Matrics

LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS
(Class: 10+2) Non-Medical / Inter-Arts
Matrices
1
Matrix:
A rectangular array of mn numbers in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows) and n
vertical lines (called columns), is called a matrix of order m by n written as m n matrix. Such
as an array is enclosed by or . each of the mn numbers constituting the matrix, is called
an element or member of the matrix.
2.
Representation of matrix: By capital letter like as A,B,C etc.

(No. Of Columns = 3) i.e n = 3
C1
3.
3 5 4
A
0 1 9
4.
C3
C2
(No. of Rows = 2) i.e m = 2
Order of matrix is m n is 2 3
No. of elements in matrix 2 3 6
Locate the position of elements in matrix:

Where i s tan ds row and j coloumn
By aij mn
Example: Location of 5 in above said matrix is a12 means 1st row 2nd column
5.
Addition of matrices:
If A aij mn and B
ij mn
then A B a ij bij
mn
Robom: For two matrices A and B, the sum (A + B) exists only when A and B have same
Order only
6.
Subtraction of matrices:
Page No:1
AB
Compiled by:Inder pal-M-98159-80423

7.
Scalar Multiplication:
If A aij
8.
mn
If A be any matrix and k is any number, the matrix obtained by

multiplying each element of A by k,It is denoted by kA
then kA k .aij
mn
Multiplication of matrix:
Condition for the existence of the product of two matrices
For two matrices A and B , A B exists only
When the number of columns A equals the number of rows in B
Example: Let
6 9 2 6 0
A andB
2 3 7 9 8
Product A B is defined, because no. of columns (=2) of A is equal to no. of rows (=2)
of B.The order of product AB is 2 3
9.
Transpose of a Matrix:
Let A be a matrix of order m n .The n m matrix obtained from A by interchanging its
rows and column is called the transpose of A
It is denoted by
10.
Symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix A a ij is said to be a symmetric matrix if its i, j th element is the
same as its
Page No:2
A' or AT
j, i th
element
i.e aij a ji

Example: A =
3
5
5
6
9
7
is a symmetric matrix, because
9 7 1
a12 a 21 5, a13 a31 9, a 23 a32 7
RoBom: A necessary and sufficient condition for the matrix A to be symmetric is that A ' A
11.
Skew-Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A a ij is said to be a skew-symmetric matrix if its i, j th element

is the negative of its j, i th element i.e aij a ji
Example:
A=
0 9 6
9 0 8
6 8 0
is a skew symmetric matrix, because
a12 a 21 9, a13 a31 6, a 23 a32 8
RoBom: A necessary and sufficient condition for the matrix A to be symmetric is that A ' A
DETERMINANTS
Determinant:
A number (or function) with each square matrix. This quantity is called the determinant of
the matrix. A matrix, which is not square, does not possess determinant.
1.
Representation of determinant: For any matrix A i.e
Example:
2.
a1 b1
ab21 a b12
a 2 b2
and denoted by also
(Second order Detriment)
Method of Evaluation determinant:
Page No:3

Sarrus Method
Expanding Method
Sarrus Method:
Expansion Method:
Robom: 1. If each element of a particular row (column) of a determinant is zero, then the value of
determinant is zero.
2. If each element above (or below) of the principal diagonal of a determinant is zero, then the
value of the determinant is equal to the product of its diagonal elements
3.
Minors and cofactors:

Minor: If we take an element of the determinant and delete the row and the column
containing that element left is called the minor of that element. It is denoted by M ij
4 3 8
Example: If
A 6 7 5
then M 12 minor of
3 1 2
Cofactors:
Page No:4
Of a ij Aij 1
65
a123 1215 3
32
i j
M ij

In above example A12 1

4.
1 2
M 12 1 3 3
Properties of determinants:
Reflection Properties:
The determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged.
Switching Properties:
The interchange of any two adjacent rows or columns in determinants changes its sign.
Repetition Properties:
If two rows or columns of a determinant are identical then value of determinant will be
zero.
Scalar multiple properties:
If two rows or columns of a determinant is multiple by a scalar K then its value gets
multiplied by scalar K
Sum Properties:
If each element of a row or column of a determinant is expressed as the sum of two or
more terms then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more
determinants.
Invariance Properties:
If any rows or column of a determinant, a multiply of another row or column is added,
then the value of the determinant remains the same.
Factor Properties:
If a determinant vanishes when for x is put a in those elements of determinant, which are
polynomial to x,then (x-a) is a factor of determinant
Working Rules for evaluating Determinants

Rule 1.
To find the value of a determinant of order 2,use the formula:
uv
uxvw
wx
Rule II
Rule III
Rule IV
Rule V
5.
To find the value of a detriment of order 3,sarrus method may be used.

In order to find the value of a determinant, properties of determinant should be
Used to make zeros at max.number of places in any particular row or column and
than expand the determinant along that row or column
If all elements of a row are equal, then to create zeros, subtract any column from
the remaining columns.
If all elements of a column are equal, then to create zeros, subtract any row from
the remaining rows.
Area of Triangle:
Page No:5
If A x1 , y1 , B x 2 , y 2 and C x3 , y 3 are vertices of a triangle ABC then

x1 y1 1
1
x2 y 2 1
2
x3 y 3 1
ROBOM: 1. Area is always positive. We take absolute of the determinant.
2. The points A x1 , y1 , B x 2 , y 2 and C x3 , y 3 are collinear if and only if
area of the ABC 0
3. The point p ( x, y ) lies on the line joining
area of the
6.
PAB 0
A x1 , y1 , B x 2 , y 2
if and only if
Solution of systems of Liner equations:
Cramers Rule
Matrix Method
Cramers Rule:
Working Rules of Cramers Rule

Rule 1:
Express the given system in the standard form:
a1 b1 c1
a1 x b1 y c1 z d1
a 2 x b2 y c 2 z d 2 Find the value of determinant
a3 x b3 y c3 z d 3
a1 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
Rule II:
If 0, then the given system will have unique solution given by x

And z
, y 2
3
, where 1 , 2 , 3 are the determinants obtained from by replacing
respectively 1st column, II nd column, III rd column contain elements d 1 , d 2 , d 3
Rule III:
Rule IV:
If 0, then put x (or y or z ) equal to k and find the solution of any two of the
given equations. Substitute these values of x, y and z in terms of k in the third
equation
If the third equation is satisfied by this solution, then these values represents the solution
of the given system. These are infinitely many solutions.
If the third equation is not satisfied then declare that the given system has no solution
Tree Diagram of system
Page No:6

ROBOM: 1. If d 1 , d 2 , d 3 are all zero, then the system is called homogeneous, otherwise,it is called
2.
3.
non-homogeneous
If 0 then the solution of the equation is x y z 0 .It is called TRIVAL
SOLUTION
If 0 then the system of equation has infinitely many solutions.
(Since, 1 2 3 0 .It is called NON-TRIVIAL SOLUTION
Matrix Method:
Working Rules of Matrix Method

Rule 1:
Express the given system in the standard form:
a1 x b1 y c1 z d1
a 2 x b2 y c 2 z d 2 Write A =
a3 x b3 y c3 z d 3
Find the value of the determinant
Rule II:
Rule III:
If
If
A
A
cba 111 x d1
cba Xy,, Bd
222 2
cba 333 z d3
A
0 then the given system will have unique solution given by X A 1 B

= 0,then put x (or y or z ) equal to k and find the solution of any two of the
given
Rule IV:
Page No:7
equations. Substitute these values of x, y and z in terms of k in the third equation.

If the third equation is satisfied by this solution, then these values represents the solution
of the given system. These are infinitely many solutions.
If the third equation is not satisfied then declare that the given system has no solution.

