4-2012, IEEE Standard for Power-Line Carrier Line-Tuning Equipment
(30 kHz to 500 kHz) Associated with Power Transmission Lines.
This standard was last published in 1984. It was approved on August 7, 1984, by the American National
Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) and published by them. At that time the Secretariat was the National
Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). The copyrights for all the ANSI C93 standards were
transferred to the IEEE on January 20, 2004. The C93 standards consist of the following four standards:
ANSI/NEMA C93.1-1999, American National Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Coupling
Capacitors and Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVT).
ANSI/NEMA C93.3-1995, American National Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Line Traps.
ANSI C93.4-1984, American National Standard for Power-Line Carrier Line-Tuning Equipment (30 kHz
to 500 kHz) Associated With Power Transmission Lines (now this standard, IEEE Std C93.4-2012).
ANSI/NEMA C93.5-1997, American National Standard Requirements for Single Function Power-Line
Carrier Transmitter/Receiver Equipment
IEEE placed the responsibility for maintaining these standards with the Power System Communications
Committee (PSCC). In turn the PSCC assigned the responsibility to the Power Line Carrier (PLC)
Subcommittee.
This standard has been almost completely rewritten from the version last published in 1984. As well as
rewriting the requirements for PLC line-tuning equipment, the requirements for auxiliary equipment, such
as hybrids and filters, for combining multiple transmitters and receivers so that they can communicate over
one coaxial cable, have been added.
This standard is dedicated to Mr. Edo Derencinovic, posthumously, as he was an expert in the field of
power-line carrier and contributed significantly to the information in this document.
viii
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Contents
1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 2
2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 2
4. Service conditions ...................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Usual conditions .................................................................................................................................. 7
4.2 Unusual conditions .............................................................................................................................. 8
5. Ratings........................................................................................................................................................ 8
5.1 Ratings that apply to all devices .......................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Ratings and comments specific to device ............................................................................................ 9
6. Testing ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 15
6.2 Design test procedures....................................................................................................................... 16
6.3 production test procedures................................................................................................................. 37
7. Manufacturing requirements..................................................................................................................... 38
7.1 Line tuners ......................................................................................................................................... 38
7.2 Hybrid and auxiliary devices ............................................................................................................. 38
7.3 Protective devices .............................................................................................................................. 39
Annex A (informative) Typical line tuners .................................................................................................. 40
Annex B (informative) Drain coil loading in power-line carrier coupling circuits ...................................... 44
Annex C (informative) Measurement of drain coil parameters .................................................................... 45
Annex D (informative) Hybrid and separation filter applications ................................................................ 48
Annex E (informative) Spark gaps and high-voltage protective devices...................................................... 54
Annex F (informative) Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 55
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1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard applies to power-line carrier (PLC) line-tuning equipment connected between the coupling
capacitors and PLC transmitter/receiver terminals operating in the frequency range of 30 kHz to 500 kHz
over power transmission lines and cables or to similar line-tuning equipment in a carrier bypass. PLC linetuning equipment includes assemblies and components: tuning inductor, impedance matching transformer,
balancing transformer, tuning capacitor, inductance-capacitance (LC) tuning unit, hybrid, filter, protective
unit, interconnecting cables, and enclosure. This standard includes the protective devices that facilitate the
safe operation and maintenance of the line-tuning components under normal and usual operating
conditions. This standard will develop technical definitions, performance ratings, testing methods, and
manufacturing requirements for the included line-tuning equipment.
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1.2 Purpose
This standard is vital to the application of PLC systems (30 kHz to 500 kHz) on all transmission lines. PLC
systems are used for protection systems and other communications. The line tuner is the part of the system
that allows the carrier signal to reach the power line with the minimum of loss. Requirements will be
established so that the types of tuners and their interaction with the power system are known and
performance can be predicted.
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
ANSI/NEMA C93.1, American National Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Coupling
Capacitors and Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVT) Requirements. 1, 2
ANSI/NEMA C93.3, American National Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Line Traps.
ANSI/NEMA C93.5, American National Standard Requirements for Single Function Power-Line Carrier
Transmitter/Receiver Equipment.
IEEE Std 4, IEEE Standard for Techniques for High Voltage Testing. 3, 4
IEEE Std 1313.1, IEEE Standard for Insulation CoordinationDefinitions, Principles, and Rules.
IEEE Std C37.98, IEEE Standard for Seismic Testing of Relays.
NEMA 250, Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum).
3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards
Dictionary Online [B1] and ANSI/NEMA C93.1, ANSI/NEMA C93.3, and ANSI/NEMA C93.5 should be
consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 5, 6, 7
balancing transformer: A transformer that divides the carrier-frequency power from one source equally
into two out-of-phase outputs. Syn: balanced resistive hybrid. See also: impedance matching
transformer (IMT).
ANSI publications are available from the American National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
NEMA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents (http://global.ihs.com/).
3
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).
4
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
5
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at:
http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/standard/standards_dictionary.html.
6
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
7
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex F.
2
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band-pass filter: Type of filter that may be tuned to pass a group of contiguous frequencies. See Figure 1.
See also: high-pass/low-pass filter.
