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MATH 38

UNIT 3. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS


Objectives: Upon the completion of the course,
the student must be able to evaluate
multiple integrals using rectangular, polar,
cylindrical and spherical coordinates
Review: Polar Coordinates
Outline:
Double Integrals (in Rectangular
Coordinates)
Double Integrals (in Polar Coordinates)
Triple Integrals (in Rectangular
Coordinates)
Triple Integrals (in Other Coordinate
Systems)
Area and Volume in Rectangular,
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
Reference: 13.1 to 13.6, TC7
In MATH 36, single integrals were used to
determine area of planar regions. In MATH 37, it
was extended to determining lengths of planar
curves, volumes of solids of revolution and center
of mass of planar regions. In MATH 38, the theory

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and applications of single (Riemann) integrals will


be generalized to multiple integrals. In its basic
form, multiple integral is integration in the n
dimensional number space done by succession of
single integrals.
Looking back (Forming the single integral)
Consider a single-variable function f
continuous over some closed interval
a ,b . Form a partition of the interval
into n sub-intervals of length i x ,
i 1,2 ,3 , . . .
Then, pick a sample point for
each of the sub-intervals. Choose xi for
the i th sub-interval. The "area" f xi i x
is then formed for each of the subinterval.

b
a

f x dx

lim

f xi i x

i 1

This construction can also be done for


functions of two variables which is defined over
some region on the xy plane. The region will
divided into sub-regions and "volumes" will be
considered for each of theses sub-regions.

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3.1 Double Integrals (in Rectangular


Coordinates)
Consider a function f of two variables x and
which is continuous over a rectangular region
R x,y a x b; c x d
.

Form a partition of R by means of horizontal or


vertical lines. Hence, the region is subdivided into
say n sub-rectangles each denoted by Ri ,
i 1,2 ,3 , . , . ,n
.
Let

and i y be the lengths of the sides of Ri


. If i A is the area of the i th sub-rectangle, then
i A i x i y .
ix

On each sub-rectangle, choose a sample point


say xi ,yi on Ri . Consider the "volume" formed by
f xi ,yi i A for each of the sub-rectangle and form the
Riemann sum


.
n

f xi ,yi i A

i 1

If
over the region,
approximates the area of the region.
f x,y 0

f xi ,yi i A

i 1

(Illustrations will be provided in the class.)

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Definition (of double integral).


Let f be a function of two variables x
and y defined over a closed rectangular


region R . If
exists, then
f
is said to be integrable on R .
Moreover, the double integral of f over

R , denoted by
, is given by
n

f xi ,yi i A

lim

i 1

f x, y dA

f x,y dA

lim

f xi ,yi i A

i 1

The rectangular region R can be


extended to any closed and bounded region
on the xy plane. Later on, the regions that
will be considered will be bounded by some
continuous curves over the plane.
Remarks: 1. If

f x,y 0

over the region R ,



is the volume of the solid under
the surface z f x,y and above the region
.
2. is the area of region R .
f x,y dA

dA

Theorem (on integrability).


If f is bounded on the closed and
bounded region R and if it is continuous

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there except on a finite number of


smooth curves, then f is integrable on
R . In particular, if f is continuous on all
of R , then f is integrable there.
Properties of the Double Integral
i.
ii.

k f x,y dA k
R

f x,y

f x, y dA

g x,y

dA

f x,y dA

iii. If R1 R2 R such that


curve,

g x,y

dA

iv. If

f x,y g x,y
f x,y dA

R1 R2

f x,y dA

R1

g x,y dA

is only a

f x, y dA

R2

over

, then
.

g x,y dA
R

Evaluating Double Integrals (over


rectangular region)
Consider

f x,y 0

over a rectangular region


R x,y a x b; c x d
. maybe
interpreted as the volume of the solid under the
surface z f x,y and above the region R . Hence,
f x, y dA

f x, y dA

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Consider the given solid. Alternatively, the


volume of the solid can be calculated by "slicing" it
into (vertical) slabs parallel to the xz plane. The
area of the face of each of these slabs depends on
how far it is from the xz plane (or on y ). Hence,
the area of each slab can be denoted by A y .
The volume of each slab ( V ) can be
approximated by V A y dy where dyis the
.
thickness of the slab. Hence,
d

A y dy

On the other hand, for particular values of y ,


A y can be evaluated by using single integrals. In
fact, where z f x,y and dx are the
height and width of each, respectively.
A y

f x, y dx

(Illustrations will be provided in the class.)


