1

TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT I FOURIER SERIES
PART A
1. State the Dirichlets conditions for a given function to expand in Fourier series.
Sol. The Dirichlets conditions are
(i) f(x) is periodic with period 2l in (c, c + 2l) and f(x) is bounded.
(ii) The function f(x) must have finite number of maxima and minima.
(iii) The function f(x) must be piecewise continuous and has a finite number of finite
discontinuities.
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges in (c, c + 2l)
2. Write the formula for finding Fourier coefficients.
Sol.

a0

1
l

c 2l

an

f ( x ) dx

1
l

c 2l

f ( x) cos

n x
dx
l

bn

1
l

c 2l

f ( x) sin

n x
dx
l

3. Define RMS value of a function.

Sol. The RMS value of a function f(x) in (a,b) is defined by
b

1
[ f ( x )] 2 dx
b a a

1
y
[ f ( x )] 2 dx

ba a
2

4. State the Parsevals identity for Fourier series.

Sol. The Parsevals identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
1
l

c 2l

a0
c [ f ( x)] dx 2
2

(a
n 1

2
n

bn )

The Parsevals identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2) is

1

c 2

2
[ f ( x)] dx
c

a0

(a
n 1

2
n

bn )

2x
1 , x 0
5. In the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)
in (,),
2x
1
, 0 x

find the coefficient of sin nx

Sol. Since the interval is (,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f ( x) 1

and f ( x ) 1

2( x )
2x
1
in ( , 0)

f ( x) in (0, )
2( x )
2x
1
in (0, )

f ( x ) in ( , 0)

Hence f(x) is an even function.

So the coefficient of sin nx (i.e.) bn = 0.
6. Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, l).
Sol. Mean square value is
y

1
[ f ( x)] 2 dx

l0

l
1
1 x3
x 2 dx

l0
l 3

1 l3

0
l 3

l2
3

7. Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10 in the interval (0,10).
Sol.
an

2
10

10

f ( x) cos

nx
2
dx
10
10

10

nx

(10) cos 10 dx
0

nx
sin
10
n
10

10

20
sin n 0 0
n

8. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.

Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis.
9. What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient an in the Fourier series expansion of
f(x) = x x3 in (,).
Sol. Since the interval is (,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f( x) = ( x) (x)3
= x + x3 = (x x3) = f(x)
The given function is an odd function.
Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0.
10. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = cos2 x expanded
in the interval (,).
Sol. Since the interval is (,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even.
f(x) = cos2 (x)= cos2x = f(x). Hence the function is even.
2
a0

2
f ( x) dx

cos

x dx

1 cos 2 x
dx
2
0

sin 2 x
2

1
( 0) (0)

Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is

a0 1

2
2

11. Find the Fourier constant bn for f(x) = xsinx in (, )

Sol. f(x) = (x)sin(x) = (x)(sinx) = xsinx = f(x)
Hence the function is an even function. So bn = 0.
12. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 2 in 2 < x < 2
Sol. f(x) = (x)2 2 = x2 2 = f(x), which is an even function
2

a0

2
f ( x) dx ( x 2 2) dx
2 0
0
x3

2 x
3

4
4 ( 0)
3
3

Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is

a0 4 / 3
2

2
2
3

13. Find an in expanding e a x as a Fourier series in (,).

Sol.

an

f ( x ) cos nx dx

a x

cos nx dx

ea x

a
cos
nx

n
sin
nx
)
2

2
a b

e

1 e
[a (1) n 0] 2
[a (1) n 0]
2
2
2
a b
a b

n
a(1)

( e a e a )
2
2
(a b )
a

a(1) n
( e a e a )
(a 2 b 2 )

(i.e.) a n

a(1) n
2 sinh a
(a 2 b 2 )

14. If f(x) is an odd function in the interval (l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
Sol.
a0 = an = 0
bn

2
l

f ( x) sin
0

n x
dx
l

15. If f(x) is an even function in the interval (l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
Sol.

2
a0
l

16. Find a0 if
Sol. f ( x )
a0

2
f ( x ) dx , a n
l
f ( x) x ,
x x

f ( x) cos
0

n x
dx
l

, bn = 0

expanded as a Fourier series in (,).

f ( x ) , which is an even function.

2
| x | dx
0

f ( x ) dx

x dx
0

2 x2
2

2
0

17. Find a sine series for f(x) = x in (0, )

Sol.

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

x sin nx dx
0

2 cos nx
sin nx
x
(1)

2

n
n

2(1) n 1
(1)

{
0

0
}

n
n

Sine series is
2( 1) n 1
sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x

sin nx 2

.................
n
2
3
1

n 1

f ( x) bn sin nx
n 1

18. To which value the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x2 expressed in the
interval (0,2) converges at x = 2?
Sol. At x = 2 (which is point of discontinuity), the
x2
Half range Fourier sine series converges to
2
2
2 (4 x )2 4
0

x
2
2
f ( 2 ) f ( 2 ) 2 [ ( 4 2) ]
2

19.

2
44

0
2

If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x2, in the interval (,) is

Sol.

2
2
4

(1) n 2 cos nx sin nx , then find the

3
n
n

n 1
1
1
1
2 2 .............
2
1
2
3

2
2
4

(1) n 2 cos nx sin nx

Given f ( x)
3
n
n

n 1

value of the infinite series

Put x = in the above series we get

f ( )

2
4
(1) n 2 (1) n
3
n
n 1

--------------- (1)

But x = is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f ( )

f ( ) f ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 2 2

2
2
2
2

Hence equation (1) becomes

2

2
4
( 1) n 2 ( 1) n
3
n
n 1

4 (1)

3
n2
n 1
2

2n

2 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ...............
3
1
2
3

1
1
1
2 2 2 ...............
6
1
2
3

20. The cosine series for f(x) = x sin x in 0 < x < is given as
x sin x 1

Sol.

1
cos x 2
2

n2

( 1) n
2

n 1

cos nx .

Deduce that

1
1

....
1
.
3
3
.
5
5
.
7
2

1 2

As n 1 = ( n 1)( n + 1)
x sin x 1

Put

(1) 1

cos 5 x
cos 6 x
1
cos 3 x cos 4 x
cos 2 x

cos x 2

................
2
1
.
3
2
.
4
3
.
5
4
.
6
5
.
7

in the above series we get

1
1
1

1.3 0 3.5 0 5.7 ................

1
1
1

................
1.3
3.5
5.7

1
( 0) 2
2

1 2

21. Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < .
Sol.

bn

f ( x ) sin nx dx

2 sin nx dx
0

4 cos nx

4
4
(1) n 1
1 (1) n
n
n

Half range sine series is

4 [1 (1) n ]
sin nx
n
n 1

f ( x) bn sin nx
n 1

4 2 sin x 2 sin 3x 2 sin 5 x

.................

