Workbook Workbook Workbook Workbook Workbook: Try Yourself Questions

2017
WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Mechanical Engineering
Strength of Materials
Simple Stress-Strain and

Elastic Constants
4m
8m
T1 : Solution
Al wires
Al wires
Steel wires
B
Rigid Bar
60 kN
Let suffix 1 be used for Aluminium and 2 for steel

A1 = 300 mm2
E1 = 0.667 105 N/mm2
2
A2 = 200 mm
E2 = 2 105 N/mm2
l1 = 4 m
l2 = 8 m
Now,
l 1 = l2, change in depth, line ABC will remain straight
P2l2
P1l1
=
A2E2
A1E1
l A E
P2 = P1 1 2 2
l2 A1E1
5
4 200 2 10
P2 = P1
8 300 0.667 105
www.madeeasypublications.org
Copyright
Workbook
P2
2P1 + P2
P1
2P1 + P1
3P1
P1
P2
Also
Since
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
P1
60
P2
60
60
20 kN, in aluminium wires
20 kN, in steel wire
T2 : Solution
(a)
Fall in temperature (t) = 80 22 = 58C

Strain () = t = 11 106 58 = 638 106
Stress () = E = 200 109 638 106 = 127.6 MN / m2
Pull exerted (P) = A = 127.6 106 /4 6.25 104 = 62.635 kN
Length at 22 C = l(1 t) = 6(1 11 106 58) = 5.996172 m
(b)
Decrease in length = 6 5.996172 = 0.003828 m

Due to yielding of walls by 1.5 mm, the actual decrease in length
= 0.003828 0.0015 = 0.002328 m = 2328 106 m
Strain () =
Pull exerted,
2328 10 6
= 388 106
6
P = 200 109 388 106 /4 6.25 106

= 38.092 kN
Copyright
Shear Force and Bending

Moment
T1 : Solution
8 kN
E
x
A
SF
at x = 8
For
C
3m
RA = 10 kN
SF diagram
5 kN/m
RA 8
RA
RB
V
V
x
V
V
V
x
=
=
=
>
=
>
=
=
=
=
4m
1m
RB = 18 kN
8+84+542
10 kN
18 kN
V
x>0
+10 kN
4
(10 8) 5(x 4) = 5x + 22
18
0 = 5x + 22
4.4
M = R A x 8 ( x 4) 8 5
= 2 x + 24
at x = 4.4
x=4
x = 4.4
x
18
Bending moment diagram for 0 < x < 4

BM
M = RAx = 10x
4 x<8
BM
10
( x 4) 2
2
= 10 x 8 x + 32 8 5
( x 4)2
2
5 2
5 2
x 40 + 20 x = 22 x 16 x
2
2
M = 32.4 Nm
Copyright
Workbook
BMD
40
32.4
32
Mmax
x=4
x=8
x = 4.4
T2 : Solution
R1
R2
R2
R2
R2
SFD
BMD
R1 l = qb c +
R1 =
qb
(c + 0.5b)
l
R2 = qb
=
qb
qb
[l (c + 0.5b)]
(c + 0.5b) =
l
l
qb
b
qb
b
a +b +c c =
a +
2
l
l
2
SFD :
For
or
AC : Fx = R1
CD : Fx = R1 q (x a)
Fx = 0
x=
1 qb
b
(c + 0.5b)qa = (c + 0.5b) + a
q l
q
FD = R1 qb
DB : Fx = R1 qb
Copyright
Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

BMD :
AC : Mx = R1 x
CD : Mx = R1 x
q ( x a)2
2
DB : Mx = R1 x qb (x a 0.5b)
Mmax =
=
qb
b
(c + 0.5b) (c + 0.5b) + a qb (c + 0.5b) + a a 0.5b

l
l
2
qb
b
qb
(c + 0.5b) (c + 0.5b) + a
{(c + 0.5b) 0.5b}
l
l
l
Copyright
Deflection of Beams
T1 : Solution
P
B
A
L/3
RB
RC
Calculating reactions at B and C