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Figure 3 Hybrid
impedance matching transformer (IMT): A transformer that provides fixed or selectable impedance
ratios for matching the impedance magnitude of the power line to that of the coaxial cable at power-linecarrier frequencies. See also: balancing transformer.
impedances (nominal): See: coaxial-cable-side impedance; line-side impedance.
intercircuit coupling: Coupling to two power lines between one or more phase conductors of one line and
one or more phase conductors of the other line. See also: phase-to-ground coupling; phase-to-phase
coupling; three-phase coupling.
line-side impedance: The characteristic surge impedance of the transmission line that the line tuner,
together with the associated coupling capacitor(s), is designed to match on the line side. See also: coaxialcable-side impedance.
line tuners: An arrangement of elements that, together with one or more associated coupling capacitors,
provides bidirectional transmission of carrier-frequency energy between the power line and the coaxialcable terminal of the line tuner. It also provides a degree of protection both for personnel and for other
power-line carrier (PLC) terminal equipment against the effects of power-frequency voltages and transient
overvoltages. See also: band-pass line tuner; high-pass line tuner; single-frequency line tuner; twofrequency line tuner.
NOTESee Figure A.1 through Figure A.4 for examples of typical line tuners. 8
line-tuner terminal: The terminal of the line tuner to be connected to the carrier lead-in cable. See also:
coaxial-cable line-tuner terminal; ground line-tuner terminal.
losses: See: insertion loss; return loss; trans-hybrid loss.
insertion loss: The carrier-frequency power loss caused by the combination of the line tuner and associated
coupling capacitor(s) terminated by the nominal line-side and coaxial-cable-side impedances. See also:
return loss; trans-hybrid loss.
parallel LC tuning unit: An adjustable or fixed inductor and capacitor combination, with a selectable
inductance-to-capacitance ratio forming a parallel resonant circuit. See also: series LC tuning unit.
phase-to-ground coupling: Coupling to a power line between one phase conductor of the line and ground.
See also: intercircuit coupling; phase-to-phase coupling; three-phase coupling.
phase-to-phase coupling: Coupling to a power line between two phase conductors of the line. See also:
intercircuit coupling; phase-to-ground coupling; three-phase coupling.
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement
this standard.
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protective devices: See: drain coil; grounding switch; surge protection device.
protective unit: A system of components that limit the voltage on the line terminal of the line tuner.
ranges: See: tuning range; working range.
rated power capability: The average carrier-frequency power that a line tuner or coupling element will
carry continuously without damage.
reactive hybrid: A hybrid with reactance and resistance in the balancing network. See also: resistive
hybrid; skewed hybrid.
resistive hybrid: A hybrid with only resistance in the balancing network. See also: reactive hybrid;
skewed hybrid.
resonant frequency: The frequency or frequencies to which the line tuner and its associated capacitor are
tuned. See also: high-pass/low-pass cutoff frequency; geometric mean frequency (GMF).
return loss: A measure of the dissimilarity between two impedances, being equal to the number of decibels
that corresponds to the scalar value of the reciprocal of the reflection coefficient, and expressed by the
following formula:
RL = 20 log
P
Z1 + Z 2
or RL = 10 log F
Z1 Z 2
PR
where
RL
Z 1, Z 2
PF
PR
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trans-hybrid loss: A measure of attenuation between Port 1 and Port 2 of a hybrid at any single frequency.
See also: insertion loss; return loss.
triaxial cable: A type of coaxial cable that has two separate coaxial shields. See also: carrier lead-in
cable; coaxial cable.
tuning inductor unit: An adjustable inductor for use in the line tuner for canceling the reactance of the
coupling capacitor.
tuning range: The portion of the carrier-frequency band through which the geometric mean frequency
(GMF) or resonant frequency may be adjusted so that the return and insertion loss meets specification. See
also: working range.
tuning unit: See: parallel LC tuning unit; series LC tuning unit.
two-frequency line tuner: An adjustable line tuner that is tuned to series resonance with its associated
coupling capacitor at two selected carrier frequencies. See also: band-pass line tuner; high-pass line
tuner; single-frequency line tuner.
working range: The range of carrier frequencies within which the bandwidth of a coupling element can be
set. See also: tuning range.
4. Service conditions
Ambient temperature range: 40 C to 45 C. With regard to the temperature range, see Table 1.
Atmosphere free of damaging fumes or excessive or abrasive dust, explosive mixtures of dust or
gases, steam, and salt spray.
f)
Mean over 24 h
40
30
Ambient temperature range: 20 C to 55 C. With regard to the temperature range, see Table 2.
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c)
d) Power frequency: dc to 60 Hz
e)
Atmosphere free of damaging fumes, excessive or abrasive dust, explosive mixtures of dust or
gases, steam, or salt spray.
f)
Mean over
24 h
45
Correction factor
1.00
0.95
0.84
0.75
0.67
0.59
5. Ratings
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5 kV for 1 min
circuit to
enclosure and
winding-towinding for the
IMT
10 kV
50, 75, 125
unbalanced or
150
balanced
2 dB over
tuning range
NA
NA
5 kV for 1 min
between windings
3 kV
50, 75, 125
unbalanced or
150
balanced
3.5 dB over
tuning range
3 kV
50, 75, 125
unbalanced
3 kV
50, 75, 125
unbalanced
See 5.2.2.3.1.