1
3
5

8 sin x sin 3x sin 5 x

.................

1
3
5

22. Does f(x) = tan x posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
in Dirichlets conditions. But f(x) = tan x has value at x

and so it is a discontinuous
2

point and moreover it is an infinite discontinuity. So it does not have a Fourier series
expansion.

23. Does f(x) = sin (1/x) posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
in Dirichlets conditions. But f(x) = sin(1/x) has minimum or maximum value at odd
multiple of

. (i.e.) when

1 ( 2n 1)

x
2

2
( 2n 1)

As n tend to , x = 0. So the function does not have a Fourier series expansion.

24. Without finding the values of a0, an and bn, the Fourier coefficients of Fourier series,
a0 2

for the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, ) find the value of
2
2

Sol.

a0

(a
n 1

2
n

bn )

(a
n 1

2
n

2
[ x 2 ] 2 dx
0

2 4
x dx
0

a0
(an cos n x bn sin n x )
2 n 1

2 5
2 4
0

5
5

2
2
is the Fourier series of f(x) = x in (1, 1), find a3 b3

Sol. Since the given function f(x) = x is an odd function, we have a0 = 0, an = 0 (i.e.) a3 = 0
1

2
f ( x) sin n x dx 2 x sin n x dx
1 0
0
cos n x
sin n x
2 ( x )
(1)

2 2
n

(1)

2
0 {0 0}
n

2 (1) n
n
3
2 (1)
4 (1) 6
4
2
b3
b3
2
2
3
9
9
4
4
2
2
a3 b3 0 2
9
9 2
bn

PART B

1. Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2 in (, ).

Deduce

1
1
1
2

..........
....

6
12 2 2 3 2

Sol. The given function is neither an even nor an odd function.

f ( x)

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1

a0

1
1
f ( x) dx (1 x x 2 ) dx

1
x2 x3
x

2 3

2 3


2
3
2
3

2 3
2 2
2

3
3

2
[ f ( x)]2 dx
0

bn

bn )

2 x5

5

25. If

1
1
a n f ( x) cos nx dx (1 x x 2 ) cos nx dx

1
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
(1 x x 2 )
(1 2 x)
(2)

2
3

n
n

( 1) n
1 2 1 2
n2

(1 2 ) (1)
(1 2 ) (1)
0 0
0
2
2
n
n


n

cos n ( 1) n
sin n 0
cos n( ) cos n
( 1) n

(1) n
4 (1) n

(
4

n2
n2
bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

(1 x x

) sin nx dx

sin nx
cos nx
2 cos nx
(1 2 x)
(2)

(1 x x )
2
3
n
n

n
n
2 (1) n
2 (1) n
1
2 ( 1)
2 ( 1)
0

(
1

(1 )

n
n
n3
n3
(1) n

1 2 1 2
n

f ( x)

2 (1) n 2 (1) n 1
(1) n
(2 )

n
n
n

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1

4(1) n

1
2 2
2(1) n 1
2

cos
nx

sin nx
2
2
3 n 1 n
n

cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x

1
4 2

.......... 2

..........
2
2
3
2
3
1
2
3

(i.e.) f ( x) 1

2
cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x

............ 2

............
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
1

Put x = in the above series we get

f ( ) 1

2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............ 2(0) --------------- (1)

3
2
3
1

But x = is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f ( )

f ( ) f ( ) (1 2 ) (1 2 ) 2 2 2

1 2
2
2
2

Hence equation (1) becomes

2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

1
1
1

2 2 ............
2
1
2
3

1 2 1

4
3

2
2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

2 1
1
1
2 2 2 ................
6 1
2
3

2.

1 x, 2 x 0
Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x)
1 x, 0 x 2

Deduce that

n 1

1
2

8
(2n 1) 2

Sol.

f( x) = 1 x in (2, 0)
= f(x) in (0, 2)
and f( x) = 1 + x in (0, 2)
= f(x) in (2, 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
f ( x)
a0

a0
nx
a n cos
2
2
n 1

2
2

(1 x) dx

f ( x) dx

x2
x

2 0

(2 2) (0)
0
2

2
nx
nx
a n f ( x) cos
dx (1 x) cos
dx
20
2
2
0

(1 x)

nx
nx
cos

sin

2 (1)
2
n
n 2 2

cos n ( 1) n
sin n 0
cos 0 1

4 (1) n
4
0 2 2 0 2 2
n
n

4
2 2 1 (1) n
n

f ( x)

sin 0 0

0 4 [1 ( 1) n ]
nx

cos
2 2
2 n 1
2
n

4 2
x
2
3x
2
5x

cos
0 2 cos
0 2 cos
........................
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
5

8 1
x 1
3x 1
5x

f ( x) 2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
........................
2 3
2
2
1
5

Put x = 0 in the above series we get

f (0)

8 1
1
1

2 2 ............
2
2
1
3
5

--------------- (1)

But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (0)

f (0) f (0) (1) (1) 2

1
2
2
2

Hence equation (1) becomes

1
1
1

12 3 2 5 2 ............
2
1
1
1
2 2 2 ................
8
1
3
5
2

1
(i.e.)

2
8
n 1 ( 2n 1)
1

8
2

3. Expand f(x) = cos x, 0 < x < in a Fourier sine series.

Sol.

Fourier sine series is

f ( x)

b
n 1

sin nx

f(x) = 1 + x
f(0) = 1 + 0 = 1
f(x) = 1 x
f(0) = 1 0 = 1

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

2
cos x sin nx dx
0

2 sin nx cos x dx

2SinACosB = Sin(A+B) + Sin(AB)

[sin(n 1) x sin(n 1) x] dx , n 1
0

1 cos(n 1) x cos(n 1) x

n 1
n 1

cos( n 1) ( 1) n 1
cos( n 1) ( 1) n 1

(1) 1
1 (1)
1

n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1
1 1
1
1
1
(1) n

n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
n 1

n 1

1 1
1
1
n
(1) n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

1
2n 2n
(1) n 2 2

n 1 n 1

bn

2n
(1) n 1 , n 1
(n 2 1)

When n = 1, we have
b1

f ( x) sin x dx

2
cos x sin x dx
0

1
sin 2 x dx
0

1 cos 2 x

2

1
(1 1) 0
2

f ( x) bn sin nx b1 sin x bn sin nx

n 1

n2

n2

2n [ (1) n 1]
sin nx
(n 2 1)

2 4 sin 2 x
8 sin 4 x
12 sin 6 x

0
0
0 ..................

3
15
35

8 sin 2 x 2 sin 4 x 3 sin 6 x

..................
3
15
35

4. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x , 0 < x < 2. Hence deduce that
1
1
1
2

..........
....

