INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Volume 4, No 2, 2013
Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article

ISSN 0976 4399

Effect of molarity in geopolymer concrete

Madheswaran C. K1, Gnanasundar G2, Gopalakrishnan. N3
1- Principal Scientist, Advanced Seismic Testing and Research Laboratory, CSIR-Structural
Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai.
2- M.E Student, Sree Sastha Institute of Engg and Technology, Chembarambakkam, Chennai
3- Senior Principal Scientist, Advanced Seismic Testing and Research Laboratory, CSIRStructural Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai.
ckm@serc.res.in
doi: 10.6088/ijcser.20130402001
ABSTRACT
Geopolymer Concrete (GPCs) is a new class of concrete based on an inorganic aluminosilicate binder system compared to the hydrated calcium silicate binder system of concrete. It
possesses the advantages of rapid strength gain, elimination of water curing, good mechanical
and durability properties and are eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) based concrete. In the construction industry mainly the production of Portland
cement causes the emission of air pollutants which results in environmental pollution. This
paper presents the details of the studies carried out on development of strength for various
grades of geopolymer concrete with varying molarity. The alkaline liquids used in this study
for the geopolymerization are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3).
Different molarities of sodium hydroxide solution (3M, 5M and 7M) are taken to prepare
different mixtures. The test specimens were 150 x 150 x 150 mm cubes, 150 x 300mm
cylinders prepared and ambient temperature curing conditions. The geopolymer concrete
specimens are tested for their compressive strength at the age of 7 and 28 days. GPC mix
formulations with compressive strength ranging from 15 to 52MPa have been developed.
Experimental investigations have been carried out on workability, the various mechanical
properties of GPCs. The test results indicate that the combination of fly ash and ground
granulated furnace slag (GGBS) can be used for development of geopolymer concrete.
Keywords: Geopolymer concrete, molarity, flyash, GGBS, Sodium hydroxide and Sodium
silicate
1. Introduction
The production of Portland cement worldwide is increasing 9% annually. Portland cement
(PC) production is under critical review due to high amount of carbon dioxide gas released to
the atmosphere and Portland cement is also one among the most energy-intensive
construction material. The current contribution of green house gas emission from Portland
cement production is about 1.5 billion tonnes annually or about 7% of the total greenhouse
gas emissions to the earths atmosphere. Geopolymer concrete is a new material that does
not need the presence of Portland cement as a binder. Instead, the source of materials such as
fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), that are rich in silicon(Si) and
aluminium(Al),are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the geopolymeric binder.
The major problem the world is facing today is the environmental pollution. But the
production of cement means the production of pollution because of the emission of CO2
during its production. There are two different sources of CO2 during cement production.

Received on July 2013 Published on November 2013

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Effect of molarity in geopolymer concrete