Tree Diagram of System:
7.
8.
Adjoint of Matrices:
The adjoint of a matrix A is defined as the transpose of the matrix obtained by
replacing the elements of A by their corresponding cofactors in A .The adjoint of square
matrix A is denoted by adj A
Inverse of Matrix:
The inverse of matrix A is A 1
Working Rules for finding the inverse of matrix

Rule 1:
Rule II:
Find the value of A

If A = 0,then A cannot have its inverse
Rule III:
If
0 then A has its inverse and is given by
Boolean Algebra
2
1.
adj A
A
Duality in Boolean Algebra
Rule 1:
Rule II:
Rule III:
Rule IV:
Replace + by .
Replace . by +
Replace 0 by 1
Replace 1 by 0
4. Booles Expansion Theorem

If (B,+, ., , 0,1) be a Boolean algebra and f ( x1 , x 2 , x n ) be in Boolean
function in n variables x1 , x 2 , x n then function can be write as Booles expansion
theorem as:
'
f ( x1 , x 2 , x n ) f (1,1, 1).x1 .x 2 x n f (0,1, ,1).x1 .x 2 . x n +

'
'
'
'
'
f (1,0, 1).x1 .x 2 x n f (0,0, ,1).x1 .x 2 x n f (0,0, ,0).x1 .x 2 x n

3.
Logic Gates:
Page No:8
'

AND Gate:
AND
OR Gate:
OR
NOT Gate:
NOT
4.
Conversion of Boolean Expression to Logic Circuit:

The method of construction logic circuits for bollen expression using only above said
gates
Working Rules for Construction Logic Circuits

Rule 1:
Rule II:
Rule III:
Rule IV:
5.
Identify complements of variables in the given expression.

Draw one NOT gate for each variable whose complement appear in the
expression.
Start with the innermost parenthesis and obtain it by using a logic gate OR or
AND gate
Combine the output of the innermost parenthesis to the input of the next
innermost parenthesis. This process is continued till we get the logic circuit of the
given expression.
Equivalent Logical Circuits

Two logical circuits are said to be equivalent logical circuit if whenever the circuits
receive the same input, they produce the same input. Thus two logical circuits are equivalents if
and only if their input/output tables are same.
Working Rules to check equivalence of two logical circuits
Page No:9

Rule 1:
Rule II:
Rule III:
Rule IV:
Find the Boolean expression of the first circuit and draw its input/output table.
Find the Boolean expression of the second circuit and draw its input/output table.
Compare the truth tables.
If the tables are identical then say that the given circuits are equivalent
Probability
3
1.
Sample Space:
Sample Space of a random experiment is defined as the set of all possible outcomes of
the experiment.
2.
Sample Point:
The possible outcomes are called sample points. Event is a subset of sample space
3.
Exhaustive number of cases:

The total number of possible outcomes of an experiment in any trial is known as the
exhaustive number of events.
4.
Mutually Exclusive Events:

If no two or more of them can occur simultaneously in the same trial
Example: In tossing a coin the events head (H) and tail (T) are mutually exclusive
5.
Equally likely Events:

Outcomes of a trial are equally likely, if all of these have equal preferences.
Example: In throwing of an unbiased coin, the outcomes, Head and Tail are equally likely
6.
Favorable Events:
The favorable cases to an event are the outcomes, which entail the happening of an event
Example: In drawing two cards from a pack, the number of cases favorable to Drawing 2
aces is 4 C 2
7.
Independent Events:
Events are said to be independent if the happening (or non-happening) of one event is
not affected by the happening or non-happening of others.
Page No:10

ROBOM: i)
ii)
Mutually exclusive events cannot be independent

Independent events cannot be mutually exclusive
8.
Probability of an Event:
Suppose the sample space related to a random experiment has n elements and let E be
a subset of S represents an event A if the set E consists of melementary events, then the probability
P(A) of the happening of the event A is defined as:
Total number of cases favourable to the happening of A m
P ( A)
Total number of exhaustive equally likely cases

n
ROBOM: I)
Probability of an event never greater than 1
ii)
Probability of an event never less than 0
iii)
Probability of an event 0 P ( A) 1
9.
Algebra of Events:
Let A and B two events related to a random experiment. we define:
The event A or B denoted by " A B" , which occurs when A or B or both occurs,
Thus P ( A B ) Probability that at least one of the event occurs
10.
The event A or B denoted by " A B" , which occurs when A and B both
occurs,
Thus P ( A B ) Probability of simultaneous occurrence of A and B
The event of non-occurrence of event A is written as Not A and is denoted by the set
A ' which is the complement of set A. The event A ' is called complementary event of
the event A. P ( A ) Probability of non-occurrence of the event A
" A
"A B
B " denotes the Non-occurrence of both A and B
denotes the occurrence of A implies the occurrence of B
Odds in Favor :
If odds favor of A are m:n then P ( A)
Page No:11
m
mn

11.
Odds in Against:
If odds against A are m:n then odds in against , then P(A) =
12.
n
nm
Theorems on Probability:
Addition Theorem: If A and B are two events associated with a random experiment, then
P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B ) P ( A B )
Addition theorem for three events:
P ( A B C ) P ( A) P ( B ) P (C ) P ( A B ) ( B C ) P ( A C ) P ( A B C )
ROBOM: If A and B are two mutually exclusive events associated with a random
experiment then:
( P ( A B) )
P ( A B) P ( A) P ( B)
13.
Conditional Probability:
The probability of occurrence of event A when the event B has already occurred is called
A
.the conditional
B
the conditional probability of A when B is given and is denoted as P
A
is meaningful only when P ( B ) 0, i.e when B is not an impossible event.
B
probability P
No. of cases favourable to B which are also favourable to A

No. of cases favourable to B
No. of cases favourable to A B

No. of cases favourable to B
A P A B
, provided P ( B) 0
=
P ( B)
B
Similary, we have
B P A B
, provided P( A) 0
=
P( A)
A
A
B
= P(A) and P
=P(B)
B
A
ROBOM: I) The events A and B are independent events when P

ii)
14.
15.
If A and B be any two events associated with a random experiment, then their physical
description is not sufficient to decide if a and B are independent events or not.A and B are
declared to be independent events only when we have P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B )
Independent Experiments:
If A and B be any two events associated with two different random experiments, then we
may use the formula
P(A in first experiment and B in second experiment) =
P(A in first experiment).P(B in second experiment)
Important Results:
Let A,B be any arbitrary events, then the events:
Page No:12

P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B ) P ( A B)
P ( Exactly one of A and B occurs)
i)
ii )
P( A B ' ) P( A' B)
P ( A) P( A B ) P( B ) P ( A B )
P ( A) P ( B ) 2 P( A B)
P ( A B ) P( A B)
P ( Neither A nor B) P ( A ' B ' ) 1 P ( A B )
iii )
iv )
P ( A ' B ' ) 1 P( A B )
Let A, B, and C be any three arbitrary events, then the events:
i)
ii )
iii )
iv)
P ( A B C ) P ( A) P ( B ) P (C ) P ( A B ) P ( B C ) P (C A) P ( A B C )
P ( At least two of A, B, C occur ) P ( A B ) P ( B C ) P (C A) 2 P ( A B C )
P ( Exactly two of A, B, C occur ) P ( A B ) P ( B C ) P (C A) 3P ( A B C )
P ( Exactly one of A, B, C occur ) P ( A) P ( B ) P (C ) 2 P ( A B ) 2 P ( B C )
2 P (C A) 3P ( A B C )
Limits and Continuity
4
1.
Methods to Evaluating limits:
Direct substitution
Factorization Method
Rationalization Method
Substitution Method
Limit to trigonometric Functions
Limit to exponential Functions
Limit by Binomial theorem Method
Limit if the limit is given
ROBOM: Note that while attempting any problem first of all use first direct substitution
method. If direct substitution make indeterminate forms than you use any other
method
Indeterminate Forms:
i)
0
0
ii )
iii)
iv)
00
v)
vi) 1 vii) 0
Method of Factors:
Working Rules
Rule I:
Rule II:
Rule III:
Page No:13
Factorize f ( x )
and g ( x )
f ( x)
The common factors in
are cancelled. Be sure that the limit of
g ( x)
the resulting denominator as x a is non-zero
Apply quoitent rule of limits at this stage