6
12 2 2 3 2
1
1
1
2
(ii ) 2 2 2 ..............
12
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
(iii ) 2 2 2 ..............
8
1
3
5
(i )

Sol.

Fourier series is
f ( x)
a0

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1
2

f ( x) dx

dx

1 x3
3

1 8
8 2

3
3

0
3

an

f ( x) cos nx dx

cos nx dx

1
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
( x 2 )
(2 x)
(2)

2
3

n
n

(4 ) (1)
1
0 0 0 0
0

4
2
n

cos 2n 1
sin 2n 0

1
bn

1
f ( x) sin nx dx

sin nx dx

1
cos nx
sin nx
cos nx
( x 2 )
(2 x)
( 2)

2
3

f ( x)

4
2
2
0 3 00 3
n
n
n
2

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

1 8 2
4
4

2 cos nx
sin nx
2 3
n

n 1 n
2
4
cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3x

f ( x)
4

............... 4

............
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
1

Put x = 0 in the above series we get

f (0)

4 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............ 4 (0)
3
2
3
1

--------------- (1)

But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f ( 0)

f (0) f ( 2 ) (0) ( 4 2 )

2 2
2
2

Hence equation (1) becomes

4 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

2
4
1
1
1

2 2
4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

2 2

2 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

1
1
1
2 2 2 ................
6 1
2
3

( 2)

Now, put x = (which is point of continuity) in the above series we get

4 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............ 4 (0)
3
2
3
1

2
4
1
1
1

2
4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

2 1
1
1
2 2 2 ................ (3)
12 1
2
3

10

Adding (2) and (3), we get

2 2
1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ............
6
12
3
5
1

2
3
1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ............
12
3
5
1

1
1
1
2 2 2 ................
8
1
3
5

5. Find the Fourier series expansion of ( x)2 in < x < .

Sol. Fourier series is
f ( x)
a0

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1

f ( x ) dx

( x)

1 ( x ) 3

0 8 3
3
8 2

an

dx

1
1
f ( x) cos nx dx ( x) 2 cos nx dx

1
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
( x) 2
[ 2( x)(1)]
(2)

n
n 3
n

(4 ) (1) n
1

0

0 0 0 0

n2

n
4 ( 1)

n2

bn

1
1
f ( x) sin nx dx ( x) 2 sin nx dx

cos nx
sin nx
cos nx
[2( x)(1)]
(2)

( x)
2
3
n
n

2 ( 1)
2 (1)
1
2 ( 1)
0
( 4 )

00
3

n
n
n3
4 ( 1) n

f ( x)

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2
n 1

4( 1) n

1 8 2
4 (1) n

cos
nx

sin nx
2
2 3
n
n
n 1

2
4
cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x

f ( x)
4 2

............... 4
2
2
3
1
2
3

(i.e.) f ( x )

sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x

............
1
2
3

4 2
cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x

............... 4

............
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
1

6. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) = x sinx for 0 < x < 2 and deduce the result
1
1
1
2

..........
1.3 3.5 5.7
4

Sol.

Fourier series is
f ( x)

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1

11

1
a0

1
f ( x) dx

x sin x dx
0

1
2
x ( cos x) (1)( sin x) 0

1
( 2 0) (0 0)

1
an

1
f ( x) cos nx dx

x sin x cos nx dx
0

1
2

x(2 cos nx sin x) dx

0

1
2

x sin(n 1) x sin(n 1) x dx

1
2

n 1

x sin(n 1) x dx
0

1
2

x sin(n 1) x dx
0

sin(n 1) x
1 cos(n 1) x

(1)
( x)
2
2
n 1

(n 1)

sin( n 1) x
1 cos(n 1) x

( x)
(1)
2
2
n 1

(n 1)
2n2

2n2

1)1
1 ( 1) 2 (
1 2 ( 1) 2 n 2
( 1) 2 n 2 1 0 0 0
0 0 0

2
n 1
2
n 1

1
1

n 1 n 1
(n 1) (n 1)
an
(n 1)( n 1)

an

2
, n 1
n 1
2

When n = 1, we have
a1

f ( x) cos x dx

x sin x cos x dx
0

1
2

1
2

1
2

x sin 2 x dx
0

cos 2 x
sin 2 x
(1)

x
2
4

1
0 (0 0)
2

12

1
bn

1
f ( x) sin nx dx

x sin x sin nx dx
0

1
2

x(2 sin nx sin x) dx

0

1
2

x cos(n 1) x cos(n 1) x dx ,

1
2

n 1

x cos(n 1) x dx
0

1
2

x cos(n 1) x dx
0

cos( n 1) x
sin( n 1) x

(1)
( x )
2
n 1
(n 1)

cos(n 1) x
sin( n 1) x

(1)
( x )
2
n 1
(n 1)

(1) 2 n 2
1
1
1
0

2
2
2
(n 1)
(n 1) 2
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
(n 1)
(n 1) 2
bn 0 , n 1

(1) 2 n 2
1
0

2
(n 1)
(n 1) 2

1
1
0
0

2
(n 1)
(n 1) 2

When n = 1, we have
1
b1

1
f ( x) sin x dx

x sin x sin x dx
0

x sin

x dx

1 cos 2 x
dx
2

1 x 2 sin 2 x
cos 2 x

x
(1)

2 2 2
4

1
2

1
2
2 0
2

00
2

a0
( a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2
n 1

f ( x)

a0
a1 cos x a n cos nx b1 sin x bn sin nx
2
n2
n2

2 1
2
cos x
cos nx sin x 0
2
2
(
n

1
)(
n 1)
n2

x sin x 1

Put x =

1
cos 2 x cos 3 x cos 4 x cos 5 x

cos x sin x 2

..................
2
2.4
3.5
4.6
1.3

in the above series we get

1
1
1

(1) 1 0 (1) 2
0
0
0 ..................
2
1
.
3
3
.
5
5
.
7

1
1
1

1 2

..................
2
1
.
3
3
.
5
5
.
7

2 2
1
1
1

..................
2
1
.
3
3
.
5
5
.
7

2
1
1
1

..................
2
1
.
3
3
.
5
5
.
7

2
1
1
1

.................
4
1.3 3.5 5.7

13

7. Find the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x x2 in 0 < x < 3.

Sol. Fourier series is
f ( x)

a0
2n x
2n x

a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
3
3
3

a0

1
2
f ( x) dx (2 x x 2 ) dx

(3 / 2) 0
30
2 2x 2 x3


3 2
3
2
3

27
(0 0)
3

0
3

1
2
2nx
an
f ( x) cos nx dx (2 x x 2 ) cos
dx

(3 / 2) 0
30
3

2
(2 x x 2 )
3

2

3

2nx
2nx
2nx
cos

sin

sin

3 (2 2 x)
3 (2)
3
2 n
4n 2 2
8n 3 3

9
27

9
9
0 0 (2)
0
2 2
2 2
4n
4n

0 (4)

