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Table of Contents
PILLAR GRIDDING............................................................................................................................ 2
Important icons used in the process steps:................................................................................2
Exercise Overview:.................................................................................................................... 2
A) BEFORE PILLAR GRIDDING.................................................................................................... 3
Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 3
B) CREATE A NEW 3D GRID....................................................................................................... 3
Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 3
C) CREATE A SIMPLE GRID BOUNDARY AND QUALITY CHECK YOUR FAULT MODEL.............................4
Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 4
D) CREATE A SEGMENT GRID BOUNDARY.....................................................................................5
Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 5
Comments................................................................................................................................. 6
E) INSERT DIRECTIONS AND TRENDS..........................................................................................6
General guidelines:.................................................................................................................... 7
Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 7
Comments................................................................................................................................. 9
F) PILLAR GRIDDING................................................................................................................. 9
G) QC OF SKELETON GRID...................................................................................................... 10
Exercise step........................................................................................................................... 10
Comments............................................................................................................................... 10
H) OPTIONAL: SPECIFY NUMBER OF CELLS................................................................................11
I)
OPTIONAL: DEFINING SEGMENTS USING TRENDS...................................................................12
J)
OPTIONAL: SET FAULT UNDEFINED.......................................................................................14
K) OPTIONAL: SET FAULT NOT PART OF SEGMENT BOUNDARY.....................................................14
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The goal of the Pillar Gridding process is to create evenly distributed rectangular shaped grid cells.
Set I-direction
Set no boundary
Set J-direction
Set no fault
New I-trend
New J-trend
Exercise Overview:
A)
B)
C)
Create a simple grid boundary and quality check your fault model
D)
E)
F)
Pillar Gridding
G)
QC of Skeleton grid
H)
Optional Exercises (Specify number of cells, Defining segments using trends, Set fault
undefined, Set fault not part of segment boundary)
Exercise Steps
In the 3D window display all the faults in the fault model.
1.
Ensure that all faults intersecting are connected properly. Laterally connected faults should
have a shared (gray) Key Pillar.
2.
Check and see that a fault is not represented twice in the model.
3.
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4.
Faults represented by Key Pillars should not cross each other. Display in the faults in the 3D
window with the Toggle fill
. Check all faults and ensure that the triangulated surface
between the different Key Pillars is not crossing.
Exercise Steps
1.
Start the process of creating a new 3D Grid. Note that when you double clicked on Pillar
Gridding in the Process Diagram, a 2D window opened with your fault model displayed. The
line is the projection line between the Key Pillars mid-points you defined in the previous
exercise. The dots are the mid-point on the Key Pillar it self.
2.
Enter a name for the 3D grid (3D Grid) and specify the I and J increment (100).
3.
Move the Pillar Gridding window out of the way but leave it up, as it will be used repeatedly in
the following exercises.
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Therefore no volumes, structural horizons, or attribute cells will be calculated or exist outside the
boundary.
To completely enclose all faults in the 3D grid the tool for Create boundary
option is used for digitizing a boundary in the 2D window.
Exercise Steps
1.
Display one of the time surfaces in the input tab of Petrel Explorer in the 2D window. This will
be used as a guide when digitizing the boundary.
2.
Start creating a boundary around the area of interest by using the icon Create boundary
and click with the left mouse button to draw a boundary. Double click on the left mouse
button to close the boundary.
3.
Build a 2D grid (QC check) by double clicking on the Pillar Gridding process in the Process
Diagram and pressing Apply. If the boundary is not closed, then close it. Key Pillars that are
crossing each other will be marked with yellow dots. If this is so then go to the Window menu
and Tile Vertical the 3D window with the fault model displayed and the 2Dwindow with the
Pillar grid displayed. The problem pillars will be displayed in the 3D window as well, activate
the Fault Modeling process and fix the problem by editing the Key Pillars. Run the Pillar
Gridding process over again.
Display one of the time surfaces in the input tab of Petrel Explorer in the 2D window. This will
be used as a guide when digitizing the boundary.