Method of Rationalizations:
This method is used when either f ( x )
Consisting of square roots.
or g ( x ) or both involve expression
Working Rules
f ( x)
which involve square roots.
g ( x)
Rule I:
Rationalize the expression in
Rule II:
Simplify the numerator and the denominator by canceling factors. Be

sure that the resulting denominator as x a is non-zero
Apply quotient rule of limits at this stage
Rule III:
Method of Substitution:
Left hand limits and right hand limits are required to be used when the function under
consideration is involving modulus function, bracket (Greatest) Function and/or is defined by
more than by one method than we use substitution method
Working Rules to evaluating
Rule I:
To find
Rule II:
To find
Rule III:
If
Rule IV:
If
lim f(x)
xa
lim f ( x ), put x a h in f ( x ) and find lim f (a h)
xa
h 0
lim f ( x), put x a h in f ( x) and find lim f (a h)
xa
h0
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x), then lim f ( x) exists is equal to common limit
x a
xa
x a
lim f ( x) lim f ( x), then lim f ( x)
xa
xa
xa
does not exist
Existence of Limit:
If left limit and right limit will be same than the limit is exist otherwise not
Standard Trigonometric function limit
lim
x 0
sin x
x
or
1,
x
sin x
lim
x 0
tan x
x
or
1
x
tan x
Standard Exponential function limit
lim
x 0
ex 1
log e 1
x
log e 1
Standard logarithm function limit
lim
x 0
log(1 x)
1
x
Special limit when n is may be rational or not
lim
xa
Page No:14
xn an
na n 1
xa

Limits of function as
f ( x)
lim
is of the form
x g ( x )
and
f ( x ) and
g ( x)
are both polynomials of
x.
Solution: we divide numerator and denominator by the highest power of x and put 0 for
2.
1
x
Frequently Used Limits
i)
lim
n0
x
n
ii)
1
1
lim 1 e lim1 h h
n
h0
n
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
xi)
a
lim 1 e a
n
n
sin x 0
0 180 0 c
n 0
x
180
a x 1
a 0
lim
log a
n 0
x
log x
lim m 0
m 0
n x
m
1 x 1
lim
m
n 0
x
lim
lim f ( x)
g ( x)
na
lim f ( x ) 1 g ( x )
e xa
Pr ovided g ( x) , f ( x) 1 for x a
1
lim
x 0
1
0
x
x n 1
lim
n
x 1 x 1
lim
x
xii)
lim x n 0
xiii)
lim
xiv)
lim e x 1
xv)
lim
xvi)
xn
0
an
x 0
sin px
p
sin qx
q
tan px
lim
1
x0
px
x 0
Continuity:
3.
Continuity at a point:
Page No:15

A real function f is said to be continuous at real number
i)
f (a) is defined
ii )
lim f ( x) exists
lim f ( x) f (a)
iii)
x a
a if
x a
In other words, the function f is continuous at a if
lim f ( x) exists and equal to the value of

x a
f at a .
Working Rules to check Continuity of a function

Rule 1:
If the given function f(x) contains modulus function, bracket

(Greatest Integer) function and/or is defined by more than one rule,
then
lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) are to be evaluated separately,
x a
otherwise
Rule II:
If
xa
lim f ( x) directly.
x a
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) then lim f ( x)
xa
x a
x a
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) then lim f ( x)
xa
4.
xa
Rule III:
limit
Find f (a )
Rule IV:
If
x a
does not exist. In case
exists and equal to the common
lim f ( x) = f (a ) then the function is continuous at x = a, otherwise not

x a
Discontinuity at a point:
If
lim f ( x) exists i.e. lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

x a
xa
xa
And this is not equal to f (a ) ,then f(x)

Is said to have Removable Discontinuity
at x =a
If
lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) are finite and
xa
x a
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) i.e lim f ( x)
xa
x a
x a
does not
exists , than f(x) is said to have discontinuity of

first kind
If at least one of
lim f ( x) and lim f ( x)
xa
x a
Is infinite or non-existent, then f(x) is

Said to have discontinuity of
Page No:16

Second kind at x = a
Differentiation
5
1.
A.
Derivative at a point:
Working Rules
f ( a h) f ( a )
f ( a h) f ( a )
. If lim
. is to depend
h
0
h
h
Upon the sign of ' h ' then we shall find Lf ' a and Rf ' a separately.
Write f
Rule 1:
Rule II:
'
a lim
h 0
Put the values of f ( a ) and f ( a h)
f ( a h) f ( a )
and cancel ' h ' occurring in the denominator.
h
f ( a h) f ( a )
Rule IV: Take limit of
as h 0 .This gives f ' a ,provided the limit
h
Rule III:
Simplify
Is finite.
B.
Derivative by First principal

Or
By Definition
Or
By ab-intio method
Or
By Delta Method
Working Rules
Rule 1:
Rule II:
Write y f ( x) and y y f ( x x)
Subtract these to get y f ( x x) f ( x)
y
f ( x x) f ( x)
x
x
f ( x x ) f ( x )
y
with x fixed by simplifying
Rule 1V: Take lim
x 0 x
x
Rule III:
Divide y by x to get
and canceling the x occurring in the denominator. this gives
Page No:17
dy
dx

C.
Elementary Function:
d n
x nx n1
dx
d
C 0
dx
i)
ii )
D.
( For any real number n.)

(Where C is a cons tan t function)
Fundamental Rules of Differentiation:
i)
d
u v du dv
dx
dx dx
ii )
d
u v w du dv dw
dx
dx dx dx
iii)
Pr oduct Rule
d
u.v u dv v du
dx
dx dx
Aid to memory: 1st function
derivative of 2
nd
+2nd function
derivative of 1
st
function
ROBOM: The derivative of a product is not equal to the product of the derivatives.
iv )
Pr oduct Rule
d
u.v.w uw dv vw du uv dw
dx
dx
dx
dx
v)
Scalar multiple
d
cu c du and d u 1 du
dx
dx
dx c
c dx
vi)
Quotient Rule
d u

dx v
Aid to memory:
ROBOM:
vii)
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
(Pr ovid v 0)
Denom. diff .coeff .of Num. diff .coeff .of Denom.
Denom. 2
The derivative of a quotient is not equal to the quotient of the derivative
Chain rule
y f u , wher e u f ( x) then
Let or
dy
dy du dv
.
.
dx
du dv dx
dy
dy du
.
dx
du dx
where y is a function of u
u is a function of v
v is a function of x
viii)
when the function is implict,differenciate all the terms and than collect
co-efficient of
Page No:18
dy
dx

If y u v
ix)
E.
Derivative of Trigonometric function
i)
ii)
iii )
iv)
v)
vi )
F.
than log y v log u
d
sin x cos x
dx
d
cos x sin x
dx
d
tan x sec 2 x
dx
d
cot x cos ec 2 x
dx
d
sec x sec x tan x
dx
d
cos ecx cos ecx cot x
dx
Derivative of inverse trigonometric functions:
i)
ii )
iii )
iv )
d
1
sin 1 x
dx
1 x2
d
1
cos 1 x
dx
1 x2
d
1
tan 1 x
dx
1 x2
d
1
cot 1 x
dx
1 x2
v)
d
1
sec 1 x
, x 1
dx
x x2 1
vi )
d
cos ec 1 x
dx
ROBOM:
1
x
x2 1
, x 1
In order to find differential coefficients of complicated expressions involving

inverse trigonometric functions some substitutions are very helfful, which are
listed below
If the function contains
Suggested substitution
x a sin or a cos
i)
a x
ii)
a x
x a tan or a cot
iii)
x a
x a sec or a cos ec
iv)
a x and a x
v)
2
2
a sin x b cos x
x a cos 2
x r cos , b r sin
vi)
x and x
x a sin 2 cos 2
vii)
2ax x 2
x a1 cos
Page No:19

G.
Logarithmic Function:
i)
ii)
H.
Exponential Function:
i)
ii )
I.
d
1
log a x log a x
dx
x
d
1
log x
dx
x
d x
e e x . log e e x
dx
d x
a a x . log a
dx
Working rules some common differentiation

Implicit Functions:
dy
is to be found out.
dx
Rule 1:
Write the implicit equation for which
Rule II:
Differentiate both members of the implicit equation w.r.t x.
Rule III:
Take all terms containing
dy
to LHS and all other terms to
dx
the other side.