2 54
2 2
3 4n
9
2 2
n
3
3
1
2
2nx
bn
f
(
x
)
sin
nx
dx

(2 x x 2 ) sin
dx

(3 / 2) 0
30
3

2
(2 x x 2 )
3

f ( x)

2nx
2nx
2nx
sin

cos

cos

3 (2 2 x)
3 (2)
3
2n
4n 2 2
8n 3 3

9
27

2
3
27
27
(3)
0 2 3 3 0 0 2 3 3
3
2n
8n
8n
3

2 n x
2n x

a0
a n cos
2
n 1

bn sin

2n x
2n x
9
3
cos

sin

2
2
3
n
3
n 1 n

0
(i.e.) f ( x )

9
2

2 x
4 x
6 x
1
1
1

12 cos 3 2 2 cos 3 3 2 cos 3 .....................

2 x 1
4 x 1
6 x
3 1

sin
sin
sin
.....................

1
3
2
3
3
3

8. Expand f(x) = x x2 as a Fourier series in l < x < l and using this series find the root
square mean value of f(x) in the interval.
Sol. Fourier series is
f ( x)

a0
n x
n x

a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
l
l

14
l

1
1
a 0 f ( x) dx ( x x 2 ) dx
l l
l l
l

1 x2 x3


l 2 3

1 l
l l2 l3



l 2 3 2 3
1 2l 3 2l 2


l 3
3
2

an

1
nx
1
nx
f ( x) cos
dx ( x x 2 ) cos
dx

l l
l
l l
l

1
2

(x x )
l

nx
nx
nx
cos

sin

sin

l (1 2 x)
l (2)
l
n 2 2
n 3 3
n

l
l2
l3

(1) n l 2
(1) n l 2
1
0 (1 2l ) 2 2 0 0 (1 2l ) 2 2 0
l
n
n


n 2
(1) l

1 2l 1 2l
l n 2 2
4 l 2 (1) n 1
(1) n l

4
l

n 2 2
n 2 2

bn

1
nx
1
nx
f ( x) sin
dx ( x x 2 ) sin
dx

l l
l
l l
l

1
2

( x x )
l

1

l

nx
nx
nx
sin

cos

cos

l (1 2 x)
l (2)
l
n
n 2 2
n 3 3

l2
l 3

2 ( 1)
(l l )
n

(1) n l
l l2 l l2
l n

2(1) l
2 ( 1)
(l l )
3 3
n
n
n 3

2(1) n l 3

n 3 3

n 1
(1) n1
2l 2 l (1)
n
n

a
n x
n x

f ( x) 0 a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
l
l

4 l 2 (1) n 1
n x 2 l (1) n 1
n x

cos

sin
2
2
l
n
l
n
n 1

l 2 4l 2 1
x 1
2 x
3 x
4 x
1
1

(i.e.) f ( x )
2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
....................
3
l
l
l
l
1
2
3
4

2l 1
x 1
2 x 1
3 x 1
4 x

sin
sin
sin
sin
....................

1
l
2
l
3
l
4
l

1 2l 2

2
3

RMS value of f(x) in (l, l ) is

2

a0
1

4
2

1 2l 2

4
3
2

(i.e.) y

(a
n 1
2

2
n

1
2

bn )
16 l 4 (1) 2 n 2 4 l 2 (1) 2 n 2

n 4 4
n 2 2
n 1

8l 4
2l 2

4 4

n 2 2
n 1 n

15

9. Obtain the sine series for

Sol.

x in 0 x

f ( x)

l
2

l x in l x l

Fourier sine series is

f ( x)

b
n 1

n x
l

sin

2
nx
bn f ( x) sin
dx
l 0
l

l/2

2
l

x sin

2
( x)
l

nx
2
nx
dx (l x) sin
dx
l
l l/2
l

nx
nx
sin

cos

l (1)
l
n
n 2 2

l2

n 2
n

l . cos
l . sin
2 l
2
2

l 2
n
n 2 2

n
2
2l . sin

2
2

2 2
l
n

4l
n
bn 2 2 sin
2
n

n x
f ( x ) bn sin
l
n 1

l/2

2
(l x)
l

nx
nx
sin

cos

l (1)
l
n
n 2 2

l2

l . cos
2
l
2
0 0 {0 0}
l
2
n

2
l . sin

n
2

n 2 2

l/2

4l
n
n x
sin
sin
2
2
2
l
n 1 n

4l
2
4l
2

x
3
3 x
5
5 x
1
1
1

sin sin
0 2 sin
sin
0 2 sin
sin
0 .......................
2
2
l
2
l
2
l
1
3
5

x 1
3 x
5 x
1
1

sin
2 sin
2 sin
.......................
2
l
l
l
1
3
5

10. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x ( x) in 0 < x < .
11. Deduce that
Sol.

1
1
1
4

............
90
14 2 4 3 4

Half range fourier cosine series is

f ( x)

a0
a n cos nx
2 n 1

16

a0

f ( x) dx

2
x( x) dx
0

2 x2 x3


2
3

(0 0)

3
2

2 3
6
2

an

2
x( x) cos nx dx
0

f ( x) cos nx dx

2
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
( x x 2 )
( 2 x)
(2)

2

n
n
n 3

2
( )(1) n
( )(1)
0 0 2 0
0
2

n
n


2

(1) n 1
n2
2
2 (1) n 1
n

f ( x)

a0
a n cos nx
2 n 1

1 2
2

2 (1) n 1 cos nx
2 3 n 1 n
2
2 cos 2 x
2 cos 4 x
2 cos 6 x

2 0
0
0
0 ...............
2
2
2
6
2
4
6

2
cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x

...............
2
2
2
6
4
6
2

Parsevals identity for half range fourier cosine series is

a
2
[ f ( x )]2 dx 0

0
2
2

a
n 1

2
1 2
2 2

x
]
dx

0
2 3

2
n

n
n 1

[(1) n 1]2

2
4
4
4
4

2 2
4
3
(

x
)
dx

4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 ..............

0
18
2
4
6

2 2 x 3 x 5 2 x 4

3
5
4
2

4 16 1
1
1

4 4 4 4 ..............
18 2 1
2
3

4 1
1
1

4 4 4 ..............
3
5
2
18
1
2
3

2 5
4 1
1
1

4 4 4 ...................