RB + RC = P
RB L =
{
c .w .
...(1)
P 4L
3
1442443
a.c.w .
RB =
4P
3
L
M AB = P x x 0,
3
M BC = P x +
4P
L
x
3
3
= P x +
4P x 4PL
3
3
M BC =
Copyright
L 4L
x ,
3 3
P x 4PL
3
9
yA =
U
=
P
4L /3
M M
dx
E I P
L /3
yA =
4L /3
M
M d x
M
M d x
EABI ABP + EBCI BCP
0
L /3
14444444244444443
14444444
42444444443
I1
L /3
I1 =
I2
Px
E I x d x
L /3
P x3

=
E I 3 0
4L /3
I2 =
L /3
4L /3
I2 =
Let
at
at
L /3
PL
P
L3
=
81
EI
3E I 27
1 P x 4PL x 4L
dx
E I 3
9 3 9
2
P x 4L
dx
E I 3 9
x 4L
=
3 9
x =
L
3
L 4L L
=
9 9
3
x =
4L
3
4L 4L
=0
9
9
dx
= d
3
d x = 3d
0
I2 =
=
P
2 3d
E
I
L /3
3P
EI
L /3
2d =
3P
[ 3 ]0L /3
3E I
3
P
PL3
L
0
=
27E I
EI
3
Copyright
Workbook
yA =
PL3 + 3PL3
PL3
PL3
+
=
81E I
81E I 27E I
yA =
4PL3
81E I
T2 : Solution
l
RA
Calculating reaction RA
Deflection due to moment at free end in downward direcion = Deflection due to load RA at free end in
upward direction
M
l
yB yA =
Ml l
Ml2
=
2E I
2E I
l
RA
Deflection due to point load at free end in upward direction

=
Hence
RAl 3
3E I
RAl 3
Ml 3
=
3E I
2E I
RA =
3M
2l
Moment at fixed end where (x = l)

= M + (R A x x ) x (0, l )
= M +
Copyright
M
3M
3M
x l = M +
=
2
2l
2
Hence proved
10
T3 : Solution
2m
FQ
160 kN
FQ
R
S
2m
2m
Moment of all forces about R

(FQ 4) (160 2) = 0
FQ =
160 2
= 80 kN
4
Axial load is 80 kN on wore PQ.
Copyright
Bending and Shear

Stresses in Beams
T1 : Solution
Reactions,
R1 =
2
100
50 =
kN
3
3
R2 =
50
kN
3
h = 100 m
50 kN =W
CX
XB
500 mm
1500 mm
b = 50 m
X
R2
R1
Wab
Mmax =
L
BMD
Bending moment is maximum when shear force is zero or changes sing i..e at 500 mm from left
support.
Moment of area
M max = R1 0.5 =
I =
100 103
0.5 = 16666.67 N.m
3
1
1
bh3 =
50 (100)3
12
12
I = 4.1667 106 mm4

I = 4.1667 106 m4
Copyright
12
16666.67 0.05
My
=
I
4.1667 106
Maximum stress (max) =
max = 200 N/mm2
50 mm
2 2
Wa b
3EIL
100 mm
yc =
a = 0.5 m, b = 1 m, L = 1.5 m
EI =
2 1011 4.1667 10 6
103
= 833.34 kNm2
yc =
kNm2
50 0.52 12
3 833.34 1.5
= 3.33 103 m
= 3.33 mm
T2 : Solution
D = 600 mm
B = 300 mm
I =
BD 3 2 bd 3
12
12
300 16
3
2
{600 40}
300 6003
2
=
12
12
= 1243.755 106 mm4
y =
600
= 300 mm
2
M
M
=
I /y 41.46 105
Area = BD 2 bd
300 16 (
= (600 300) 2
600 40)
= 20960 mm2
Area of rectangular beam
Copyright
Workbook
13
D = 2w
or
Area of Isection = Area of rectangular section