Thus,

f x,y dA V

f x,y dx dy

Also, if slabs parallel to the


used,

f x,y dA V

yz

plane will be

f x,y dy dx

f x,y dx

The expressions
and

are called as iterated integrals.
These are used to evaluate double integrals. Note
that the bounds of each of the integral depend on

f x,y dy

dx

dy

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the bounds of the region and variable of


integration.
CAUTION!
The brackets within the iterated integrals can
be omitted allowing dydx or dxdy to specify the
order of integration to be done.
When evaluating single integral of the form
, treat y as a constant while for ,
treat x as a constant.
f x, y dx

f x, y dy

Example.
Evaluate

x,y

2 x 3y

dA

where

R is the region given by

1 x 2; 0 x 3 .

Evaluating Double Integrals (over


nonrectangular region)
Consider a function
z f x,y defined over a
region R bounded
above by y g x , below
by y h x , on the left by

R
1

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and on the right


Then,
x a

f x,y dA

g x

x b

h x

f x,y dy dx

Consider a function
z f x,y defined over a
region R bounded on
the right by x g y , on
the left by x h y , above
by y d and below by
y c
. Then,

f x, y dA

Examples.
1. Evaluate

R2

g y
h y

4 x y

f x, y dx dy

dA

if

R is the region bounded by

y x2

y x , and the lines x 1 and x 4 .


Try both dydx and dxdy as the order of integration.
2. Evaluate

4 x y

dA

if

R is the region bounded by

y x3

and

.
3. Set-up the iterated integral that will solve for the volume of the
tetrahedron bounded by the plane 3 x y 2z 6 0 and the
coordinate planes.
4. Set-up the iterated integral that will solve for the volume of the solid in
the first octant bounded by the paraboloid z x2 y2 and the
x

cylinder

x2 y2 4 .

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There are iterated integrals that can be


efficiently evaluated by changing the order of
integration.
Example.
4

Evaluate

ex dxdy

y
2

by changing the order of integration.

CAUTION! The process of changing the order of


integration in NOT a simple process of
interchanging variables. It always goes back
to the region and setting-up a new iterated
integral.
Exercises.
Evaluate the following.
1.

x2 y xy3

x,y

2.

dA where R =

0 x 1; 1 x 1

sin x y dA

where

3.

x,y

R=

0 x ;0 x

xy dA

where

x 4 and the

R is the region bounded by

x axis.

, the line

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SET-UP the iterated integrals that will solve for the volumes of the following
solids.
4. the tetrahedron bounded by the plane 2 x 3y z 6 0 and the
coordinate planes
5. the "wedge" bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes x 5
and y 2z 4 0
6. the solid bounded by the elliptic paraboloid
plane and the cylinder

z x2 4y 2

x2 4y 2 4

7. the "scoop-of-ice-cream-on-a-cone" bounded by the cone


z
x2 y2 and the paraboloid z 6 x2 y2

______________________

, the xy

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3.2 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

f x,y dA

is the integral of a function f over a


region R on the coordinate plane. In the previous
section, the regions considered are bounded by
curves defined by equations in Cartesian
coordinates. But, can also be defined
over regions bounded by curves in polar
coordinates.
R

f x,y dA

Review:

If P is a point with Cartesian coordinates


and polar coordinates r , , then
r 2 x2 y2
tan

x r cos

y
x

y r sin

If a region R is
bounded by the curve
r f , , then
the area of the region
is given by
.
A

1
2

2 d

x,y

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r drd

1
2

2 d

Let z f x,y be continuous and nonnegative


over a region R . Then, the volume of the solid
under the surface z f x,y and above R is given by
.
V

f x, y dA

Now, let

a polar rectangle given by R =


r , a r b; , where a 0 and 2 . Also,
the equation of the surface can be written as
R

z f x,y f r cos ,r sin g r ,

If R is partitioned into n smaller polar


rectangles, then the area of the i th polar
rectangle is given by ri i r i where ri is the
average radius of the polar rectangle and i r and
i are its dimensions.
(Illustrations will be provided in the class.)

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Hence, the volume V can be approximated by



. Taking the limit of this
summation as the number sub-polar rectangles
increases without bound,
n

g ri , i ri i r i

i 1

f x,y dA

g r , r drd .
R

Examples.
Use polar coordinates to evaluate the following.
1.

2
2
ex y dA

where

R is the region bounded by

x2 y2 1

in

the first quadrant.


2.

x2 y 2 dA

where

R is the region bounded by

x2 y2 1 ,

and the lines y x and y 0 .


