Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Problem Specification
>
Create Edge
Select vertex 1 by holding down the Shift button and clicking on it. Next, select vertex 2.
Click Apply in the Create Straight Edge window.
Create Wall Edge
We'll next create the bottom edge corresponding to the nozzle wall. This edge is curved. Since
A = r2
where r( x ) is the radius of the cross-section at x and
A = 0.1 + x2
for the given nozzle geometry, we get
r( x ) = [(0.1 + x2)/]0.5; -0.5 < x < 0.5
This is the equation of the curved wall. Life would have been easier if GAMBIT allowed for this
equation to be entered directly to create the curved edge. Instead, one has to create a file
containing the coordinates of a series of points along the curved line and read in the file. The
more number of points used along the curved edge, the smoother the resultant edge.
The file vert.dat contains the point definitions for the nozzle wall. Take a look at this file. The first
line is
21 1
which says that there are 21 points along the edge and we are defining only 1 edge. This is
followed by x,r and z coordinates for each point along the edge. The r-value for each x was
generated from the above equation for r( x ) . The z-coordinate is 0 for all points since we have
a 2D geometry.
Right-click on vert.dat and select Save As... to download the file to your working directory.
Main Menu > File > Import > ICEM Input ...
Next to File Name:, enter the path to the vert.dat file that you downloaded or browse to it by
clicking on the Browse button.
Then, check the Vertices and Edges boxes under Geometry to Create as we want to create
the vertices as well as the curved edge.
Click Accept.
This should create the curved edge. Here it is in relation to the vertices we created above:
Shift-click on vertex 1 and then the vertex above it to create the inlet edge.
Similarly, create the vertical edge for the outlet.
>Form
Face
Recall that we have to shift-click on each of the edges enclosing the face and then
click Apply to create the face.
Save Your Work
Main Menu > File > Save
This will create the nozzle.dbs file in your working directory. Check that it has been created so
that you will able to resume from here if necessary.
Step 2: Geometry
Now that we have the basic geometry of the nozzle created, we need to mesh it. We would like
to create a 50x20 grid for this geometry.
Mesh Edges
As in the previous tutorials, we will first start by meshing the edges.
Operation Toolpad > Mesh Command Button
Edges
> Mesh
Like the Laminar Pipe Flow Tutorial, we are going to use even spacing between each of the
mesh points. We won't be using the Grading this time, so deselect the box next to Grading that
says Apply.
Then, change Interval Count to 20 for the side edges and Interval Count to 50 for the top and
bottom edges.
> Mesh
Step 3: Mesh
Specify Boundary Types
Now that we have the mesh, we would like to specify the boundary conditions here in GAMBIT.
Button
This will bring up the Specify Boundary Types window on the Operation Panel. We will first
specify that the left edge is the inlet. Under Entity:, pick Edges so that GAMBITknows we want
to pick an edge (face is default).
Now select the left edge by Shift-clicking on it. The selected edge should appear in the yellow
box next to the Edges box you just worked with as well as the Label/Typelist right under the
Edges box.
Next to Name:, enter inlet.
For Type:, select WALL.
Click Apply. You should see the new entry appear under Name/Type box near the top of the
window.
Type in nozzle.msh for the File Name:. Select Export 2d Mesh since this is a 2 dimensional
mesh. Click Accept.
Check nozzle.msh has been created in your working directory.
Check that the displayed information is consistent with our expectations of the nozzle grid.
Check and Display Grid
First, we check the grid to make sure that there are no errors.
"In both methods the velocity field is obtained from the momentum equations. In the densitybased approach, the continuity equation is used to obtain the density field while the pressure
field is determined from the equation of state."
"On the other hand, in the pressure-based approach, the pressure field is extracted by solving a
pressure or pressure correction equation which is obtained by manipulating continuity and
momentum equations."
Mull over this and the rest of this section. So which solver do we use for our nozzle problem?
Turn to section 25.7.1 in chapter 25:
"The pressure-based solver traditionally has been used for incompressible and mildly
compressible flows. The density-based approach, on the other hand, was originally designed for
high-speed compressible flows. Both approaches are now applicable to a broad range of flows
(from incompressible to highly compressible), but the origins of the density-based formulation
may give it an accuracy (i.e. shock resolution) advantage over the pressure-based solver for
high-speed compressible flows."
Since we are solving a high-speed compressible flow, let's pick the density-based solver.
In the Solver menu, select Density Based.
Under Space, choose Axisymmetric. This will solve the axisymmetric form of the governing
equations.
Click OK.
Define > Models > Viscous
Select Inviscid under Model.
Click OK. This means the solver will neglect the viscous terms in the governing equations.
Define > Models > Energy
The energy equation needs to be turned on since this is a compressible flow where the energy
equation is coupled to the continuity and momentum equations.
Make sure there is a check box next to Energy Equation and click OK.
We'll work in terms of absolute rather than gauge pressures in this example. So set Operating
Pressure in the Pressure box to 0.
Click OK.
It is important that you set the operating pressure correctly in compressible flow calculations
since FLUENT uses it to compute absolute pressure to use in the ideal gas law.
Define > Boundary Conditions
Set boundary conditions for the following surfaces: inlet, outlet, centerline, wall.
Select inlet under Zone and pick pressure-inlet under Type as its boundary condition.
Click Set.... The Pressure Inlet window should come up.