Refer to Table 5
3 kV
50, 75, 125
unbalanced or
150
balanced
0.5 dB over the
working range
20 dB in the
pass band of the
high- and lowpass sides
Manufacturer to
state
< 3 dB above
harmonic
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
< 3 dB above
intermodulation
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
20 dB in the
pass band in an
unflanked state
20 dB for both
low and high side
and for all taps
Manufacturer to
state
< 3 dB above
harmonic
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
< 3 dB above
intermodulation
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
Manufacturer to
state
< 3 dB above
harmonic
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
< 3 dB above
intermodulation
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
20 dB
Rated power
Manufacturer to
state
< 3 dB above
harmonic
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
< 3 dB above
intermodulation
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
Manufacturer to
state
< 3 dB above
harmonic
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
< 3 dB above
intermodulation
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
Manufacturer to
state
< 3 dB above
harmonic
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
< 3 dB above
intermodulation
distortion of input
signal at rated
power
Intermodulation
distortion
Auxiliary IMT
NA
Harmonic
distortion
Band pass
NA
Return loss
Insertion loss
High-pass/
low-pass
Skewed hybrid
3 kV
50, 75, 125
unbalanced or
150
balanced
0.1 to 1 dB on TX
port and 6 to 25
dB on RX port
20 dB
BIL
Input
impedance
Ratings
Balanced
hybrid
Line tuner
Insertion loss @
100 kHz (dB)
Insertion loss @
500 kHz (dB)
0.75
2.75
Spacing between
flanked filter
GMFs
(kHz)
10
0.65
2.5
10
0.40
1.5
24
16
0.2
1.0
48
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10
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5.2.1.7 Distortion
5.2.1.7.1 Harmonic distortion as stated in the Table 4
5.2.1.7.2 Intermodulation distortion as stated in Table 4
5.2.1.7.3 Types
The types of tuning for line tuners shall be as follows:
a)
Single frequency
b) Two frequency
c)
High pass
d) Band pass
Working range a
(kHz)
30 to 500
30 to 500
30 to 500 c
30 to 500
11
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12
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ATTN (dB)
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14
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6. Testing
6.1 General
6.1.1 Test Conditions
a)
The ambient temperature range for testing shall be from +10 C through +40 C, with +20 C as
the reference temperature.
b) Line-tuning equipment for application at a usual altitude service may be tested at any altitude less
than 1000 m (3300 ft).
c)
Line-tuning equipment for application at an unusual altitude service may be tested at any altitude
higher than 1000 m (3300 ft) if an appropriate altitude correction factor from Table 3 is applied.
f)
2)
i)
j)
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b)
c)
d)
e)
b)
c)
d)
The power-frequency voltage shall be applied and raised slowly from zero across the terminals of
the protective device until a flashover occurs. The sparkover value shall be noted. Repeat this
process five times and select the minimum value.
b)
The sparkover voltage of the surge protection device shall be established by application of powerfrequency voltage and by application of a standard 1 impulse voltage (as described in 5.2.1.8.1) to
the device. For a device with an adjustable gap, the gap dimension shall be recorded.
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Line tuner
Balanced
hybrids
Skewed
hybrids
Highpass/lowpass
Band pass
Auxiliary IMT
Surge
protection
device
sparkover
Procedure in
6.2.1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Powerfrequency
insulation
BIL
Insertion
loss
Return
loss
Rated
power
Harmonic
distortion
Intermodulation
distortion
Procedure in
6.2.2,
detail 1) and 2)
setup per
Figure 5
Detail 1) and
Figure 6
Detail 2)
Procedure in
6.2.2,
detail 3)
setup per
Figure 9
Procedure in
6.2.3
setup per
Figure 10
Procedure in
6.2.5
setup per
Figure 12 and
Figure 13
Procedure in
6.2.7
Procedure in
6.2.8.1
setup per
Figure 15 and
Figure 16
Procedure in
6.2.9, phase-toground setup
Figure 18
phase to phase
0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Procedure in
6.2.2,
detail 3)
setup per
Figure 7
Procedure in
6.2.4
setup per
Figure 11
Procedure in
6.2.2,
detail 3)
setup per
Figure 7
Procedure in
6.2.4
setup per
Figure 11
Procedure in
6.2.2,
detail 3)
setup per
Figure 7
Procedure in
6.2.4
setup per
Figure 11
Procedure
6.2.2,
detail 3)
setup per
Figure 7
Procedure in
6.2.4
setup per
Figure 11
Procedure in
6.2.2,
setup Figure 7
for winding to
enclosure and
Figure 8 for
winding to
winding
Procedure in
6.2.2,
detail 3)
setup per Figure
7
Procedure in
6.2.4
setup per
Figure 11
Procedure in
6.2.6
setup per
Figure 14
Procedure in
6.2.6
setup per
Figure 14
Procedure in
6.2.6
setup per
Figure 14
Procedure in
6.2.6
setup per
Figure 14
Procedure in
6.2.6
setup per
Figure 14
Procedure in
6.2.7
Procedure in
6.2.7
Procedure in
6.2.7
Procedure in
6.2.7
Procedure in
6.2.7
Procedure in
6.2.8.2
setup per
Figure 17
Procedure in
6.2.8.2
setup per
Figure 17
Procedure in
6.2.8.2
setup per
Figure 17
Procedure in
6.2.8.2
setup per
Figure 17
Procedure in
6.2.8.2
setup per
Figure 17
Procedure 2),
6.2.9
setup
Figure 20
Procedure 3),
6.2.9
setup
Figure 21
Procedure 2),
6.2.9
setup
Figure 20
Procedure 4),
6.2.9
setup
Figure 22
Procedure 4),
6.2.9
setup
Figure 22
b)
To test circuit elements to enclosure insulation, the power-frequency test voltage shall be applied
between the circuit and the enclosure as shown in Figure 6. For phase-to-phase line tuners, the
power-frequency test voltage shall be applied with both line terminals connected together.
