Application of

Derivative

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OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE
Rate of change of quantities:
Working Rules to solve problems
Rule 1:
Rule II:
Rule III:

Rule IV:

Identify the related variables, say, x and y and express one of these
in terms of the other to get y f (x )

dy dy dx

.
dt
dx dt
dx
dy
Substitute the value of
respective ly
in the equation
dt
dt
dy
dx
dy dy dx

.
respective ly

and get the value of

dt
dt
dt
dx dt
dy
dx
If the calculated value of
respective ly
is not a constant
dt
dt
Then substitute the value of x (or y ) where the rate of change of
y ( respective ly x ) w.r.t is desired.
Differentiate y f (x ) w.r.t and get

ROBOM: 1 If the rate of change of a variable is postive,then the value of the variable increases
With the increase in the value of the independent variable
2. If the rate of change of a variable is negative, then the value of the variable
Decreases with the increase in the value of the independent variable

Tangents of Circles

Q
N

Q1

Q2

Page No.1

Tangent line

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Application of
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Let P and Q be two points on the circle as shown in figure. As the point Q moves along the curve towards P;
the second line PQ1 ; turns about P and so on. and when Q approaches to P,the line PQ coincides with the limiting
line PT.This limiting PT is called the tangent line to the curve at the point P.

ROBOM
The tangent line touch or contact at only a single point of
any curve

Equation of Tangent:
We know point slope form

y y m( x x )
1
1

....(1)

Let P ( a , f ( a )) be any point on the graph of derivable function y f (x ) The slope of tangent at P is
equal to the value of the derivative f ' ( x ) at P,i.e slope of tangent at P equals f ' ( a ) .

The equation of the tangent at P is

y f (a) f ' (a)( x a)

Comparing 1 and 2 we get

Here

m f ' (a)

Equation of Normal:

f ' (a ) is derivative of curve

Normal to the curve at any point P is a line through the point P

is called the foot of Normal.

Slope of normal =

1
f ' (a)

Case 1.

If

If

to the tangent at P to the curve. P

1
( x a)
'
f (a )

f '(a) 0

In this case the tangent is parallel to

would be passing through P ( a, f ( a ))

Case 2.

and

m1 .m 2 1

y f (a )
Remarks:

....... ( 2)

x axis

. Therefore the normal at P will be parallel to y axis and

f '(a) 0

In this case, let the slope of normal at P be m.

Page No.2

m. f ' (a ) 1 i.e, m

1
f (a)
'

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Application of
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OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

(Class:10+2, Non-medical/Inter-Arts)

Working Rules for solving problems

Step No.1:

Identify the equation of the curve and the point(s) where the equations of tangents/normal
are to be found out.

Step No.2:

Differentiate the equation of curve and find

Step No.3:

Find the slope of normal by using the result:

Slope of normal at a point = negative reciprocal of the slope of tangent at that point. Also
remember that if the tangent at a point is horizental, then the normal at that point would be
vertical and its slope would not be defined.

Step No.4:

Find the equation of tangent/normal by using the point slope form, which states that if a

dy
.Find the slope of the tangent by using
dx
dy
the result: Slope of tangent at a point = value of
at that point
dx

x1 , y1 and having slope m, then its equation is

y y1 m( x x1 Also remember that if a line passing through x1 , y1

line passes through

then its equation is

is vertical,

x x 1

Example No.1: Find the slopes of the tangents and normal to the curve

1
4
dy
Solution: We have y 8 x 2 3 ,

16 x
dx
1
1
dy
1
16 4
Slope of tangent when x is
= value of
when x is
4
4
dx
4
1
Let slope of normal be m. 4.m 1 amd m
4
y 8 x 2 3 at x

MENSURATION
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

Rectangle: If a and b are sides then Perimeter = 2(a + b) and Area = ab

Square:
Perimeter = 4a
and Area = a 2
Circle: If r be the radius of circle, then its Area = r 2 and circumference = 2r
Cuboid: If l be length, b be breadth and h be the height of cuboid, then its
Curved surface Area= 2h(l b) ,Volume = (lbh )
Total surface Area = 2(lb bh lh)
Cube: If a is side of cube, then its
Curved surface Area= 4a 2 , Volume = a 3 Total surface Area = 6a 2
Right Circular Cylinder: if r be the radius and h be height of cylinder then its
Curved Surface Area = 2rh , Total Surface Area: = 2r ( r h)
Volume= r 2 h
Sphere: Let r be radius of the sphere, then its:
Total Surface Area:

8.