Rule IV:
Find
dy
using this equation
dx
Logarithmic Differentiation:
Rule 1:
Rule II:
Take natural logarithms (i.e,with base e) on both sides.

Simplify using the formulae log mn log m log n,
log
m
log m log n and log m n n log m
n
Rule III:
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
Rule 1V:
Collect the terms
dy
dy
and find
dx
dx
Parametric Form:
Rule 1:
Rule II:
Write the function x and y in terms of the parameter, t (say )

dx
dy
and
Find
dt
dt
dy dy / dt
dx dx / dt
Rule III:
Use the formula:
Rule IV:
Substitute the values of dy / dt and dx / dt and simplify
6
Page No:20
Application of Derivative

1.
Rate of change of quantities:

Working Rules to solve problems
Rule 1:
Rule II:
Rule III:
Rule IV:
Identify the related variables, say, x and y and express one of these
in terms of the other to get y f (x )
dy dy dx
.
dt
dx dt
dx
dy
Substitute the value of
respective ly
in the equation
dt
dt
dy
dx
dy dy dx
.
respective ly
and get the value of

dt
dt
dt
dx dt
dy
dx
If the calculated value of
respective ly
is not a constant
dt
dt
Then substitute the value of x (or y ) where the rate of change of
y ( respective ly x ) w.r.t is desired.
Differentiate y f (x ) w.r.t and get
ROBOM: 1 If the rate of change of a variable is postive,then the value of the variable increases
With the increase in the value of the independent variable
2. If the rate of change of a variable is negative, then the value of the variable
Decreases with the increase in the value of the independent variable
2.
Tangents and Normals:
Equation of Tangent:
y f (a ) f ' (a)( x a )
(U sin g y y1 m( x x1 )
The equation of normal at P is found as follows:

'
Case:1 f (a ) 0
In this case, the tangent is parallel to x-axis. Therefore, the normal at P will be parallel to y-axis
and would be passing through P ( a, f ( a ))
Equation of Normal at P is x a
Page No:21

'
Case:II: f (a ) 0
In this case, let the slope of normal at P be m.
m. f ' a 1
Equation of Normal at P
i.e, m
f a
'
is y f (a ) m( x a ) i.e y f (a )
f a
'
x a

Rule 1:
Identify the equation of the curve and the point(s) where the equations
Of tangents/normal are to be found out.
Rule II:
Differentiate the equation of the curve and find
dy
. Find the slope of the
dx
Tangent by using the result:

Slope of tangent at point = value of
Rule III:
Rule IV:
Find the slope of the normal by using the result:

Slope of normal at a point = negative reciprocal of the slope of tangent
At that point. Also, remember that if the tangent at a point is horizental,
then the normal at that point would be vertical and its slope would not
be defined.
Find the equation of tangent/normal by using the point slope form
Which states that if a line passes through x1 , y1 and having slope m,
Then its equation is

ROBOM:
dy
. at that point
dx
y y1 m( x x1
Also remember that if a line passing through
x1 , y1 is vertical, then
Its equation is x x1
3.
Angle of intersection of curves:

m1 and m2 are slops
c1 and c 2 are curves
Angle between curves
tan
Rule 1:
m1 m 2
1 m1 m2

Solve the equations of the curve simultaneously to find the point(s) of intersection
Find the slopes m1 and m 2 of the tangent lines to the curves at each point of
intersection
Rule III: If m1 m2 the angle of intersection is 0 0 and if m1 m2 1 the angle of intersection is
Rule II:
90 0 ,otherwise the angle of intersection can be found by use above said formula
3.
Interval for strictly increasing and strictly decreasing function:
Rule 1:

Differentiate the given function f ( x ) w.r.t. x and solve the equation
f ' ( x) 0
to find the critical values for f (x )
Page No:22

Rule II:
Arrange these critical values in the ascending order of magnitude and partition
the domain of f (x ) into various intervals using critical values.
Rule III:
Study the sign of f ' ( x) on the corresponding open intervals.
Rule IV:
If on any particular open interval f ' ( x ) is +ve then the function is strictly
increasing on that interval. On the other hand, f ' ( x ) is ve then function is
strictly decreasing on that interval
4.
Local max.or local Minima:

Rule 1:
Rule II:
The given function f (x ) is differentiated and the equation f ( x ) =0

is solved to get the critical values for f (x )
Arrange these critical values in the ascending order of magnitude
'
Rule III:
To find local extremum values, either the first derivative method or the
Second derivative method is used. If the method to be used is given in
the problem then we do not have any choice; otherwise the second
derivative method should be preferred
Rule IV:
For using the first derivative method:

i)
If for a particular critical value x = a, the sign of f ' ( x ) changes from
ii)
+ ve to ve as x increases through x = a, then f (a ) is a local max.

value.
If for a particular critical value x = a, the sign of f ' ( x ) changes from
iii)
- ve to +ve as x increases through x = a, then f (a ) is a local min.

value
If for a particular critical value x = a, the sign of f ' ( x ) does not
change as x increases through x = a ,then f (a ) is neither a local
max.value nor a local minimum value.
For using the second derivative method:

For a particular critical value x = a
i)
value
ii)
value
iii)
f " a 0
f (a ) is a local maximum
a 0
"
f a 0 or
f
"
f (a ) is a local minimum
The test
fails and first derivative method

to be used.
Page No:23

5.
Absolute Maximum or Absolute min.value:
ROBOM: The interval is must when absolute min.or max.to be check any function
Rule 1:
Differentiate the given function f ( x ) w.r.t. x and solve the equation

f ' ( x) 0 to find the critical values for f (x ) .Let x1 , x 2 , x n be
the critical values (roots ) of the equation
Rule II:
Find the values of . f (x ) at the points a, x1 , x 2 , x n ,b

(where a and b is the lower and higher value of interval)
Rule III:
The greatest and the least values in the set
f ( a ), f ( x1 ), f ( x 2 ) , f ( x n ), f (b) are respectively the
absolute max. and absolute min.values of f (x ) on
6.
a, b
Practical problems on maxima and minmum :

Rule 1:
If possible draw a neat diagram
Rule II:
Express the variable to be maximized (or minimized) in terms of other

Variables. Also use given condition, if any, to express the variable y to
Be maximized (or minimized) in terms of only one convenienent
variable, x
Rule III:
Find
dy
dy
and solve the equation
= 0 to get the critical values for y.
dx
dx
Reject impossible critical values.