30
18 1
2
3
4
4

1
1
1

4 4 4 .............
15 18
1
2
3
4

1
1
1
(i.e.)
4 4 4 .............
90 1
2
3

11. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x) e x in 1 < x < 1.
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by

17

f ( x)

ei n x

1
Cn
f ( x ) e i n x dx

2(1) 1

2l = 2
l=1

1 x i n x
e e
dx
2 1

1 (1i n ) x
e
dx
2 1

1 e (1i n ) x

2 (1 i n )

1
e (1i n ) e (1i n )
2(1 i n )
(1 i n ) 1 i n

e e
e 1e i n
2 2
2(1 n )
(1 i n ) 1

e (cos n i sin n ) e 1 (cos n i sin n )

2 2
2(1 n )
(1 i n ) 1
Cn
e ( 1) n e 1 (1) n
2 2
2(1 n )

(1 i n ) ( 1) n 1
e e 1
2(1 n 2 2 )

(1 i n ) ( 1) n
2 sinh 1
2(1 n 2 2 )

( 1) n sinh 1(1 i n )
Cn
1 n 2 2
n

( 1) sinh 1(1 i n ) i n x
f ( x)
e
1 n 2 2
n

12. Find the Fourier series of

f ( x)

0 x
x 2

1,
2,

1
1
1
2 2 ................
2
1
3
5

Hence evaluate the value of the series

Sol. Fourier series is
f ( x)
a0

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1
2

f ( x) dx

(1) dx
0

(2) dx

1
x 0 2 x 2

1
2
( 0) ( 2 )

1 2 3

an

f ( x ) cos nx dx

(1) cos nx dx
0

1 sin nx

n
1

(0 0)

(2) cos nx dx

2 sin nx

n

(0 0)

18

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

(1) sin nx dx
0

(2) sin nx dx

1 cos nx
2 cos nx

n

n
0

1
2
[(1) n 1]
[1 ( 1) n ]
n
n
1
( 1) n 1 2 2( 1) n
n
( 1) n 1
n

a0
( a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1

f ( x)

3
( 1) n 1
0. cos nx
sin nx
2 n 1
n

3 2 sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x

.........................
2 1
2
3

When we put x = 0,

, , 2 we will not get the given series.

So, using Parsevals identity for Fourier series we have

1

a0
2
2
(a n bn )
2 n 1

[ f ( x)] 2 dx

(3) 2
(1) n 1
0
2
n 2 2
n 1

1
1
(1) 2 dx

(2) 2 dx

1 4 2 9 1 4
x 0 x 2 2 0 42 0 42 0 ..................

2 1
3
5

1
0 4 2 9 42 12 12 12 ..................

2 1 3
5

9
4 1 1
1

2 2 2 2 ..................
2 1 3
5

1
4 1 1
1

2 2 2 2 ..................
2 1 3
5

1 1
1
2 2 2 .................
8 1 3
5

0x

x,

13. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)

l x,

l
2

l
xl
2

Hence deduce the value of

4
n 1 ( 2 n 1)
Sol.

Let

l
,
2

2L l L

Fourier series is
a0

1
L

then the given function becomes

f ( x)

a0
n x
n x

a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
L
L

2L

f ( x ) dx

1
L

( x) dx
0

1 x2

L 2

1
L

2L

(2 L x) dx
L

1 (2 L x) 2

L
2

1 L2
1
L2

0 0
L 2
L
2

L L
L
2 2

2L

x,
2 L x,

f ( x)

0 x L
L x 2L

19

an

2L

1
L

f ( x) cos

n x
1
0 x cos L dx L

n x
dx
L

1
( x)
L

(2 L x) cos

n x
n x
cos

sin

L (1)
L

n
n 2 2

L2

n x
dx
L

n x
n x
cos

sin

L (1)
L

n
n 2 2

L2

1
(2 L x)
L

2L

(1) L
L
1
L
(1) L
0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2
2 2
L
n
n
n
n

2
1 L
2L

(1) n 1 1 (1) n 2 2 (1) n 1

2 2
Ln
n
2L
n x
1
bn
f ( x) sin
dx

L 0
L

2L

1
L

x sin
0

1
( x)
L

n x
1
dx
L
L

2L

(2 L x) sin

n x
dx
L

n x
n x
sin

cos

L (1)
L

n 2 2

L2

1
(2 L x)
L

n x
n x
sin

cos

L (1)
L

n 2 2

L2

(1) L

(1) L
1
0 0 0 0 0
0
n
L
n

a
n x
n x

f ( x ) 0 a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
L
L

n x
L 2 L [(1) n 1]

cos
0
2 2
2 n 1
L
n

x
3 x
5 x
L 2L
2
2
2

2 2 cos
0 2 cos
0 2 cos
0 .................
2 1
L
L
L
3
5

x 1
3 x 1
5 x
L 4L 1

2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
.................
2 1
L
L
L
3
5

(i.e.) f ( x)

l
2l
2
4

2 x 1
6 x 1
10 x
1

12 cos l 3 2 cos l 5 2 cos l .................

Using Parsevals identity for Fourier series we have

2L

20

1
L

2L

a
2
2
[ f ( x)] dx 0 (a n bn )
2
n 1
2

2L

1
1
( x) 2 dx

L0
L
1 x3

L 3

(2 L x) 2 dx

2L

1 ( 2 L x) 3

L
3

L2
4 L2 (1) n 1

0
4 4
2 n 1
n

L2 4 L2 4
4
4

4 4 0 4 0 4 0 ..................
2
1
3
5

1 L
1
L
L2 16 L2 1
1
1

4 4 4 4 ..................

L 3
L
3
2
1 3
5

2 L2 L2 16 L2 1
1
1

4 4 4 4 ..................
3
2
1 3
5

L2 16 L2
4
6

1
1
1

14 3 4 5 4 ..................

4
1
1
1
4 4 4 .................
96 1
3
5
4

1
(i.e.)

96 n 1 (2n 1) 4

14. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x in 0 < x < l.

