PRESENTATION ON

TEXTILE TESTING

SUBMITTED TO:DR.ASHVANI GOYAL

MUNDHARA

SUBMITTED BY:KULDEEP
12TC107

PILLING AND
ABRRASION TESTING

Pilling:

A garment is considered to be
serviceable when it is fit for its
particular end use.

It

is a fabric surface fault characterized

by
little pills of entangled fibre clinging
to the cloth surface and giving the
garment anunsightly appearance.

Formed by rubbing action on loose fibres

that are present on the fabric surface.

Stronger component in the blend

aggravated its seriousness.
Higher breaking strength and
lower bending stiffness results
more pill.
Low twist factor, higher
hairiness, and loose fabric
structure results easy and large
pills (knitwear)

MEASUREMENT OF FABRIC PILLING

a) Objective method:Counting the
number of pills or by removing and
weighting them.
Time consuming, also does not take
into account the degree of colour
contrast with the ground.
b) Subjective method:By comparing
it with either standard sample or
with photograph or by the use of a
written scale of severity.

Methods of Measurement:
1. ICI pilling box
2. Random tumbling pilling
test
3. Pilling test by Martindale
Abrasion Tester

1. ICI pilling box:

A specimen (125 mm x 125 mm) is cut from fabric (2
for warp 2 for weft).
Stitched face-to-face and turned inside out.
The fabric tube is then mounted on rubber tubes.
The loose ends taped with PVC tape.
All the four samples are then tumbled together in a
cork-lined box 9'' x 9'' x 9'' and allowed for required
revolution cycle.
The specimens are taken out and removed from
rubber tube and rated.
Also, pilling is mainly due to fibres with very high
lateral strength or "bending strength" or low

PILLING GRADES:
Grade 5 No or very weak
formation of pills.
Grade 4 Weak formations of
pills.
Grade 3 Moderate formations
of pills.
Grade 2 Obvious formations
of pills.
Grade 1 Severe formation of
pills.

Abrasion Resistance:
Abrasion is the rubbing away of the component
fibres and yarns of the fabric.
Abrasion is of three types :
Plain or flat abrasion - A flat area of material is
abraded.
Edge abrasion - Kind of abrasion which occurs
at collars and folds.
Flex abrasion - Rubbing is accompanied by
flexing and bending.

2.Random tumbling pilling test:

Random tumbling motion produced by tumbling
specimen in a cylindrical test chamber lined with mildly
abrasive material.
To resemble the pills those with actual wear, small
amount of cotton lint are added.
Three specimen of 105 mm x 105 mm are cut an angle
45 to length and edges are sealed with rubber adhesive.
All these samples along with cotton lint are tumbled in
the test chamber.
After certain time the fabric samples are assessed. The
number and timing of the cycles depends on type of
fabric being tested and would be laid down in the
relevant specification.

3.Pilling test by Martindale Abrasion Tester:

The specimens are mounted on large (bottom) and small
(top) specimen holder.
Then rubbed against each other (source sample).
Two pressures are used : 2.5 cN/cm knitted fabric.
6.5 cN/cm for woven and upholstery fabric.
In place of std. abradant, the fabric sample is placed in
the lower holder.
If the degree of pilling is different on the upper and lower
holder, the upper specimen is assessed.
The number and timing of the cycles depend on the type
of fabric tested and would be laid down in the relevant
specification.

FACTORS AFFECTING ABRASION RESISTANCE:

1. Fibre type:
High elongation, elastic recovery, and work of rupture are
considered to be more important factors. (Nylon polymer) Blending
of nylon or polyester with wool or cotton improves abrasion
resistance.
2. Yarn twist:
Optimum twist increases the abrasion resistance. At low twist,
fibres can come out and at high twist more abrasion due to stiffer
yarn.
3. Fabric structure:
If one set of yarn is predominantly on the surface then this set will
wear most. Relative mobility of floats helps to absorb the stress.

Accelerator Abrasion Tester:

The fabric specimen is driven by rotor inside a circular chamber
lined with an abrasive cloth.
The sample suffers abrasion by rubbing against itself as well as
the linear.
Evaluation is made by (i) weight loss, (ii) loss in grab strength.
Size of specimen depends on GSM, after abrasion the specimen
is taken out and any loose debris are removed and then wished
% loss in weight is calculated.
(ii) 100mm x 300mm specimen size.
Folded 50mm from short edge and stitched to have
100mm x 100 mm specimen size.
Folded edge is abraded.
After abrasion the stitch is removed and the grab strength is
measured.

The fabric specimen is driven by rotor inside a circular chamber lined

with an abrasive cloth.
The sample suffers abrasion by rubbing against itself as well as the
liner.
Evaluation is made by:
(i) Weight loss: Size of specimen depends on g/m2. After abrasion the
specimen is taken out and any loose debris are removed and then
weighed. % loss in weight is calculated.
(ii) Loss in grab strength:
100mm x 300mm specimen size.
Cut in two pieces of 100mm x 150mm
Folded 50mm from short edge and stitched to have
100 mm x 100 mm specimen size.

THANK YOU!!!!!!!!