Rule IV:
Page No:24
d2y
and check its sign at the critical values. The critical value
dx 2
d2y
For which
is negative (respectively positive) gives the maximum
dx 2
(respectively minimum) value of the variable y.
Find

GEOMETRY
We are familiar with the following solids in different objects.
Page No:25

Measurement of surfaces and volumes of various geometrical figures:

1. Cuboid:
3.
4.
5.
Page No:26

6.
7.
Rolls Theorem:
If a function f(x) is such that:
It is continuous o the closed interval a, b
It is derivable on the open interval (a,b) and
i)
ii)
iii)
f ( a ) f (b)
then there exists at least one value c of x in the open interval (a,b),
such that f ' c 0
8.
Lagrange,s Mean Value Theorem (LMV):

If a function f(x) is such that:
It is continuous o the closed interval a, b
It is derivable on the open interval (a,b) and
i)
ii)
then there exists at least one value c of x in the open interval (a,b),
such that
7
Page No:27
f (b ) f ( a )
f ' (c )
ba
Indefinite Integral

1.
Definitions:
(x) Variable of Integration
f ( x ) dx g ( x )
shows that the integration is to be carried w.r.t.x

Integrand
Denotes the process of integration
2.
Rules of Integration:
d
i)
dx f ( x)dx
ii)
k f ( x)dx k f ( x) C
f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
iii)
3.
f ( x) C
F ( ax b)
c, a 0
a
iv)
v)
x dx log x C
vi)
x
e dx
f (ax b)dx
1
ex
ex C
log e
Quick Integration Method:

f ' x
dx log e f ( x) C
f ( x)
i)
ii)
f ( x )
iii)
iv)
'
f ( x)
ax
. f ' ( x )dx
dx 2
f ( x)
f ( x) n1 C ,
n 1
n 1
f ( x) C
f ' ( x)
e ax f ( x)
C
dx
a
a
ROBOM: Since C (Integration Constant) is always present in every result of indefinite

Integration. Students are advised to add C in every result of indefinite
integration
4.
Methods of Integration:
i)
ii)
Page No:28
Transformation
Substitution

iii)
iv)
By parts
Partial Fraction
Transformation:
By this method we transform the integrand into a standard integrand or into an algebraic
sum of standard integrand so that it can be easily integral.
Substitution:
To make the function easily integrable.substitute one variable by another suitable one.
By Parts:
Integral of the product of two functions =
1st function
Integral of 2nd - Integral of (Derivative of 1st
Choice of First and Second Function:
I)
Inverse
Logarithmic
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Exponential
In the intergrand, that function is taken as the first function, which comes first
in the word ILATE
Partial fraction:
Any Improper fraction can be expressed as the sum of a polynomial and
a proper fraction.
If ax b is any linear non-repeated factor in the denominator, then there corresponds a
partial fraction of the form
ii)
A
ax b
If ax b is any linear factor repeated r N times in the denominator, then there

corresponds partial fractions of the form
iii)
B
C
A
,
, r times
,
2
3
ax b ax b ax b
If ax 2 bx c is an any irreducible factor in the denominator, then there corresponds a

partial fraction of the form
5.
Integral of 2nd
Based on I L A T E
ROBOM:
Ax B
ax bx c
2
Standard Integrals:
Page No:29

i)
n
x dx
iii)
v)
x n 1
n 1
1
x n 1
dx
n 1
xn
dx
v)
ax
log a
n n n 1
. x
n 1
iv)
ii)
cos xdx sin x

cos ec xdx cot x
2 x
Trigonometric Function
i)
sin xdx cos x
iii)
x
a dx
ii)
sec xdx tan x

sec x. tan xdx sec x
2
iv)
vi)
cos ecx. cot xdx cos ecx
Inverse Trigonometric Function:
i)
iii)
1 x
v)
1 x
dx sin 1 x
dx tan 1 x
x 1
2
dx sec 1 x
ii)
iv)
1 x
vi)
1 x
dx cos 1 x
dx cot 1 x
1
x 1
2
dx cos ec 1 x
Integrals containing the rational function
1
1
ax
dx
log
2
2a
ax
x
1
1
xa
dx
log
2
2
2a
xa
x a
i)
iii)
Integrals of some irrational functions:

i)
iii)
v)
vi)
1
x a
1
2
a2 x2
dx log x
dx sin 1
x2 a2
x
a
iv)
ii)
x a
2
a 2 x 2 dx
x x2 a2 a2
log x x 2 a 2 C
2
2
a 2 x 2 dx
x a2 x2 a2
log x a 2 x 2 C
2
2
ii)
dx log x
x 2 a 2 dx
x2 a2
x a2 x2 a2
x
sin 1
2
2
a
cot xdx log
sin x C
x
C
4 2
x
cos ecxdx log cos ecx cot x C log tan 2 C
sec xdx log
8
1.
iv)
iv)
Some More standard Results:

i)
tan xdx log sec x C
iii)
1
1
x
dx tan 1
2
a
a
x
x
1
2
2
x 2 a 2 dx 2 log x a
ii)
sec x tan x C log tan
Definite Integral
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Page No:30

b
f ( x) =
Where a is called Lower limit and b is called Upper limit
ROBOM: I) Lower limit is always less than upper limit

ii) If the lower limit is greater than upper limit than the integral
a
can written as
f ( x)
b
2.
METHODS TO SOLVE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Definite integral as limit of a sum

b
f ( x ) Written as lim h f a f a h f a 2h f a n 1 h
h 0
Where h
ba
,
n
n N
Fundamental Theorem of calculus ( FTC )

If f (x ) is a function continuous on a, b and if
f ( x)dx F ( x) c, then
f ( x) F (b) F (a)
a
ROBOM:
Fundamental theorem of calculus is very beautiful method to find

The definite integral
Evaluating of Definite integral by changing limits after suitable substitution

b
To compute
f ( x ) dx, we evaluate the corresponding indefinite integral
f ( x ) dx, is evaluated by using some substitutions. The definite integral
Sometimes,
f ( x ) dx,
f ( x ) dx can also be evaluated by retaining the new variable and changing the limits
accordingly.
3.
Fundamental Properties of definite Integrals

Theses properties are very useful to solve the definite integral
Page No:31

i)
f (x)dx f (x) x , a b
a
iii)
iv)
vi)
f (x)dx f (x)dx
0
2a
v)
2a
f (x) dx f (x)dx f (2a x)dx
f (x)dx 2 f (x)dx
if
f ( 2a x ) f ( x )
if
f ( 2a x ) f ( x )
f (x) dx 2 f (x)dx
if
if
4.
vii)
f (a b x)dx
f ( x)dx, a c b
f (x)dx f (a x)dx
0
f (x)dx
ii)
f ( x) is even
f ( x) is odd
Area Between Two Curves
Page No:32

ROBOM: Some times, area bounded between two curves is asked. In such cases, the limits of
Integration are found out by finding the point of intersection of the given curve
Differential Equation
9
1.
An equation involving independent variable, dependent variable and their derivatives, differentials
is called differential equation.
2.
The order of a differential equation is the order of the derivative of the highest order occurring in
the differential equation.
3.
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order differential coefficients
appearing in it, provided the differential coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions.
4.
A differential equation is said to be linear, if the dependent variable and its derivatives occur only
in the first degree and are not multiplied together.
5.
I)
A solution of a differential equation is functional relation between the variables involved

which satisfies the given differential equation.
A solution of a differential equation is called the general solution (or complete
solution),if it contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of the differential
equation.
A solution obtained by giving particulars values to arbitrary constants in the general
solution of a differential equation is particular solution of the differential equation, under
consideration.
ii)
Iii)
6.
If
dy
dy
f ( x ) g ( y ) then
f ( x) dx
dx
g ( y)
7.
If
dy
f (ax by c) then t ax by c is used to reduce the given differentiable equation
dx
1
dy
g ( y)
f ( x)dx c
to variable separable form.

8.
If
dy
y
f
dx
x
is a homogeneous equation, then y = vx reduces the given differential equation to
variable separable form.