Hence deduce the value of the series (2n 1)

n 1

f ( x)

Sol. Half range Fourier cosine series is

2
a0
l

2
f ( x ) dx
l

2 x2
x
dx

0
l 2

an

a0
n x
a n cos
2 n 1
l

2 l2
0 l

l 2

n x
n x
2
2
f ( x) cos
dx x cos
dx

l 0
l
l 0
l

n x
n x
cos

sin

l (1)
l
n 2 2
n

l
l2

2
( x)
l

2
(1) n l 2
l2
0 2 2 0 2 2
l
n
n
2l
2 2 (1) n 1
n
n x

f ( x)

a0
a n cos
2 n 1

2 l [(1) 1]
n x
l

cos
2 2
2 n 1
l
n

2l
l
2
2

(i.e.) f ( x )

x
3 x
5 x
2
2
2

12 cos l 0 3 2 cos l 0 5 2 cos l 0 ...................

x 1
3 x 1
5 x
l 4l 1

2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
...................
2 1
l
l
l
3
5

Using Parsevals identity for half range Fourier cosine series we have

21
l

a0
2
2
2
[
f
(
x
)]
dx

an

l 0
2 n 1

2
l 2 4l 2 (1) n 1
2
(
x
)
dx

l 0
2 n 1
n 4 4
l

2 x3

l 3

l 2 4l 2 4
4
4

4 4 0 4 0 4 0 ..................
2 1
3
5

l 2 16l 2 1 1
2 l
1

0 4 4 4 4 ..................
l 3
2 1 3
5

2
2
2
2l
l
16l 1 1
1

4 4 4 4 ..................
3
2
1 3 5

l 2 16 l 2
4
6

1
1 1

14 3 4 5 4 ..................

4 1 1 1
.................
96 14 3 4 5 4
4
1
(i.e.)

96 n 1 (2n 1) 4

15. Find the half range sine series of f(x) = x cos x in (0, ).
Sol.

f ( x)

Fourier sine series is

bn

n 1

f ( x) sin nx dx

sin nx

x cos x sin nx dx
0

x (2 sin nx cos x) dx
0

x [sin(n 1) x sin(n 1) x] dx ,

x sin(n 1) x dx
0

sin( n 1) x
1 cos( n 1) x

bn x
(1)

n 1
(n 1) 2

x sin(n 1) x dx ,
0

2n

(n 1)( n 1)
2n (1) n
(i.e.)bn
, n 1
n2 1
(1) n

When n = 1, we have
b1

f ( x) sin x dx
0

2
x cos x sin x dx
0

1
x sin 2 x dx
0

1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
x
(1)

2
4

1 1
1
0 {0 0}

2
2

n 1

sin( n 1) x
1 cos(n 1) x

x
(1)

n 1
(n 1) 2

1 (1)
1 (1)
0 0 0


n 1

n 1

n 2
n
(1)
(1)

n 1
n 1
1
1
(1) n

n 1 n 1
n 1

n 1

n 1

0 0 0

22

n 1

n2

f ( x ) bn sin nx b1 sin x bn sin nx

2 n(1) n
1
sin x
sin nx
2
n2 1
n2

1
2 sin 2 x 3 sin 3x 4 sin 4 x

sin x 2

..................
2
3
8
15

4
x
1
3x
1
5x

sin

sin

sin
..............

l
3
l
5
l

16. Prove that

in the interval 0 < x < l

Sol. Since RHS contains sine series and given 0 < x < l, we have to find half range Fourier sine
series for f(x) = 1
Fourier sine series is

f ( x ) bn sin
n 1

bn

n x
l

n x
n x
2
2
f ( x) sin
dx (1) sin
dx

l 0
l
l 0
l
l

n x
cos
n
2
l 2 (1) l l

n
l
l
n n

0
l
2

(1) n1 1
n
n 1

n x
2 [(1) 1]
n x
f ( x) bn sin

sin
l
n

l
n 1
n 1

2 2
x
2
3 x
2
5 x

sin
0 sin
0 sin
0 ...........

1
l
3
l
5
l

4
x
1
3x
1
5x

(i.e.) 1 sin l 3 sin l 5 sin l .............

l x, 0 x l
Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) 0,
l x 2l

1 1
1
Hence deduce the value of the series (i) 1 3 5 7 .......... (ii)

17.

1
1
1
2 2 ..............
2
1
3
5

Sol.

Fourier series is
a0

1
l

f ( x)

a0
n x
n x

a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
l
l

2l

f ( x) dx

1
1
(l x ) dx

l 0
l

1 (l x)

l
2
1

0 l2
2l
l

2l

(0) dx
l

23

an

2l

1
l

f ( x) cos

n x
n x
1
dx (l x) cos
dx 0
l
l0
l

1
(l x)
l

n x
n x
cos

sin

l (1)
l
n 2 2
n

l
l2

2l

1
(1) n l 2
l2
0 2 2 0 2 2
l
n
n
1 l2
2 2 (1) n1 1
ln
l
2 2 (1) n1 1
n
l
n x
n x
1
f ( x) sin
dx (l x) sin
dx 0
l
l0
l

1
bn
l

1
(l x)
l

n x
n x
sin

cos

l (1)
l
n 2 2
n

l2

l

1
{0 0}
0
l
n
l

n
n x
n x
2

f ( x)

a0

a n cos
2 n 1
l

bn sin

l [(1) 1]
n x
n
l
l

cos

sin
2 2
4 n 1
l
n

l
n
n 1

x
3 x
5 x
l
l 2
2
2

2 2 cos
0 2 cos
0 2 cos
0 .................
4 1
l
l
l
3
5

2 x 1
3 x
l 1 x 1

sin
sin
sin
.................
1
l
2
l
3
l

x 1
3 x 1
5 x
l 2l 1

(i.e.) f ( x) 2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
.................
4 1
l
l
l
3
5

Put

l
2

x 1
2 x 1
3 x
l 1

sin
sin
sin
................. (1)

1
l
2
l
3
l

(which is point of continuity) in equation (1), we get

3
5
l
l
2l
l 1
1
1
1
1

2 (0) sin
sin sin
sin 4 sin
.................
2 4
1
2 2
3
2
4
5
2

l
l
l
1
1
1

1 0 0 0 .................
2 4
3
5
7

l
l
l

2 4

1 1 1

1 3 5 7 .................

l
l
1 1 1

1 .................
4
3 5 7

1 1 1
1 .................
4
3 5 7

Put x = l in equation (1) we get

f (l )

2l
l
2
4

1
1
1

12 3 2 5 2 ................

--------------- (2)

But x = l is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (l ) f (l ) (0) (0)
f (l )

0
2
2

f(x) = l x
f(l) = l l =0
f(x) = 0
f(l) = 0

24

Hence equation (2) becomes

l 2l 1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ............
4 1
3
5

2l 1
l
1
1

2 2 2 2 ............
4
1
3
5

1
1
1
2 2 2 ................
8
1
3
5
0

18. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = (x 2)2 in the interval 0 < x < 2.
1
2

8
(2n 1) 2

Deduce that

n 1

Sol.

