(MEU6530)

 7XUELQH 
&RROLQJ 0HWKRGV

(Hyung Hee Cho)

Internal Passage
Cooling

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Introduction (1)
501G Turbine Blade

Han and Ekkad (1996)

Turbine blades with internal passages

Hot Components of Gas Turbine Engine

Proper cooling techniques are required

Film Cooling
Impingement Cooling
Internal Convective Cooling

- J. C. Han and S. V. Ekkad, 1996, Turbine Blade Cooling and Heat Transfer Measurement Using a Transient Liquid
Crystal Image Method, Proc. of Colloquium on Turbomachinery, TPMRC Seoul National University, Seoul Korea
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Introduction (2)
Rectangular Cross Section with Various Aspect
Ratios

Ro
Rotation of Blade

Triangular Cross Section

Discrete or Angled
Rib Turbulators

Exit Flow Rate through Bleed

Holes

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Stationary Duct
(Stator)

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Effects of Rib Cross-Section

=45
z
z/e= 5.0
z/e= 0.0
z/e= -5.0

=90

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Effects of Various Angles (1)

=90

=63

=45

=33

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Effects of Various Angles (2)

Rib angle and

duct aspect ratio
Average heat transfer and
heat transfer performances
- Effect of rib angle is
significantly different in
variation of duct aspect ratio

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Effects of Rib Arrangement (1)

Parallel Arrangement

Secondary Flow Patterns

For different Rib Arrangements

Parallel
Arrangement

Crossed
Arrangement

A pair of vortices

Single vortex

Heat Transfer Coefficient Distribution

Downward flow
High Transfer
region

- Downward flow promotes Flow Reattachment

High Heat Transfer Coefficients at downward flow region
- Low Heat Transfer Regions are formed Nonuniform distributions
at upward flow region due to Flow separation from the surface
behind the ribs due to the Flow Recirculation
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Upward flow
Flow recirculation
Low Transfer region

Effects of Rib Arrangement (2)

PI0

PS0
Downward Flow Region

Flow

Secondary flow

Upward Flow Region

CI0

CS0
Upward Flow Region

Flow

Downward Flow Region

HT : Parallel > Cross

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Effects of Discrete Ribs (w/o gap)

Flow

Flow

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(Sh/Sh0)

Effects of Discrete Ribs (w/o gap)

= 90

= 45

= 90
(Sh/Sh0)/(f/f0)1/3

N3 N2 > N5 > N1
= 45
N1 N5 > N3 > N2

continuous
No. of broken pieces
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continuous

Effects of Discrete Ribs (w/ gap)

Discrete Ribs

Angled Ribs

Gaps near Bottom side wall

Gaps near Upper side wall

1
2

Flow

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Effects of Shape Ribs (V, A)

-shaped PI ribs

Flow

Upward Flow
V-shaped PI ribs

Flow

Downward Flow
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Rotating Duct
(Rotor)

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Effects of Turning Region

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Secondary Flow Patterns

Numerical Analysis (FLUENT 6.1)

Inner Wall

Leading Surface

Trailing Surface

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Outer Wall
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Effects of Rotation

Secondary Flow Patterns

Inner Wall

(b)

(c)
Outer Wall

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(d)

(e)

Leading Surface

Trailing Surface

(a)

Secondary Flow Structure

Enhanced Region

Coriolis Force
Dean Vortex
Secondary Flow

Stationary duct
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Rotating duct

Effect of 90-deg Ribs in a Rotating Duct

Rotating effect
Rotating effect

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Effects of Aspect Ratios and Rotation (Leading)

(a) Ro=0.20, AR=0.5

Secondary Flow Patterns

(1) AR=0.5

(b) Ro=0.20, AR=1.0

Inner Wall

Leading Surface

Trailing Surface

(2) AR=1.0

(3) AR=2.0
(c) Ro=0.20, AR=2.0

Outer Wall
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Effects of Aspect Ratios and Rotation