Madheswaran C. K, Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan. N

Combustion of fossil fuels to operate the rotary kiln is the largest source and other one is the
chemical process of calcining limestone into lime in the cement kiln also produces CO2.
Hendriks et al., carried out emission reduction of green house gases from the cement
industry. Ernest Worerell and Lynn Price etal, have reported that CO2 emission from the
global cement industry. In India about 2,069,738 thousands of metric tonnes of CO2 is
emitted in the year 2010. And also, the cement is manufactured by using the raw materials
such as lime stone, clay and other minerals. Quarrying of these raw materials is also causes
environmental degradation. To produce 1 tonne of cement, about 1.6 tonnes of raw materials
are required and the time taken to form the lime stone is much longer than the rate at which
humans use it.
On the other side the demand of concrete is increasing day by day for its ease of preparing
and fabricating in all sorts of convenient shapes. So to overcome this problem, the concrete to
be used should be environmental friendly. To produce environmental friendly concrete, it is
necessary to replace the cement with the industrial by products such as fly ash, GGBS etc.,.
Disposal of FA is a growing problem as only 15% of FA is currently used for high value
addition applications like concrete and building blocks, the remaining being used for land
filling. The FA increases the strength in case of hardened concrete. Another alternative but
promising utility of FA in construction industry that has emerged in recent years is in
Geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer technology can be appropriate process technology utilize
all classes and grades of FA and therefore there is a great potential for reducing stockpiles of
waste FA materials. The present study considers FA utilization in production of geopolymer
concrete since it can accommodate a major portion of the ash produced. GGBS is a byproduct from the blast-furnaces used to make iron. The molten slag is rapidly chilled by
quenching in water to form the sand like granulated material. GGBS is a glassy granular, non
metallic material consisting essentially of silicates and aluminates of calcium and other bases.
GGBS is also used as a binder component in geopolymer concrete.
Geopolymer concretes (GPC) are a type of Inorganic polymer composites, to form a
substantial element of an environmentally sustainable construction and building products
industry by replacing/supplementing the conventional concretes. The term geopolymer was
first introduced by Davidovits in 1970s to name the three-dimensional alumino-silicates
material, which is a binder produced from the reaction of a source material or feedstock rich
in silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) with a concentrated alkaline solution. The source materials
may be industry waste products such as fly ash, slag, red mud, rice-husk ash and silica fume
may be used as feedstock for the synthesis of geopolymers. The alkaline liquids are
concentrated aqueous alkali hydroxide or silicate solution, with soluble alkali metals, usually
Sodium- (Na) or Potassium- (K) based. High alkaline liquids are used to induce the silicon
and aluminium atoms in the source materials to dissolve and form the geopolymeric binder.
Rajamane (2006), Ambily et.al (2011) and Ambily (2012) carried out experimental studies on
structural behavior of reinforced geopolymer concrete beams. Effect of geopolymeric binders
such as GGBS and FA by activating silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide present in the
binders, to form inorganic polymer binder system. This binder system can be used to produce
concretes containing river sand as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in the form of either
sintered FA aggregates (SFA) or crushed granite aggregates (CGA). It was concluded that the
lightweight aggregate based geopolymer concrete have one day compressive strength of
about 35 MPa and a 28 days strength greater than 50 MPa. CGA based geopolymer concretes
produce higher compressive strength of about 45 MPa at one day and 65 MPa at 28 days.

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Effect of molarity in geopolymer concrete

Madheswaran C. K, Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan. N

Experimental results (Hardijito and rangan, 2005) have shown the following, higher the ratio
of sodium silicate solution-to-sodium hydroxide solution ratio by mass, higher is the
compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. The addition of naphthalene sulphonate-based
super plasticizer, up to approximately 4% of fly ash by mass, improves the workability of the
fresh geopolymer concrete, however, there is slight degradation in the compressive strength
of hardened concrete when the super plasticizer dosage is greater than 2%.
The principal objective of the research were
1. The development of structural grade geopolymer concrete with different
combinations of FA and GGBS.
2. To study the influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag on geopolymer
concrete. The types of geopolymer concrete mixes are (i) 10% GGBS and
90%FA, (ii) 15%GGBS and 85%FA , (iii) 20% GGBS and 80% FA,(iv) 50%
GGBS and 50% FA .
3. To study the effect of concentration of alkaline activator solution in geopolymer
concrete. The molar ratios considered are 3M, 5M and 7M Sodium Hydroxide
Solutions are used.
2. Materials used
Following materials are generally used to produce GPCs:
1. Fly ash
2. GGBS
3. Fine aggregates and
4. Coarse aggregates
5. Catalytic liquid system (CLS)
2.1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
OPC conforming to IS 12269(1987) (with specific gravity of 3.15), fine aggregates, coarse
aggregates and potable water were used for the control OPCC test specimens. The physical
properties of the cement used are shown in the Table 1.
2.2 Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
FA conforming to grade 1 of IS 3812 and Ground granulated blast furnace slag) confirming
to IS 12089 were used. River sand available in Chennai was used as fine aggregates. The
GPCC was obtained by mixing calculated quantities of FA and GGBS, fine aggregates,
coarse aggregates with Alkaline Activator Solution (AAS). FA obtained from Ennore
Thermal Power Station and GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) obtained from
Quality polytech, Mangalore conforming to IS 12089 were used. The physical properties of
FA and GGBS are shown in table 1 and Chemical properties in Table 2.
2.3 Aggregates
River sand available in Chennai was used as fine aggregates. They were tested as per IS 2386
standards. The specific gravity of river sand is 2.7. In this investigation locally available blue
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Madheswaran C. K, Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan. N

granite crushed stone aggregates of maximum size 12.5mm and down size were used and
characterization tests were carried out as per IS 2386. The specific gravity is 2.68.
Table 1: Properties of Cement, Fly Ash and GGBS
S. No.