2.
Start by making faults, on the left side of the area, part of the boundary. Use the Set
Select/Pick mode
to mark a fault. Note that when clicking on the line connecting the
shape points on the fault (the dots) the whole fault becomes yellow. This means that the fault
is selected and you can give it a purpose. Alternatively you can press one shape point (start
point) hold the Shift key and press the end shape point (the start and end shape point turn
yellow).
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3.
4.
Continue the boundary from fault to fault (digitizing points in between) on the south, east, and
north sides of the boundary.
5.
6.
7.
Digitizing the boundary between the faults so it matches the surface displayed. You can
digitize anyway you like but you can not cross faults.
8.
9.
10.
Build a 2D grid (QC check) by pressing Apply. If the boundary is not closed, then close it. If
Key Pillars are crossing, then go back to the Fault Modeling process, change the view to 3D
display and edit the Key Pillars so that they are no longer crossing. Press Apply over again.
icon.
Comments
It is possible to move parts and delete parts of the digitized boundary. The Pillar Gridding process
must be active in the Process Diagram (the name is bold in the Petrel Explorer) and the boundary
is displayed in the 2D window.
Select the Select and Edit/Add points
icon. Click on the point to be moved on one of the
digitized lines and moving it to the desired position.
To create a new point click on the line between two points and move a little.
Points are deleted by selecting the Set select/pick mode
icon. Click on the point to be deleted
and press the Delete key. To delete several points hold the Shift key down and select points with
the set select/pick mode. To delete a whole boundary click on the line between the digitized points,
and press delete.
Faults have to be deleted and edited in the 3D window using the Fault Modeling process. But
trends can be edited and deleted as described above.
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General guidelines:
where necessary.
Red (or green) directions and trends should be parallel to each other.
visa versa.
The space between like directed faults should be about the same
along the length of the direction.
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faults come together the size of the cells gets very small to allow the number of cells to remain
the same.
Do not make part of one fault an I-direction and the rest of the fault a
J-direction.
Exercise Steps
1.
Look for the overall fault pattern in the 2D window. In this case the major faults are oriented
North-South. Give the main fault(s) aligned North-South a red J direction. With the
Select/Pick mode
press Set J-direction
2.
icon select the line between the shape points to select the fault and
icon.
Give a perpendicular fault a green I direction, selecting the faults in the same manner as
above and pressing Set I-direction
3.
icon.
Press Apply in the process window and observe the changes in the mid skeleton grid. Note
that the cells along the directed faults are aligned parallel to the fault whereas the cells along
the arbitrary fault (white) are cut towards the fault.
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4.
5.
Insert a trend in the I direction (green) between two J directed faults (red), similar to the left
figure below.
6.
Press Apply and observe how the cells are aligned along the trend line (right figure above).
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7.
Make sure that the direction and trend alignment are ok by QC the mid-skeleton grid in the
2D window. Add directions on faults and trends to refine the mid-skeleton grid.
Comments
It is possible to move parts and delete parts of the digitized trend. The
Pillar Gridding process must be active in the Process Diagram (the name is bold in the Petrel
Explorer) and the trend is displayed in the 2D window.
To create a new point click on the line between two points and move a
little.
F) Pillar Gridding
After the Boundary has been defined and the 2D cell geometry tuned to the point of acceptability
(trends and directions may be applied to help tuning the 2D cell geometry), the 3D grid can be
constructed. The result of this construction is the Skeleton, which is a series of pillars, one for the
corner of each cell. Top, middle and base skeleton grids are used to view these pillars easily in the
X-Y dimensions. The pillars themselves are viewed in intersection to check their integrity.
Under the Pillar Geometry tab in the Pillar Gridding process window, toggle off Curved for the
Non-Faulted Pillars. This will create a simpler 3D Grid geometry with less chance for problems.
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When the result is satisfying press OK to make the top and base skeleton grid. Say "Yes" to the
window that pops up (asking if you want to build the top and base skeleton grids).