20960 = 2w w
20960
= 102.37 mm
2
w =
wD 3 102.37 (204.74 )
=
12
12
= 732.189 105 mm4
I =
y =
2w
= w = 102.37 mm
2
Z =
I
= 7.15 105 mm3
y
R =
M
M
=
mm3
Z 7.15 105
Area of Isection = Area of rectangular section

= Area of circular section
20960 =
D =
I circular =
D2
4
20960 4
1/2
= 163.362 mm
4
D =
(163.362)
64
64
= 349.602 105 mm4
Y =
D 163.362
=
= 81.681 mm
2
2
Z =
I 349.602 105
=
= 4.3 105
Y
81.681
c =
Copyright
M
4.3 105
14

I : R : C = ?
7.16 105
7.16
I
=
=
5
41.46
R
41.46 10
R
C
4.31 105
7.16 10
4.31
7.16
7.16 4.31 30.86

I
=
=
41.46
4.31 178.69
R
R
C
4.31 41.46 178.69
=
7.16 41.46 296.85
I : R : C = 30.86 : 178.69 : 296.85

= 1 : 5.8 : 9.6
Copyright
Torsion of Circular Shafts
T1 : Solution
x=0
Total torque =
1
l t
2
Let the variation of torque be
t (x) = a + b x
Hence applying boundary condition are will obtain the values of a and b.
At
x = 0, t(x) = 0, 0 = a + 0 a = 0
At
x = l, t(x) = t
bl = t
or
b =
t (x) =
t
l
t
x
l
Shear stress at section X-X at a distance x from free end of elemental length d x.
Copyright
16
dx
T(x) =
=
Shear stress =
x=0
1
t
x x
2
l
t
x2
2l
16T
16
=
T ( x)
3
d
d 3
16T t
t x2
x2
=
2l
d 3 2l
d
Shear stress will be maximum when x is maximum (xmax = l)
=
()max. =
16T
16t l 2
d 3 2l
8t l
d 3
Angle of twist at free end.
B
dx
B A =
T ( x )d x
GJ
0
1
1
= GJ 2 t ( x) x d x
0
l
1 1
t x2
= GJ 2 l d x
0
l
x3
1
t l2
=
B A =
2GJ l 3 0
6GJ
A = 0
B =
t l2
6GJ
Copyright
Workbook
17
A
l/2
l/2
Angle of twist at l/2 from the free end.

l /2
B l /2 =
l /2
T ( x )d x
=
GJ
1 t x2 d x
l GJ
2
0
l /2
t x3

=
2 l GJ 3 0
=
tl2
t
1 l3

=
48 GJ
2 l GJ 3 8
l/2 = QB
l/2 =
tl2
tl2
tl2
8t l 2 t l 2
=
=
48GJ
48GJ 6GJ 48GJ
7t l 2
48GJ
(IV) Strain energy of the shaft.
Total strain energy of the shaft
2 T
0
1
T ( x )d x
2 T ( x) GJ =
0
1 1 t x2
2GJ 2 l d x
0
l
t 2 x5
t 2l 3
=
8l 2GJ 5 0 40GJ
Copyright
Principal Stresses and Strains
T1 : Solution
Moment of area
(1104 1004)
32
J = 4.5563 106 mm4
J =
Shear stress
T 55
=
XY
4.5563 106
= 12.07 N/mm2
1000 103 55
4.5563 106
Principal stress
1
x + y + x y cos2 + xy sin2
) (
x = y = 0
= XY sin 2
1, 2 = 12.07 sin 2
1 = 12.07 N/mm2, = 45
2 = 12.07 N/mm2, = 135
s are with direction of torsion moment.
2
12.07 N/mm
(0, )
12.07 N/mm
12.07 N/mm
(1, 0)
12.07 N/mm
(1, 0)
(0, )
1 = 2 = = 12.07 MPa
Copyright
Workbook
19
T2 : Solution
y = 110 MPa
= 120 MPa
= 120 MPa
x = 160 MPa
x = 160 MPa
Given:
y = 110 MPa
= 120 MPa
1,2 =
1
1
x + y
2
2
( x y )
1
(160 110 )
2
1
[ 50 361.25]
2
+ 4 2
( 270 )2 + 4 120 2
1 = 205.625 MPa, 2 = 155.625 MPa