Descriptions

1
2
3

Physical Properties
Fineness (Sq.m/kg)
Normal Consistency (%)
Setting Time (minutes)
a) Initial

Fly ash

OPC

GGBS

306
31

419
-

400
-

55

b) Final

100

Specific gravity

3.15

2.20

2.90

Table 2: Chemical analysis of fly ash and GGBS

Parameters

% by mass
Fly Ash
0.76
62.1
27.44
4.57
0.83
0.55
0.04
1.17
1.09
0.04
93.64
0.4
0.02

LOI
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K 2O
TiO2
Mn2O3
Insoluble Residue
SO3
Free Lime
Chlorides

GGBS
43.4
12.5
1.3
40.3
1.5
0.9
0.6
-

2.4 Catalytic Liquid System (CLS)

The term CLS is used to represent the alkaline activator solution (AAS) in GPC concrete. The
CLS is a combination of sodium silicate solution, sodium hydroxide solution and distilled
water. The role of AAS is to activate the source materials Si and Al present in fly ash and
GGBS. The sodium hydroxide was taken in the form of pellets. The sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution was prepared by dissolving the pellets in distilled water. Therefore, it was
decided prepare the AAS separately and mix them at the time of casting. Since lot of heat is
generated when sodium hydroxide pellets react with water, the sodium hydroxide solution
was prepared a day earlier to casting. It should be noted here that water is the medium for
dissolution and polymerization of Al and Si precursors to take place appropriately and is
essential to achieve the desired degree of workability of the GPC concrete mix. However,
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Effect of molarity in geopolymer concrete

Madheswaran C. K, Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan. N

excess water can result in formation of pore network, which could be the source of low
strength and low durability
In this paper the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete is examined for the mix of
varying molarities of sodium hydroxide (3M, 5M, and 7M). The molecular weight of sodium
hydroxide is 40. To prepare 3M sodium hydroxide solution, 120g of sodium hydroxide
pellets were weighed and they more dissolved in distilled water to form 1 liter solution. After
the pellets dissolved fully in the water, then remaining water was added to make 1liter
solution. The weights of pellets added for other molarity of solutions are as given in Table-3.
Table 3: Molarity of alkaline activator solutions
Required Molarity
3M
5M
7M

Weight in g. of Sodium Hydroxide pellets

120
200
280

3. Mix Design
The primary difference between geopolymer concrete and Portland cement concrete is the
binder. The silicon and aluminium oxides in the low-calcium flyash and GGBS reacts with
the alkaline liquid to form the geopolymer paste that binds the loose coarse aggregates, fine
aggregates, and other un-reacted materials together to form the geopolymer concrete.
As in the case of Portland cement concrete, the coarse and fine aggregates occupy about 75%
to 80% of the mass of geopolymer concrete. This component of geopolymer concrete
mixtures can be designed using the tools currently available for Portland cement concrete.
The compressive strength and the workability of geopolymer concrete are influenced by the
proportions and properties of the constituent materials that make the geopolymer paste.
The role and the influence of aggregates are considered to be the same as in the case of
Portland cement concrete. The mass of combined aggregates may be taken to be between
75% and 80% of the mass of the geopolymer concrete. The performance criteria of a
geopolymer concrete mixture depend on the application. For simplicity, the compressive
strength of hardened concrete and the workability of fresh concrete are selected as the
performance criteria. In order to meet these performance criteria, the alkaline liquid-to-fly ash
ratio by mass, water-to binder ratio by mass, water to geopolymer solids ratio by mass, the
wet-mixing time, the heat-curing temperature, and the heat-curing time are selected as
parameters.
4. Mixing and Casting of Geopolymer Concrete
Geopolymer concrete can be produced by adopting the conventional techniques used in the
manufacture of Portland puzzolana cement concrete. In the laboratory, the fly ash, GGBS and
the aggregates were mixed together dry in a pan mixer for about three minutes. The
aggregates were prepared in saturated-surface dry (SSD) condition.
The alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). Different molarities of sodium hydroxide solution 3M, 5M
and 7M are taken to prepare different mixtures. The sodium hydroxide is available in the
form of pellets and mixed with the distilled water and prepared alkaline solution one day
before casting. The Sodium silicate is added just before casting. The AAS is added to the dry
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materials and mixing continued for another four minutes. The fresh geopolymer concrete was
cast and compacted by the usual methods in the case of Portland cement concrete (Hardijito
and Rangan, 2006, Sumajouw and Rangan, 2006).
The ratio of the composition of FA+GGBS was varied suitably. The primary objective for
performing the trial and error procedure was to obtain desired compressive strength. The
secondary objective was to obtain a good cohesive mix with good workability (slump of 75 to
100mm). The proportions of GPS and AAS were so decided that the test specimens cast were
demouldable after 24 hours of in-mould curing and as the required strength could be realized.
Table 4 presents the mixes formulated for the study of geopolymer concrete.
Table 4: The mixes formulated for the study of geopolymer concrete