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c)
The standard impulse test voltage (as described in 5.2.1.8.1) shall be applied to the line terminal in
accordance with the diagram in Figure 9. For phase-to-phase line tuners, the test voltage shall be
applied to each line terminal separately. The protective device shall be disconnected for this test.
A series of 5 positive and 5 negative impulse voltage waves shall be applied to the line terminal of the line
tuner. Successful completion shall be determined by the absence of visible flashover and no change in
insertion loss as measured before and after this test.
In general, this test shall be performed in accordance with IEEE Std 4.
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V
R
IL = 20 log O + 10 log 1
2V
R2
(1)
where
IL = insertion loss in decibels (dB)
R1 = nominal line-side impedance
R2 = nominal coaxial-cable-side impedance
Vo = voltage of carrier-frequency generator
V = voltage across nominal line-side impedance
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a)
Single-frequency line tuner. The insertion loss shall be measured at the resonant frequency. The test
shall be performed at the upper, middle, and lower frequency of the working range and with the
minimum and maximum rated capacitance of the coupling capacitor intended for use within the
working range as shown in Table 6.
b)
Two-frequency line tuner. The insertion loss shall be measured at each resonant frequency. The test
shall be performed at the extremes of the working range and with the minimum and maximum rated
capacitance of the coupling capacitor intended for use within that working range as shown in
Table 6.
c)
For the test performed at the lowest frequency of the range, the second frequency shall be spaced so
that the lower frequency is 25% lower than the upper frequency. For the test performed at the
highest frequency of the range, the second frequency shall be spaced so that the lower frequency is
25% lower than the upper frequency.
d)
High-pass line tuner. The insertion loss shall be measured from the maximum carrier frequency to
a frequency where the insertion loss is 3 dB greater than the minimum insertion loss in the pass
band. The test shall be performed with the minimum and maximum rated capacitance of the
coupling capacitor as shown in Figure 10.
e)
Band-pass line tuner. The insertion loss shall be measured at the GMF. The test shall be performed
at the upper, middle, and lower GMF of the rated working range, and with the minimum and
maximum rated capacitance of the coupling capacitor intended for use within that working range as
shown in Table 6.
IL = 20 log
VO
2V
(2)
where
IL = insertion loss in decibels (dB)
Vo = voltage of carrier-frequency generator
V = voltage across nominal line-side impedance
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For skewed hybrid, Input 1 is the transmitter input terminal and Input 2 is the receiver output terminal.
Perform the test as shown on Figure 10 for the transmitter port. Connect the input generator, voltmeter, and
the RNOM resistor to the output terminals, terminate the transmitter port by the nominal impedance, and
measure the voltage across the receiver port.
For low-pass/high-pass filter, Input 1 is the low-pass port, and the frequency of the signal generator must be
set to the frequency equal to 10% below the low-pass cutoff frequency. The test must be repeated for the
Input 2 (high-pass port) with the frequency set to 10% above the high-pass cutoff frequency and Input 1
terminated in a nominal impedance of the filter.
Band-pass filter does not have two inputs. Input 2 must be ignored when performing the test on the bandpass filter. The frequency of the signal generator must be set to the center frequency of the filter.
The impedance matching transformer is a two-port device. Input 2 is not present. Measurement must be
made using Input 1.
6.2.5 Return loss line tuners
For the return loss tests, the coupling capacitor (Cc) shall be replaced by a capacitor having a negligible loss
and having a capacitance equal to the rated capacitance of the coupling capacitor. Both Figure 12 and
Figure 13 show two methods of measuring the return loss, which is given by Equation (3):
V
RL = 20 log 1
V2
(3)
where
RL
= return loss in decibels (dB)
V1, V2 = voltages measured by voltmeter V with the switch S in the open and closed positions,
respectively, with the voltmeter Vo being kept at equal levels in both switch positions
= nominal line-side impedance
R1
= nominal coaxial-cable-side impedance
R2
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Method 1
Method 2
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Method 1
Method 2
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a)
Single-frequency line tuner. The return loss shall be measured at the resonant frequency. The test
shall be performed at the upper, middle, and lower frequency of the working range and with the
minimum and maximum rated capacitance of the coupling capacitor intended for use within that
working range as shown in Table 6.
b) Two-frequency line tuner. The return loss shall be measured at each resonant frequency. The test
shall be performed at the extremes of the working range and with the minimum and maximum
rated capacitance of the coupling capacitor intended for use within that working range as shown in
Table 6.
c)
For the test performed at the lowest frequency of the range, the second frequency shall be
spaced so that the lower frequency is 25% (or 25 kHz, whichever is greater) lower than the
upper frequency. For the test performed at the highest frequency of the range, the second
frequency shall be spaced so that the lower frequency is 25% (or 25 kHz, whichever is
greater) lower than the upper frequency.