Right Circular Cone:

= 4r 2 ,

Volume :

Volume :

4 3
r
3

1 2
r h
3

Angle of Intersections of curves

Page No.3

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Application of
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OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

Point of intersection a, a

x
a 1

y
a
x
a 1
Slope of tangent to curve (2) =
y
a
Slope of tangent to curve (1) =

Since slopes of tangents are same, the angle between curves is 0 0

The curves touches each other

Increasing function
A function

Page No.4

f (x ) is said to be increasing function on an interval I ,if

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Application of
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OUTLINE
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x1 x2 f x1 f x2
or x , x I

12
x1 x2 f x1 f x2

Strictly increasing function

A function f (x ) is said to be strictly increasing function on an interval

if

x1 x2 f x1 f x2
or x , x I

12
x1 x2 f x1 f x2

Decreasing function
A function f (x ) is said to be decreasing function on an interval

Page No.5

,if

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Application of
Derivative
OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

x1 x2 f x1 f x2
or x , x I

12
x1 x2 f x1 f x2

Strictly decreasing function

A function

f (x ) is said to be strictly decreasing function on an interval I ,if

x1 x2 f x1 f x2
or x , x I

12
x1 x2 f x1 f x2

Monotonic Function
A Function, which is either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing in its domain, is
called monotonic function

Non Monotonic Function

Page No.6

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Application of
Derivative

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A function, which is increasing in some interval and decreasing in some intervals, is

called a non-monotonic function

Here

f (x) is a strictly increasing function in the intervals (a,c) and (d,e) while it is

strictly decreasing function in the intervals (c,d0 and (e,b )

Test for monotonicity of functions

i)

f ( x ) is increa sin g in a, b if

x a, b

ii )

f ( x ) is strictly increa sin g

f ' ( x) 0,
in a, b if f ' ( x) 0,

x a, b

iii )

f ( x ) is decrea sin g in a, b if

x a, b

iv )

f ( x ) is strictly decrea sin g

f ' ( x) 0,
in a, b if f ' ( x) 0,

x a, b

Two methods to solve the problems of increasing and decreasing

function
1.
2.

Check symbolically
By derivative method

Check symbolically:
In this system take all the options i.e
position of functions according to above mentioned.

Example:
Solution:

x1 x 2 or x1 x 2 and check the

Show that the following function are strictly increasing on R

x1 , x 2 be real numbers such that x1 x 2

4 x1 4 x 2
4 x1 7 4 x 2 7
f x1 f x 2
f ( x) is strictly increa sin g on R
Let

By derivative method:
This method based on two theorems

Two Theorems
1. A function is strictly increasing on an open interval where its
derivative is positive or non-negative
2. A function is strictly decreasing on an open interval where its
derivative is negative or non-positive

Page No.7

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Application of
Derivative

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Method:

OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

Take the derivative of the function and put the values of intervals in

derivative function if the

f ' ( x) 0 then function is strictly increasing otherwise if

f ' ( x) 0 then the function is strictly decreasing

Example1:
f ( x) x 2 ,

Show that the following function are strictly Increasing

x 0

Solution:

We have f ( x ) x

f ' ( x) 2 x
Now according to question
If we put

x 0 in

x 0

'

2x then f ( x ) is always positive and greater than 0.

f ( x ) is strictly increasing in interval (0, )

Method to find the intervals where the function strictly

increasing or decreasing
Working rules for solving problems
Step no1: Differentiate the given function f ( x) w.r.t x and solve the
equation f ' ( x) 0 to find out the critical value for f (x) .
Step no2: Arrange these critical values in the ascending order of
Magnitude and partition the domain of f (x ) into various
intervals using critical values.
Step no3: Study the sign of f ' ( x) on the corresponding intervals.
Step no4: If any particular open interval f ' ( x ) is +ve, then the
Function is strictly increasing on that interval. On the
Other hand, if f ' ( x ) is ve,then f(x) is strictly decreasing
on that interval.

Example No 1:

For what value of x (or find the interval) in which

the function

f ( x)

x 2
, x 0 is strictly increasing or strictly
2 x

decreasing
Solution:

Page No.8

We have

f ( x)

x 2
, x0
2 x

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Application of
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f ' ( x)

Step No:1:

Now

1
1 2
x2 4
2(1) x 2 2
2
2 x
2x 2

f ' ( x) 0

x 2, 2
Step No:2:

x2 4
0 x 2 x 2 0
2x 2

The critical values for

f (x ) in ascending order

are x 2, 2
Step No:3:

ve

ve
f ( x)

ve
f ( x)

x 2

f ( x)

f ( x) is strictly increa sin g

2 x 2

f ( x) is strictly decrea sin g

x 2

f ( x) is strictly increa sin g

f (x ) is strictly increasing ,2 , 2, and strictly decreasing on 2,2

Rolls Theorem
Statement of Rolls Theorem
Check points for verifying the Rolls theorem
1.
2.
3.
4.

If a function f(x) such that :

f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b]
f(x) is derivable on the open interval (a,b)
f(a)=f(b)
Then there is some point C (at least one value) of x lying between open interval (a,b)
'
(For this such that f (c) 0

ROBOM
1.
2.
3.
4.