G) QC of Skeleton grid
You should always do a quality control check after the skeleton grid has been generated. The
important steps during QC involve checking for crossing pillars. Crossing pillars will generate
negative cell volumes. If you find crossing pillars, you must either do the Pillar Gridding over again
and use directions and/or trends to avoid the crossing pillars, but most likely you will have to go
back to the Fault Modeling process and adjust the Key Pillars.
The reason why the QC is important after the construction of the skeleton grids, even if the mid
skeleton grid was fine during the Pillar Gridding process, is because Petrel only checks for crossing
pillars for the mid skeleton when Pillar Gridding. When extrapolating the pillars to create the top
and base skeleton, Petrel will not check for any crossing pillars.
Exercise step
1.
2.
3.
Perform a visual check of the grids individually in the 3D window, look for spikes and
irregularities. The comments below describe what to look for.
4.
Display the Key Pillars from the fault model to locate the problem.
5.
In the 3D window display a J-intersection from the Intersections folder. Click on the name to
make it active.
6.
Double click on the intersection folder and toggle on show pillars in the style tab settings
window.
7.
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8.
Perform the necessary corrections on process the fault model to improve the skeleton grids
(you will have to run the Pillar Gridding again).
Comments
Things to look for:
Look for folded grid cells in the top, mid, and base skeleton grids.
These may be more easily seen in 2D or section windows. In this situation grid cells have
folded back over the top of others. A common cause of this is too much directional control of
the cells. Consider setting some of the faults or trends to arbitrary directions.
Look for spikes in the top, mid, and base skeleton grids. These are
caused by a variety of things including: short Key Pillars between longer ones, similarly
directed faults that are not parallel and come close together, poorly placed trend lines, among
others.
Look for crossing pillars in the intersection planes. In the data used for
this exercise there should be no problem with crossing pillars in the skeleton. However, if the
fault pattern is more complex, this is something to be aware of.
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on a Key Pillar in the 3D window and it will be highlighted in the 2D window and vise versa.
Exercise steps
1.
In the 2D window find an area where you have two faults with same direction next to each
other. If you dont have this configuration on your faults then create it.
2.
Define a trend between the two faults, if you already have one, you can use that.
3.
Define the number of cells that should exist along one of the defined trends using the tool
. Make it significantly different from those currently existing along the trend.
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4.
Press Apply and observe how Petrel inserts the specific number of cells in the entire interval
between the directed faults.
5.
If the number of cells looks acceptable then leave it, if it looks like a problem then alter the
number and re-Apply.
This exercise will show how trends can be added to separate one the model areas from another. If,
for example, the fluid contact is significantly different in parts of the model, care should be taken to
define the segments. In each segment different input data can be used, hence also different fluid
contacts. After creation, the trend is set to be part of a segment boundary.
The next exercise will focus on how faults and parts of faults can be set to undefined or not to be a
segment divider.
Exercise steps
1.
In the Pillar Gridding process window, under the Settings tab, choose Create new, named
and give the grid a different name, for instance 3D grid making segments.
2.
Find a fault that does not terminate against another fault. Digitize an appropriate trend using
the New J-trend
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to the intersecting shape point on the other fault, illustrated in the figure below. This trend will
now work as any other trend and guide the gridding process.
3.
To make the trend a segment divider, click on the Set Part of Segment Boundary
After this feature is applied the trend will have a brighter color.
icon.
4.
Display the skeleton grid colored with different colors for the segments. Open settings for the
skeleton folder in the previous 3D grid, and check show solid as segments. Do the same for
the 3D grid making segments. Note the difference in the segments.
2.
Click on the trend line to have the segment boundary designation turned off.
icon.
3.
icon.
Exercise steps
1.
2.
3.
icon.
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Exercise steps
1.
2.
3.
The selected part of the fault will become grey. If the fault already has a J-direction, it will
show as a solid line, with a dark red color. A green trend (I) will show as a dotted line with a
dark
icon.
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