High-pass line tuner. The return loss shall be measured over the frequency limits as determined
and with capacitance values as specified in Table 6.
d) Band-pass line tuner. The return loss shall be measured over the frequency limits as determined
and with capacitance values as specified in Table 6.
6.2.6 Return loss hybrids and filters
The following frequencies are used for the tests described below:
a)
30 kHz
b)
150 kHz
c)
500 kHz
Figure 14 shows the method of measuring return loss, which is given by Equation (4):
V
RL = 20 log 1
V2
(4)
where
RL
= return loss in decibels (dB)
V1, V2 = voltages measured by voltmeter V with the switch S in the open and closed positions,
respectively, with the voltmeter Vo being kept at equal levels in both switch positions
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Measurements for balanced hybrid must be repeated for Input 2 with Input 1 terminated in RNOM.
Skewed hybrid measurements must be made with Input 1 being the transmitter port.
Low-pass/high-pass filter must have measurements done on both ports, one at a time.
Band-pass filter and impedance matching transformer have only one input port.
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The voltage source should then be connected to the DUT and the harmonic distortion should be measured
at the output termination of the DUT. The measured harmonic distortion cannot increase by more than the
value stated in Table 4 from the measured reference levels.
6.2.8.1 Line tuners
For this test, the coupling capacitor shall be replaced by a capacitor (Cc, Ccp) having negligible loss and
having a capacitance equal to the rated capacitance of the coupling capacitor.
The line-side impedance shall be a 300 (30 for cable units) non-inductive resistor for a phase-toground line tuner and a 600 (60 for cable units) non-inductive resistor for a phase-to-phase line tuner.
The test shall be performed at the frequencies and with the coupling capacitor values as described in
Table 6.
a)
For single-frequency and two-frequency line tuners, the resonant frequency(s) shall be applied.
b)
For high-pass line tuners, a frequency two times the low-frequency limit shall be applied.
c)
Figure 15 shows the test diagram for the phase-to-ground tuner, and Figure 16 shows the test diagram for
the phase-to-phase line tuner.
Test procedure for phase-to-ground line tunerWith SW1 and SW2 in POS 1, record the harmonic
distortion readings on the selective voltmeter (or on a spectrum analyzer). These become reference
readings. Place SW1 and SW2 in POS 2 and record readings on the selective voltmeter (or on a spectrum
analyzer). For a two-frequency line tuner, repeat the test on the second frequency. When testing a twofrequency line tuner with two coaxial line inputs, the unused input must be terminated in the nominal
coaxial-side impedance.
The unit passes the test if the readings on the selective voltmeter with SW1 and SW2 in POS2 are not
greater then 3 dB from the readings on the selective voltmeter with SW1 and SW2 in POS1.
Test procedure for phase-to-phase line tunerwith SW1 and SW2 in POS 1, record the harmonic
distortion readings on the selective voltmeter (or on a spectrum analyzer). These become reference
readings. Place SW1 and SW2 in POS 2 and record readings on the selective voltmeter (or on a spectrum
analyzer).
The unit passes the test if the readings on the selective voltmeter with SW1 and SW2 in POS2 are not
greater than 3 dB from the readings on the selective voltmeter with SW1 and SW2 in POS1.
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where
RNT = nominal input impedance of the tested line tuner (50 , 75 , or 125 )
RL = nominal line impedance (300 )
where
RNT = nominal input impedance of the tested line tuner (50 , 75 , or 125 )
RL = nominal phase to phase line impedance (600 )
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For this test, the coupling capacitor shall be replaced by a capacitor (Cc, Ccp) having negligible loss and
having a capacitance equal to the rated capacitance of the coupling capacitor.
The line-side impedance shall be a 300 (30 for cable units) non-inductive resistor for a phase-toground line tuner and a 600 (60 for cable units) non-inductive resistor for a phase-to-phase line tuner.
The test shall be performed at the frequencies and with the coupling capacitor values as described in
Table 6.
The intermodulation tests shall be applied to high-pass, band-pass, and single-frequency line tuners as
follows:
a)
For high-pass line tuners, the frequencies at 1.9 and 2.0 times the low-frequency limit shall be
applied.
b) For band-pass line tuners, the frequencies 2 percent above and below the GMF shall be applied.
c)
For single-frequency line tuners the frequencies should be at the edges of the pass-band of the line
tuner.
Figure 18 shows the test diagram for the phase-to-ground tuner, and 0 shows the test diagram for the phaseto-phase line tuner.
Test procedure for a phase-to-ground line tunerWith SW1 and SW2 in POS 1, record the harmonic
distortion readings on the selective voltmeter (or on a spectrum analyzer). These become reference
readings. Place SW1 and SW2 in POS 2 and record readings on the selective voltmeter (or on a spectrum
analyzer).