Every polynomial function is continuous on R(Real Number)

x
The functions sin x, cos x., e are continuous on R
The function logx is continuous on 0,
If f and g are continues function on [a,b], then the function f+g, f-g, f.g are also
f
continues function on [a,b]and
is also continues function on [a,b] provided
g

g ( x ) 0 on [a,b]
Example:

f ( x)

x5
is not continuous at x=7
x7

5. If the derivative of a function has finite and unique value of an interval, then the
function is derivable on that interval
6. The function x is continuous on R and derivable on R 0

Working Rules for solving Problems

Page No.9

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Application of
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Step No.1
Step No.2
Step No.3

Step No.4
(a,b).

OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

Show that f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a,b].The result

regarding the continuity of standard function should be made use.
'
Find f ( x ) and see if it is non-defined at any point in the open interval
(a,b),then we say that f(x) is derivable on (a,b)
Find f(a) and f(b) and check these are equal
If all the three conditions mentioned in the above steps are satisfied,
then Rolls theorem is applicable. Even one of the conditions fails to
hold then the conclusion of Rolls theorem may not be applicable

If all the conditions of Rolls theorem are satisfied, then solve the
'
equation f (c) 0 and show that at least one of roots lies in
This verifies Rolls Theorem.

Lagranges Theorem
Statement of Lagranges Theorem

Check points for verifying the Lagrange,s theorem

If a function f(x) such that :
1. f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b]
2. f(x) is derivable on the open interval (a,b)
3. Then there exists at least one C ( a, b) such that

f (b ) f ( a )
f ' (c )
ba

Working Rules for solving Problems

Step No.1
Step No.2
Step No.3

Step No.4

Show that f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a,b].The result

regarding the continuity of standard function should be made use.
'
Find f ( x) and see if it is non-defined at any point in the open interval
(a,b),then we say that f(x) is derivable on (a,b)
If both the conditions mentioned in the above steps are satisfied,
then LMV theorem is applicable. Even one of the conditions fails to
hold then the conclusion of Rolls theorem may not be applicable

If both the conditions of the L.M.V theorem are satisfied, the solve the
equation

f (b ) f ( a )
f ' (c) and show that at least one of the roots
ba

lies in (a,b).This verifies the Lagranges mean value theorem.

Example: Verify L.M.V theorem:

X(x-2) on interval [1,2]

Page No.10

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Application of
Derivative

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OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

Local max.or local Minima:

Rule 1:

Working Rules to solve problems

The given function f (x ) is differentiated and the equation f ' ( x ) =0

Rule II:

is solved to get the critical values for f (x )

Arrange these critical values in the ascending order of magnitude

Rule III:

To find local extremum values, either the first derivative method or the
Second derivative method is used. If the method to be used is given in
the problem then we do not have any choice; otherwise the second
derivative method should be preferred

Rule IV:

For using the first derivative method:

i)

If for a particular critical value x = a, the sign of f ' ( x ) changes from

ii)

+ ve to ve as x increases through x = a, then f (a ) is a local max.

value.
If for a particular critical value x = a, the sign of f ' ( x ) changes from

iii)

- ve to +ve as x increases through x = a, then f (a ) is a local min.

value
If for a particular critical value x = a, the sign of f ' ( x ) does not
change as x increases through x = a ,then f (a ) is neither a local
max.value nor a local minimum value.

For using the second derivative method:

For a particular critical value x = a

i)

"

a 0

f (a ) is a local maximum

value

Page No.11

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Application of
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LECTURE NOTES

a 0
f " a 0 or
f

ii)
value
iii)

"

f (a ) is a local minimum

The test fails and

first derivative methodto be used.

Absolute Maximum or Absolute min.value:
ROBOM: The interval is must when absolute min.or max.to be check any function
Working Rules to solve problems
Rule 1:

Differentiate the given function f ( x ) w.r.t. x and solve the equation

f ' ( x) 0 to find the critical values for f (x ) .Let x1 , x 2 , x n be
the critical values (roots ) of the equation

Rule II:

Find the values of . f (x ) at the points a, x1 , x 2 , x n ,b

(where a and b is the lower and higher value of interval)

Rule III:

The greatest and the least values in the set

f ( a ), f ( x1 ), f ( x 2 ) , f ( x n ), f (b) are respectively the

absolute max. and absolute min.values of f (x ) on

a, b

Practical problems on maxima and minimum

Working Rules to solve problems

Rule 1:

If possible draw a neat diagram

Rule II:

Express the variable to be maximized (or minimized) in terms of other

Variables. Also use given condition, if any, to express the variable y to
Be maximized (or minimized) in terms of only one convenienent
variable, x

Rule III:

Find

dy
dy
and solve the equation
= 0 to get the critical values for y.
dx
dx

Reject impossible critical values.

Page No.12

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Rule IV:

Application of
Derivative
OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

d2y
and check its sign at the critical values. The critical value
dx 2
d2y
For which
is negative (respectively positive) gives the maximum
dx 2
(respectively minimum) value of the variable y.

Find

GEOMETRY
We are familiar with the following solids in different objects.

Page No.13

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Application of
Derivative
OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

Measurement of surfaces and volumes of various geometrical figures:

1. Cuboid:

3.

Page No.14

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Application of
Derivative
OUTLINE
LECTURE NOTES

4.

5.

6.

Page No.15

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