9.
If
dy
Py Q is a linear differential equation of first order, then ye Pdx (Qe pdx ) dx C
dx
gives the solution of the given differential equation

10.
A differential equation of the form
x only, is solved by putting
dy
Py Qy n where n 0,1 and P and Q are functions of
dx
t y n 1 . This substitution reduces the given differential equation to

a linear differential equation.
11.
'
A differential equation of the form f ( y )
Page No:33
dy
f ( y ) P Q where P and Q are functions of x
dx

only, is solved by putting t f ( y ). This substitution reduces the given differential equation to a
linear differential equation.
12.
A differential equation of the form

equation twice
w.r.t.x
d2y
f ( x ) is solved by integrating the given differential
dx 2
Vectors
For any two non-zero vectors a and b
1. Scalar (Dot)product of Vectors:
a. b ab cos
(Where a
ROBOM: For any vector a
Scalar Projection:
2
.1 a

a .b
i)
Projection of a on b
ii)
a .b
b
on
a
Projection of
ROBOM: If
a , b b and 0

0
, we have a . a = a a cos 0 cos a
is obtuse, then scalar projection is negative
Vector Projection:

a .b
a on b

i)
Projection of
ii)
a . b
b
on
a
Projection of

a. b b
b

2
b
b
a. b a
a
2
a
a
Scalar Product of Orthonormal vectors i, j and k

i, j and k is a set of three mutually perpendicular unit vectors. Such vectors are
called orthonormal vectors
i.e
i.i i
i cos 0 0 1 1 1 1
i.e
i. j i
j cos 90 0 1 1 0 0
The above result can be remembered:
Page No:34
Triangle law of addition and subtraction:
OA AB OB
i)
In OAB,
ii)
OA OB 2OD ,Where D is the mid point of the side
AB of OAB

If a a 1 i a 2 j a 3 k and b b1i b2 j b3 k, then a.b a1b1 a 2 b2 a 3 b3
(Commutative law)
Scalar Product is not associative

a . b c a .b a . c
(Left Distributive law)

b c .a b .a c .a
(Right Distributive law)
Angle Between Non-zero vectors

a . b b .a
ma.b m a. b a. mb
a a 1 i a 2 j a 3 k and b b1i b2 j b3 k, then

a1b1 a 2 b2 a 3b3
1 a . b
cos cos 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
a b
a1 a 2 a3 b1 b2 b3

a b , then a.b ab cos 90 0 ab.0 0
ROBOM: If
a1b1 a 2 b2 a3 b3 0
Work Done by a Force:
Work Done = (magnitude of F in the direction of displacement
Distance moved)

F cos d Fd cos F .d units
2. Vector product of Vectors:
Page No:35
a b a b sin n
Vector Product of Orthonormal vectors i, j and k
Area of triangle with adjacent sides a and b
1
2

a b

Area of parallelogram with adjacent sides

aa 0
a and
a b

a b b a
Vector Product is not associative

a b c ab a c
(Left Distributive law)
b c a b a c a
(Right Distributive law)
ma b
If a a1i a 2 j a 3 k and b b1 i b2 j b3 k then
(Not Commutative)
m a b a . mb
i j k
a b a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
Angle Between Non-zero, on parallel vectors

sin

ab

a b
Moment of a Force about a point
Let F be any force. The moment of the force F about a give point P is defined
as PQ F , where Q is any point on the line of action of the force F
Moment of a couple about a point
3. Scalar Triple product of Vectors:

Page No:36

Scalar triple product of thee vectors a , b , c is defined as a . b c

Denoted by a b c
and is
ROBOM: Scalar triple product is a scalar quantity
a1 a2 a3
a b c = a. b c
b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
a , b and c
Volume of a parallelepiped with coterminous edges
a. b c

1
a. b c
Volume of a tetrahedron with coterminous edges a , b and c
6
Three vectors a , b and c are coplanar if and only if a . b c =0
Four points A,B,C,D are coplanar if and only if AB. BC CD 0
Properties of Scalar Triple Product
The value of scalar product is not changed if Dot and Cross are interchanged in it

i.e. a . b c = a b .c
The value of scalar product is not changed if its vectors are permuted cyclically

i.e. a . b c = b . c a c . a b
The value of scalar triple product is multiplied by (-1) if its vectors are permuted, not

cyclically i.e a . b c a. c b c . b a etc.
A scalar product is equal to zero if any two of its vectors are equal i.e
A scalar triple product is equal to zero if any two of its vectors are parallel.

a . a c 0, a. b a 0 etc.
4. Vector Triple product of Vectors:
Vector triple product of thee vectors a , b , c is defined as a b c

ROBOM: Vector triple product is a vector quantity
Working Rules for solving Problems
Rule 1:
Rule II:
To evaluate a b c , first find b c by using determinants method

and than a b c is evaluated by determinant method

a b c can also be evaluated by using the formula:
a b c a.c b a.b c
a.c and a.b and
In this method, first find

then substitute these values in
a.c b a.b c to get the value of a b c
11-A
Page No:37

Straight Line in Space

1.
EQUATION OF THE STRAIGHT LINE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT

AND PARALLEL TO A GIVEN VECTOR.
Vector Form:
r a b
Cartesian Form:
x x1 y y1 z z1
b1
b2
b3
poiston of pas sin g po int b parallel vector
Working Rules for solving Problem

Rule 1:
The vector equation of the line passing through the point x1 ,
Position vector a and parallel to b b1i b2 j b3 j is
r a b i.e x1i y1 j z1 k b1i b2 j b3 k
Rule II:
The Cartesian equation of the line passing through the point

having d .r.' s b1 , b2 , b3 are
Rule III:
2.
y1 , z1
x1 ,
with
y1 , z1
and
x x1 y y1 z z1
b1
b2
b3
If b1 , b2 , b3 are d.r.s of a line, then this line is parallel to the vector
b1i b2 j b3 k
EQUATION OF THE STRAIGHT LINE PASSING THROUGH A TWO POINTS

Vector Form:
r a (b a )
Cartesian Form:
x x1
y y1
z z1
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1
and b poiston of pas sin g po int
x1 , y1 , z1 and x2 , y 2 , z 2 are passing points on line

x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1 are d.r of line
3.
COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS

i)
ii)
4.
Find the equation of the straight line passing through any two given points
If the remaining points satisfy this equation, then all points are collinear points
ANGLE BETWEENTWO LINES
Let be lines r a b
cos
If the lines are Cartesian form
Page No:38
and

r c d

b .d

b d
x a1 y a 2 z a3
x c1 y c 2 z c3
and
b1
b2
b3
d1
d2
d3

Then cos
b1d1 b2 d 2 b3 d 3
2
b1 b2 b3
d1 d 2 d 3
ROBOM: I) The lines with d .r.' s b1 , b2 , b3 and d 1 , d 2 , d 3 are perpendicular iff
b1 d1 b2 d 2 b3 d 3 0
ii) The lines with d .r.' s b1 , b2 , b3 and d 1 , d 2 , d 3 are parallel iff
b1 b2 b3
d1 d 2 d 3
iii)
5.
Distance between parallel lines is equal to the length of perpendicular

from any point on one line to other line.
Condition For Coplanarity and Intersection of Two lines
Let be two lines r a b
and
i)
The two lines r a b

If c a b d 0
ii)
The two lines

r c d
and

r c d be coplanar if and only
x a1 y a 2 z a3
x c1 y c 2 z c3
and
be
b1
b2
b3
d1
d2
d3
c1 a1 c2a2 c3 a3
Coplanar if and only if
iii)
6.
b1
b2
b3 0
d1
d2
d3
Coplanar lines are either parallel or intersecting.
SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LINES (SKEW LINES)

i)
ii)
iii)
In case of parallel lines, the shortest distance between the lines is the length
Of perpendicular from any point on one line to the other line
In case of intersection lines, the shortest distance between the lines is zero
In case of Skew lines:

Let be two lines r a b and r c d

c a . b d
S .D

bd
11-B
Page No:39

Plane In Space
1.
GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE
2.
EQUATION OF THE PLANEWHEN THE NORMAL VECTOR AND THE