The unit passes the test if the readings on the selective voltmeter with SW1 and SW2 in POS2 are not
greater than 3 dB from the readings on the selective voltmeter with SW1 and SW2 in POS1.
where
RNT = nominal input impedance of the tested line tuner (50 , 75 , or 125 )
RL = nominal line impedance (300 )
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where
RNT = nominal input impedance of the tested line tuner (50 , 75 , or 125 )
RL = nominal phase to phase line impedance (600 )
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The equipment under test passes the test if the measured intermodulation levels are less than 3 dB higher
then the reference levels.
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Test procedure 1Remove RL from the balanced hybrid output and connect Line terminal of the skewed
hybrid to the output terminal of the balanced hybrid. Measure intermodulation levels across the resistive
load connected to the Rx terminal of the skewed hybrid.
Test procedure 2Terminate Line terminal of the skewed hybrid with RL. Disconnect RL from Tx
terminal of the skewed hybrid and connect that terminal to the output of the balanced hybrid. Measure
intermodulation levels across RL connected to the Line terminal of the skewed hybrid.
The equipment passes the tests if the intermodulation levels are less then 3 dB higher than the reference
intermodulation levels.
6.2.9.4 Band-pass filters and Impedance matching transformers
The band-pass filter and impedance matching transformer intermodulation test is shown in Figure 22.
A pair of frequencies that are within the pass band of the band-pass filter and separated by 4 kHz should be
used for this measurement. The impedance matching transformer should be tested using a pair of
frequencies within the 30 kHz to 500 kHz frequency band that are 20 kHz apart (arbitrary selectionto be
discussed).
Reference intermodulation levels are measured across the RL resistive load at the output of the balanced
hybrid with the two signal sources set to the level equal to half of the maximum input voltage to the
balanced hybrid.
Remove RL from the balance hybrid Output terminal and connect Input terminal of the equipment under
test to the Output terminal of the balanced hybrid. Measure intermodulation levels across RL connected to
the Output terminal of the equipment under test.
Repeat the test by connecting the output terminal of the equipment under test to the output terminal of the
balanced hybrid and RL load to the Input terminal of the equipment under test. Measure intermodulation
levels across RL.
The equipment passes the tests if the intermodulation levels are less then 3 dB higher than the reference
intermodulation levels.
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f h fl
100
Variation in percent =
1 / 2( f h + fl ) )
(5)
where
fh = highest frequency measured
f l = lowest frequency measured
6.2.11 Minimum isolation between f1 and f2
where
R1 = nominal line-side impedance
R2 = nominal coaxial-cable-side impedance
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Connect the low-frequency leg from a line tuner as per Figure 23 to measure insertion loss. Terminate the
high-frequency leg from a line tuner with non-inductive resistance equal to coaxial-side impedance. Apply
high-frequency PLC signal into low-frequency leg. Calculate insertion loss as per Equation (6). This value
is isolation f2 to f1.
VO
(6)
Connect the high-frequency leg from a line tuner as per to measure insertion loss. Terminate the lowfrequency leg from a line tuner with non-inductive resistance equal to coaxial side impedance. Apply lowfrequency PLC signal into high-frequency leg. Calculate insertion loss as per Equation (6). This value is
isolation f1 to f2.
Measured insertion loss must be at least 15 dB.
6.2.12 Trans-hybrid loss
The following frequencies are used for the tests described below:
a) 30 kHz
b) 150 kHz
c)
500 kHz
For the trans-hybrid loss test, terminate all ports as per Figure 24 with its rated terminal impedance per
Figure 24 using a non-inductive resistors. The trans-hybrid loss is given by Equation (7):
TL = 20 log
V1
V2
(7)
where
TL= trans-hybrid loss in decibels (dB)
V1= voltage on Port 1
V2= voltage on Port 2
and input and output impedances are equal.
Insert the test frequency at rated voltage signal in Port 1, measure the voltage with a frequency selective
voltmeter at Port 2. The Port 2 voltage shall be lower than Port 1 by the rating in 5.2.2.1.1.
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30 kHz
b) 150 kHz
c)
500 kHz
The input impedance of the unit under test shall be calculated using Equation (8):
(8)
where
RDUT
RNOM
V1
V2
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For single-frequency and two-frequency line tuners, measurements shall be made at a resonant
frequency(s) within the working range.
b) For high-pass line tuners, measurements shall be made at a frequency near cutoff and at twice the
cutoff frequency.
c)
For band-pass line tuners, measurements shall be made at a GMF within the working range and at
the associated bandwidth limit frequencies.
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7. Manufacturing requirements
Manufacturers name
b) Type designation
c)
f)
Manufacturers name
b) Type designation
c)
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Annex A
(informative)
Typical line tuners
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Annex B
(informative)
Drain coil loading in power-line carrier coupling circuits
The carrier drain coil is required in all coupling capacitors with carrier accessories and is an option in line
tuners for safety purposes. This device provides a low-impedance path for power-frequency currents and
will limit the power-frequency voltage measured at the carrier lead-in terminal. Refer to Figure B.1. The
drain coil (LD) is connected to the carrier lead-in terminal of the coupling capacitor at the center of a series
tuned circuit formed by the tuning inductance (LT) and the coupling capacitor capacitance (CC). The
shunting effect of this connection should not severely alter the characteristics of the line tuner in the
frequency range of the tuner. The shunting effect of the drain coil acts like stray capacitance to ground in
the carrier lead-in connection, or resistive losses in the insulation. The variation of line-tuner circuits
frustrates attempts to attach a dB loss value to this connection. A more definitive measurement is to record
the effect of the drain coil inductive loading on the return loss, or reflected power measured when adjusting
the line tuner.