MIX
ID

MOLAR
RATIO

Binder Composition

Mix
proportion
(BINDER:S
AND:CA)

CLS/
GPS

GPCAs
3M(120)

50%GGBS,50% Fly ash

1:1.31:2.16

50%GGBS,50% Fly ash

1:1.31:2.16

50%GGBS,50% Fly ash

1:1.31:2.16

75%GGBS,25% Fly ash

1:1.31:2.16

75%GGBS,25% Fly ash

1:1.31:2.16

7M(280)

75%GGBS,25% Fly ash

1:1.31:2.16

0.65

3M(120)

100%GGBS

1:1.31:2.16

0.65

5M(200)

100%GGBS

1:1.31:2.16

0.65

GPCCs
GPCCs
GPCCs

PPCs

28

40

3.96

30

41

36

45

39

52

4.60

48

57

44

47

46

54

5.30

48

60

19

45

4.50

0.65

GPCBs

7M(280)

0.65

GPCBs
5M(200)

24

0.65

GPCBs
3M(120)

16

0.65

GPCAs
7M(280)

Com
press
ive
stren
gth(7
days)
MPa

0.65

GPCAs
5M(200)

Split
tensi
le
stre
ngth
(MP
a)

Com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(28
days
)
MPa

100%GGBS

1:1.31:2.16

0.65

100% CEMENT

1:2.48:2.16

0.45

Note:GPCAs=GPCA series GPCBs=GPCB series ,GPCCs=GPCC series

The dry mixture consisting of GPC solids and the coarse and fine aggregates were swiveled
in the pan mixer for about 3 minutes before the addition of the AAS. After the addition of the
AAS, the mixture was mixed for duration of 5 minutes for obtaining good homogeneity. It
was found that the fresh geopolymer was slightly darker in colour compared NGPC, and was
also more cohesive due to higher paste volume. Photo.1 shows the view of pan mixer used for
mixing of aggregates in concrete. All the GPCC specimens were air cured, for a period of 7
days and 28days respectively.
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Madheswaran C. K, Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan. N

Figure 1: Pan mixer used for mixing concrete

4.1 Discussion of results
A Compression testing Machine (CTM) of 200 T capacity was used to measure the
compressive strength of concrete cubes at 7 and 28 days of curing time as shown in photo 3.
Concrete cubes were cast with 150 mm cube mould. Specimens cured in ambient Laboratory
condition. Compressive strength for the concrete cubes were measured by applying load of
5.3 kg/cm2/sec.
4.2 Effect of molarity in geopolymer concrete
The effect of molarity on the compressive strength of GPC and the stress strain characteristics
of GPC and PPCC concrete are discussed. The test specimens were 150 x 150 x 150 mm
cubes, 150 x 300mm cylinders and ambient temperature curing were carried out. The
important property of concrete is its strength in compression. The strength in compression has
definite relationship with all other properties of concrete i.e., these properties are improved
with the improvement in compressive strength. The test specimens were cured for periods of
7 days and 28 days. Longer curing time improved the polymerization process resulting in
higher compressive strength. This might be due to relatively fast chemical reaction process in
the geopolymer concrete. The cubes were tested in compressive testing machine to determine
their compressive strength at the age of 7 and 28 days of curing. Table 4 shows the
Compressive strength of the cube specimens at 7 days, 28 days age of concrete. Fig 1 shows
the variations in Compressive strength increment with molarity of NaOH (3M, 5M, 7M) for
the GPC specimens. The compressive strength obtained was in the range of 25MPa to 60MPa.
Higher concentration of sodium hydroxide solution yielded higher compressive strength. The
mix 3 (7M) gives the maximum compressive strength among other mixes.
4.3 Stress-strain characteristics of GPC
Figure 2 shows the Stress-strain characteristics of GPC mixes with 50% GGBS and 50%
Flyash and 5M Alkaline Activator Solutions. A 250 kN Servo hydraulic controlled Universal
Testing Machine was used for compression testing of Geopolymer cylinders. The measured
modulus of elasticity of GPC was in the range of 13,500 to 14,140MPa.
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4.4 Influence of Ground granulated blast furnace slag on geopolymer concrete