DISTANCE OF THE PLANE
FROM THE ORIGIN ARE GIVEN
ax by cz d
u . r p
lx my nz p
Vector form:
Cartesian form:
3.
EQUATION OF THE PLANE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND

PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN VECTOR (One Point Form)
Passing point
x1 ,
Vector Equation:
Cartesian form:
4.
and r is position vector then:

Perpendicular vector n
y1 , z1 ,

n . r r1 0
a x x1 b y y1 c z z1 0
EQUATION OF THE PLANE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND

PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN VECTOR
Let A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and C ( x3 , y 3 , z 3 ) and po int p ( x, y, z )
Let r1 , r2 , r3 and r be the position vectors of points A,B,C and P then:

Vector Equation:
r r1

r2 r1 r3 r1 0
x x1
Cartesian form:
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 0
x3 x1
5.
y y1 z z1
y3 y1 z3 z1
INTERCEPT FORM OF A PLANE

Equation of the plane having a,b and c as x Intercept ,
respectively is
6.
y int ercept and z int ercept
x y z
1
a b c
Angle between Two Planes

and r .n 2 d 2 be the equation of any two planes then:

n .n
cos 1 2
n1 n2
Let r .n1 d1
Page No:40

Let n1 a1i b1 j c1 k
Cartesian Treatment:
cos
and n 2 a 2 i b2 j c 2 k then
a1 a 2 b1b2 c1c 2
2
a1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c 2
ROBOM: I) The planes a1 x b1 y c1 z d1 and a 2 x b2 y c 2 z d 2 are

perpendicular iff a1 a 2 b1b2 c1c 2 0
ii) The planes a1 x b1 y c1 z d 1 and a 2 x b2 y c 2 z d 2 are are
parallel iff
7.
a1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c 2
ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE
and n.r d be the equations of line and plane then
let r a b

b .n

b n
sin
x a1 y a 2 z a3
and the plane

b1
b2
b3
Cartesian Treatment: Angle between the line
n1 x n2 y n3 z d
sin
b1n1 b2 n2 b3 n3
2
b1 b2 b3
n1 n2 n3
x a1 y a 2 z a3
and the plane n1 x n2 y n3 z d are

b1
b2
b3
b1 b2 b3
perpendicular iff
n1 n2 n3
x a1 y a 2 z a3
ii) The line

and the plane n1 x n2 y n3 z d are
b1
b2
b3
ROBOM: I) The line
parallel iff b1 n1 b2 n 2 b3 n3 0
iii)
The line
x a1 y a 2 z a3
lies entirely in the plane n1 x n2 y n3 z d

b1
b2
b3
iff b1 n1 b2 n 2 b3 n3 0 and
n1 a1 n2 a 2 n3 a3 d
8.
EQUATION OF THE PLANE CONTAINING TWO COPLANAR LINES
Let be lines r a b

r ab d 0
Page No:41
and

r c d
coplanar lines then equation:

If the lines are Cartesian form
x a1
=
x a1 y a 2 z a3
x c1 y c 2 z c3
and
then
b1
b2
b3
d1
d2
d3
y a 2 z a3
b1 b2 b3 0
d1 d 2 d 3
9.
EQUATION OF THE PLANE PASSING THROUGH TWO GIVEN POINTS AND

PARALLEL TO A GIVEN LINE
Let the required plane passes through A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and parallel to the line

r a b ,Let P(x,y,z) be any general point on required plane then equation:
AP AB b 0
Vector equation:
Cartesian Form:
10.
x x1 y y1
z z1
x2 x1 y2 y1
z 2 z1 0
b1
b3
b2
EQUATION OF THE PLANE PASSING THROUGH A POINTS AND PARALLEL

TO TWO GIVEN LINES
Let the required plane passes through A( x1 , y1 , z1 ),
r a b
and
Vector equation:
Cartesian Form:
Page No:42

r c d
AP
and parallel to lines

b d 0
x x1 y y1
z z1
b1
b2
b3 0
d1
d2
d3

11.
LENGTH OF A PERPENDICULAR OF A POINT FROM A PLANE
I)
The length of perpendicular from the point with P.V a to the plane r .n d
a.n d
Is equal to
ii)
The length of perpendicular from the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the plane

ax by cz d is equal to
iii)
12.
ax1 by1 cz1 d
a2 b2 c2
To find the distance between two parallel planes, take any point on one plane and find its
distance to the other plane.
EQUATION OF A SPHERE
Let , , be center of sphere and a be its radius then

r c a
where r is a position vector
Vector Equation
:
Cartesian Form
ROBOM:
:
I)
x 2 y 2 z 2
a2
If center of sphere lies at the origin then equation

of sphere x 2 y 2 z 2 a 2
General equation of Sphere
x 2 y 2 z 2 2ux 2vy 2 wz d 0
u , v, w
Center:
Radius:
u 2 v 2 w2 d
Diameter Form of the equation of Sphere
Equation of the sphere with points with positive vectors a and b as the extremities
of a diameter
x x1 x x2 y y1 y y 2 z z1 z z 2 0
Page No:43

12-A
Resultant of Two Forces
1.
CLASSIFICATION OF FORCES
2.
RESULTANT OF TWO COLLINEAR FORCES

ACTING ON A PARTICLE
i)
The resultant of forces p and Q acting on a particle in the same direction is of
magnitude P Q and act in the direction of the forces.
ii)
The resultant of forces p and Q acting on a particle in the opposite direction is of
magnitude P Q and act in the direction of the force greater in magnitude.
iii)
Resultant of two non-collinear forces is found using the Principal of Parallelogram law
of Forces
3.
Magnitude and Direction of the resultant of Two Non-collinear forces acting on a particle
i)
ii)
If two forces p and Q acting on a particle at an angle then their resultant, R

is magnitude P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos
If the resultant R makes an angle with the force p then

Q sin
tan
P Q cos
0
If 90 ,
iv)
If P Q, then R 2 P cos
v)
The line of action of the resultant always incline more towards the line of action of the
force with greater magnitude.
The maximum value of R is P Q and this is so when 0 0 .The resultant R act in
the direction of p and Q

The minimum value of R is P Q and this is so when 180 0 , The resultant act in
the direction of the force greater in magnitude.
vi)
vii)
Page No:44
then
R P2 Q2
and tan
Q
P
iii)
and
2
2

4.
Resolved Parts of a Force
Resolved part of a force F in any direction is of magnitude F cos , Where
is the angle between the force F and the direction of resolved part.
The resolved parts of a force are always at right angle.
i)
ii)
12-B
1.
Equilibrium of Three Forces
Triangle law of Forces

If three forces acting at a point can be represented by three vectors whose sum is zero
vector, then the forces are in equilibrium.
2.
Lamis Theorem
If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium then each is proportional to the sine of the angle
between the other two.
p
Q
R
sin sin sin
12-C
1.
Parallel Forces Acting on Rigid Body
Resultant of two like parallel Forces
If p and Q are like parallel forces acting on a

Rigid body at A and B, then their resultant:
Is of magnitude P Q
Act in the direction of p and Q

Act at a point C on AB such that:
P
Q
PQ
CB AC
AB
2.
Resultant of two unlike parallel Forces

If p and Q P Q are unlike parallel forces
acting on aRigid body at A and B, then their resultant:
Is of magnitude P Q
Act in the direction of greater force p

Act at a point C on BA such that:
P
Q
PQ
CB AC
AB
Page No:45

3.
4.
5.
The resultant of two parallel forces (like or unlike) always lie nearer the force of greater
magnitude
If three parallel forces are in equilibrium, then the magnitude of each force is proportional to the
distance between the other two forces.
Equilibrium of a rod supported on two pegs

i)
ii)
Let the pegs be at points A and B and

weight act at C.
Find distances AC and BC and write the
equations using:
R1 R2 W
12-D
1.
and
R1
R
W
2
CB AC AB
Moments and Couples
Moment of a force about a point

is defined as the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular
distance of its line of action from the point i.e F p
2.
Sign of Moment
If body rotates anti clockwise direction then +ve
If body rotates clockwise direction then -ve
3.
The moment of a force about a point is given by twice the area of triangle formed by joining the
point to the extremities of the line representing the force.
4.
Moment of Couple:
is defined as the product of the magnitude of either of the forces forming the
couple and length of its arm.
5.
Equivalent Couple
Two coplanar couples are said to be equivalent couples if their moments are equal.
Page No:46