SET-UP the iterated integrals in polar coordinates that will solve for the
volume of the following solids.
3. under the plane z y and above the region in the first quadrant
that is outside the circle r 2 and inside the cardioid
r 2 2 cos
z x2 y2

4. under the surface


Exercises. 2
cylinder x y2

above the xy plane and inside the

2y .

Evaluate the following using polar coordinate.


1 y2

1.

2.

1
4 x2 y2

R
x2 y2 1

sinx2 y 2 dxdy

dA

where

and inside the

R is the region outside the circle


x2 y2 4

SET-UP the iterated integrals that will solve for the area of the following
region.
3. inside the lemniscate r 2 9 cos2 but outside the circle r 2
4. inside the limacon r 3 cos but outside the circle
r 5 cos

SET-UP the iterated integrals (in polar coordinates) that will solve for the
volume of the following solids.
5. enclosed by the sphere x2 y2 z2 25
6. below the x2 y2
the xy plane
7. inside the cylinder
z x2 y2

z2 4

but above the region

x2 y2 9

x2 y2 1

but outside the paraboloid

in the first quadrant.

in

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________________________
3.3 Triple Integrals (in Rectangular
Coordinates)

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Consider a function f of three variables


defined over some rectangular parallelepiped (or a
box) with faces parallel to the coordinate planes.
Partition the box into n sub-boxes each with
dimensions i x, i y and i z . If i V is the volume of
the i th sub-box, then iV i x i y i z . Then, choose
a sample point xi ,yi ,zi from the i th sub-box.
(Illustrations will be provided in the class.)

Form the Riemann sum


.
Taking the limit of this sum as the number of
sub-box,
f xi ,yi ,zi i V

i 1

f x,y ,z dV

lim

f xi ,yi ,zi i V

i 1

where S is the given rectangular


parallelepiped.

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Let w f x,y,z be defined over some rectangular


parallelepiped S given by
x,y,z a x b;c y d;e z f . A triple integral can be
evaluated by expressing it as an iterated integral:
f x,y,z dV

f
e

f x, y,z dzdydx

Note that the orders of integration can vary.


For dx, dy and dz, there are six possible orders of
integration. The bounds of the integrals are
dependent on the order of integration.
The illustration above can also be interpreted
as
f x,y,z dV
S

d
c

f x, y ,z dydxdz

Example.
Evaluate

given by

x,y,z

Let

6 xy2 z3 dV

if S given is the rectangular parallelepiped

1 x 2 ; 2 y 4 ;0 z 5

be defined on some solid S.

(Illustration will be provided in the class.)

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To evaluate
, it is expressed in
terms of an iterated integral each with its own
f x,y ,z dV

respective bounds:

f x,y,z dV

a2

h2 x

a1

h1 x

g2 x,y

f x,y,z dzdydx

g1 x,y

Note that the bounds of the integrals are


dependent on the order of integration. If dxdydz,
then the bounds of the innermost integral should
be functions of y and z , the bounds of the middle
integral should be functions of z and the outermost
integral should be bounded by constants.
Example.
Evaluate the following.
1.

2.

2 xyzdydxdz

2 xyz dV

cylinder z 2

where S is the solid bounded by the parabolic


1 x2
2

and the planes z 0 , y x and y 0

Use dzdydx as the order of integration.


What if dydxdz will be used as the order of integration.
______________
3. Write

9 x2
0

2 x
0

f x, y ,z dzdydx

as an iterated integral

with dydxdz as the order of integration.

REMARK:
S

dV

gives the volume of the solid S.

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Example. SET-UP the definite integral that will solve for the volume of
the following solids.
1. bounded by the cylinder x2 y2 25 and the plane
x y z 8 and the xy plane
2. bounded by the paraboloids

z x2 y2

3. bounded by the elliptic cone


z1

4 x2 9y2 z2 0

and

z 6 x2 y2

and the plane

Exercises.
Evaluate the following.
1.
2.
3.

y
0

sin
x y z dxdydz

3y
0

y
y 2 z2

x2 z2 dV

dzdydx

where S is the solid formed by the plane

12 x 20 y 15 z 60 and the coordinate planes

4.

z2 dV

x2 z 1

where S is the solid bounded by the cylinders

and

y2 z 1

and the xy plane

SET-UP the iterated (triple) integrals that will solve for the volume of
the following solids.
5. bounded by y 2x2 and y 4z 8 in the first octant
6. bounded by the cylinder y x2 2 and the planes y 4 ,
z 0 and 3y 4z 0
7. above the xy plane, below the plane z y and bounded
laterally by the cylinder y2 x and the plane x 1
8. above the xy plane bounded by the surfaces y
x 1 y2
4

and

z x2 y

_________________________

1 x2
,
4

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3.4 Triple Integrals in Other Coordinate


Systems
There two other coordinate systems that can
be used for triple integrals: a.) the cylindrical
coordinate system which is an extension of the
polar coordinate system on a plane, and b.) the
spherical coordinate system which measures
distance from the origin and angles with respect to
the positive x axis and positive z axis.
in Cylindrical Coordinates
Consider a point P with Cartesian coordinates
x,y,z . The cylindrical coordinates of the point
will be given by r, ,z where r , is the polar
representation of x,y . Hence, x r cos , y r sin and
r 2 x2 y2 .
Also,

w f x,y,z f r cos ,r sin ,z g r , ,z

In Cartesian coordinates, dV dzdydx is a


volume of some rectangular parallelepiped. Note
that dV dAdz and in the polar coordinates, dA r drd .

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Hence, in cylindrical coordinates, dV r drd dz which


represents the volume of some cylindrical wedge.
(Illustrations will be provided in the class.)

Given

f x,y,z dV

a2

h2 x

a1

h1 x

g2 x,y

f x,y,z dzdydx

g1 x,y

in

Cartesian coordinates. This can be written in


cylindrical coordinates as

g r , ,z dV

r2
r1

h2 r ,

g r , ,z r dzdrd

h1 r ,

Note that the bounds were also transformed to


their cylindrical or polar forms. The bounds of the
integrals is again dependent on the order of
integration indicated by dz, dr and d .
CAUTION! Not all triple integrals in Cartesian
coordinates can be efficiently transformed
(or evaluated) to its form in cylindrical
coordinates.

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Examples. Evaluate the following using cylindrical coordinates.


1.

x2 y 2 dV

x2 y2 9

2.

where S is the solid bounded by

and the planes z 0 and z 4

x y z dV

where S is the solid bounded by

x2 y2 z2 16

in Spherical Coordinates
Consider a point P with Cartesian coordinates
x,y,z . The spherical coordinates of the point will
be given by , , where is the distance of the
point from the origin, is the measure of the angle
in standard position formed by "projecting"
segment OP to the xy plane and is the measure
of the (smallest) angle formed by segment OP and
the positive z axis.

(Illustrations will be provided in the class.)

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Hence, if the Cartesian coordinate of P is


and its spherical coordinate is , , , then
x sin cos

Also,

x,y,z

z cos

y sin sin

w f x,y ,z f sin cos , sin sin , cos g , ,

There are some surfaces that are simple to


represent in the spherical coordinate system such
as spheres with center at the origin, k , and
cones with "vertices" at the origin, c , for some
constants k and c .
In Cartesian coordinates, dV dzdydx is a
volume of some rectangular parallelepiped. In
spherical coordinates,
which
represents the volume of some spherical wedge.
dV 2 sin d d d

Given

f x,y,z dV

a2

h2 x

a1

h1 x

g2 x,y

f x,y,z dzdydx

g1 x,y

in

Cartesian coordinates. This can be written in


spherical coordinates as

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g , , dV

2
1

g , , 2 sin d d d

Note that the bounds were also transformed to


their spherical forms. The bounds of the integrals
is again dependent on the order of integration
indicated by d , d and d .
CAUTION! Not all triple integrals in Cartesian
coordinates can be efficiently transformed
(or evaluated) to its form in spherical
coordinates.
Examples.

Exercises.
1. Evaluate

x z dV

using spherical coordinates where S is

1. Use
cylindrical
coordinates
to in
determine
the volume of the solid
the sphere
x2
y 2 z2 9
the first octant.
2
2
bounded by the paraboloid z x y and the plane z 4 .
2. SET-UP the iterated integral that will solve for the volume of the solid
the solid
2. Use
cylindrical
to 3
determine
volume
of
bounded
by thecoordinates
sphere
and the the
cone
4 .
2
2
2
xy

bounded by the sphere x y z 9 , the


plane and the
cylinder

x2 y2 4 .

3. Use spherical coordinates to determine the volume of the solid within


the sphere x2 y2 z2 16 , outside the cone z x2 y2
and above the xy plane.
4. Use spherical coordinates to determine the volume of the smaller
wedge cut from the unit sphere by two planes which meet at a
diameter at an angle of 30.
5. Evaluate the following by changing to cylindrical or spherical
coordinates.
9 x2

a.

b.

0
4 x2

x2 y 2

dzdydx

0
4 x2 y2
0

4 x2 y 2

dzdydx

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