Figure 1 shows the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete at the end of 7th day and 28
day curing in ambient laboratory conditions. The percentage of GGBS is varied from 50%,
75% and 100%. It was observed that as percentage of GGBS increases the Compressive
strength is also increases.

Compressive Strength(MPa)

70
60
50

3M
5M
7M

40
30
20
10
0

GPCA series

MIX ID GPCB series

GPCC series

Figure 1: Variation of Compressive strengths at the end of 28 th day

Es = 14,142MPa

(a ) GPCA series (50% GGBS, 50% FA)

Figure 2: Stress-strain characteristics of GPC
4.5 Split tensile test
Geopolymer and PPC Concrete cylinders of size 150mm diameter and 300mm long were cast
with 5M NaOH concentration. The CTM machine of 200 T capacity was used to measure the
Split Tensile test .The rate of Loading is 0.7 kg/cm2/sec. The test was carried out at 28 days

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Effect of molarity in geopolymer concrete

Madheswaran C. K, Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan. N

of curing. The split tensile strength of GPC in the range of 3.96MPa to 5.39MPa and PPC
cylinder is 6.71MPa. The split tensile strength of GPC and PPC are shown in the Table.4. It
was observed that the quantity of GGBS increases and split tensile strength of GPC increases.
5. Conclusions
Based on the experimental investigations carried out on geopolymer concretes, it can be
concluded that
1.

The compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete is increased with the increasing
concentration of NaOH. The geopolymer concretes produced with different
combination of FA and GGBS are able to produce structural concretes of high grades
(much more than M40MPa) by self curing mechanisms only.

2.

The GPC mixes were produced easily using equipment similar to those used for
production of conventional cement concretes.

3.

The influences of GGBS on strength of geopolymer concrete mixes were studied. It

has been observed that the increasing the quantity of GGBS and Compressive strength
of geopolymer increases. The measured compressive strength of geoploymer mix is in
the range from 45 MPa to 60 MPa and maximum of 60 MPa for 100% GGBS.

4.

Apart from less energy intensiveness, the GPCs utilize the industrial wastes for
producing the binding system in concrete. There are both environmental and
economical benefits of using flyash and GGBS.

Acknowledgements
This paper is being published with the permission of the Director, CSIR-Structural
Engineering Research Centre, Chennai. The cooperation and guidance received from
Dr K. Muthumani Advanced Seismic Testing and Research laboratory and the technical staff
of Advanced Materials Laboratory of CSIR-SERC are gratefully acknowledged.
6. References
1. Ambily P.S, Madheswaran C.K., Sharmila.S and Muthiah.S., (2011), Experimental
and analytical investigations on shear behavior of reinforced geopolymer concrete
beams, International journal of civil and structural engineering, India, 2(2), pp 673688.
2. Ambily P.S, Madheswaran C.K., Lakshmanan.N, Dattatreya.J.K and Bhuvaneswari
(2012), Experimental studies on shear behavior of reinforced geopolymer concrete
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3. Dattatreya.J.K, Madheswaran C.K., Ambily P.S, Sabitha.D and Annie Peter.J., (2011),
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5. Nurudin M.F, Sobia Quzi, N. Shafiq and A. Kusbiantoro, (2010), Compressive

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8. IS : 2770 ( Part I ) 1967, Indian Standard Methods Of Testing Bond in Reinforced
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10. IS: 3812:1981, Specification for fly ash for use as pozzolana and admixtures
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