13-A
1.
2.
3.
Displacment, Velocity and Acceleration
Total Dis tan ce

Total Time
Total Displacment
Average Velocity =
Total Time
Average speed =
Motion of a particle along a line

Let s f (t ) gives the distance of the particle, moving in a line, from a fixed point at time t
ds
dt
i)
Velocity
ii)
Acceleration =
dv d 2 s
dv
2 v
dt dt
ds
iii)
iv)
4.
If velocity is +ve then the particle moves in the direction of s increasing

If velocity is -ve then the particle moves in the direction of s decreasing
If the velocity is zero then the particle is instantaneously at rest
If acceleration is +ve, then the velocity of particle is increasing

If acceleration is -ve, then the velocity of particle is decreasing
If acceleration is zero, then the velocity of particle is constant
Motion of a particle along a line when moving with constant acceleration

If a particle is moving along a straight line with initial velocity = u, final velocity = v, constant
Acceleration = f, time = t, distance covered = s, then:
v u ft
iv)
Dis tan ce cov ered in the nth sec ond u 2n 1
v)
1
u vt
2
ii )
s ut
1 2
ft
2
i)
iii )
v 2 u 2 2 fs
f
2
In case initial velocity, u is zero, then: (particle starts from rest)
v ft
iv)
Dis tan ce cov ered in the nth sec ond 2n 1
iii)
iv)
Average velocity = Velocity at the middle of the interval

Average velocity = mean of initial and final velocities.
Page No:47
ii )
1 2
ft
2
i)
v 2 2 fs
iii )
f
2
v)
1
vt
2

13-B
1.
Vertical Motion Under Gravity
DOWNWARD MOTION
u = Initial Velocity
t = Time of motion
V = Final Velocity
g = Gravity
With the point of projection as origin, the vertical axis is drawn through it.
i)
v u gt
iii )
v 2 u 2 2 gh
iv )
If hnth
h ut
ii )
1 2
gt
2
be depth cov ered in the nth sec ond , then
hnth u 2n 1
g
2
In particular if the body starts from rest i.e,it is simply let fall or
Dropped, then its initial velocity u = 0
i)
v gt
iii )
v 2 2 gh
iv)
If hnth
ii )
1 2
gt
2

g
2
called the velocity due to fall from a height h.
hnth 2n 1
v)
2 gh
ROBOM:
2.
In solving practical problems, the downward direction of the vertical

axis drawn through the point of projection as origin is taken as positive
UPWARD MOTION
i)
v u gt
iii )
v 2 u 2 2 gh
iv )
If hnth
Page No:48
1 2
gt
2
hnth u 2n 1
ROBOM:
h ut
ii )
g
2
Taking g as retardation

3.
IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS
Greatest Height
Time to reach greatest height
Time of Flight
Time of Descent = Time of Ascent

Velocity on reaching the ground = velocity of projection upward
Velocity at a given height
:
v u 2 2 gh
Time to reach a given height
13-C
1.
2.
3.
u2
2g
u
g
2u
g
u 2 2 gh
g
Resultant of Two Velocities
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VELOCITIES

If a moving point possesses simultaneously two velocities, which are
represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a parallogram drawn from a point,
then its resultant velocity is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallogram passing through that point.
If a moving point possesses velocities u and v making angle then their resultant velocity
V is of magnitude u 2 v 2 2uv cos
If the resultant velocity V makes an angle with the velocity u ,then
tan
v sin
u v cos
0
If 90 ,
5.
If u v, then V 2u cos
6.
The direction of the resultant velocity always incline more toward the direction of the velocity with
greater magnitude.
The maximum value of V is u v and this is so when 0 0 .The point moves in the direction of
u and v
7.
8.
then
V u2 v2
and tan
v
u
4.
and
2
2
The minimum value of V is u v and this is so when 180 0 .the point moves in the
direction of the velocity greater in magnitude.
13-D
Page No:49
Projectile Motion

1.
PARAMETERS OF A PARABOLA
Latus Rectum
ii)
Vertex
iii)
Focus
u 2 sin 2
,
2g
u 2 sin 2
2g
u 2 sin 2
,
2g
u 2 cos 2
2g
u2
2g
Let a particle of mass m be projected from a point O with velocity u in a direction making
an angle with the horizontal through
iv)
2u 2 cos 2
g
i)
Height of Directrix
Equation of trajectory
y x tan
Time of flight
2u sin
g
Horizontal range
u 2 sin 2
g
Maximum horizontal
u2
g
u 2 sin 2
2g
gx 2
2u 2 cos 2
range
Greatest Height
Angle of that time
tan
Velocity of a projectile at a given height =
ROBOM:
u sin gt
u cos
u 2 2 gh
tan
Angle of that time
u 2 sin 2 2 gh
u cos
The horizontal range remains the same when the angle of projection is
Page No:50
u 2 2ugt sin g 2 t 2
Velocity of a projectile at a given time =
or

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LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

(Class: 10+2) Non-Medical / Inter-Arts

Representation of matrix: By capital letter like as A,B,C etc.

(No. of Rows = 2) i.e m = 2

Locate the position of elements in matrix:

Compiled by:Inder pal-M-98159-80423

LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

If A be any matrix and k is any number, the matrix obtained by

Compiled by:Inder pal-M-98159-80423

LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

is a symmetric matrix, because

A square matrix A a ij is said to be a skew-symmetric matrix if its i, j th element

is a skew symmetric matrix, because

a12 a 21 9, a13 a31 6, a 23 a32 8

Representation of determinant: For any matrix A i.e

and denoted by also

(Second order Detriment)

Method of Evaluation determinant:

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LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

Minors and cofactors:

Compiled by:Inder pal-M-98159-80423

LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

In above example A12 1

Working Rules for evaluating Determinants

To find the value of a determinant of order 2,use the formula:

To find the value of a detriment of order 3,sarrus method may be used.

If A x1 , y1 , B x 2 , y 2 and C x3 , y 3 are vertices of a triangle ABC then

Compiled by:Inder pal-M-98159-80423

LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

Solution of systems of Liner equations:

Working Rules of Cramers Rule

Express the given system in the standard form:

If 0, then the given system will have unique solution given by x

respectively 1st column, II nd column, III rd column contain elements d 1 , d 2 , d 3

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LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

Working Rules of Matrix Method

Express the given system in the standard form:

Find the value of the determinant

0 then the given system will have unique solution given by X A 1 B

equations. Substitute these values of x, y and z in terms of k in the third equation.

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LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

Tree Diagram of System:

Working Rules for finding the inverse of matrix

Find the value of A

0 then A has its inverse and is given by

Duality in Boolean Algebra

4. Booles Expansion Theorem

f ( x1 , x 2 , x n ) f (1,1, 1).x1 .x 2 x n f (0,1, ,1).x1 .x 2 . x n +

f (1,0, 1).x1 .x 2 x n f (0,0, ,1).x1 .x 2 x n f (0,0, ,0).x1 .x 2 x n

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LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

Conversion of Boolean Expression to Logic Circuit:

Working Rules for Construction Logic Circuits

Identify complements of variables in the given expression.

Equivalent Logical Circuits

Working Rules to check equivalence of two logical circuits

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LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND DEFINITIONS

Exhaustive number of cases:

Mutually Exclusive Events:

Equally likely Events: