CCNA R and S PDF

Eng.
Ahmad H Almashaikh
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

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E-Mail ahmad.private.mashaikh@gmail.com
Facebook : Ahmad H Mashaikh
Mobile: 00972598053163
Cisco Certified Network

Associate
.
CCNA
:
: IP EIGRP, VLANs, Ethernet,
ACLs.
) (On Line

IP
). (WAN

.
:
: CCNA CCNA 200-120 , 200-125
: ) (ICND1 and ICND2
Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices 1 and 2
CCNA 200-120:
CCNA :

.
IPs IP .
WLAN
.
.

CCNP .CCDP
3
) Level ( 1
Networking Fundamentals

Networking Fundamentals
5 ......................................................................
11.......................................................
12..............................................Network Architectures
17............................ Physical Media
25...................................................................... Protocols
27................................................................................................... OSI
45........................................................................................
51..............................................
53..........................................................
55.................................................................................
59..................................................................
61....................................................
71........................................................................................
82............................................................IPv4 Header / IPv6 Header

.
ARPANET Advanced
Research Project Agency Net .
) (NSF National Science Foundation
ARPANET
1991
) (www ) (www (World
) Wide Web 3991 ) (ISOC
() 1.111.111 1991
Netscape Navigator. 1996 ()
.

() 111. 1111 :
:
. .
:

. .

LAN

) (Satellite WAN
PAN
.
5
: :

Local Area
Network LAN
.
500
hub switch
.

.
.

.
:
.1
.1
.3
.1
.5
. Mesh networks
.Star networks
.Bus networks
.Tree networks
.Ring Topology
.
:

.

.

.
:
- 1 .
- 1 .
- 3 .
- 1 .
- 5 .

.

.
.

:
- 1
.
- 1 .
- 3

.
-1
.

Types of Networks by Geographical Area

)Local Area Networks - (LAN
)Wide Area Networks - (WAN
)Campus Area Networks - (CAN
)Personal Area Networks - (PAN
)Metropolitan Area Networks - (MAN
)Wireless Local Area Networks - (WLAN
)Global Area Networks - (GAN
)Storage Area Networks - (SAN
:

.
8
:
: LAN

, ,

.
: WAN

.
: CAN

.
: PAN 11

.
: MAN

) (MAN ) (LAN
.
11
: WLAN

.
: GAN
.
11
: SAN

.

Network Architectures
:

Peer to Peer Networks
Client / Server Networks
Peer to Peer -
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 20
.Workgroup
-6 .
12
Client / Server -1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .

Physical Network Topologies

.
13
: Bus Topology

Terminator
.Backbone
: Star Topology

.
14
: Ring Topology

.
: Mesh Topology

.
15
: Point to point Topology

.
: Point to Multipoint Topology

.
: Hybrid Topology Network

.
16
Physical Media

.

:
Coaxial Cable .1 .
Twisted Pair Cable .1 .
Fiber Optic Cable .3 .
Fiber Optic Cable Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable

:
: Coaxial Cable -1
,

. .
.
. 15 - 5 ,
.
.
.
.
. Ethernet ,

.
17
-1 :

. 1929
1941 AT&T
. 1941
.
-3 :
.

.
, .

. .

.
.
.
.
-4 : .
.
.

.

.
.
-5 :

18
.

:
Thick net Thin

net.
Thin net Thick net.
511 mbps31 Thick

311 mbps31 Thin
: Twisted Pair Cable -2

.
:
-1 Shielded Twisted Pair / STP

.
19
-2 Unshielded Twisted Pair / UTP

,
UTP 6 :
Cat 1
Cat2
4.
Cat3
10.
Cat4
16.
Cat5
100.
Cat5
1000
.
Cat6
1000 .
21
Category 6
1 .
STP UTP :
. . . UTP : . . STP : UTP
) (Straight cable
) (Crossover cable

Rj-45 :
21
STP UTP RJ- 45
-1 : fiber optic cables

,

.
:
-1 : Core
.
-2 : Cladding
.
-3 : Buffer coating
.
22
:
. . 100 200000 .

.
23

:
single mode fiber

.

micron 9 1 0,001
nm.1.55-1.3
multi -mode fibers

.
micron 5..6 .
:
-1 ( 100/ )
200,00/.
-1
.
-3 .
-1 .

.
-5 .
-6 .
:

.
24
Protocols

.
Port 0 65535
0 Port 1024
.
:DNS - Domain Name System

IP
. IP
:DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
IP Hosts
Workstation TCP/IP
) (IP address conflict IP
( )
.
:SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol

IETF ()

.
:NTP - Network Time Protocol

. 123
.UDP
:FTP - File Transfer Protocol
,
.
25
:POP - Post Office Protocol

. POP
:SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

ESMTP Extended SMTP
:SSL - Secure Sockets Layer
Secure Socket Layer SSL
.
:HTTPS - Secure HTTP
) (HTTPS
/
.
.
.
:HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

) (www
. HTML
:IP - Internet Protocol
IP
) (Network Layer osi
) (packet
.
:LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

TCP/IP
.
26
:. ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol

Ping Packet
Internet Groper
Troubleshoot

Ping Packets 32 bit Echo Packet

.
:ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol
) (ARP
-
.
:RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
) (Reverse ARP : RARP
ARP
. RARP
:PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol
PPP Point to Point Protocol
.
) (Data Layer . TCP/IP
:TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

IP /
).(TCP/IP
:UDP -User Datagram Protocol

.
27
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection
: OSI Source device
.Destination device
.
) (ISO 1983 , 7498
.
:
) (Layers.

.
4 :

)(Routing
1994 .
.

.
.
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.
.
VoIP.
.
28
: OSI
Provides a standard for hardware development

Allows for modular software development

Speed development of new technology

: OSI Layers
-1 Troubleshooting.
-2 . Encapsulations
-3 OSI

,

, Ping

Tcp/ip OSI

physical ) data link . ( Tcp
-4 OSI
.
-5
.
-6
.
29
( ) 7 :
. ,
7- Application layer
6- Presentation layer
5- Session layer
4- Transport layer
3- Network layer
2- Data link layer
1- Physical layer
31
OSI Layer :

.
7- Application layer

Google Chrome Mozilla
Firefox
FTP Client
Outlook Application layer
Application
layer
. Application layer
Mozilla Firefox Outlook

Application layer .
))Application
: Application layer -
SNMP , DNS , FTP , LDAP , LMP , NTP , HTTP , DHCP ,

Open VPN , SMTP , POP3 , IMAP , WAE , WAP , SSH, Telnet
, SIP , PKI , SOAP , rlogin , TLS / SSL .
31
6- Presentation layer

.

Application layer
Presentation layer
png , jpeg
, gif .
Presentation layer
: Presentation layer -
JPEG , MPEG , ASCII , EBCDIC , HTML , AFP , PAD , NDR ,
RDP , PAD , AVI .
: .
:
.
32
5- Session layer

Session

Session

) (single

( )half duplex

,
( ) Full duplex

()Full duplex
: Session layer -
SAP, RTP, NFS, SQL, RPC, NETBIOS NAM, NCP, SOCKETS,
SMB, NETBEUI, 9P.
33
4-Transport layer

TCP Connection oriented protocol

, UDP Connectionless

UDP

TCP
.
Transport layer -
TCP: Transmission Communication Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
34
: Transport layer
.
-3 , flow control Error correction
flow control Sequencing

Acknowledgments .
Flow-control
-. TCP
. or UDP
-3 .
-:

) ) 0 to 1024
.

.
35
36
TCP : UDP
TCP: Transmission Communication Protocol

Three Way handshake
, .

.
Connection Based

.

. TCP
UDP :
UDP Connectionless
TCP

.Three Way handshake
TCP Connection-Oriented

.
37
UDP: User Datagram Protocol

.

.TCP

. TCP
UDP : TCP
UDP TCP UDP
TCP
.
UDP
TCP
.
TCP UDP :
FTP = Port 21, Telnet = Port 23, SMTP = Port 25, DNS = Port 53,
TFTP = Port 69, SNMP = Port 161, RIP = Port 520.
38
3- Network layer
Packet
Packet Transport layer
segment Network layer
segment Packet IP
Packet
routing
RIP , EIGRP , OSPF
.BGP
: Network layer -
IPv4, IPv6 , IPx , ICMP , IPsec , IGMP,CLNP,EGP,EIGRP,IGRP,IPx
SCCP, GRE, OSPF, ARP, RIP, Routed-SMLT

.
39
2-data link layer

.
) (Packet ) (FRAME
) (binary data
.
() .
) (Interface Message Processor IMP
.

.
.

.
.
:
Logical Link Control LLC Bits
Bytes Frames Frame
Logical Network Topology
Token ring star Frame
== Frame
== Media Access Control MAC :
Mac Address
Frame
.
:
.1
.1
.3
.1
.
.
).(IMP
.
) RAM ) .
41
Data link layer
1-Physical layer

,
Frame
Frame BITS

.
Physical layer
41
Data link layer - Physical layer
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Data
Data
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bites
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
PC
PC
PC
Switch Core
Router
Switch , HUB
NIC, Cable
42

OSI Layers
TCP/IP
. TCP/IP

.TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
,1970
DARPA .

.
TCP/IP Hardware
Software
.
:

.

.
.
43
.

.

.

TCP/IP
TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP

TCP/IP :
(SMTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
.
) File Transfer Protocol (FTP .
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
)World Wide Web (www

PC

.
Linux )(php

) (ASP
). (HTML

.
.
.
TCP/IP Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP
.
44
OSI
OSI .
TCP/IP : IP
IP
IP.

.
: SOCKETS
TCP/IP
.
.
TCP/IP .

.
): (TCP/IP
Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TCP/IP
DHCP
IP IP
( )

IP 32
8
131,107,2,200 8
1 255 ()
: TCP/IP

Application
Transport
Internet
Network Interface
45

Network Devices
:
-1 : HUB
,

.

.
.
Physical Layer
.
. HUB
Passive Hub -1 .
Active Hub -1 .
Hybrid Hub -3 .
Smart (intelligent) Hub -1 .

46
-. : Switch

Bridge Physical
Layer Data Link Layer OSI

Switch

.
Switch : Hub
-1

8
5

.

Mac-Address

Frame Mac-Address
Frame Broadcast
.
-1 ) . ) One to One
-3 .Collision Domain
-1 .OSI
-5 Mac-Address-Table .
-6 .Mac-Address
-7 .ffff.ffff.ffff
-8 .
47
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -1 : Repeater

.

Twisted pair 91

91 .

48
-1 : Router
. Newtork Layer
:
-1 10.0.0.0
192.168.1.0

.
-1
Source Destination
.
: ADSL
ADSL .
Router -
Modem -
49
-5 : Gateway
OSI

Router
Gateway
.
Gateway :
: External Gateway -1
.
: Internal Gateway -1

Gateway .
Gateway
51
-6 : Bridge LAN
Routing Table
.
Bridge
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -7 : NIC
NIC
( )Transceiver NIC NIC
MAC Address
.
NIC = Network Interface Card
-1
-1
-3
-1
. OSI
.

.CSMA/CD
.
51

Methods of Sending Data in the Physical Media
Networks

.
Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

52
)(Simplex

.
)(Half Duplex

.

.

.
)(Full Duplex

.
.
.

.
53

Methods of Sending Data in the Network

Any Cast IPv6
.
Unicast

.
--------------------------------------------------------------------Multicast

51 15
.
--------------------------------------------------------------------54
Broadcast

.
--------------------------------------------------------------------Any cast

Broadcast
Broadcast IPv6 . Any cast
: Any cast : -1 .
-1 DDOS
.
-3 .
-1
.
55

Collision Domain
:
,

.
Hub Repetar
LAN Switch
Router .
:

.
: ,
,
.
:
: Router Broadcast
. Collision Domain
: Switch , Collision Domain
.Broadcast
: Hub Broadcast .Collision Domain
Broadcast Domain : Collision Domain
: Broadcast Domain
IP Broadcast Domain
.
: Collision Domain
.
56
HUB
One Collision Domain

,
5
6 5
5
1 6 7

6 , ) ) IP
Broadcast , ffff.ffff.ffff
. Mac Address -
, .
Broadcast Domain 1
Collision Domain 1
57
,

, Mac Address
Broadcast .
, .
Broadcast Domain 1
Collision Domain 4
58
:

1
A . B
Broadcast A and B . Collision Domain 3 Broadcast Domain 2
Collision Domain 5
CD : BD
Collision Domain
.Broadcast Domian
59

Cisco Three Layers Hierarchical Model

.
:

1- Access Layer
2- Distribution Layer
3- Core Layer
:
-1 : Access Layer
,

.

.
-. : Distribution Layer
Access Layer ) (Vlan
.
-1 : Core Layer
Distribution
.
:
ACCESS Layer
DISTRIBUTION Layer
CORE Layer
700 routers
4000 switches
6500 switches
1900 Switches
3600 routers
8500 switches
2820 Switches
4000 routers
12000 router
4000 switches
6500 switches
1700 routers
61

Cisco Three Layers Hierarchical Model
61

IP Address - IPv4 / IPv6
Internet protocol
IPv4 Address

.
32 bit
Octet
.
8
255
8 .
bit Byte
IP
.
: Bit 0 1

.OSI
: Byte
8
0 1 8
:
)00000000) 8
8 Bit Byte

32
.
62
IP
.
-1 :Binary System 0 1
:
Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
IP 8
32 .
-1 : Decimal System
0 255
:
0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255
IP
8 32
8 0
8
:
0.0.0.0 IP
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
.
255.255.255.255 IP
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
.
:
255.255.255.255 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
0.0.0.0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
63
IP Address Class
A , B , C , D , E
A , B , C D , E
:
A B C
.
:Class D .
:Class E .
A , B , C , D , E :
IPv4
IP
.
: Class A A 1 126 0 127
0 127 A
1 126 0 127 .
64
A
:
N. H. H. H
10.0.0.0
N Network H Host A
126 A 16,777,216
.
Subnetmask A 255.0.0.0 .Subnetmask
: Class B B 128 . 191
B
, :
N. N. H. H
150.1.0.0
N Network H Host B
65,534 B
16,384 .
Subnetmask B 255.255.0.0 .
: Class C C 192 . 223
C
, :
N. N. N. H
192.168.1.0
N Network H Host C
2,097,152 C
255 .
65
Subnetmask C 255.255.255.0 .

.

IP
.

8 byte 8 bit

8 IP

.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

.
: . IP

8 .
0 7 :
2^0 = 1
2^1 = 2
2^2 = 4
2^3 = 8
2^4 = 16
2^5 = 32
2^6 = 64
2^7 = 128
66
:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 111
255 8 byte :
255 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1

:
255.255.255.255
8
byte . 32 byte

.
192.168.50.1
8
.
-1 .
-1
0 . 1
-3 .
: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 000
1 1
192
192 192 128
128 1 128
128 192 192
192 64
1 , 64 128 + 64= 192
67
192

192
128 + 64 1

.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1
0 1 0 0 000
168
168
128 64 168
128 32 8
128 + 32 + 8 = 168
168 1
128 32 8 .
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0010
0 0
50
50
32 16 2 50
32 + 16 + 2=50 50
1 32 , 16 , 2
0 .
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
1
0 .

:
8
:
68
192.168.50.1
:
Decimal System :192.168.50.1
Binary System: 11000000. 10100000.00110010.00000001
172.16.1.1 B :
Binary System: 10101100. 00010000.00000001.00000001
126.50.1.1 A :
Binary System: 01111110.11111111.11110000.00010100
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IP

:
00000000 = 0
10000000 = 128
11000000 = 192
11100000 = 224
11110000 = 240
11111000 = 248
11111100 = 252
11111110 = 254
11111111 = 255
69
IPv4
-3 Private IPv4 Address

.
-3
-.
-1
-4
1.0.0.0 : A 126.255.255.254
: B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.254
192.168.0.0 : C 192.168.255.254
239.0.0.0 : D
-. Loop Back Interface

, .
127.0.0.1
-1 APIPA
. IP
APIPA = Automatic Private IP Addressing
169.254.0.0
-4 : E 239 254
-8 ,
.
Reserved Multicast Address 224.0.0.0
-5 General Broadcast Address
255.255.255.255
.
-7 ISP

Public IP Address .
:

.
71
Class Full / Class Less
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D

255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
255.0.0.0
0-127
128-191
192-223
224-239
/8
/16
/24
/8
Class Full / Class Less :

: Class Full
ip: 10.0.0.0 / 8 /8
ip
. Class Full
: Class Less
Subnetting VLSM

ip : 10.0.0.0/16
Class Less

.
: Class Full / Class Less
Class Full
-1 IP Classes .
-2 Subnet Mask
.
-3 Packet
. Routing Table
Class Less
-1
. VLSM
-2 Subnet Mask
.
-3 Packet Default Router
.
71

IP Subnetting
:Subnetting ,
IP .
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
IP
A

Subnetting

.
:
Broadcast

Broadcast
.
.
.
.
.
72

.
) 10.0.0.0/8 ) A 10.0.0.0/8 255.0.0.0
8
.

8 :
10.0.0.0/8 255.0.0.0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
1
^
5 .
128 , 64 , 32 1
^
:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
2^1 = 2 2
2^2 = 4 4
2^3 = 8 8
8 3
5

.
Subnet mask 255.224.0.0
. 128 + 64 + 32 = 224
CIDR /8
/11 11 /8
. 1 + 1 + 1 + 8 = 11
:Block size
Block size 32
64 Block size .
73

10.0.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.0.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10. 31.0.1
10.31.255.254
10.31.255.255

10.32.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.32.0.1
10.63.255.254
10.63.255.255

10.64.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.64.0.1
10.95.255.254
10.95.255.255

10.96.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.96.0.1
10.127.255.254
10.127.255.255
74

10.128.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.128.0.1
10.159.255.254
10.159.255.255

10.160.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.160.0.1
10.191.255.254
10.191.255.255

10.192.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.192.0.1
10.223.255.254
10.223.255.255

10.224.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.224.0.1
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255
75
) 192.168.1.0/24 ) C 192.168.1.0/24 255. 255. 255.0

8
.

8 :
192.168.1.0/24 255.255.255.0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
1
^
8 .
128 , 64 , 32 1
^ :
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
2^1 = 2 2
2^2 = 4 4
2^3 = 8 8
8

.
Subnet mask 255.255.255.224
. 128 + 64 + 32 = 224
CIDR /24
/27 27 /24
. 1 + 1 + 1 + 24 = 27
A
.
76

192.168.1.0/27 255. 255. 255.224

192.168.1.0/27 255.255.255.224

192.168.1.1
192.168.1.30
192.168.1.31

192.168.1.32/27 255.255.255.224

192.168.1.33
192.168.1.62
192.168.1.63

192.168.1.64/27 255.255.255.224

192.168.1.65
192.168.1.94
192.168.1.95

192.168.1.96/27 255.255.255.224

192.168.1.97
192.168.1.126
192.168.1.127
77

192.168.1.128/27 255.255.255.224

192.168.1.129
192.168.1.158
192.168.1.159

192.168.1.160/27 255.255.255.224

192.168.1.161
192.168.1.190
192.168.1.191

192.168.1.192/27 255.255.255.224

192.168.1.193
192.168.1.222
192.168.1. 223

192.168.1.224/27 255.255.255.224

192.168.1.255
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255
78
IPv6
Internet Protocol Version 6
128 bit
Octet 16
hexadecimal
16
.IPv6
: IPv6 ) ) IPv4
IPv6
). (IPv4
: IPv6
-1 BroadCast
Any Cast
.
-1
IPsec
IPsec .
-3
.
-1
.
-5 IP Header v6 IP Header v4
IP Header .
-6 DNS , BGP, OSPF, :
.DHCP RIPng, EIGRP ,IGMP , UDP ,TCP
-7 340
4.3 .
79
: IPv6
Unicast, Multicast, Any Cast

BroadCast Any Cast .
fec80:0000:0000:0000:0c41:1536:3f57:fef5 IPv6

64 bit Network ID
64 bit .Host

IPv6 Address
Format :
2005:0005:0100:0000:0000:0000:0000:070
,

,

.
2005:0005:0100:0:0:0:0:070
,
0005
:
2005:5:100:0:0:0:0:70

Colon :: :
2005:5:100::70
: 4 Colon
2005:5::100::70 Colon
.
81
IPv6
Private IPv6 Address
Link-Local Unicast Address = APIPA -3
APIPA
.Link-Local Unicast Address
.Unique-Local Address = Private IP Address -.
, Private IP Address
.Unique-Local Address
Global Unicast Address = Public IP Address -1

Public IP Address Global
.Unicast
Multicast Address ff02::1 -4
224.0.0.0
. ff02::1
Loopback interface ::1 = 127.0.0.1 -6
Loopback interface
127.0.0.1 . :1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv4 IPv6
, Transition IPv4 to IPv6

81
IPv4 : IPv6
: Dual Stack -1 IPv4
IPv6

IPv4
IPv6
.
: NAT Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) -.

IPv4
IPv6

.
: NAT
NAT-PT
.
82
: IPv6 Over IPv4 Tunels -3

IPv6

IPv4

.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv4 Header / IPv6 Header

IP Header Header
Header

Header
IPv4 Header IPv6 Header
.
IPv4 Header
IPv6 Header .
:IPv4 Header 32 byte .20 byte
:IPv6 Header 32 byte .40 byte
:
83
IPv4 Header / IPv6 Header
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IPv4 Header , . IPv6 Header

IPv4 Header 14 .
Version , IHL , Type of Service , Total Length , Identification ,
Flags , Fregment Offset , Time to live , Protocol , Header
Checksum , Source Address , Destination Address , Options ,
Padding .

.
:Version
IPv4
Header .4 bit
:IHL IP 32 bit
. 4 bit
84
: Type of Service

. 8 bit
: Total Length
.16 bit
: Identification
. 16 bit
: Flags
. 3 bit
: Fregment Offset

. 13 bit
: Time to live

. 8 bit
: Protocol
. 8 bit
: Header Checksum

.
: Source Address IP
. 32 bit
: Destination Address IP
. 32 bit
:Options
0 .32
85
Padding :Data

.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv6 Header
:IPv6 Header
IPv4 Header 14 8
8 .
:Version
IPv6
Header .4 bit
: Traffic Class Type of Service
.Traffic Class
: Flow Label
.
: Payload Length Total Length
Payload Length .
: Next Header Protocol Next
Header .
: Hop Limit Time to live Hop
Limit .
: Source Address IP
128 bit
32 bit . 128 bit
: Destination Address IP
128 bit
128 bit .
Checksum, Option, Fragmentatio :
86
Level ( 2 )
Routing Networks

Routing Networks
88................................................ Router Devices
90.......................................................
91...............................Cisco Modes DevicesNetwork Architectures
93.................................................................Basic Command Router
95......................................................Install packet tracer
98...........................................................................Router Passwords
104.......................................................................Password Recovery
111............................................Remote Access , Telnet
119................................................................................Routing
124.......................................................................Static Routing IPv4
141..................................................................Dynamic Routing IPv4
141.............................................Routing Information Protocol RIP
155...................................................Open shortest Path First OSPF
204.............Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP
213...........................................................
215...........................................................EIGRP Metric Calculation
217.............................................................Autonomous System (AS)
220............................................................................Passive Interface
238.................................................................Dynamic Routing IPv6
87

Devices Router

.
: Router Components -
-3
-.
-1
-4
-6
-5
CPU = Central Processing Unit
Memories
RAM = Random access memory
ROM = Read-Only memory
Flash Memory
NVRAM = Non Volatile Random access memory

88
123456-
: Interface
-1
-2
-3
-4
:Console Port
Console

.
:Auxiliary Port

.
:LAN Interfaces
.
:WAN Interfaces

.

: Port Serial
DCE = Data Communication Equipment -1
DTE = Data Terminal Equipment -.
:
) (DCE ) (DTE
) (Cisco 2522 .
) (DCE/DTE
89

Cisco Router Boot Sequence
:

.
-1
-1
-3
-1
-5
-6
: Boot Sequence
Post = Power on self-Test
Boot Strap
ISO = Internetwork OS
RAM
Startup Configuration
NVRAM RAM
Running Configuration
.
91

Cisco Modes Devices

:
. -1 . -. . -3
-3
User Exec Mode
Router >
Privilege Exec Mode
Router > Enable
Router #
Global Configuration Mode
Router # Config Terminal
Router (config) #
-.
Interface Configuration Mode
Router (config) # interface fast Ethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) #
Sub Interface Configuration ) (
Mode
Router (config) # interface fast Ethernet 0/1.1
Router (config-subif) #
Routing Protocol Mode
Router (config) # router eigrp 1
Router (config-router) #
91
-1
Setup Mode
Continue with configuration dialog? [Yes/no]:
Rommon Mode
> Rommon 1

Cisco IOS

:
:IOS .
:IOS XE IOS

.
:IOS-XR
.
:NX-OS .
92
Basic Command
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
>?
> enable
# disable
> terminal history size
All Command
To get to Privileged Mode
To get back to User Mode
To set the command buffer
size
Router > terminal no editing
To disable advanced editing
features
Router > show history
To show the command buffer
Router # config t
Enter global configuration
mode
Router # show version
View IOS version
Router # show interface
Display interfaces on router
and their status
Router # show ip interface brief
Check interface status
Router # show ip protocol
Display ip protocol info
Router # show protocol
Display which protocols are
configured on the router
Router # show flash
View IOS version, size of
IOS, and free space in
FLASH
Router # show running-config
View current configuration
file (RAM)
Router # show startup-config
View saved configuration file
(NVRAM)
Router # show processes cpu
View CPU utilization
Router # show processes
View info about programs in
RAM
Router # reload
Reboot the router and reload
the startup config from
NVRAM
Router(config) # no ip routing
Disable IP routing on a router
(enabled by default)
Router(config)# hostname Router1 Give the router a hostname
Ctrl+A
To move to the beginning of
the command line
93
Ctrl+E
To move to the end of the

command line
Ctrl+F
To move forward one
character
Ctrl+B
To move back one character
Ctrl+W
To move forward one word
Ctrl+U
To erase a line
Ctrl+R
To redisplay a line
Router # Ctrl+Z
Ends configuration mode and
returns to privileged mode
Router # show ip route
View the IP routing table
Router # debug ip rip
View RIP Debug
Router # debug ip igrp events
View IGRP Debug
Router(config) # no router rip
Disable RIP routing
Router # copy flash tftp
Backup IOS to file server
Router#copy tftp flash
Upgrade the IOS from the
file server
Router # copy running-config tftp Copy running config file
from RAM to TFTP
Router # copy tftp running-config Copy startup config file from
TFTP to RAM
Router # copy tftp startup-config Copy startup config file from
TFTP to NVRAM
Router # erase startup-config
Erase the configuration file in
NVRAM [run initial config
dialog]
Router(config)# boot system flash Tell router which IOS file in
(ios_filename)
Flash to boot from
Router(config) # boot system tftp Tell router which IOS to
(ios_filename) tftp_ip_address
request from the TFTP server
(fallback)
Router(config) # boot rom
Tell router to boot from IOS
in ROM
Routerconfig) # service password- Passwords can be encrypted
encryption
Routerconfig) # no service
To de-encrypt the passwords
password-encryption
94

Install packet tracer

.
: Packet Tracer ,

.

......
-1
-1
-3
-1
-5

. Next
.Next
Next . Install
.
.Finish
https://www.itechtics.com/download-cisco- ..........
/packet-tracer-6-2-free-direct-download-link
95
96
:
Router -3
Switches -.
Hubs -1
Wireless Devices -4
Connection -6
End Devices -5
-7
-8
-9
-01
-00
-01
-01
97
Router Passwords
And Password Recovery
:

Console
.
Console

.
No :
98
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # line console 0
Router (config-line) # Password cisco123
Router (config-line) # login
:
. Port Console Aux .99
Ctrl + C Router # .
: Aux :
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # line aux 0
Router (config-line) # Password cisco456
:
111
. Port Aux . : Enable

:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # enable password cisco789
:
:
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # service password-encryption
:

Service password-encryption
- : .
111
112
. Enable

.
Router (config) # enable secret cisco789

113

:
Router # copy running-config startup-config
.
Enter
, Enter
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Password Recovery
.
114
:
-1
-1
-3
-1
Console .

Ctrl + C .
.Rommon

Rommon > confreg 0x2142 Enter
Rommon > reset
.
:
.
: Ctrl
+ C . Rommon
115
Ctrl + C . Rommon
Rommon > confreg 0x2142 :

Rommon > reset
.
116
No :
:
Router > enable
Router # copy startup-config running-config
:
117
Enter .
:

Router (config) # no enable secret

Router (config) # line console 0
Router (config-line) # no password
Console
Router (config-line) # exit

Router (config) # line aux 0
Router (config-line) # no password
Aux
Router (config-line) # exit

Router (config) # no service password-encryption

Router (config) # config-register 0x2102

Router (config) # end

Router # Copy running-config startup-config

118
Show running-config -
.
OK
.
119
Show running-config .
- Enable .
. Console Port , Aux Port
111

Remote Access , Telnet
: Telnet
TCP/IP

.
) (Telnet TCP/IP , TCP/IP
) (Telnet

Online
. ( Database , chat ) Services
Telnet Server Telnet Clients .
Telnet Clients Telnet Serve r,
.
. Telnet
, Local Logon
. Telnet
: ) (Telnet ) (Telnet ()
:

) (Telnet ) (Telnet
.
111
: Telnet .1 Telnet
Source Telnet
.
.1 Telnet FTP Client
.Telnet
.3 Telnet POP Mail
POP
Mail . Post Office Protocol
Telnet TCP .Port 23 Telnet
Cisco Packet Tracer Student .
LAB

vty
PC 2
. vty
112
.IP : 19.168.1.1 -3
Mask : 255.255.255.0 -.
GY : 192.168.1.100 -1
Interface FastEthernet 0/0 -4
.
, .
PC 2
IP :192.168.1.1 -3
Mask : 255.255.255.0 -.
GY : 192.168.1.100 -1

0/0
vty .
:
113
No
:
Router > enable

114
Interface fast Ethernet 2 0/0 0/1 0/0

.
:Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown

0/0 up

.
Router (config-if) # end
Ctrl + C

Router # show ip interface brief :

115
192.168.1.100 0/0 up up .
vty .
vty :
: . vtyRouter > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # line vty 0
0 0 4
Router (config-line) # password cisco123
Router (config-line) # end
116
PC 2 Command Prompt :
Command Prompt DOS

.
.117
- :
:PC > telnet 192.168.1.100

. 789
vty

SSH
vty
.
118
Routing
: Routing

, Packet
.
: Packet
.
: Packet

Interface

Routing Table .
: Routing Table
Routing Table
Packet
.
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
: Routing Table

( ) .
.
IP TCP/IP
.
IP
( )
( ) .
) (route print
) (command prompt
.route delete, route change , route add :
" .
119
:
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
: Network ID

: Network mask mask IP network
IP
: Gateway
: Interface Interface
"
Interface
: Metric

: Directly attached network IDs metric

.
router
IP address
data link layer Ethernet token-ring
.

:
Routing Table
Direct
Connected
Default
Routing
Static Routing
Distance Vector
RIP v1, RIPv2

v2
Dynamic
Routing
Link Status
IGRP
EIGRP
121
OSPF
: :Direct Connected -1

, " " C
( )Connected ) (0
.
:Static Routing -1

,
" " S ( )Static
) (1 ) )0
.
:Default Routing -3

, ( ( 1
" " S ip : 0.0.0.0 mask :
0.0.0.0 Gy : 192.168.1.100
.
:Dynamic Routing -4

,

.
121
:Dynamic Routing Dynamic Protocols

Packet
.
-1
Link Status Protocol

OSPF EIGRP
.
-2
Distance Vector

IGRP RIP v1 RIP v2
.
:Dynamic Routing -3 Interior
Gateway Protocols Exterior Gateway
Protocols
, .
Classful Classless
, IP .
122
Routing Protocols
Routed Protocols :
:Routing Protocols Packet ,
Network Layer 3 OSI
, Packet
.
: Routed Protocols Data
,
. Routing Table
:

.
Routing
123
Static Routing IPv4

:Static Routing Cisco Packet Tracer
Student
:
. . ) : Network ( 1
IP: 192.168.1.0/24 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
GY: 192.168.1.100
f0/0 .

:
PC 0
IP: 192.168.1.1 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
124
GY: 192.168.1.100 .

) : Network ( 2
IP: 192.168.2.0/24 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
GY: 192.168.2.200
f0/0 .

:
125
PC 1
IP: 192.168.2.1 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
GY: 192.168.2.200 .

) : Network ( 3

Router 0 f0/1
Router 1 Router 1
f0/1 . Router 0
126
IP: 10.0.0.0/8 .
GY: 10.0.0.1 f0/1
.Router 0
GY: 10.0.0.2 f0/1
.Router 1
Mask: 255.0.0.0 .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Router 0
No ................
- 192.168.1.0/24
127
:
Router > enable
Router # config t

192.168.1.100 . f0/0 . Router (config-if) # exit f0/1 .10.0.0.1 .
128
:
Router > enable
Router # config t

10.0.0.1 . f0/1
. Router (config-if) # end
RAM .NVRAM
Router # copy running-config startup config
Router 0 f0/0 192.168.1.0/24 f0/1

129
10.0.0.0/8
Router 1 .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Router 1
No ................
192.168.2.0/24Router > enable
Router # config t

192.168.2.200 . f0/0 . Router (config-if) # exit f0/1 .10.0.0.2 .

131
:
Router > enable
Router # config t

. f0/1 10.0.0.2
. Router (config-if) # end
.NVRAM RAM
Router # copy running-config startup config
131
Router 1 f0/0 192.168.2.0/24 f0/1

10.0.0.0/8 .

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.0.0/8

Static Routing

.

:

Up or Down

Router # show ip protocol


.
132
Router 0

:
Router 0
10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.0/24
" " C ,
192.168.2.0/24

192.168.1.0/24 Router 1
Router 1
:
133
: Router 1
Router # show ip rout
192.168.1.0/24
.
Static Routing : Router 0 ............. :
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

10.0.0.2
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24

. Router 1
134
Router 0

192.168.2.0/24 .
: Router 0
192.168.2.0/24 10.0.0.2/8
135
Router 0 Router1
192.168.1.0/24 .
[1/0] 192.168.2.0/24 Next Hop
] [1/0

.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Router 1

:
Router 1
192.168.1.0/24
.
Static Routing : Router 1 ............. :
136
Router > enable

Router # config t

. 192.168.2.0/24
Router 1
137
:
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.0.0/8 .

Ping .
Ping
:
Router 0 Ping 10.0.0.2 Router 1
Success ping
5 packet packet 4 packet.
ping 192.168.2.200 packet
5 packet 192.168.2.200
:
Router 0
Router 0 :
138
Router 1
ping PC 0 192.168.1.1 ping PC 1

192.168.2.1 :
PC 0
139
PC 1 192.168.2.1 4 packet .
ping PC 1 192.168.2.1 ping PC 0
192.168.1.1 :
PC 0 192.168.1.1 4 packet .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . Static Routing

.
Static Routing

.
141
Router (config) # ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 f0/1

.
.
Dynamic Routing IPv4

RIP = Routing Information Protocol
: RIP IGP
,
RIP
.
RIP2 ,
( (OSPF
IS-IS RIP IPv6
RIPng) RIP ) .1997
141
: RIP
) (Bellman-Ford
1967 . ARPANET
:RIP ,
. RIP
( ) .
15 RIP.
RIP . RIP
UDP . 520.
Application
. Layer
Distance Vector
. Protocol

.Routing Table
RIP . 120
) (Metric Hop Count
.
15 .
RIP
.
: Distance Vector
RIP 15 15
15
15 . Hop Count
RIP
, RIP
.......
142
PC 1
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.4.0/24 PC 4

,
.
: Administrative distance

Administrative distance
, Routing protocol Administrative
distance
AD
.
143
Administrative distance .
: Metric
AD metric
RIP metric
EIGRP
Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load
metric , OSPF bandwidth
AD metric.
144
EIGRP RIP show ip route Router 0 :
RIP Table AD EIGRP EIGRP

192.168.9.0 3
metric .
AD metric
, .
145
- ) RIPv1 , RIPv2 , RIPng ) RIP :
RIPv1
RIPv2
15
15
120
120
255.255.255.255
224.0.0.9
RIPv1
255.255.255.255
4 4
RIPv1 1 2
RIPv1 1
2 Broadcast 255.255.255.255
1
2 3 4 3 4 RIPv1
3 IS-IS 4
OSPF

1 2
RIPv1
RIPv2 .
RIPv2 224.0.0.9

RIPv2
146
R1 R2
RIPv2 R1 R2
224.0.0.9
RIPv2 .
RIPv1
RIPv2
- Distance Vector Protocol
RIPv1 Classfull VLSM . Subnetting

RIPv2 Classless VLSM . Subnetting
: RIP 30

RIP

EIGRP
OSPF .
: RIP -1 Update Timer
30
RIP
30 .
147
-1 Route Invalid Timer

180
.
-3 Hold Down Timer
180 .
-1 Route Flash Timer
240
.
: RIP ConfigurationRouter > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # router rip
Router (config-router) # version 2
Router (config-router) # network 200.0.0.0
RIP Configuration
RIP
-1
-1
-3
-1
-5

RIPv2 ........
:
. 192.168.5.0/24
. 192.168.10.0/24
10.0.0.0/8
192.168.5.0/24 192.168.10.0/24
.RIPv2
RIPv2 R1 R2

.
R1 R2

.
148
: R1 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config-if) # exit
149
R1
. RIPv2
:
Router # config t
RIPv2 R1 R2 .
Router (config-router) # end
151
------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R2 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
R2
.RIPv2
:
151
Router # config t
RIPv2 R2 .Router (config-router) # end

RIPv2

R1 R2 :
R1
192.168.10.0/24 10.0.0.2 , RIPv2 ( . ( R

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Router # show ip route
152
R2
192.168.5.0/24 10.0.0.1 , RIPv2 ( . ( R

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 Ping R1
R2 Packet

.
R1 Router # ping 10.0.0.2
R2 !!!!!
..... .
R1
!!!!! .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
153
R2
!!!!!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Packet Packet .
: RIP EIGRP
OSPF

RIP
EIGRP OSPF
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------154
OSPF
Open shortest Path First

) : ( OSPF link
state . Link State
Routing

Autonomous System . OSPF
OSPF IGP = Interior
Gateway Protocol .
: link
state .
) (BGP
.
: OSPF )(IP
( ) .
.

.
155
OSPF , -
,- .
,

) (LSDB .
LSDB OSPF
OSPF
.
( ) ,
, .
.
, OSPF ,
.
32 , ,
, IPv4.
, ( 0) 0.0.0.0
OSPF
,

OSPF. ,
(ABR). ABR

.
OSPF UDP ,
. 89
, , RIP
(BGP) . OSPF .

OSPF
OSPF .OSI Layer
.IGP = Interior Gateway Protocol
156
.Standard
. Link State Protocol
.Open Source
SPF = Shortest Path First OR Dijikstra
.Algorithm
.IP = Internet Protocol
IPx . Apple Talk
SPF .
. Has Unlimited hop count
.
.Administrative Distance 110
VLSM . Subnetting
Classless .
4 Load
.Balancing to 4 equal Paths
Triggerd Update and
.Periodic Update
: ) (Topology Table
) (Neighbor Table ). (Routing Table

.Area
.Cost
it is the Metric .

.
OSPF OSPF Routers
224.0.0.5 . OSPF DR 224.0.0.6
,OSPF Tables OSPF

-3 Adjacency Database OR Neighbor Table
157
OSPF

OSPF .
:
Router # show ip ospf neighbors
-. Topology Table LSDB
= Link State Data Base

,

,
OSPF

.
:
Router # show ip ospf database
-1 Routing Table OR Forwarding Database

,

158

.
:
Router # show ip ospf route
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSPF Area , OSPF

Area : OSPF

.Area0
:
Area 0
Area 0
Area 1 , Area 2 , Area 3
Area 0
. Area 0
159
: AreaBackbone Area OR Transit Area -3

Area 1 , Area 2 Area 0 Area 1 ,
. Area 2
Regular Area OR Non backbone Area -.
Area 0 Area 1
Area 0 .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSPF Routers
OSPF
OSPF
.
5 : OSPF :Backbone Router -3
Area 0
. Backbone Router
161
Internal Router -.
Area 1 Backbone
Router . Area 1
Area Border Router = ABR -1
Area
Area Area 0
Area 100 Area 0 Area 100
ABR .
Autonomous System Border Router = ASBR -4
OSPF OSPF
OSPF
OSPF .
Designated Router = DR -6
(DR):
.

) (DR ) (NBMA .
NBMA
.
Backup Designated Router = BDR -5
)BDR( :
) ( DR
) . ( DR
161
OSPF Networks Types

OSPF
Point to Point Network -3
OSPF
.
BMA = Boradcast Maulti-access Network -.

DR . DBR
NBMA = No Boradcast Maulti-access Network -1

Frame Relay . MPLS
162
OSPF Neighbor Adjacencies

OSPF
OSPF

OSPF
5
.
: Down State -3
OSPF

OSPF
Hello
Packets
Hello Packets 224.0.0.5 Multicast
Point to Point Broadcast

Frame Relay
.Unicast
163
:Init State -. OSPF

Hello Packets
OSPF
OSPF

Adjacency Database OR Neighbor
.Table
:Two Way State -1

Hello Packet
Unicast Reply Router ID

Adjacency
Database OR Neighbor Table Two
.Way State
164
:Exstart State -4
DataBase Description DBD

.
: Exchange State -6
DBD Router ID
Summary DBD

Sequence numbers
. DBD
-1 DBD Link-
State Acknowledgment .LSAck
-2 Router
..
up-to-date .. Link-
State Request LSR ..
LSR . Loading State
-3
Link-State Update LSU ..
Router LSAck
..
area .. Routers
. Full-State
165
( )1
( )2
166
OSPF
OSPF Packet Types
OSPF .
5 .
LSA 0x80000001 0x7FFFFFFF . LSA
: Hello Packets -1

.
: Hello Packets
1- Router ID
2- Router Priority
3- Hello (default 10s for broadcast network, default 30s for nonbroadcast network) and dead (4 times of hello) timers.
4- Authentication password.
5- Area ID
6- Subnet Mask
7- Designated router and backup designated router is ip address
8- Known neighbours
Hello Packets
.
: Router ID -1
OSPF . BMA
Router ID . Neighbor Adjacency Database
167
Router # show ip ospf interface

Router ID
..........
: Router Priority -1
OSPF ).Priority Default (1
:
Router # show ip ospf neighbor
168
Hello (default 10s for broadcast network, default 30s for non- -1
broadcast network) and dead (4 times of hello) timers.

.
-1
default 10s for broadcast network
.
-1 PPP
MPLS Frame Relay
default 30s for non-broadcast network
.
-3 40
4 itmes of hello 10
4
.
:
.

:
169
: Authentication password -1
.
:
: Area ID -5 Area 0
Area 100 .
171
: Subnet Mask -6
.
: OSPF
Wildcard Mask Wildcard Mask .
: Designated router and backup designated router is ip address

-7
DR and BDR
.
.........
: Known neighbours -8

.
171
: DBD = Data Base Description -. Packets

OSPF
Packets

Packet .
:DBD Header
Header 31 Bit
Header Hello Packets
.
OSPF Packet Header
: DBD
1-Version , 2- Type, 3-Packet Length , 4- Router ID , 5- Area ID,
6- Checksum, 7-AuType, 8-Authentication, 9- Data

172
.
:Version -3 OSPF
.
:Type -.
:
Hello Packets .
Data base Description .
Link State Request .
Link State Update .
Link State Acknowledgment .
:Packet Length -3 OSPF

.Header
:Router ID -1
OSPF .
: Area ID -5
ID .
: Checksum -6 .
: AuType -7

.
: Authentication -8
.
: Data -9

.
173
: LSR = Link State Request -1

,

LSR

LSR

.
:LSR Header
Header 32 Bit
Header
.LSR
Link State Request
: LSR
1-Link State Type
2-Link State ID
3-Advertising Router
174
:Link State Type -1

.
LSDB
.
Routing Table
.
Neighbor Table
.
:Link State ID -2
.
:Advertising Router -3

.
175
:LSU = Link State Update -1 Link State

Advertisemant
OSPF .LSU
:LSU
Header Header 32 Bit
.
Link State Update
: LSU
1- LS Age
2- Options
3- LS Type
4- Link State ID
5- Advertising Router
6- LS Sequence Number
7- LS Checksum
8- Length
9- LSA body / LS type

176
.
: LS Age -1 LSA
. 2 bits
: Options -1 OSPF
OSPF .1 bits
: LS Type -1 LSA
.1 bits
: Link State ID -1
OSPF IP
.4 bits
:Advertising Router -5
IP .4 bits
: LS Sequence Number -6 LSA
LSA
.4 bits
: LS Checksum -7 LSA LSA
.
: Length -8 LSA .
: LSA body / LS type -9 LSA
LSA LSA Packet Header
LSA body / LS type
. LSA
LSU LSA Link State Advertisemant
11 LSA .
177
Types of link-state advertisements
LSA Type 1 = Router LSA

LSA Type 2 = Network LSA
LSA Type 3 = Summary LSA = ABR LSA
LSA Type 4 = Summary LSA = ASBR LSA
LSA Type 5 = External LSA
LSA Type 6 =Multicast OSPF LSA
LSA Type 7 = External LSA for NSSA
LSA Type 8 = External Attributes
LSA Type 9 = Intra Area Prefix
LSA Type 10 = Area Local Opaque
LSA Type 11 = AS Opaque
:
:LSA Type 1 = Router LSA LSA
LSA
.
: LSA Type 2 = Network LSA LSA
broadcast
.
178
: LSA Type 3 = Summary LSA = ABR LSA

Area

Area
.
: LSA Type 4 = Summary LSA = ASBR LSA
ASBR
Router ID ABR . ASBR
: LSA Type 5 = External LSA

Area
Area
.
: LSA Type 6 =Multicast OSPF LSA
.
: LSA Type 7 = External LSA for NSSA
. OSPF
:LSA Type 8 = External Attributes
BGP OSPF
OSPF OSPFv3
IPv6 address .
: LSA Type 9 = Intra Area Prefix
.
:LSA Type 10 = Area Local Opaque

.OSPF
: LSA Type 11 = AS Opaque
.
179
11 7
7 :
. Types of link-state advertisements

:LSAck = Link State Acknowledgement -5

header LSA headers
LSA
LSA headers
.
:LSAck
Header Header 32 Bit
.
181
OSPF

.background network

181
.
R1 R2

.
Hello
Packets .OSPF Header
Router Dead Interval : 40 seconds

40
.
182
R2 DBD R2 :
OSPF Header LSA

,
,
OSPF IPv4
Src 10.0.0.1 . Dst 10.0.0.2
LSA Type 1 , LSA Type 2. LSA Type 3 ,
183
R2 DBD R1 LSR R1
. R2
LSA .
R2 LSA . LSU
184

header LSA headers
LSA
LSA headers
.
Attached Router
.
185
DR and BDR
:
.
:Priority -3 Priority
Priority Default 1 0
255 0
DR BDR
Priority Default 1 Priority Default 2
DR Priority Default 2
Priority Default 1 BDR
Priority Default 1
RID .
:RID -. Router ID Priority
RID
OSPF
OSPF

10.10.10.10
11.11.11.11 DR
Router ID 11.11.11.11
DR BDR
.
186
:Loopback IP Address -1

100.100.100.100
200.200.200.200
DR BDR
.
:High Physical Interface -4
fastehternet
giga ethernet OSPF
DR BDR .

DR DR
OSPF DR
Broadcast
.
: BMA
Frame
Relay PPP
DR
.BMA
: DRother DR BDR DRother Two
, Way State DR BDR . Full State
OSPF DR BDR . DRother
:224.0.0.5 DRother
.
:224.0.0.6 DR BDR
.
187
OSPF DR BDR

OSPF

.
: DR

.
188
OSPF RIP EIGRP Subnet Mask

RIP Wildcard Mask
, OSPF Process id
OSPF

Process
id .
Process id 1 65,535 Subnet Mask Wildcard Mask :
: Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
: Wildcard Mask 0.0.0.255
: OSPF ConfigurationRouter > enable
Router # config t
Process id
Router (config) # router ospf 1
Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------189
OSPF Configuration, Network BMA

OSPF
OSPF 7
.
7
Area :
.1 . 192.168.1.0/24
.1 . 192.168.2.0/24
.3 . 192.168.3.0/24
.1 . 192.168.4.0/24
.5 . 192.168.5.0/24
.6 . 192.168.6.0/24
.7 10.0.0.0/8 Area 0
.

OSPF

DR BDR 10.0.0.0/8
DR . BDR
191
: R1 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
R2 R1
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R2 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
191

R3 R2
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R3 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
192

R4 R3
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R4 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
R5 R4
.
193
: R5 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
R6 R5
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R6 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
194

R6
OSPF .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.
OSPF O O . OSPF
R1 :Router > enable

195
R1
7
R1
OSPF
OSPF

7 ,
. OSPF
R2 :Router > enable
196
R2
7 R2 .

10.0.0.0/8 Area 0

10.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
BMA
.
R3 R4 R5 R6
:
Router > enable
197
R3
R4
198
R5
R6
7 Backbond
Area 0 10.0.0.0/8 .
DR BDR
OSPF :
199
OSPF R1 :
R1
R1 DR

DR R2
DR
BDR 192.168.3.1
.
R2 .
R2
DR 192.168.1.1
R1
.
BMA Point-to-Point
.
211
OSPF Configuration, Network Point-to-Point

OSPF
OSPF 3
.
3
Area :
.1 . 192.168.1.0/24
.1 . 192.168.2.0/24
. 150.0.0.0/8
.3

OSPF

DR BDR 10.0.0.0/8
DR . BDR
R1
OSPF

.
211
: R1 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
R2 R1
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R2 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
212

R2
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R1 Ping R2 !!!!!
.....
...........R1
!!!!! R2 .
DR . BDR
R1
R2
213
EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

.Cisco Routing Protocol
EIGRP Enhance to IGRP
EIGRP .EIGRP
EIGRP
Link Status Protocol
.Distance Vector
Netxt Hop Count 224
. EIGRP
Dual
.
.

.Triggered Update
Periodic Update

.
.224.0.0.10
OSPF
EIGRP .
= Autonomous System
AS OSPF .Area
Administrative distance 90 EIGRP
EIGRP

.
214
.
.
.MD5
.IP, Apple Talk , IPx

.
EIGRP UDP . TCP
.Network Layer 3
Summarization .
CIDR . VLSM
.Classless
EIGRP
EIGRP Table
-3 Neighbor Tabe

EIGRP

. EIGRP
:
Router # show ip ospf neighbors
-. Topology Table

Metric .
:
Router # show ip ospf topology
-1 Routing Table OR Global Routing Table

.
:
215
EIGRP
EIGRP Packet Types
Hello Packets, Update Packet, Query Packet, Relpy Packet, ACK Packet
EIGRP .
5 .
-1 : Hello Packet

EIGRP

216
: Hello Packets
EIGRP Message Format
.
Encapsulated EIGRP Message :
1- Data Link Frame Header, 2- IP Packet Header, 3- EIGRP
Packet Header , 4- Type / Length / Values Types.

.
:Data Link Frame Header -1
MAC
Destination Address MAC Source Address
.
: IP Packet Header -1 IP Packet
IP Source
Address IP Destination Address
.EIGRP
217
: EIGRP Packet Header -3

AS Header
Header 31 Bit
.
:Type / Length / Values Types -1
EIGRP Message
.Message Format
: EIGRP Packet Header
Header Header 31 bit :
Header .
1- Version
2- Opcode
- Flags
- Sequence
- Ack
- Autonomous System Numbers
3- Check sum
4- TLVs / EIGRP Message
:218
:Version .
: Opcode
.
: Flags Header .
: Sequence .Header : Ack AS AS .
:Autonomous System Numbers .
: Check sum .
: TLVs
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Update Packet -.

EIGRP

.

219
ACK

.
: Query Packet -1

Dual ACK
.
: Relpy Packet -4 . Query Packet

: ACK Packet -6
.
211
: EIGRP
.
Hello Packet 5
15 .
BMA= Broadcast Multiaccess Network /
Point to -Point

Frame Relay , MPLS 60
180
.
NBMA = Non Broadcast Multiaccess
Triggered Update Periodic: Update
: Triggered Update
.
: Periodic Update
.
- 224.0.0.10 . Multicast
211
EIGRP
EIGRP Neighbor Adjacencies
7
.
1- Hello Packet
2- Hello + Update
3- Ack
4- Modify Topology Table
5- Update
6- Ack
7- Modify Topology Table
EIGRP ,
AS AS 1
AS 1
.

212

EIGRP Successor, Feasible Successor Routes
EIGRP .
.Successor
.Feasible Successor
213
214
EIGRP Metric Calculation
215
216
AS = Autonomous System

:AS

AS EIGRP
AS

Exterior .
AS AS : : Interior Gateway Protocol
AS

AS .AS
: Exterior Gateway Protocol

AS AS 100 AS 200

EGP
, BGP .
AS 100 AS 200 AS
AS
EGP , BGP . AS
217
EIGRP Key Technologies

EIGRP
)Neighbor Discovery / Recovery (NDR
)Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP
)Diffusion Update Algorithm (Dual
)Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM
1234-
:Neighbor Discovery / Recovery

Hello Packets
.
:Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
Packet Packet
EIGRP
.
:Diffusion Update Algorithm (Dual)
EIGRP

.
:Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)
EIGRP Network Layer 3
IPx
. AppleTalk
218
EIGRP Load Balancing

EIGRP
:Load Balancing .

.
: Load Balancing .

R2 R3
R1
.
219
Passive Interface

: Passive Interface
.
Passive
Interface .
R1
HOST1
... R1
Router (config -router) # passive-interface fastethernet 0/1
f 0/1 R1 .HOST1
: EIGRP

.
221
: EIGRP ConfigurationRouter > enable

Router # config t
AS number 1

Router (config-router) # exit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Router # show ip route

Router # show ip eigrp topology

Router # show ip eigrp neighbors

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EIGRP Configuration, Network BMA

EIGRP
EIGRP 7
.
7
AS :
.1 . 192.168.1.0/24
.1 . 192.168.2.0/24
.3 . 192.168.3.0/24
.1 . 192.168.4.0/24
.5 . 192.168.5.0/24
.6 . 192.168.6.0/24
.7 100.0.0.0/8
.
.8 . AS 1
221

EIGRP

.

R1 : :
Router > enable
Router # config t
222

Router (config- router) # end
R2 R1
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R2 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
R3 R2
.
: R3 223
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
R4 R3
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R4 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
224

R5 R4
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R5 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
225

R6 R5
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R6 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
R6
. EIGRP
226

.
: EIGRP D
D .EIGRP
R1 :Router > enable
R1
R1
7 R1

EIGRP
EIGRP

7 ,
. EIGRP
R2 :227
Router > enable

R2
R2 7 R2
.
100.0.0.0/8

100.0.0.0/8
100.0.0.1 100.0.0.2

BMA
.
R3 R4 R5
R6
:
Router > enable
228
R3
R4
229
R5
R6
231

7
100.0.0.0/8 EIGRP
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IPv4
IPv6 :
IP Address v6 -3
Static Router IPv6 -.
Routing Information Protocol Next Generation (RIPng) -1
Enhanced Interior Gateway (EIGRP) -4
Open Shortest Path First (OSPFv3) -6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :
Static Router IPv6

Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (configt) # ipv6 unicast-routing
Router (configt) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (configt-if) # ipv6 address fec0::1/64
Router (configt) # ipv6 route fec0:1::/64 2005::2
Router (configt) # show ipv6 route
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv6
.
231
. : 3 -1
-1
-3
fec1::1/64
fec2::1/64
2001::1 /64

.

.

R1 : :
Router> enable
232
Router # config t
Router (config) # ipv6 unicast-routing
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address 2001::1/64
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address fce1::1/64
:R1
: R2 :
233
Router> enable
Router # config t
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address fce2::1/64

: R2
,

.
234
R1 : :
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ipv6 route fec2::/64 2001::2

Router (config) # do show ipv6 route
R1
: R1
C

S
S Static L
APIPA

FEC1::2/64
FEC2::2/64
.2001::1/64
235
R2 :
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ipv6 route fec1::/64 2001::1

Router (config) # do show ipv6 route
R2
:R2
R1 R2
R1

Ping :
R2 R1 !!!!! .
236
IPv6 :

. EIGRP , OSPFv3 , RIPng
237
Dynamic Routing IPv6

Routing Information Protocol Next Generation
))RIPng
:RIPng RIP RIPng
RIPng
RIPng Port
521 UDP Process ID
. Multicast Group FF02::9
: RIPng
Router (config) # ipv6 router rip 1
Process ID
Router (config-rtr) # exit

Router (config-if) # ipv6 rip 1 enable

Router (config) # show ipv6 router
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- , RIPng
Process ID Process ID
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . : 3 .1
.1
.3
fec1::1/64
fec2::1/64
2001::1 /64
238

.

RIPng
.

R1 : :
Router> enable
Router # config t
239

Router (config-if) # ipv6 address fec1::1/64
RIPng :R1
: R2 :
241
Router> enable
Router # config t
RIPng
:R2
241
RIPng

R1 :
Router (config) # show ipv6 route
R1 RIPng R
] [120/2 .
R2 RIPng .
R2 RIPng . R
242
)Opne Shortest Path First (OSPFv3

:OSPFv3 OSPF
OSPF OSPFv3

IPsec Authentication Encryption
FF02::5 / FF02::6
OSPFv3 OSPF
.224.0.0.5 / 224.0.0.6
: OSPFv3
Router (config) # ipv6 router ospf 1
Process ID
Router (config-rtr) # router-id 200.200.200.200

Router (config-if) # ipv6 ospf 1 area 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- , OSPFv3
Process ID
Area ID
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . - : 3
.1
.1
.3
fec1::1/64
fec2::1/64
2001::1 /64
243

.

OSPFv3
.

R1 : :
Router> enable
Router # config t
244

.OSPFv3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: R2 :
Router> enable
Router # config t
245

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OSPFv3

R1 :
R1
R1 OSPFv3 O
] [110/2 .
R2 OSPFv3 .
246

R2
R2 OSPFv3 . O
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor , R1
R1
R1 DR R2 .
R2
R2 .BDR
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor / Router # show ipv6 ospf database
247
Enhanced Interior Gateway (EIGRP)
:EIGRP

Interior IPv6,
Gateway
FF02::A 224.0.0.10
.AS Router-ID
: OSPFv3
Router (config) # ipv6 router eigrp 1
Router (config-if) # ipv6 eigrp 1
Router # show ipv6 route
Router # show ipv6 eigrp interfaces
Router # show ipv6 eigrp neighbors
Router # show ipv6 eigrp topology
248
Process ID

Routing Loops Avoidance

.
:
1- Maximum Hop Count
2- Split Horizon
3- Route Poisoning
4- Hold Downs
5- Periodic Updates Triggered Updates
.

.
249
: Maximum Hop Count

RIP , EIGRP
.
: Split Horizon

.
:Route Poisoning RIP

RIP
,

Route Poisoning Matric
16 .Next Hop
251
:Hold Downs RIP

180
180 180
.
: Periodic Updates Triggered Updates

.
251
)Border Gateway Protocol (BGP

Baisics
: BGP

ISP

.
:)Interior gateway routing (IGP
OSPF ,
.EIGRP , RIP,
)Exterior gateway routing (EGP

BGP , EGP
.
BGP TCP 179
.
. BGP
.
252
BGP
.
BGP . EGP
BGP AS
. EIGRP

.
BGP .Path Vectory
TCP
.
BGP Peers Table , Topology Table
.Routing Table
BGP .
BGP
BGP .

.
BGP .
BGP .
Application TCP
. Port 179
BGP
, BGP

.

30 Sec
AS
5 Sec .

.
Admin distance 20 BGP Ex
BGP In . Admin distance 200
. Vlsm , CIDR , Classless

. Split-horizon
253
: BGP
Single homed Customers

.
Multi homed Coustomers

.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BGP Table , BGP

BGP BGP .
1- Neighbor Table
List of BGP Neighbors BGP peers, Configured statically
2- BGP forwarding database table
List of all Networks learned from each neighbor
3- IP routing table
List of best paths to destination networks
254
: :Neighbor Table
.BGP
:BGP forwarding database table
BGP
.
:IP routing table
BGP
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------BGP Messages
BGP
BGP

:
3- Update Message
4- Keepalive Message
1- Open Message
2- Notification Message
BGP
.
: Open Message
ID.
: Keepalive Message
60 Sec
.
255
: Update Message
.
: Notification Message
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BGP Startup Operation , BGP
BGP

.
:Idel State
.
:Active 1 State
.Active
:Connect State
.
:Open Sent
.
:Active 2 State
.
:Open Confirm
.
:Established State
.
256
BGP Synchronization
:Synchronization BGP
Rule IBGP
IGP
.
Synchronization
Router (Config-Router) # no synchronization
Disables BGP Synchronization so a router can advertise routers
in BGP without lerning them in IGP , but make sure that you
make all restrictiong to avoid black holes .
BGP Split horizone rule : Avoid routing loops inside the AS

Loops

.Loops Network
Full Mesh Fashion (sessions between all BGP neighbors) to avoid
split horizon rule.
: Full Mesh Fashion

:
-3 AS AS AS.
Route reflector -1 .
257
Level ( 3 )
Ethernet LANs and Switches

Ethernet LANs and Switches
260..............................................Ethernet LANs
263....................................Ethernet Frame Format
270...................................................................................Switch
277.....................................Cisco Switch Configuration Command
278.....Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
295.....................................................VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP)
308.......................................................................Router on a Staick
311..........................................Switch Port Modes
314...................................................Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
326............... STP switch port states
328...............Optimizing Spanning Tree Protocol
329...............................................Per Vlan Spanning Tree (PVST)
333...............................................................................Port Channel
339.................................................................Ether Channel
340................... Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
356................................... Network Address Translation (NAT)
367............................First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP)
377............................................. Network Time Protocol (NTP)
258
Ethernet LANs

:Local Area Network = LAN

.
: Ethernet Token
Ring
.

, WAN . Router
:

,

.
259
: Ethernet
) (frames
) (workstations ) (LANs 1
physical layer 2 data link layer
OSI Model
- 1 OSI - ,
-
2 OSI - MAC Address
).( Data Link Layer
0979

.
: Ethernet : Mbps Fast Ethernet : 10
Mbps Giga Ethernet : 100 Gbps 10 Giga
Ethernet 1 . Gbps 10
: Ethernet
Ethernet = 10 MB | Fast Ethernet = 100 MB
Giga Ethernet = 1 GB | Ten Giga Ethernet = 10 GB
): (Medium

) (Data Rate:
(Coaxial Cable) :
ThickNet 10 Mbps 10
BaseBand , ) (Network Span
2500 , 100
500 Base5 10
Base 5 .
ThinNet 5
Mbps 10 BaseBand ,
) (Network Span 925 ,
30 500 Base2 10
Base 2
261
,
.
10
Broad36 1.1-1.4 Mbps 10
BroadBand , )(Network Span
3600 1800.
Twisted Pair : Shielded Twisted Pair
) (STP ) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP
.
UTP 1.6-1.4
Mbps 10 BaseBand ,
) (Network Span 500 100
. BaseT 10.
UTP Mbps 100 Mbps 100
Gigabit .
(Optical Fiber) : UTP
) (switches hubs
.
IEEE :
802.3x = Full Duplex
802.3ae = 10 GB
802.3at = POE
802.3u = 100 MB
8023ab = 1 GB
261
Ethernet Frame Format

:Ethernet Frame Format
,
26 6 .
Header Header 26 bytes

6
.
Ethernet Frame Header
. Header
1- Preamble and Start Frame Delimiter Fields
2- Destination MAC Address Field
3- Source MAC Address Field
4- Length/Type Field
5- Data and Pad Fields
6- Trailer Field / Frame Check Sequence Field
:
Header Tralier
Data and Pad
Header ,
.
262
: Preamble and Start Frame Delimiter Fields

Preamble Bytes 7
Source Destination
.
DS = Destination MAC Address Field
Destination MAC Address Bytes 6
,
Data Link Layer 2
MAC Address
, ) (Uni Cast ) (Multi Cast
). (Broad Cast
AS = Source MAC Address Field
Source MAC Address Field
Bytes 6 MAC Address Frame
Frame
.
: Length / Type Field
Length/Type Field

0800 IP
, protocol 8137
. Protocol IPX
: Data and Pat Field
Data and Pad Fields

Framing Data Link Layer 3
Network Layer 4
IP Packets .
263
Trailer Field / Frame Check Sequence Field

Bytes 4
Frame Check Sequence FCS
) (Cyclic Redundancy Check CSC
DA
FCS ,
FCS .
Destination Address DA Source
Address SA Type Header .
.
: Ethernet 802.3 :

Length Bytes 2
MAC- client data . data
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Carrier Sence Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD
264
: A B C D Medium
Segment.. A B ,
A
MAC D A
( C D ) .
) (BroadCast
.
.
: ""
Carrier
..
. :
(
) .
:
..

,
) (grambled
/
) (back off time/delay

.
Segmentation :
Segment Collision Domain

Multiple Collision Domain
.
Segmentation :
Segmentation
..
, () ..
265

:
)(Data Terminal Equipment DTE
.
(Data communication
) equipment DCE
( Repeater
Hub) Bridge Switch Routers
Segment
Network Interface Cards NICs
.
Hub :
Hub Frame

Segment

.
Bridge :
Bridge Hub

.. Bridge Hub
.
Bridge

( ) ( ).
Switch :
Switch Ports
DCE - Hub Switch - DTE -
. Switch
Node Switch
) (Switched Networks Collision Free .
266
Switch ..
Segment Switch
port

.
Switch : Full Duplex technology Half
Duplex Technology
Half Duplex port switch
DCE DTE NIC
.
Full Duplex port
..
Mbps 100 Full Duplex
. Mbps 200
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Media Access Control OR Mac Address
)(Media Access Control

(LAN).

.

. ) (Data Link OSI
: Ethernet Hardware
)adapter address , physical hardware address Address (EHA
address.
267
TCP/IP
IP ) (ARP Address Resolution
Protocol ) , (IPv4) (NDP Neighbor Discovery
Protocol (IPv6). broadcast
Ethernet ( Frame )
. Data
link OSI
.
:
IEEE 802 MAC-48
.
( )- ():
. : address2 01:23:45:67:89:ab
address1 01:23:45:67:89:ab Cisco
,

. ab 0123,4567,89 : .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAC Address Table
:

.
Forward filter Table
Content Addressable Memory Physical Address MAC
Address Table
268
Switch
: Switch Hub

Source MAC Address
.
: Source MAC Address

.

One
, Collision Domain

Mb 100
.
269
Switch Three function

1- Address Learning
2- Filtering / Forwarding Deision
3- Loop Avoidance

.
Address learning :
MAC - Address
Broad Cast: ffff.ffff.ffff

....
271
Filtering / Forwarding Deision :

Frame

.....
Frame PC1 PC2 PC3
Frame Switch
Frame
.
271
Frame Frame
PC2 PC3
....
Frame .........
272
PC3 PC1 Frame Frame

....
Frame Frame PC1

Port 1 ..........
Frame PC1 .
273
Loop Avoidance :
( ) Switch

STP .
Loop
274
Frame ()Switch
Frame
:
1- Store and Forwarding
2- Cut Through
3- Fragment Free
Store and Forwarding : :Error Checking -0 Frame
Header.
: Automatic Buffering -2

Header FCS check Frame
,
.Buffering
Cut Through -3 :
: Rapid Frame Forwarding -1

.
: Fragment Free -2 Header

.Fragment
275
Cisco Switch Configuration

Command
Switch > ?
show mac address-table address
All Command
Displays MAC address table
information for the specified
MAC address
show mac address-table agingDisplays the aging time in all
time
VLANs or the specified
VLAN.
show mac address-table count
Displays the number of
addresses present in all
VLANs or the specified
VLAN.
show mac address-table dynamic Displays only dynamic MAC
address table entries.
show mac address-table interface Displays the MAC address
table information for the
specified interface.
show mac address-table learning Displays MAC address
learning status of all VLANs
or the specified VLAN.
show mac address-table static
Displays only static MAC
address table entries.
show mac address-table vlan
Displays the MAC address
table information for the
specified VLAN.
end
Return to privileged EXEC
mode.
show mac address-table learning Verify the configuration.
[vlan vlan-id | interface interface
slot/port]
copy running-config startup(Optional) Save your entries
config
in the configuration file.
276
)Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN

: Vlan

Vlan Vlan

.
Vlan :
Vlan 1, Vlan 2, Vlan 3 .
Vlan 1 ip: 192.168.1.1

Vlan 2 ip: 192.168.2.1
Vlan 3 ip: 192.168.3.1
277
Vlan 1 Vlan
2 Vlan 3

. Vlan
: Vlan .
Vlan : Subnetting -1 Subnetting IP Address
IP Address A,B,C
.
Vlan -2
.
: Vlan -1 . BroadCast
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 ,

.Vlan
Vlan -6 BroadCast Domain
BroadCast Domain
.
---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
Vlan
Type of Vlan
Vlan .
1- Data Vlan
2- Default Vlan
3- Native Vlan
4- Voice Vlan
5- Management Vlan
278
: Data Vlan Vlan

,
,
.
: Default Vlan Vlan

,
Vlan
Default Vlan
, STP, CDP, VTP,

.
: Native Vlan Default Vlan

Native Vlan IEEE 802.1Q
Tag 4 byte
.
: Voice Vlan Network Voice

Voice Vlan Voice

Voice Vlan . Network Voice
: Management Vlan
HTTP
Telent , SSH , SNMP . Vlan
279
Vlan
Vlan ID Range
Vlan Vlan ,
,
.
1- Normal Range From 1 up to 1005
2- Extended Range From 1006 up to 4096
Normal Range 1 1005
1005
1005
Vlan
,
Extended Range 1006
4096

4096 .
-------------------------------------------------- ------------- --------------------
Vlan Switch Port Modes

Vlan
.1- Static Vlan Port
2- Dynamic Vlan Port
281
: Static Vlan Port

Vlan , Vlan
.
: Dynamic Vlan Port

.Vlan
Vlan
Vlan Port Type
Vlan .
1- Access Port , 2- Trunk Port
: Access Port -1
. Native Vlan
: Trunk Port -2

Vlan Frame
Vlan . Trunk
: Trunk Port
Vlan 1 Vlan 1
Vlan 1
,
Trunk
Vlan
Trunk ,
:
281
Trunk Port
SW2 SW3 Vlan 200
Trunk Port
. Vlan
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trunk Port
Frame Trunk Port .
1- Inter-Switch Link (ISL) , 2- IEEE 802.1Q
) : Inter-Switch Link (ISL
, Frame Frame
ISL header ISL header 26
byte Vlan
.
ISL header .
ISL header .282
DESTINATION ADDRESS (DA) FIELD

TYPE FIELD
USER DEFINED FIELD
------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOURCE ADDRESS (SA) FIELD
LENGTH FIELD
AAAA03 (SNAP) FIELD
HIGH BITS SOURCE ADDRESS (HSA) FIELD
------------------------------------------------------------------------------VLAN - DESTINATION VIRTUAL LAN ID FIELD

BPDU FIELD
INDEX FIELD
RES FIELD
.
: DESTINATION ADDRESS (DA) FIELD 40 bits ,
.
: TYPE FIELD 4 bits , .
Encapsulated Frame
Type Value
Ethernet
0000
Token-Ring
0001
FDDI
0010
ATM
0011
283
: USER DEFINED FIELD 4 bits .Ethernet

ISL header :
: : SOURCE ADDRESS (SA) FIELD Source MAC Address

, Frame . 48 bits
: LENGTH FIELD 16 bits : HIGH BITS SOURCE ADDRESS (HSA) FIELD ISL header :
: : VLAN - DESTINATION VIRTUAL LAN ID FIELD 15 bits Virtual

LAN ID
284
frame trunk VLAN

VLAN .
: BPDU FIELD 1 bit STP VTP , CDP
Frame

, Frame network loops
.
: INDEX FIELD ,
.
: RES FIELD FDDI
Token Ring Ethernet .16 bits
IEEE 802.1Q -1
ISL
IEEE 802.1Q , ISL IEEE
802.1Q Tag Frame 4 byte
ISL Encapsulation Frame 26 byte
IEEE 802.1Q
Tag Frame Frame
.
: IEEE
.ISL
Frame format : encapsulate , .
285
. IEEE 802.1Q
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vlan Switch
Vlan Configuartion
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # vlan 2

Switch (config-vlan) # name IT

Switch (config-vlan) # exit
Switch (config-vlan) # vlan 3
Switch (config-vlan) # name PMP
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 2
Switch (config-if) # exit
Switch (config) # exit
Switch # copy running-config startup-configt

286
Vlan , :
Vlan Trunk Port .
-1
-2
-3
:
192.168.1.0/24
Vlan 2 . Name IT
192.168. 2.0/24
Vlan 3 . Name HR

.

Vlan
Vlan .
: Vlan 2 Vlan 1
, 1002 , 1003
, 1004 , 1005

.
287
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: SW 1 :
Switch> enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config-vlan) # name HR
288
Switch (config-if) # interface fastethernet 0/4

Switch (config-if) # end
Switch # copy running-config startup-config
SW 1
vlan 2 vlan 3
:
Switch # show vlan

289
vlan 2 vlan 3 , vlan

2 vlan 3

...
Ping vlan 2 vlan 3 ,
vlan 2 Command
Prompt
vlan 3 .
Request timed out .

vlan 3

.
SW 1 SW 2
. Trunk
291
: SW 2 :
Switch> enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config-vlan) # name HR
Switch (config-if) # interface fastethernet 0/4
291
SW 2
vlan 2 vlan 3
:
Switch # show vlan

vlan 2 vlan 3 , vlan 2

vlan 3
,
SW 2 SW 1
292

Trunk

Trunk .
SW 1 : :
Switch> enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config-if) # switchport mode trunk

switchport mode trunk down

up ,
.
: trunk .
SW 2 SW 1 . trunk
293
VTP
VLAN Trunk Protocol
: VTP
, VTP Vlan
,Vlan
Vlan
VTP

Trunk port Frame .
VTP Vlan ,
Vlan
Vlan
,

. VTP
294
:VTP Mode VTP

.
VTP Mode
1- VTP Server
2- VTP Client

Client 3- VTP Transparent Server
: : VTP Server -0
VTP Domain
Vlan
Vlan
.
: VTP Client -1
,

,Vlan
.
: VTP Transparent -1
VTP VTP
Server VTP Client
VTP Server .VTP Client

295
: VTP Domain

,
, VTP VTP Domain 1
VTP Domain 2 VTP
. Domain
: VTP Pruning .
296
: VTP Advertisements
,

.
VTP Advertisements
.
297
: VTP Revision Number .
VTP Frame Structure

VTP
298
:VTP Version VTP : : VTP Version 1 .Token Ring Vlans

: VTP Version 2
: VTP Version 3
.
VTP VTP ,
.
1- VTP Domain Name
2- VTP Password
3- VTP Version
VTP Version
299
VTP
VTP Configuartion
VTP Server
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # vtp domain ABC
Switch (config) # vtp version 2

Switch (config) # vtp mode server
Switch (config) # vtp password 123
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------VTP Client
Switch > enable
Switch # config t

Switch (config) # vtp mode client
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. VTP
Switch # show vtp status
Switch # show vtp password
311
VTP Configuration LAB

VTP
Vlan , :
Vlan VTP Server
Trunk Port
.
.1
.2
.3
.4
:
192.168.1.0/24
Vlan 2 . Name IT
192.168. 2.0/24
Vlan 3 . Name HR

.
SW 1 VTP Server
SW 2 ,SW 3 VTP Client
.
VTP Server
VTP .
311
VTP Vlan
, VTP

.
SW 1 : :
Switch > enable
Switch # config t


Switch (config) # vtp mode server
Switch (config) # end
SW 1 VTP Server
: Vlan
SW 1 , vtp
. VTP Server
312
vtp SW 1 Vlan vtp

.
SW 1 Vlan HR , IT .
SW 1
vtp SW 1 .VTP Server
,
VTP .
SW 2 VTP . SW 2
313
SW 2
: SW 2 :
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # vtp mode client
Switch (config) # end
314
SW 2 Vlan .
SW 2
Vlan vtp , SW 2
SW 1 , SW 2
Trunk Port ,
SW 1
.
SW 1 : Trunk Port
SW 1 Trunk Port f0/1 , f0/2 SW 2

SW 3 .
315
SW 2 :
SW 2
.
.
SW 3
:
. VTP316
Router on a Staick
:Router on a Staick Vlan

Vlan ,
Vlan

Gy .
: Router on a Staick Vlan ,

Vlan Router on a
Staick .
Vlan

,
Gy
,

Router on a Staick .
317
Router on a Staick Configuration

Router on a Staick
Router > enable

Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0.1
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1Q 2
subif

Router (config-subif) # ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Router on a Staick VLAN ,
Router on a Staick
.
318
: . Trunk Port
: R1
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 2
Router (config-subif) # exit
Router (config-subif) # end
319
f0/0 , Router on a Staick

Trunk Port
...
f0/24
:
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config-if) # switchport mode trunk
Router on a , Staick Gy
. Vlan
....
.....
Router # Show ip interface brief
f0/0
. Vlan
: Vlan 1
Vlan 2 Router on a
. Staick
Router on a Staick .
311

Switch Port Modes
,
, .
1- Dynamic Desirable
2- Trunk
3- Access
4- Dynamic Auto Access
5- No Negotiate
6- DTP = Dynamic Trunking Protocol
: Dynamic Desirable
Trunk Port ,

.
: Dynamic Desirable
Access
Access .Dynamic Desirable
: Trunk Trunk Port
.
: Access Access
.
: Dynamic Auto Access
Access Access
Trunk .Trunk
: No Negotiate
.
311
312
STP
Spanning Tree Protocol
:STP

STP

STP
.
.Data Link Layer STP juniper .
STP IEEE . 802.1D
,
,

,
.
313
: STP -3 . Root Bridge

-. . Non Bridge
Root Bridge , Non Bridge

.
BPDU = Bridge
Protocol Data Units
,
,
.
: BPDU
BPDU
Root Bridge .
:Bridge ID
Root Bridge Non Bridge
Bridge ID ..
1- Bridge Prioirty , 2- MAC Address
Bridge ID ................................
314
: Bridge Prioirty
, 0 to 65535 .Default Value = 32768
: Mac Address
.
- : Root Bridge
BPDU
Bridge Prioirty MAC Address
, Prioirty
Prioirty
, Root Bridge Prioirty
Mac Address
BPDU

Root Bridge
.
: STP Root Bridge
,

.
315
STP Prot Cost Values

, Cost
Cost STP Prot ,
.
: STP Port
1- DP = Designated Port
2- RP = Root Port
3- BP = Block Port
: DP = Designated Port Root
Bridge .
: RP = Root Port
Non Bridg
Root Bridge .
: DP RP
RP Non Bridg .
: BP = Block Port .Cost
316
, STP
STP
.
SW 1 , SW 2
2 ,
STP
, Root Bridge

:
Root Bridge , SW 1
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2

SW 1 MAC
Address : 0000.0000.0000.1 MAC SW 2
Address : 0000.0000.0000.2 SW 1

Root Bridge
, SW 1
Root
Bridge .
317
SW 1
: STP
:
Switch > enable
Switch # show spanning-tree
SW 1
Root Bridge DP = Designated Port

, SW
2 .
SW 2 :SW 2
, Non Bridg F 0/1 RP = Root Port

Root Bridge ,
F 0/ 2 BP = Block Port
STP loop

.
.STP

Root Bridge Non Bridg
,
318
Root Bridge , SW 2
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3

SW 1
MAC Address : 0000.0000.0000.2 SW 2
MAC Address : 0000.0000.0000.1 MAC SW 3
Address : 0000.0000.0000.3 SW
2 Root
Bridge , Non Bridg Cost

Cost 19 .
SW 1 : STP
-
:
Switch > enable
319
SW 1
SW1 , Non Bridg F 0/1 RP = Root Port

Root Bridge
, Root Bridge F 0/ 2 = DP
Designated Port SW3 .Non Bridg
- SW 2 :
Root Bridge SW 2 DP = Designated Port

,
SW3 .
- SW3 :
SW3 , Non Bridg F 0/1 BP = Block Port

,
F 0/2 RP = Root Port
Root Bridge
.Root Bridge

.STP
321
SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3 , SW 4
2 ,
, STP

, Root Bridge

:
Root Bridge
, SW 1
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3 ,
SW 4
SW 1
MAC Address : 0005.5EAE.6CBB
MAC Address : 000A.F3EE.0929 SW 2
MAC Address : 0060.47C9.E392 SW 3 SW4
, MAC Address : 00D0.BAC0.2BBA
SW 1
Root Bridge , Non Bridg
Cost
Cost 19 ,
SW 3 SW
321
4 SW 3 SW 1
SW 2
SW 4 ,
SW 3 SW 4 Cost 57
SW 3
SW 1 Cost 19
SW 1 SW 2 Cost 38
SW 2 SW 4 Cost 38
Cost 57 .
SW 1
: STP
:
Switch > enable
Root Bridge SW 1 DP = Designated Port
,
SW 2 .
SW 2 :SW 1
322
, Non Bridge SW 2
.
SW 2
-
.
Fa0/1 Desg FWD SW 4
Root Bridge .Non Bridge
Fa0/2 Root FWD Root SW 1
.Bridge
Fa0/3 Desg FWD SW 4 .
Fa 0/4 Altn BLK
.Root Bridge SW 1

STP
,

.
323
SW 3 : , Non Bridge SW 3
.
SW 3
.
SW 4 :SW 4
324
SW 4 .
Fa0/1 Root FWD SW 1
.Root Bridge
Fa 0/4 Altn BLK
Root Bridge SW 1 .Non Bridge
STP

. STP
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STP switch port states
30
, .
Blocking
Listening
Learning
Forwarding
Disabled
325
12345-
.
: Blocking
.
Blocking
30 :
: Listening Access
Trunk 15
.
: Learning 15
Access

.
: Forwarding
.
:Disabled
.
326
Optimizing Spanning Tree Protocol

STP
STP ,
, STP
.
1- Port Fast
2- Uplink Fast
3- Backbone Fast
4- RLQ BPDU = Root Link Query
:Port Fast
30 sec Listening,
Learning
30 sec
.
: Access ,
.
: Uplink Fast

.
:
.
: Backbone Fast

RLQ BPDU

.
327
Per Vlan Spanning Tree

PVST
:PVST
PVST
STP
Vlan

.Load Balancing
328
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

RSTP
: RSTP STP
,802.1w
STP 20 Sec
RSTP 6 Sec
STP .Root Bridge
. RSTP . STP
STP RSTP .
STP switch port states
1- Blocking , 2- Listening , 3- Learning , 4- Forwarding , 5- Disabled
RSTP switch port states
RSTP Blocking Listening
Discarding Listening
15 Sec .
329
1- Discarding
2- Learning
3- Forwarding
RSTP bridge port roles
Root
Designated
Alternate Root
Backup
Disabled
12345-
RSTP
: 1- Point to Point
2- Shared
3- Edge
331
Link Type
331
Port Channel
: Port Channel .

STP
Loop ,

Port Channel ,
,
.
100 Mb Port Channel

400 Mb .
: .Trunk .OSI332
, 100 mb / 100 mb , 10 mb /100 mb / 1000 mb

.
,
.
. . Logical Port STP
, Logical Port
Physical Port .
Port Channel Protocols

1- Port Aggregation Protocol (PagP) - Cisco

333
2- Limk Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) - IEEE 82.1AD

IEEE .
.
- :

100 mb , STP
. Root Bridge
Port Channel
400 mb
.
Port Channel Configuration
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # interface range fastethernet 0/1 4
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-group 1 mode desirable
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-protocol pagp
334
SW 1 :
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config-if-range) # end

. SW 2
SW 2 :
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config-if-range) # end

. SW 2

.400 mb
335
SW 1 Port Channel .
:
Switch > enable
Switch # show running-config
SW 1
SW 1 F 0/1 , F 0/2 , F0/3, F0/4 channel-

protocol pagp
.
: STPSwitch # show spanning-tree
336
STP SW 1 , Root Bridge

Port Channel
400 mb .
SW 2 Port Channel .
:
Switch > enable
Switch # show running-config
SW 2
SW 2 F 0/1 , F 0/2 , F0/3, F0/4 channel-

protocol pagp
.
: STP STP SW 2 , Non Bridge
Port Channel
400 mb .
337
Ether Channel
:Ether Channel Port Channel

.
:Port Channel .
: Ether Channel

Port
. Channel
Ether Channel
Ether Channel
.
338
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol = DHCP

IP HOST
Workstations TCP / IP
) (IP address conflict
IP ( )
.
DHCP :
. -
) (Client-Server DHCP
. System Administrator
DHCP
DNS BOOT DHCP ) (MAC
IP DHCP BOOTP .
: DHCP 1-Static Configuration
2-Dynamic Configuartion

3-Alternate Configuartion
.

IP
IP
.
339
: Static Configuration
,
,

.
: Dynamic Configuartion

DHCP
DHCP ,
DHCP

.
341
: Alternate Configuartion
Static Dynamic
,
Alternate ,
Alternate APIPA
.
Alternate Configuartion
DHCP :
1- IP Address
2- Subnet Mask
3- IP Default Gateway
4- DNS Server
5- WINS
6- Time
IP ) (DHCP Lease Stages .
341
IP :
.
1- Client Sends a DHCP Discover Broadcast
2- Server Sends a DHCP Offer Unicast
3- Clinet Sends a DHCP Request Broadcast
4- Server Sends a DHCP ACK Unicast
: Client Sends a DHCP Discover Broadcast
, IP
, Broadcast
, IP
DHCP , IP
Offer
.
:Server Sends a DHCP Offer Unicast
IP Unicast
IP
DHCP
.
: Clinet Sends a DHCP Request Broadcast
DHCP
IP DHCP IP

, IP
IP .IP
:Server Sends a DHCP ACK Unicast
, IP DHCP .
342
DHCP DORA
DHCP UDP :
Server DHCP . UDP Port 67
DHCP Client . UDP Port 68
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :DHCP 50% )(renew
DHCP IP
87.5% DHCP
DHCP DISCOVER
IP .
:DHCP Relay Agents DHCP

DHCP
DHCP

Broadcast DHCP
DHCP Relay Agents

DHCP
DHCP Relay Agents

.
343
: Client Reservation DHCP

IP IP
DHCP MAC
Address :
-1 -1 MAC IP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DHCP
DHCP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip dhcp excuded-address 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.50
Excuded-address
.

Router (config) # ip dhcp pool HR

Router (dhcp-config) # network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

Router (dhcp-config) # default-router 10.0.0.100
Router (dhcp-config) # dns-server 10.0.0.99
Router (dhcp-config) # end
Router # show ip dhcp binding

DHCP Server
DHCP Server
.
. -1 DHCP Server .
-1 A
. 10.0.0.0/8
344
-3 DNS .10.0.0.99/8 IP
-1 IP . GY : 10.0.0.100/8
-5 IP
DHCP Server .

:
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip dhcp pool HR
Router (dhcp-config) # network 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
345
Router (dhcp-config) # default-router 10.0.0.100

Router (dhcp-config) # dns-server 10.0.0.99
Router (dhcp-config) # end
:
DHCP Server
.
IP 10.0.0.1
.
IP DHCP Server .
346
IP DHCP Server :
PC 2 Static DHCP
IP 10.0.0.2
DNS .

DHCP :
347
IP DHCP
DHCP
.
DHCP :
DHCP :
-1 DHCP
.
-2 .IP 192.168.1.0/24
-3 . IP 192.168.2.0/24
-4 DNS .
-5 IP .
348
DHCP :
DHCP Server
:

,
,
.

,

Host-NM-10/100 ,

,

349
,
............
,
.
DHCP
:
IP , Fast Ethernet 0/0
....
351
IP , Fast Ethernet 0/1 ......
DHCP .......
351
Services DHCP :
Pool Name , IP Gy
352
DNS Start
IP Address SubnetMask
. Add
: DHCP
Off .ON

......
DHCP .
:
,

.
IP PC
.1
PC1 .192.168.1.0/24
353
IP DHCP .
Laptop 1 IP .
354
Network Address Translation

)(NAT
: NAT
Private IP
Public IP
Defult Gateways (
) ,

.
: NAT

1- Static NAT One To One

2- Dynamic NAT Group To Group
3- PAT NAT One To Group

.
: NAT
-1 .
-1 .
-3 .
355
: Static NAT
Private IP
Public IP
Static NAT
Private IP Public IP

Private Network Public Network

,
Src 10.0.0.15 Dest
200.0.0.10 200.0.0.10

123.0.0.0/24
NAT
,
10.0.0.15

.
Static NAT Private IP Public IP
Public IP .
356
: Dynamic NAT NAT Pool

Public IP ,

.
Pool , Public IP

NAT Pool
.

NAT
Pool
.
357
:PAT NAT

Public IP

.
NAT PAT
NAT
NAT PAT
.
: NAT NAT
.

RIP
NAT PAT

358

.
NAT Names
NAT
1- Global Address = Public Address
2- Local Address = Private Address
359
Inside Outside
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAT
Static NAT Configuration

Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.9 52.53.54.55
IP IP .Public IP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynamic NAT Configuration

Router > enable
Router # config t
361
Router (config) # access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

Router (config) # ip nat pool IT 52.53.54.1 52.53.54.40 netmask
255.255.255.0
Pool
ISP netmask
. Pool
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool IT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PAT NAT Configuration

Router > enable
Router # config t
255.255.255.0
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool IT overload
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NAT PAT .
192.168.1.0/24
.
192.168.50.0/24
RIPv2 .
192.168.2.0/24
. NAT

NAT

361
NAT
.
: NAT

NAT NAT
. RIP
:
NAT

. NAT

R2 :
. RIPv2
: inside , outside
.
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
362

Router (config-if) # ip nat inside
Router (config-if) # ip nat outside
255.255.255.0
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool IT overload
NAT-PAT RIPv2 NAT-PAT
RIPv2
363

. NAT-PAT
R1 Ping .R2
R2
.
R1 .

R RIPv2 * S default gateway

0.0.0.0
.
R2 .
364
R1
R2
NAT PAT .
Packet
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
R1
NAT PAT
Router # debug ip nat .
.

192.168.1.1 65.65.60.1
.
:
365
NAT

Packet
IP NAT

.
First Hop Redundancy Protocols = FHRP
:FHRP

IP

366

.
IP .
- : FHRP
)1- Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP

)2- Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP
)3- Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP
FHRP

.
367
: HSRP

Gateway

IP

.
: HSRP .
:HSRP version HSRP .
HSRP version 1
IPv4 224.0.0.2 all

routers UDP Port 1985
) (00:00:0c:07:ac:XX

.
HSRP version 2

IPv4 IPv6
) IPv6 ff02::66 IPv4 224.0.0.102 (HSRP
UDP Port 1985
()00:05:73:a0:0X:XX( IPv4 00:00:0c:9f:fX:XX
.IPv6
: HSRP : Actice
: Standby
.
368
Actice
priority . Actice
: HSRP HSRP
10 ,
224.0.0.2 all routers
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HSRP
HSRP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config-if) # standby 1 priority 90
Virtual IP
Router (config-if) # standby 1 ip 10.0.0.0
Group
Router (config-if) # standby 1 preempt
HSRP HSRP
.
:
192.168.1.0/24 .
192.168.2.0/24 .
:
369
-1
-1
-3
R1 f 0/0 192.168.1.3/24 f 0/1

. 192.168.2.2/24
R2 f 0/0 192.168.1.2/24 f 0/1
. 192.168.2.3/24
Virtual IP 192.168.1.1/24
.192.168.2.1/24
: Gy
192.168.1.1 Gy
.192.168.2.1

R1 HSRP .
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastEthernet 0/0

371

Virtual IP
Router (config-if) # standby priority 90

Group

Virtual IP

Group

. R2 R1 : R2 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
371

HSRP R1 R2

. Actice

Gy

.
372

.
:
Router # show standby brief
R1 Virtual IP

. R2
HSRP
R1 :
Router # show standby

373
- :
:
Gy 192.168.1.1

.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :VRRP HSRP

.
HSRP
:
HSRP Active
. Standby
VRRP Master
. Backup
Active = Master, Standby = Backup
374
OSPF and EIGRP using IP Protocol Virtual Mac Address = 00-00-5E-00-01-XX

224.0.0.18 Hello Packet -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VRRP
VRRP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config-if) # vrrp 1 priority 90
Router (config-if) # vrrp dby ip 11.1.1.1
Router (config-if) # vrrp 1 preempt
375
: GLBP
OSI
Load Balancing
.
) Active Virtual Gateway (AVG .

) Active Vritual Forword (AVF .
. Multicast ip 224.0.0.102
. UDP Port 3222
.Mac Address 0007.B400.XXYY
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLBP
GLBP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config-if) # glbp 1 priority 100
Router (config-if) # glbp ip 12.1.1.1
Router (config-if) # glbp 1 preempt
376
)Network Time Protocol (NTP

: NTP
, .
NTP UDP .123
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NTP
NTP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ntp server 192.168.1.100
Router (config) # ntp authentication-key 1 md5 cisco
Router (config) # ntp update-calendar
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :
:
377
Level ( 4 )
WAN
WAN
379........................................................Wide Area Networks WAN
386 ......................Point to Point Protocol PPP
388 ...................................................Authentication Methods PPP
394.................... Frame Relay Protocol
405.................................Multi Protocol Label Switching MPLS
408................................Virtual Private Network VPN
378
)Wide Area Networks (WAN
: WAN

.
: WAN
.
WAN

WAN

379
Packets
.
WAN OSI Layer .
WAN .
WAN Connection Types
.
Leased Line, 2- Circuit Switching, 3- Packet Switching
: Leased Line -3
ISP Leased Line

.
: Leased Line

.

Leased Line .
Leased Line

.Leased Line
381
Leased Line
. HDLC , PPP
) : High Level Data Link Control (HDLC

.
HDLC
. IP Header
HDLC .
HDLC -1 6
.

.
HDLCv2 -1 7
Proprietary
.
: Flag Frame

.8 bits
381
: Address IP
.8 bit
: Control
Flow Control
.8 bit
: Protocol
PPP, HDLC .LLC Header
: Data
.
: FCS
FCS

.
: Flag

.
Circuit Switching -. Circuit-
Switching

.
: Circuit Switching -1 Reverse Charging

.
-1 Call
.Redirect
382
-3

.
: Circuit Switching -1
.
-1

.
-3

.
-1
.
: Packet Switching -1

.
Serial
)Data Communication Equipment(DCE

383

.
: Packet Switching -1
.
-1
.
-3

.
.
-1 .
-1 .
-3 .
.
: X.25 Packet-
Switching Data Communication Equipment
) (DCE )Data Terminal Equipment (DTE
X.25
Router . Gy
X.25
OSI Layers :
-1 Physical Layer
.
-1 Data-Link Layer
.
384
-3
. Packets
:

Full Duplex
.

DCE
DTE , X.25
.HDLC

.
X.25
Packet-Switching
. OSI Layers
Physical Layer, Data-Link Layer, Network Layer
385
)Point to Point Protocol (PPP

: PPP WAN
Data Link OSI Layers
HDLC
PPP
.HDLC
PPP Header Header
HDLC .
Header HDLC
Header , PPP
HDLC
PPP ,
Header HDLC
Header PPP Header
, :
386
Feature
HDLC PPP
Error detection
Yes
Yes
Error recovery
No
Yes
Standard Protocol Type field
No
Yes
Default on IOS Serial links
Yes
No
No
Yes
Supports synchronous and as
asynchronous links
PPP .HDLC-
PPP .
-1 , Network Control Protocol

) (NCP Encapsulation
PPP
Network Layers IP , IPx , Apple Talk
.
-1 ) Link Control Protocol (LCP

PPP
. PPP
-1 Negotiation
.
-1 Authentication
.
-3 Compression
.
-1 Error Detections
Header

.
-5 Multilink
.
387
PPP Authentication Methods

PPP
PPP

Authentication
.
Authentication :Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) -3

User Name and Passowrd
Authentication

PPP

Authentication

.
:
Clear Text .
388
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) -.


. MD5

.
: Leased Line Configuration389
Leased Line Configuration

Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # hostname R1
Router (config) # interface Serial 1/0
Router (config-if) # encapsulation ppp
Router (config-if) # ppp authentication chap or pap
Router (config) # username R2 Password cisco123
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Serial Cable
ppp

:
391

.
.
223.255.255.0 ppp
.
R1 :
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface Serial 0/3/0
391

Router (config-if) # ppp authentication chap
R1
: R1 # copy running-config startup-config
R1 : R2
392
: R2 Router > enable

Router # config t
Router (config) # interface Serial 0/3/0
Router (config-if) # ppp authentication chap
: R2 # copy running-config startup-config

393
Frame Relay Protocol

:Frame Relay Packet Switching

Frame

56 kbps , 45 kbps

.
: Frame Relay
-1 .
-1 .
-3 .X.25
-1 ANSI CCITT/ITU
Frame Relay Forum
. Frame Relay
-5
.WAN
-5 Connection-Oriented
(Permanent Virtual )PVC
Circuit .
-7 PVC
.Frame Relay
394
: Frame Relay
-1
-1
-3
-1
-5
-6
.
.
.
ISDN
.
.
.
: Frame Relay
-1
-1
-3
-1
.
DLCI
. Frame Relay
Frame Relay
PVC
.