tan 2 P =
Ans. (i)
2
2 120
=
= 0.889
x y
270
2 P = 41.63 and 221.63,

P = 20.815 and 110.815
Ans. (i)
For finding angle of planes as which there is no normal stress,

( n) = 0 =
1
x + y + x y cos2 + xy sin2
) (
= 24.79, 65.21
Ans. (ii)
T3 : Solution
1, 2 =
Copyright
1
1
( + y )
( x y )2 + 4 2xy
2 x
2
1
1
(80 + 20)
(80 20)2 + 4 402
2
2
1
1
(80 + 20)
(80 20)2 + 4 402
2
2
20

= 50 50 = 100 N/mm2, 0 N/mm2
1 =
1 100 106
=
= 0.5 103
E 200 109
2 =
v 1
= 0.25 0.5 103 = 0.125 103
E
tan 2 =
2 xy
x y
1 = 26.565,
2 = 116.565
Change in diameter along
Change in diameter along
Major diameter of ellipse
Minor diameter of ellipse
2 40
4
=
80 20
3
1 = 1d = 0.5 103 100 = 0.05 mm

2 = 2d = 0.125 103 100 = 0.0125 mm
= 100 + 0.05 = 100.05 mm
= 100 0.0125 = 99.9875 mm
T4 : Solution
Only a single strain gauge is mounted on the surface. This means it will be along maximum normal stress
because strain gauges are sensitive to only normal strain and not shear strain.
T
Normal strain at the surface

= 3.98
E = 105 GN/m2
104
1 2
E
E
1 = 2 =
1 =
For pure shear case
3.98 104 =
(Given)
(1 + 0.3)
105 103
= 32.14 MPa
From torsion equation we have
T
=
J
r
T
(60)4 1012
32
32.14 106
30 103
T = 1363.10 N-m
P=
=
2NT
60
2 800 1363.10
= 114.19 kW
60
Copyright
Theories of Failure
T1 : Solution
50 mm
M
T
P
Let the thickness of the tube is (t)

Polar moment of area
J =
4
4
2t
4
[d (d 2t)4] =
d 1 1
32
d
32

4 1 1 + 8t
3
.d
= d t = (50) t
d
4
4
32
J = 98174.8 t mm4
I = J/2 = 49087.4 t mm4

Area of cross-section
A = d.t = 50 t; A = 157.08 t mm2
Axial stress
a =
P
9000
57.3
=
=
N/mm2
A
157.08 t
t
b =
1750 120 25
Fey
=
49087.4 t
I
b =
4.28 25
107
=
N / mm2
t
t
Bending stress
Torsional shear stress

Copyright
22
T.r
72000 25
=
J
98174.8 t
18.335
N / mm2
t
Maximum possible tensile stress
1, 2 =
57.3 107
164.3
+
=
N/mm2
t
t
t
+
2

2
+
2
267
82.15 84.2
+
=
4
t
t
267
166.35
=
4
t
4 166.35
t =
= 2.5 mm
267
T2 : Solution
(i)
Principal stress = p, 0.5p, 0