Set the total pressure (noted as Gauge Total Pressure in FLUENT) at the inlet to 101,325 Pa
as specified in the problem statement. For a subsonic inlet,Supersonic/Initial Gauge
Pressure is the initial guess value for the static pressure. This initial guess value can be
calculated from the 1D analysis since we know the area ratio at the inlet. This value is 99,348
Pa. Note that this value will be updated by the code. After you have entered the values,
click OK to close the window.
Check that under the Thermal tab, the Total Temperature is 300 K. Click OK.
Using the same steps as above, pick pressure-outlet as the boundary condition for
the outlet surface. Then, when the Pressure Outlet window comes up, set the pressure to
3738.9 as specified in the problem statement. Click OK.
Step 5: Solution
Useful Information
Icon
These instructions are for FLUENT 6.3.26. Click here for instructions for FLUENT 12.
Now we will set the solve settings for this problem and then iterate through and actually solve it.
Solve > Control > Solution
We'll just use the defaults. Note that a second-order discretization scheme will be used.
Click OK.
Set Initial Guess
Main Menu > Solve > Initialize > Initialize...
As you may recall from the previous tutorials, this is where we set the initial guess values for the
iterative solution. We'll set these values to be the ones at the inlet. Selectinlet under Compute
From.
Click Init. The above values of pressure, velocity and temperature are now assigned to each
cell in the grid. This completes the initialization. Close the window.
Click OK.
Iterate Until Convergence
Main Menu > Solve > Iterate...
In the Iterate Window that comes up, change the Number of Iterations to 500. Click Iterate.
The residuals for each iteration is printed out as well as plotted in the graphics window as they
are calculated.
Save case and data after you have obtained a converged solution.
Step 6: Results
Useful Information
Icon
These instructions are for FLUENT 6.3.26. Click here for instructions for FLUENT 12.
Velocity Vector
Let's first look at the velocity vector in the nozzle.
Display > Vectors...
Select Velocity under Vectors of and Velocity... under Color by. Set Scale to 0.4
Click Display.
Icon
To get white background go to:
Main Menu > File > Hardcopy
Make sure that Reverse Foreground/Background is checked and
select Color in Coloring section. Click Preview. Click No when prompted "Reset graphics
window?"
Click Display.
For 1D case, mach number is a function of x position. For 1D case, we are supposed to see
vertical contour of mach numbers that are parallel to each other.
For 2D case, we are seeing curving contour of mach number. The deviation from vertical
indicates the 2D effect.
Do note that 1D approximation is fairly accurate around the centerline of nozzle.
Pressure Contour Plot
Let's look at how pressure changes in the nozzle.
Display > Contours...
Select Pressure... and Static Pressure under Contours of. Use Levels of 30
Click Display.
Click Display.
Click Display.
Click Display.
((xy/key/label "centerline")
-0.5
97015.3
-0.48
96949.9
.
.
.
0.5
6012.92
((xy/key/label "wall")
-0.5
100853
-0.480911
100496
.
.
.
0.5
2874.7
)
Try copy the appropriate data sets to excel and plot the results.
Also, since we are going to plot this number at both the wall and axis,
select centerline and wall under Surfaces.
Then, load the mach_1D.xy by clicking on Load File....
Click Plot.
(b) Plot the variation of static pressure at the axis and the wall as a function of the axial
distance x. Also, plot the corresponding results obtained on the 50x20 grid used in class and
from the quasi-1D assumption. Calculate the static pressure variation for the quasi-1D case
from the Mach number variation given in M_1D.xy.
(c) Plot the variation of static temperature at the axis and the wall as a function of the axial
distance x. Also, plot the corresponding results obtained on the 50x20 grid used in class and
from the quasi-1D assumption. Calculate the static temperature variation for the quasi-1D case
from the Mach number variation given in M_1D.xy.
Comment very briefly on the grid dependence of your results and the comparison with the
quasi-1D results.
Problem 1
Consider the nozzle flow problem solved using FLUENT in the tutorial. Recall that the nozzle
has a circular cross-sectional area, A, that varies with axial distance from the throat, x,
according to the formula:
A = 0.1 + x2
where A is in square meters and x is in meters. The stagnation pressure poand stagnation
temperature To at the inlet are 101,325 Pa and 300 K, respectively.
Using the quasi-1D flow assumption, determine the static pressure at the nozzle inlet and outlet
for the following conditions:
(a) Sonic flow at the throat, and supersonic, isentropic flow in the diverging section.
(b) Sonic flow at the throat, and subsonic, isentropic flow in the diverging section.
(c) Sonic flow at the throat and normal shock at the exit.
Problem 2
Change the exit pressure to 40,000 Pa while keeping all the other boundary conditions the
same. What flow regime do you expect for this exit pressure based on the quasi-1D results
in problem 1? Re-run the FLUENT calculation with this exit pressure on the 50x20 grid.
(a) Plot contours of the Mach number and static pressure for this case. Is the flow regime as
predicted by quasi-1D theory? Explain briefly the possible causes for any similarities or
disparities.
(b) Plot the static and stagnation pressures at the axis as a function of the axial distance. Also,
plot the corresponding values from the case where the exit pressure is 3,738.9 Pa. (These four
curves should be on the same graph.) Explain briefly the salient features of this plot.
(c) Plot the static and stagnation temperatures at the axis as a function of the axial distance.
Again provide a brief explanation for the salient features.