The drain coil inductive reactance in the carrier-frequency band of the tuner should be sufficiently high to
appear transparent to the line tuner. Tests with various line-tuner types have shown that the inductance of
the carrier drain coil in the coupling capacitor should be at least 13 times the inductance of the tuning
inductor when the coupling capacitor is resonated at the tuning frequency. This ratio of drain coil
inductance to tuning inductor inductance translates into a requirement for a higher drain coil inductance at
the low end of the PLC-frequency range (below 70 kHz). Lower values of inductance may be used for
higher frequency ranges. Coupling capacitors for EHV applications used on long lines at low PLC
frequencies should be considered carefully since the capacitance of the coupling capacitor decreases and
the tuning inductance increases with increased voltage, therefore requiring a high drain coil inductance for
these units. Higher capacitance coupling capacitors will minimize the effects of the drain coil.
This ratio of inductances will minimize the inductive loading of the drain coil. The user should also be
aware that if an optional drain coil is placed in the line tuner, the parallel combination of the two drain coils
should be considered when applying the coupling capacitor and carrier line tuner.
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Annex C
(informative)
Measurement of drain coil parameters
C.1 Definition
An inductor in the carrier-frequency accessory unit connected between the line terminal and the ground
terminal of a coupling capacitor, or a coupling capacitor voltage transformer, or a line tuner, presenting low
impedance to the flow of power-frequency current and a high impedance to the flow of carrier-frequency
current
C.2 Ratings
The current-carrying capability at power frequency should be specified to offer maximum guarantee of
continuity of connection to the ground terminal and should be as per Table C.1. Other values should be
agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
Table C.1Current-carrying capabilities
0.5 A continuous
25 A for 200 ms
1 A continuous
50 A for 200 ms
Maximum
capacitance (pF)
Maximum
capacitance (pF)
69
27 000
55 000
115
15 500
34 000
138
13 500
29 000
161
11 600
26 000
230
7 700
17 400
345
5 100
11 600
500
3 700
7 600
765
2 400
5 500
Nominal system
voltage
(kV)
Power-frequency impedance: The impedance of the drain coil at power frequency shall not exceed 30 .
Drain coil inductance: Theoretically calculated should be at least 13 times the tuning coil inductance
when the coupling capacitor (Cc) is resonated at the tuning frequency (f) or can be calculated by the
following formula:
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45 mH
If frequency
is 70 kHz
If capacitance of Cc
is 0.006 F
and
If frequency
is 70 kHz
Hold the voltage for 1 min and record V in volts, and I in amperes.
Drain coil inductance: The inductance of the drain coil shall be measured at power frequency or 1 kHz (if
impedance analyzer is used) and should be in tolerance 10 % of specified value.
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Test procedure:
a)
b) Alternative method at 60 Hz
Measure resistance R of drain coil using any ohm-meter
Use measured value for impedance Z from power-frequency impedance test.
Calculate inductance as per the following formula:
L = 1000
(Z )2 (R)2 / 2f
Apply ten 1.2/50 s voltage impulses of 10 kV in sequence, 5 negative and 5 positive in accordance
with Figure C.2.
Record the peak and the wave shape of the impulse voltage.
The drain coil passes the test for each polarity if:
No other evidence of insulation failure is detected (e.g., no variations in the recorded wave shape as
seen on the oscilloscope)
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Annex D
(informative)
Hybrid and separation filter applications
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correct decision. Therefore, it is desirable not to rely solely on the receiver filter for all the required
isolation, especially in long line applications. The added isolation is usually obtained by the use of hybrids.
D.2 Hybrids
There are many forms of hybrids, such as resistive hybrids, reactance hybrids, and skewed hybrids to name
the most popular types. Simply stated a hybrid is a bridge network. The complete bridge is made up of
components internal to the hybrid and the external circuits connected to the hybrid. It is best to explain how
a hybrid operates by using the resistive hybrid as the example. Refer to Figure D.3. The hybrid, in this case,
is made of a resistor of 25 and a transformer with a center tap on the primary. The transformer turns ratio
is 1.414/1 with the 1.414 turns on the center tapped primary. Let us assume the secondary of the
transformer is terminated with a 50 resistor and a voltage (V) is applied to input port #1. The 50 load
will be reflected in the primary of the transformer as a 25 quantity from point (a) to the center tap (ct).