Frame .
-5 Switch
DLCI
.
-6

In-Band Congestion Signaling

.
395
:Frame Relay
-1
.
-1 .
-3
.
Frame Relay :
-3

Customer
) Termination Equipment (CTE PVC
, . Frame Relay Service Point
-1 .
:CTE Frame Relay
.

Frame Relay
Frame Relay
. Frame Relay
: Frame Relay
-3 Full
. Mesh
396
-1 Partial Mesh
.Topology
-3 Hub and Spoke Topology

.
Frame Relay Frame Relay

Frame Relay
Frame Relay

Frame
Relay .
397
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame Relay

RIPv2 , EIGRP , OSPF
.
- :
:
-1 . Frame Relay
-1 .
-3
. Frame Relay
-4
Frame Relay
-5 RIPv2
.
-6 Frame Relay Frame
.Relay
398
: (R1)
IP Address Private Network f0/0 192.168.1.1/24
IP Address Serial 0/0/0.103 172.20.3.1
Serial 0/0/0.103
Serial 0/0/0.102
DLCI 102
DLCI 103
: (R2)
Serial 0/0/0.201
Serial 0/0/0.203
DLCI 201
DLCI 203
: (R3)
Serial 0/0/0. 301
Serial 0/0/0. 302
DLCI 301
DLCI 302
399
:
R1
Router > enable
Router # config t
R1 (config) # interface serial 0/0/0
R1 (config-if) # encapsulation frame-relay
R1 (config-if) # interface serial 0/0/0.102 point-to-point
R1 (config-subif) # frame-relay interface-dlci 102
R1 (config-subif) # ip address 172.20.1.1 255.255.255.252
R1 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0.103 point-to-point
R1 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0
R1 (config-if) # no shutdown
R1 (config-if) # exit
R1 (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
R1 (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1 (config) # router rip
R1 (config-router) # version 2
R1 (config-router) # network 192.168.1.0
R1 (config-router) # end
R1 # copy running-config startup-config
411
R1 .
R2
Router > enable
Router # config t
411
R2
.
R3
Router > enable
Router # config t
412
Frame Relay
.
Frame Relay :
Config Serial :
413
DLCI

DLCI Frame Relay
.
Add

.
Packets Successful
Faill
.
414
Successful
:

.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS
:MPLS WAN

MPLS Frame Relay
MPLS
OSI Layers
IP IP
Packets
Frame .
MPLS

.
415
MPLS

Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet.
.
.
.
) (RVSP
(CR-LDP).

.
.

.
RSVP ) (CR-LDP
Cisco
.
: MPLS :Provider Router (P) -3 .ISP
:Provider Edge (PE) -.
.
:Customer Edg (CE) -1
LAN .WAN
416
MPLS : Label
MPLS Label
Header

MPLS Label
MPLS Routing
Table
MPLS Label
Label .
Label Label :
Layer 2 Header [MPLS Header] IP Packets
32 bits MPLS Header
:
: -1
ISP

.
-1

.
417
VPN
Virtual Private Network

: VPN

Remote Access

VPN VPN

VPN

VPN .
: VPN

VPN
.
418
VPN :

.
:

VPN

VPN

. VPN
IP Public
.
419
VPN
GateWay
Target Network
Clients
.

)(Tunneling
.
:VPN Tunneling
VPN
.
:)Point T Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP
)Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP
.)Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP
)VPN, Security Protocol (IPSec
411
VPN , VPN .
-1 Authentication
.
-1 Data Integrity
.
-3 Confidentiality

.
-1 Anti Reply

.
: VPN
-1 Cost Saving VPN
VPN
. IP Public
-1 Remotely Connection

. VPN
-3 Scalability
.
-1 Security

VPN
.
411
: VPN
VPN
:
: VPN
Dial up VPN
)Point to point VPN (IP VPN
Site to Site VPN
)Site to Multi Site VPN (DM VPN
MPLS VPN
12345-
Dial up VPN .3
VPN

Dial up VPN
.
Point to point VPN (IP VPN) ..

VPN VPN

.
412
Site to Site VPN .1

Point to point VPN
.
Site to Multi Site VPN (DM VPN) .4

.
413
MPLS VPN .6
MPLS VPN
.
414
Level ( 5 )
Networks Security

416.........................................................Access Control Lists (ACL)
422 .......................................................Switch Security
424 .............................................Authentication Methods
425..........................................................Network security
427.........................................................................Firewall
415
)Access Control Lists (ACL
: ACL

.
: ACL -1
.
-1
.
-3 ACL Filtering
.
-1 OSI Layer .
-5
.ACL
-6 .
-7
.
-8 ACL
.
-9 ACL Premit , Deny
.
-11 .
416
-11 WildCard Mask . ACL

- : ACL
1-Standerd , 2- Extended , 3- Name ACL

ACL
.
: Standerd

Source IP Address . 1-99
: Extended
Web Server
http Telnet

. Destination IP Address , Source IP Address
: Name ACL
.
:ACL A . B . C . D Address to match 172.16.10.0 0.0.0.255
Any Source Host Any
Any
A Single Host Address
Host
host 172.16.10.5
Deny
Premit
:
Premit
.
417
ACL Configuration
ACL
Standard
/ Extended ACL Configuration
Standard
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # access-list 1 deny host 172.16.10.5
Router (config) # access-list 1 permit any
Router (config) # interface fastetherent 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 1 out
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Standard Name ACL
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip access-list standard internet
Router (config-std-nacl) # deny host 172.16.10.5
Router (config-std-nacl) # permit any
Router (config) # exit
Router (config-if) # ip access-group internet out
418
Extended
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # access-list 10 deny host 172.16.10.5 host
192.168.1.1 eq http
Router (config) # access-list 10 permit ip any any
Router (config) # interface fastetherent 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 10 in
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Extended Name ACL
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip access-list extended http
Router (config-std-nacl) # deny tcp host 172.16.10.5 host
192.168.1.1 eq http
Router (config-std-nacl) # permit ip any any
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 100 in
419
ACL
:
:
-1
-1
-3
-1
192.168.1.0/24 .
172.16.1.0/16 .
10.0.0.0/8 ACL
.
.
:Router > enable

Router # config t
Router (config) # access-list 101 deny ip host 10.0.0.2
192.168.1.2 0.0.0.255
Router (config) # access-list 101 permit ip any any
Router (config) # ip access-group 101 in
421
ACL Extended 10.0.0.0/8

192.168.1.0/24 .
10.0.0.0/8 .
10.0.0.0/8
192.168.1.0/24
ACL
172.16.1.0/16
.
172.16.1.0/16

ACL 10.0.0.0/8
.
421
Switch Security
: Switch Security

.
:

.
-1
.

)Trucking Dynamic Protocol (TDP

Hub Broad Cast
Hub

.
422
:
Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/1

Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/1-10

Switch (config-if-range) # switchport mode trunk
Trunk
Trunk Trunk .
:
Switch (config-if-range) # switchport mode access
Switch (config-if-range) # switchport nonegotiate
-------------------------------------------------------------------- -1

. Port Security

Switch (config-if) # switchport port-security maximum 1

? Switch (config-if) # switchport port-security mac-address

? Switch (config-if) # switchport port-security violation

-3 Vlan

.
-1
.
423
-5 Vlan 1

Vlan .
-6 Vlan Vlan
Vlan
Vlan .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Authentication Methods
: Authentication

.
-1
. Something You Know
-1
. Something You have
-3
. Certifcate Authority
-1 CHAP
.
424
-5 Kerberos
Tickets

Kerberos
.
-6 PAP

. Kerberos
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Network security
:

:
.
.

.
:

.

:

425
.

.
.

.
.
.
:
: Data Confidentiality

: .
: Data Integrity

:

100 1000000
.
:Availability

.
426
Firewall ,
: Firewall
/

.

,

:
.
-

.
.

() .
.

.
.
"
" .
427
: Packet Filters
1988 )(DEC

.
AT&T
.
) (packets
.
(
"" .

) (TCP) (UDP .
) (TCP ) (UDP
" " (

.
: Stateful Filters

.
:
.
): (Application Layer Firewall

AT&T "
) (Application Layer Firewall
) (Proxy server
DEC . SEAL
428
) Level ( 6
Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting 430 .........................
434............................IPv4 / IPv6
435....................................................Access List ACL
436..............................
437.........................Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP
440.............................................................................................Syslog
441.................................
442.............................Router Ways With Packets
443..................................Vlans Allowed in Trunked Interface
444.........................................Software - Defined Networking SDN
446.........................................................Virtualization
450........................................................................Cloud Technology
457.........................................................................Quality of service
461..........................................................Wireless LAN
429
Troubleshooting

:

OSI
Show
,

.

.
-1
-1
-3
-1
-5
-6
OSI
.
TCP/IP . OSI

.

.

.

:
Backup , SNMP , Syslog , Wire shark , NetFlow
431
OSI

.

.
-1 Application
Remote Control

.
431
-1 Presentation

.
-3 Session

Session

.
-1 Transport
TCP , UDP

FTP ,
TFTP .
-5 Network

.
-6 Data Link

Data Link .
-7 Physical

.

432

.
:
.
Router # show controllers serial 0/0/0

.

.

.
: Vlan Problems

.
Switch # show van
Vlan
.
Switch # show interfaces trunk
Trunk .
Switch # show vtp status
VTP .
Switch (config) # no spanning-tree vlan 1,2,3,4
STP
Vlan .
Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/5
433
Switch (config-if) # spanning-tree portfast

Portfast .
. STP
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv4 / IPv6

.
-1
-1
-3
-1
-5

.

.

.

.

Subnet
Mask .
434
-6
192.168.1.1
.
-7 DHCP
:
DHCP

Pool
.

DHCP
DHCP
.

DHCP

DHCP
DHCP Realy Agent
DHCP .
DHCP
DHCP

Pool .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACL - Access List
Router # show access-lists / Router # show ip access-lists
Router # show ip interface
435

. ACL

: NAT Router # show running-config

Router # show ip nat translations
: Static Routing Router # show ip route
Router # ping
Router # traceroute
: Dynamic Routing
RIP Trobleshooting
Router # ping
Router # traceroute
436

OSPF Trobleshooting
Router # show ipv6 ospf database
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor
Router # ping
Router # traceroute
EIGRP Trobleshooting
Router # show ip eigrp database
Router # show ipv6 eigrp database
Router # show ipv6 eigrp neighbor
Router # ping
Router # traceroute
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
437
: SNMP

.
1- SNMP Manager , 2- SNMP Agent , 3- Management Info Base
: SNMP Manager .SNTP
: SNMP Agent
.SNTP
: Management Info Base
SNTP
).Object ID (OID
: SNMP1- SNMPv1 , 2- SNMPv2c , 3-SNMPv2u , 4-SNMPv3

438
: SNMP1- GET , 2- Respinse , 3- Get Next , 4- Set , 5- Traps , 6- Inform

: GET SNMP Manager SNMP
Agent .
: Respinse .
: Get Next .
: Set SNMP Manager
IP .
: Traps
.
: Inform .
SNMP UDP 161. , 162
439
Syslog
: Syslog

. Action
UDP . Port 514 .)Spluck , Kiwi Syslog( Syslog441
Syslog Levels
.
Emergencies
Alerts
Critical
Error
Warning
6- Notifications
7- Informational
8- Debugging
12345-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Switch Ways With Frames

441
1- Cut-Through

.
2- Store and Forward

.
3- Fragment-Free

64 .
Router Ways With Packets

1- Process Switching

.
2- Fast Switching
442
443
Vlans Allowed in Trunked Interface
: Vlans Allowed
Vlan Vlan
Trunk Interface
Trunk Interface Vlan

.
Switch (config-if) # switchport trunk allowed vlan 1-2
444
)Software - Defined Networking (SDN

:
The control plane

The Data
plane .
OpenFlow
Control plane . Data planes
: SDN
SDN
SDN

.
SND

. virtualization
445
.

SDN
.

.

.

.

.
. GMPLS , MPLS

.

.
446
Virtualization ,

Vm Citrix
.

.
:
:
Paravirtualization , Binary Translation , Emulation
: Emulation
Emulation

Super Nintendo
Playstation Atari 2600

.
447
: Paravirtualization PV
Sun
.
. PV xBSD
.
: Binary Translation BT
XYZ
BT .

.
448
:

.

. Virtual Machine Manager
VMM VT 4
""
.
:
4
VMPTLRD

.
VMLaunch . VMResume
VMResume .
VMLaunch Virtual Machine Control Structure
.

Bitmaps VMCS
. 32
VMResume
.
449
:

.
:

.
:

.

IBM

.
451
Cloud Technology
:

.

Cloud Tech

.
451
: Cloud Technology

. IP
DNS

.

session id
.
.

() .

.

.
, :
) (Autonomic Computing "
.
) (Client-server model
()

.

Transaction
. processing
452
: Cloud infrastructure
"
Infrastructure as a Service
) (hardware virtualization

.

( ) .

.
: Cloud
-
, .
,
,
,
, .
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465

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:
CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101
Official Cert Guide By Wendell Odom
CCENTCCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert
Guide By Wendell Odom
)Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching (200-120
Official Cert Guide Library
Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching How to Master

466

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Eng.

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Cisco Certified Network

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

)Local Area Networks - (LAN

)Wide Area Networks - (WAN

)Campus Area Networks - (CAN

)Personal Area Networks - (PAN

)Metropolitan Area Networks - (MAN

)Wireless Local Area Networks - (WLAN

)Global Area Networks - (GAN

)Storage Area Networks - (SAN

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Peer to Peer Networks

Client / Server Networks

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

: Point to point Topology

: Point to Multipoint Topology

: Hybrid Topology Network

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Fiber Optic Cable Twisted Pair Cable

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Thick net Thin

Thin net Thick net.

511 mbps31 Thick

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

-2 Unshielded Twisted Pair / UTP

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

STP UTP RJ- 45

-1 : fiber optic cables

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

:POP - Post Office Protocol

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

:. ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

SNMP , DNS , FTP , LDAP , LMP , NTP , HTTP , DHCP ,

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

UDP: User Datagram Protocol