= 0.30
Maximum shear stress theory: The maximum shear is equal to half the difference between the
maximum and minimum principal stress and since the maximum shear in simple tension is equal
to the half of the tensile stress, so we have
y
3
= per =
max = 1
2
2
(ii)
p0
=
2
2
p =
Strain energy theory: Here one of principal stress has zero value
(iii)
[y = failure stress in tension]
12 + 22
2
1 2 = y2
m
p2 + (0.5p)2 (2 p 0.5p 0.30) = y2

p2 + 0.25p2 0.3p2 = y2
0.95p2 = y2
0.97p = y
p = 1.03
Distortion energy theory:
12 + 22 12 = y2
2
p + (0.5p)2 p 0.5p = y2
0.75 p2 = y2
0.866p = y
p = 1.15 y
Copyright
Thin and Thick

Pressure Vessels
T1 : Solution
Given:
P = 500 atm = 49035 kPa = 49.035 MPa

D = 100 mm
y = 500 MPa, FOS = 2
For safety;
Using maximum principal stress theory
(max)induced per
pD
2t
t 9.807 mm
t = 10 mm
Alternate Solution:
Using maximum shear stress theory
allowable =
max =
y
2 FOS
500
= 125MPa
22
PD
( for this cylindrical pressure vessel)
4t
PD
= 125
4t
PD
49.035 100
=
= 9.807 mm say 10 mm
500
500
or
t =
Required thickness,
t = 10 mm
Ans.
10
Columns
T1 : Solution
For both ends hinged Pcr =
For both ends fixed Pcr =
2EI
L2
4 2EI
L2
d0
d
= 1.25 and i = 0.8
di
d0
Now if P is load for both ends hinged and P + 300 is load for both ends fixed
P=
we get,
2EI
L2
+ (300 103 ) =
3 2EI
L2
2EI
and P + 300 =
L2
I2
4 2EI
L2
= 300 103
I=
300 103 9
2
3 100 10
I = 9.12 107 m4
I=
Now
42EI
= 9.1189 107
di
Where k = d = 0.8
0
4
d0 (1 k 4 ) for hollow column.
64
4
d0 (1 k 4 ) = 9.12 107
64
d0 = 74.9 mm
Copyright

Workbook Workbook Workbook Workbook Workbook: Try Yourself Questions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Workbook Workbook Workbook Workbook Workbook: Try Yourself Questions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2017

Try Yourself Questions

Simple Stress-Strain and

Let suffix 1 be used for Aluminium and 2 for steel

Fall in temperature (t) = 80 22 = 58C

Decrease in length = 6 5.996172 = 0.003828 m

P = 200 109 388 106 /4 6.25 106

Shear Force and Bending

Bending moment diagram for 0 < x < 4

Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

(c + 0.5b) (c + 0.5b) + a qb (c + 0.5b) + a a 0.5b

Calculating reactions at B and C

Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

Deflection due to point load at free end in upward direction

Moment at fixed end where (x = l)

Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

Moment of all forces about R

Axial load is 80 kN on wore PQ.

Bending and Shear

I = 4.1667 106 mm4

Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

Maximum stress (max) =

max = 200 N/mm2

Area of Isection = Area of rectangular section

Area of Isection = Area of rectangular section

= 349.602 105 mm4

Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

7.16 4.31 30.86

4.31 41.46 178.69

I : R : C = 30.86 : 178.69 : 296.85

Torsion of Circular Shafts

Let the variation of torque be

Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

Angle of twist at free end.

Angle of twist at l/2 from the free end.

(IV) Strain energy of the shaft.

Total strain energy of the shaft

Principal Stresses and Strains

1 = 205.625 MPa, 2 = 155.625 MPa

2 P = 41.63 and 221.63,

For finding angle of planes as which there is no normal stress,

Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

1 = 1d = 0.5 103 100 = 0.05 mm

Normal strain at the surface

Let the thickness of the tube is (t)

I = J/2 = 49087.4 t mm4

Torsional shear stress

Mechanical Engineering Strength of Materials

Principal stress = p, 0.5p, 0

[y = failure stress in tension]

p2 + (0.5p)2 (2 p 0.5p 0.30) = y2

Thin and Thick

P = 500 atm = 49035 kPa = 49.035 MPa

You might also like