(a) First Pass
24.4%
18.3%
32.5%

Duct aspect ratio increases

(b) Second Pass

5.0%
16.1%
22.0%

The ratio of rib height to duct height

(e/H) increases

Heat transfer is enhanced

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Effects of Rib Arrangement in a Rotating Duct

Rib
s

Rib
s

1. Smooth Duct

2. Cross-Ribbed Duct

3. Parallel-Ribbed Duct

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Effects of Rib Arrangement (Ro=0.05)

Cross-Ribbed Channel
Flow Pattern in Second-pass

Sh/Sh0

Heat Transfer Distributions

Parallel-Ribbed Channel
Flow Pattern in Second-pass

Heat Transfer Distributions

Leading Surface

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Trailing Surface

Effects of Bleed Holes

Exit Flow Rate through Bleed
Holes

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Effects of Bleed Holes (local heat transfer)

Bleed rate = 10%
Ro=0.0

Bleed Holes

Ro=0.2

Bleed Holes
Ro=0.2

Ro=0.4

Leading Surface

Ro=0.0

Bleed Holes
Ro=0.4

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Impinging Jet
Cooling

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Impingement cooling in Gas turbine engine

Turbine stator

Turbine rotor

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Combustor linear

Applications in turbine blade cooling

Stator

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Impinging jet
Flow structures

- Velocity

Heat Transfer characteristics

Free jet region

Stagnation region
Wall jet region
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Flow visualization with 2nd. flows

Main flow

R=1.0(Free jet)

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Main flow
2nd. flow

R=0.45(Blowing)

Main flow
2nd. flow

R=1.45(Suction)

Flow visualization with acoustic excitation

St=2.4

St=1.2

St=3.0

St=4.0

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Impinging jet on curvature surface

Flow characteristics

Heat Transfer

Concave surface

Co ncave surface
- increase heat transfer due to the
curvature effects
- i ncrease curvature induce 2nd flow
increase heat transfer

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Flat surface

Array jet

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Array Jets
 Array jets[Lakshminarayaha, 1996]

 Interactions between jets

-IInterference :

C ollision :
-C

Interference

Collision

Impingement surface

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Heat transfer/Flow characteristics of array jet

Impinging jet

H/d=1.0 Red=10,000
at Stagnation line

Stagnation point
Transition to
turbulent flow
Secondary peak
Target plate

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Secondary vortex
formation

Effects of Initial Crossflow

Airfoil cooled by Impingement jets
Crossflow from shower
head

Initial Crossflow

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Effect of Crossflow
-staggered array of uniform and
non-uniform impingement holes
- effect of cross-flow and hole
diameter

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H.T. characteristics with crossflow

 H/D=1.0
Crossflow

 H/D=2.0

 H/D=6.0

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Flow characteristics with crossflow

 With crossflow

 With effusion hole

Array Jets with effusion holes

- More uniform transfer effects
- Reduce crossflow effects
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Array jet + Enhanced method

Rib turbulator

Pin fin

Dimple surface

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Impinging/effusion cooling

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Concept of Impingement/Effusion Cooling

Film cooling
(through effusion hole)

Cooling
by Jet Impingement

Impingement jet cooling + Film cooling

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Impinging nozzle type

Staggered array

Shifted array

Injection
hole

Effusion
hole
Low transfer region
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Variation of Gap distance & Hole arrangement

Shifted array

x/d

Staggered array

H/d=0.33
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H/d=1.0

H/d=2.0

H/d=6.0

H/d=1.0

Impingement/Effusion Cooling with crossflow

Crossflows

Stagnation regions are

shifted and bended
Low transfer region is
formed behind the
effusion holes
Low transfer region

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Impingement/Effusion + Enhanced method

Heat transfer distributions are higher and more uniform, although the effect of jet
impingement on overall heat transfer is dominant
Enhanced method prevents the wall jet from being swept away and increases flow
mixing and disturbance
Rib turbulator
3.0
1.5
0.0

-3.0

0.0

Circular pin fins

Rectangular fins

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3.0

6.0

9.0

x/d

12.0

15.0

18.0

21.0