This is because there is one turn on the primary, (a) to (ct), and 1.414 turns on the secondary. The
impedance will be transferred as the square of the turns ratio, which in this case is 2 to 1. The voltage V
will divide equally between the 25 resistor and the 25 reflected load into the primary. Thus each
voltage has a value of V/2, and in the direction as shown. Since the center tapped primary of the
transformer will act as an autotransformer, a voltage V/2 will also appear on the other half of the primary
between point (ct) and (b). The voltage appearing across input port #2 due to the voltage V at input port #1
is the sum of the voltages around the loop from (g) to (y). Thus, this resultant voltage is 0 V, and the hybrid
isolates the voltage at one input port from the other input port. However, a price must be paid for this
isolation, and that is an attenuation of the carrier signal from either of the two inputs to the output. This loss
is the ratio of the input voltage V and the output voltage V/1.414, expressed in dB, the result of this
calculation will be 3 dB. However, the transformer will have some losses and the loss from input to output
will be on the order of 3.5 dB for most hybrids of the type shown in Figure D.3. If the reader were to go
through an analysis of the hybrid shown in Figure D.3 using a termination of 45 , the results would be
different than previously discussed. That is, the voltage will not divide equally between (a) to (ct) and (ct)
to (g) and a voltage will appear across input port #2. Thus the hybrid can only provide the best isolation
when it is properly terminated, in this case, with a 50 resistor. It is then appropriate to apply a
nonadjustable hybrid in an area of known termination.
V
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All hybrids in a chain should be resistive-type hybrids except the last hybrid, that is, the one
connected to the line tuner.
b) The last hybrid in the chain should be a reactance-type hybrid or a skewed type hybrid.
c)
When applying transmitters to reactance-type hybrids, the frequency spacing between the widest
spaced transmitters is about 4% if the frequencies are below 50 kHz and 6% above 50 kHz. If this
rule is not followed, then the hybrid cannot be adjusted to provide good isolation between all
transmitters.
d) When applying transmitters and receivers to a reactance-type hybrid, the frequency spacing
between the transmitters and receivers is of no concern; however, all the transmitter frequencies
must meet the preceding rule c).
e)
When the last hybrid is a skewed type then the receiver port should be terminated with a 50
resistance to obtain proper isolation.
Figure D.5 shows two curves for paralleling transmitters. For any frequency spacing above the line, the
transmitters may be paralleled directly if they have internal series LC units or external LC units, and for
any frequency spacing below the line, the spacing is close enough to use hybrids with a reactance hybrid at
the end of the chain. The shaded area of Figure D.5 is no mans land. Neither direct paralleling nor
reactance hybrids can be used. Frequencies spaced in this area will require special treatment such as bandpass filters or high-pass/low-pass filters. Another solution to the problem of the shaded area is to use a
skewed hybrid at the end of the chain, especially if receivers are part of the PLC system.
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The hybrids should be arranged with the lesser losses in the transmitter path and the greater losses
in the receiver path.
Transmitters that are used with wide bandwidth channels should be arranged with lower losses and
those of narrower bandwidths should have the higher losses.
If possible transmitters used for common applications should be arranged for equal attenuation.
This would apply to systems which use dual channels.
Sample applications
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Figure D.7Example of a narrowband dual channel bi-directional FSK and a wide band
single channel bi-directional FSK channels being combined
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Annex E
(informative)
Spark gaps and high-voltage protective devices
High-voltage protection devices are used in PLC applications as protective devices. The protectors
breakdown voltage must act before the dialectic breakdown voltage of the weakest devices downstream
electrically. There are two types of high-voltage protection devices, gap and electronic.
In the gap type, the flashover voltage is related to the gap separation itself and the gas between the gaps.
Spark gaps that use a dielectric gas will arc over at a defined voltage on a repeatable basis as long as the
gas is intact. Since the gas cannot be seen, the only way to validate the quality of the gap is to test it. A
spark gap that uses an air dielectric will have a variable flashover voltage based on the humidity and
temperature; however with enough protection margin, this variability does not present a problem. With
both types there is a limit on how much energy over time that the gap can withstand before it is degraded
due to heating. Once a spark gap flashes over, the voltage must be decreased to a reduced level before the
ionization is released and the flashover ceases. In some cases with a dielectric gas, the voltage must be
reduced to near zero.
Electronic protection typically uses a metal oxide varistor (MOV), designed to conduct, or breakdown, at a
certain voltage. This conduction voltage is repeatable as long as the rating of the MOV, in Joules, is not
surpassed. Additionally, the voltage where the device resets is near breakdown voltage, thus having less of
an effect on the signal passing through the protected path.
Testing a spark gap flashover can be done with a voltage generator and a current limiting device. The test
voltage can come from a variable ac voltage generator often called a hi-pot kit. The current limiting can be
done with a resistor, however care must be taken in assuring proper voltage rating of the components and
wiring of the test circuit. Limiting the current allows the test to be repeated in a short time period. If the
current can not be limited sufficiently, then an adequate cooling time should be provided between tests.
The test circuit consists of the voltage source, current limiting resistor and the DUT connected in series. A
high-voltage probe and meter is used across the DUT. The voltage is increased until the protector begins to
clamp as determined by a sudden change in the protector voltage. The breakdown voltage of the protector
is the highest voltage it will withstand before the device either breaks down or flashes over.
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Annex F
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.
[B1] IEEE Standards Dictionary Online. 9
[B2] IEEE Std 643-2004, IEEE Guide for Power Line Carrier Application. 10, 11
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