Half range cosine series is

f ( x)
a0

2
2

a0
nx
a n cos
2 n 1
2
2

f ( x) dx ( x 2) 2 dx
0

( x 2) 3

8
8
0

3
3

an

2
nx
nx
f ( x) cos
dx ( x 2) 2 cos
dx

20
2
2
0

( x 2)

f ( x)

6 n 1

(i.e.) f ( x )

nx
nx
nx
sin

cos

sin

2 [2( x 2)]
2 (2)
2
n
n 3 3
n 2 2

2
4
8

16

0 0 0 0 2 2 0
n

16
2 2
n
16
nx
cos
2
2
2
n

4 16 1
x
1
2x
1
3x

2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
........................
3 1
2
2
2
2
3

--------- (1)

Put x = 0 in equation (1) we get

f (0)

4 16

3 2

1
1
1

12 2 2 3 2 ........................

------------- (2)

But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2
2
(0 2) 2 (0 2) 2 ( 4) (4)
f ( 0)

4
2
2
f ( x)

(x + 2)2
2

Hence equation (2) becomes

4 16

3 2
4 16
4 2
3
4

1
1
1

2 2 ........................
2
1
2
3

1
1
1

2 2 ........................
2
1
2
3

8 16 1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ........................
3 1
2
3

1
1
1
2 2 2 ...................... (3)
6
1
2
3

(x 2)2
0

(2 x )2
2

25

Put x = 2 in equation (1) we get

f (2)

4 16

3 2

1
1
1

12 2 2 3 2 ........................

------------- (4)

But x = 2 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

( x 2) 2 (2 x) 2
2
2
( 2 2) ( 2 2) 2
f (2)
0
2
f ( x)

Hence equation (4) becomes

0

4 16

3 2

4
16
2
3

1
1
1

12 2 2 3 2 ........................
1
1
1

12 2 2 3 2 ........................

2
1
1
1
2 2 2 ...................... (5)
12 1
2
3

Adding (3) and (5), we get

2 2
1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ............
6
12
3
5
1

2
3
1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ............
12
1
3
5

1
1
1
2 2 2 ................
8
1
3
5
(i.e.)

2
8

n 1

1
( 2n 1) 2

19. Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic from the following data:
x: 0
1
2
3
4
5
f(x) : 9
18
24
28
26
20
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 6
(i.e.) 2l = 6 l = 3
Fourier series is
f ( x)

a0
n x
n x

a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
3
3

a0
x
2 x
3 x
x
2 x
3 x
a1 cos
a 2 cos
a3 cos
b1 sin
b2 sin
b3 sin
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
a
x
(i.e.) f ( x) 0 a1 cos a 2 cos 2 a3 cos 3 b1 sin b2 sin 2 b3 sin 3 where
2
3
f ( x)

0
1
2
3
4
5

9
18
24
28
26
20

Total

125

=x/3 cos

0
/3
2/3

4/3
5/3

1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5

cos2

cos3

1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5

1
1
1
1
1
1

sin

sin2

0
0
0.866 0.866
0.866 0.866
0
0
0.866 0.866
0.866 0.866

sin3

ycos

ycos2

ycos3

0
0
0
0
0
0

9
9
12
28
13
10
25

9
9
12
28
13
10
7

9
18
24
28
26
20
7

ysin

ysin2

ysin3

0
15.588
20.784

0
15.588
20.784

0
0
0

26

0
22.516
17.32
3.464
Here n = 6

0
22.516
17.32
0

0
0
0
0

125
2
41.667
n
6

y cos
25
a1 2 [mean value of y cos ] 2
2
8.333
n
6

a 0 2 [ mean value of y ] 2

y cos 2

a 2 2 [ mean value of y cos 2 ] 2

y cos 3

a3 2 [ mean value of y cos 3 ] 2

y sin

b1 2 [ mean value of y sin ] 2

7
6

2.333

2.333

3.464
2
1.155
n
6

y sin 2 2 0 0
6
n

y sin 3 2 0 0
6
n

b2 2 [mean value of y sin 2 ] 2

b3 2 [ mean value of y sin 3 ] 2

41.667
8.333 cos 2.333 cos 2 2.333 cos 3 1.155 sin 0 sin 2 0 sin 3
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x) 20.833 8.333 cos 2.333 cos 2 2.333 cos 3 1.155 sin where
3

f ( x)

20. Find the Fourier series expansion up to second harmonic from the following data:

/3
2 / 3
4 / 3
5 / 3
2
x: 0
f(x) : 10
12
15
20
17
11
10
Sol. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values will be used.
Fourier series is
f ( x)

a0
( a n cos n x bn sin n x )
2 n 1

(i.e.) f ( x )

a0
a1 cos x a 2 cos 2 x b1 sin x b2 sin 2 x
2

cosx

cos2x

0
/3
2/3

4/3
5/3

10
12
15
20
17
11

1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5

1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5

Total

85

sinx

sin2x

0
0
0.866 0.866
0.866 0.866
0
0
0.866 0.866
0.866 0.866

Here n = 6

ycosx

ycos2x

ysinx

ysin2x

10
6
7.5
20
8.5
5.5
14.5

10
6
7.5
20
8.5
5.5
2.5

0
10.392
12.99
0
14.722
9.526
0.866

0
10.392
12.99
0
14.722
9.526
2.598

85
2
28.333
6
n
y cos x
14.5
a1 2 [ mean value of y cos x ] 2
2
n
6

a 0 2 [ mean value of y ] 2

a 2 2 [ mean value of y cos 2 x] 2

b1 2 [ mean value of y sin x ] 2

y cos 2 x
n

y sin x
n

2.5
6

0.866

4.833
0.833
0.289

27

b2 2 [ mean value of y sin 2 x ] 2

y sin 2 x
n

2.598
6

0.866

28.333
4.833 cos x 0.833 cos 2 x 0.289 sin x 0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x ) 14.1665 4.833 cos x 0.833 cos 2 x 0.289 sin x 0.866 sin 2 x

f ( x)

21. Find the Fourier series expansion up to first harmonic from the following data:
x: 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
f(x) : 18 18.7 17.6 15 11.6 8.3
6 5.3 6.4 9 12.4 15.7
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 12
(i.e.) 2l = 12 l = 6
Fourier series is
f ( x)

a0
n x
n x

a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
6
6

a0
x
x
a1 cos
b1 sin
2
6
6
a0
x
(i.e.) f ( x )
a1 cos b1 sin where
2
6
f ( x)

=x/6

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

18
18.7
17.6
15
11.6
8.3
6
5.3
6.4
9
12.4
15.7

0
/6
2/6
3/6
4/6
5/6

7/6
8/6
9/6
10/6
11/6

Total

144

cos

sin

ycos

1
0
18
0.866
0.5
16.1942
0.5
0.866
8.8
0
1
0
0.5
0.866
5.8
0.866
0.5
7.1878
1
0
6
0.866 0.5 4.5898
0.5 0.866
3.2
0
1
0
0.5
0.866
6.2
0.866
0.5 13.5962
36.0128

Here n = 12

ysin

0
9.35
15.2416
15
10.0456
4.15
0
2.65
5.5424
9
10.7384
7.85
18.0064

144
2
24
n
12

y cos
36.0128
a1 2 [mean value of y cos ] 2
2
n
12

y sin
18.0064
b1 2 [ mean value of y sin ] 2
2
n
12

24
f ( x)
6.002 cos 3.001sin
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x ) 12 6.002 cos 3.001sin where
6
a 0 2 [ mean value of y ] 2

6.002
3.001

28

Part A
1.
Sol.

Write down the form of the Fourier series of an odd function in ( l, l) and the
associated Eulers formula for the Fourier coefficients.

f ( x ) bn sin
n 1

n x
l

2
n x
bn f ( x ) sin
dx
l 0
l
l

If f(x) = 3x 4x3 defined in the interval ( 2, 2) then find the value of a1 in the
Fourier series expansion.
Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function, an = 0.
a1 = 0
2.

3. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = x2, < x <
Sol. f(x) = x2 is an even function.
Fourier series is

a0
a n cos nx
2 n 1

f ( x)
a0

2 2
x dx
0

f ( x) dx

2 x3
3

2 3
2 2

3
3

Hence the first term of the Fourier series =

4.
Sol.

a0 2

2
3

If f(x) = 2x in the interval (0, 4) then find the value of a2 in the Fourier series
expansion.
a2

1
2

2 x cos
0

2 x
dx
2

29
4

x cos x dx
0

sin x
cos x
x
(1)


2

1
1

0 2 0 2

5. Define root mean square value of a function

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (a, b) is defined as
b

RM S y

6.

[ f ( x )] 2 dx
2

ba

1
[ f ( x)] 2 dx
b a a

Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x2 in (0, l)

l

1
2
Sol. R M S y l [ f ( x)] dx
0
2

1
1
1 x5
[ x 2 ]2 dx x 4 dx
l 0
l 0
l 5
l

1 l5
l4
0

l 5
5

7. Find the root mean square value of a function f(x) in (0, 2)

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2) is defined as
1
2

RM S y

8.
Sol.

[ f ( x)] 2 dx

1
2

[ f ( x)] 2 dx

Find the root mean square value of f(x) = 1 x in 0 < x < 1

RM S y

1
[ f ( x)]2 dx
1 0

(1 x) 3
(1 x ) dx
3

1
1
0

3
3

1
3

Sol.

9.

Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x in 0 < x < 2

RM S y

1
2

1
2

[ f ( x)]

dx

2
( x) dx
0

1
2

( x) 3

3 3



3 3
1 2 3
2

2 3
3

y
3

1
2

10. Write the sufficient conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the existence of a
Fourier series.
Sol. i) f(x) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points in (, )
ii) f(x) is periodic with period 2
iii) f(x) and f (x) are piecewise continuous in (, )
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges to
a) f(x) if x is a point of continuity

30

f ( x 0) f ( x 0)
2

b)

if x is a point of discontinuity.

11. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.

Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis. In harmonic analysis the Fourier coefficients a0, an and bn of the
function y = f(x) in (0, 2) are given by
a0 = 2 [mean value of y in (0, 2)]
an = 2 [mean value of y cosnx in (0, 2)]
bn = 2 [mean value of y sinnx in (0, 2)]

12.
Sol.

x, 0 x 1
Find the sum of the Fourier series for f ( x)
2, 1 x 2
Here x = 1 is a point of discontinuity
f (1 0) f (1 0) 1 2 3

2
2
2

f (1)

13.

at x = 1

cos x , 0 x
If f ( x)
50 , x 2

and f(x) = f(x + 2) for all x, find the sum of the Fourier

series of f(x) at x = .
Sol. Here x = is a point of discontinuity
f ( )

f ( 0) f ( 0) cos 50 1 50 49

2
2
2
2

14. Find the coefficient b5 of cos5x in the Fourier cosine series of the function f(x) = sin5x
in the interval (0, 2).
Sol.
Fourier cosine series is
f ( x)

b0
bn cos nx
2 n 1

bn
b5

f ( x) sin nx dx
0

f ( x ) sin 5 x dx

sin 5 x sin 5 x dx
0

sin

5 x dx

1 cos 10 x
dx
2
0

sin 10 x
x 10

(2 0) (0 0)
2
b5 1

15. The Fourier series expansion of f(x) in (0, 2) is

of f(x) in the interval (0, 2).
Sol. RMS value of f(x) in (0, 2) is

f ( x)

sin nx
n
n 1

. Find the RMS value

31
2

a0
1

4
2

(a
n 1

2
n

bn )

But here we have a and a are zero and b = 1/n

y

1
2

n 1

1
n2

16. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a what value does its Fourier series represent at that point.
17. Find the root mean square value of the function f(x) = x in (o, l)
18. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f(x) =

19. If the Fourier series for the function f(x) =

x, 0 x 1
2, 1 x 2 at x 1.

0, 0 x
sin x, x 2

is

1 2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x

1

......... sin x
1.3
3 .5
5.7
2

1
1
1
2
Deduce that

.........
1.3 3.5 5.7
4

f ( x)

20. Find a Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = 1; 0 < x <
21. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = | cosx | expressed in
the interval (, ).
Part B
1. Obtain the Fourier expansion of the function

x, 0 x
2 x, x 2

f ( x)

of period 2.

2. Find the half-range cosine series for the function f(x) = x; 0 < x < and hence deduce the

sum of the series

4
n 0 ( 2 n 1)
3. Expand the function f(x) = sinx, 0 < x < in Fourier cosine series.
4. Determine the first two harmonics of the Fourier series for the following values

/3
2 / 3
4 / 3
5 / 3
x: 0
f(x) : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 0.88
0.25
2
5. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = ( x) in (0, 2) of periodicity 2.
6. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = |x|, < x < and deduce

(2n 1)
n 1

2
8

7. Find the half-range Fourier cosine series of f(x) = ( x)2 in the interval (0, ). Hence find
the sum of the series

1
1
1
4 4 ..........
4
1
2
3

8. Determine the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x in the interval < x <

9. Find the half range cosine series for x sinx in (0, ) and hence find the value of
1

2
2
2
2

...........
1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9

10. Obtain the Fourier series for the function

32

x, 0 x 1
f ( x)
(2 x), 1 x 2
11. Calculate the first 3 harmonics of the Fourier of f(x) from the following data:
o

x : 0

30

f(x): 1.8 1.1

60

90

0.3 0.16

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

320

0.5

1.3

2.16 1.25

1.3

1.52 1.76

2.0

12. Find the Fourier series of the function

0, x 0
sin x, 0 x

f ( x)

and hence evaluate

1
1
1

.........
1.3 3.5 5.7