NEED FOR CONTROL SYSTEM.

.The main objective of the use of WIND

turbine is generating electricity.
.The power output P, from a wind turbine
is given by the expression:

. Electrical energy generated form a

wind turbine varies as the cube of
wind speed.

.The power _ wind velocity contains

four regions:
1) Wind speed < cut _ in speed:
at this region the efficiency is not
accepted.
2) Wind speed =cut _in speed:
at this region the wind turbine
starting to work.

3) Wind speed =rated speed :

at this speed the generator working
at specified rated power.
4) Wind speed >= cut _out _speed:
that may causes damage the wind
turbine
and causes the damage of the
generator.
. So, we need to control system for:
1) capture rated power.
2) Protect the wind turbine from high
wind turbine.
3) When generator disconnected
suddenly prevent the rotor from
runaway.
4) Direction control.

Drag & lift forces

.Lift is defined to be the component

of this force that is perpendicular to
the oncoming flow direction.
.Drag is defined to be the
component of this force that is in the
same direction the oncoming flow
direction.

Angle of attack is the angle between the

lifting body's reference line and the
oncoming flow.
. The critical angle of attack is the angle
of attack which produces maximum lift
coefficient.

Power control
. By far the most effective way of
influencing the aerodynamic angle
of attack, and thus the input
power, is by mechanically
adjusting the rotor blade pitch
angle for this purpose, in general,
the rotor blade is turned about its
longitudinal axis with the aid of
actively controlled actuators.

.Power control by changing the

aerodynamic angle of attack of
the rotor can be achieved by two
methods:
I) the conventional approach is by
adjusting the angle of attack of
the blade to a smaller angle in
order to reduce power input.
Conversely, increasing the angle
of attack increases the power
input.

. II) The other possibility is to

change the blade pitch angle to a
larger angle of attack up to the
so-called critical aerodynamic
angle of attack, at which point the
airflow separates at the surface of
the rotor blades, thus limiting the
aerodynamic power input.
. This effect is known as a stall.

Active pitch control

. In general, the rotor blade is
turned about its longitudinal axis
with
the
aid
of
actively controlled actuators.
.There is two types of active pitch
control.

I) Full-span pitch control: rotating

all each blade about its axis in
the direction which reduces the
angle of attack.
II) Partial-span pitch control: by
adjusting the pitch of only 25
to 30% of the blade length is
sufficient from the point of
view of aerodynamic efficiency.

Blade pitching drive

The main distinguishing feature of
blade pitching systems is the type of
drive.
.there is two types:

I) Hydraulic drives
drives

II) electrical

Hydraulic Blade Pitch

Systems

.Supply of the actuators is commonly

housed at a fixed location in the
nacelle so that the supply lines must
be routed through the gearbox and
the hollow rotor shaft into the hub.

. To reach the rotating hub from the

stationary nacelle, a sealed hydraulic
rotary transmission
lead through is required.

.Three hydraulic actuators are

installed outside the rotor hub. The
hydraulic supply and return lines for

the actuators are routed through the

hollow rotor shaft and through the
gearbox into the rear part of the
nacelle to the pressure supply
system located there, which consists
of a motor-driven pump and pressure
accumulators.
. The actuators are controlled by
means of control valves via a change
in mass flow or control pressure.

. To avoid having to use a rotary lead

through, one can either locates the
entire hydraulic system in the
revolving hub, or the actuators have
to be installed in a fixed position in
the nacelle.
In the latter case, the pitch
adjustment motion must be
transmitted into the revolving hub
by means of mechanical transmission
elements,
.for example a connecting rod The
hydraulic actuator works against a
strong spring, so that in a
breakdown involving the complete
loss of system pressure, the rotor
blades are forced into the feathered
position by the spring, thus causing
the rotor to stop.
In wind turbines with partial blade
pitching,

the pitch mechanism must be

installed in the outer blade area.

Electrical Blade Pitch

Systems

.The power supply for emergency

pitch adjustment consists of two
batteries which are also located in
the rotor hub.
The first one of these was Enercon
where each rotor blade on their
medium-sized range of turbines (E40) has its own electric pitch motor
mounted on the outside flange ring
(Figs. 8.19). Other manufacturers
place the electric pitching drive
completely inside the rotor hub

Stall control

.a stall is a reduction in the lift

coefficient generated by an airfoil as
angle of attack increases.
. This occurs when the critical angle
of attack of the airfoil is exceeded.
. Where the angle of attack increases
beyond a certain point such that the
lift begins to decrease.

. Flow separation begins to occur at

small angles of attack while attached
flow over the wing is still dominant.
As angle of attack increases, the
separated regions on the top of the
wing increase in size and hinder the
wing's ability to create lift.
At the critical angle of attack,
separated flow is so dominant that

further increases in angle of attack

produce less lift and vastly more
drag.

Yaw system
.Yaw system has been used with all
horizontal axis wind turbines to
orient the nacelle and the rotor as.
Vertical axis wind turbines do not
need a yaw system since their
vertical rotors can face the wind
from any direction.
.The wind direction changes.

Function
.the Yaw system has two main
functions:
1)orienting the rotor and
the nacelle into the wind.
2) Some turbines also
use active yaw as a means of power
control.
. Yawing the rotor with respect to the
wind direction it reduces the
effective swept area with respect to
the wind direction.

Variations in wind
direction
.variations of wind direction in time
can be divided into the following
categories:
. Inter-annual
. Annual
.Diurnal
.Short-term (gusts and turbulence).

. Inter-annual: Inter- annual

variations in wind direction occur
over time scales greater than one
year.
. Annual: Significant variations in
seasonal or monthly.
. Diurnal (time of day): large wind
variations also can occur on a
diurnal or daily time scale.
. Short-term: Short- term wind
direction variations of interest
include turbulence and gusts.

Wind direction
instrumentation
.due to continuous change at wind
direction , So we need a wind
direction sensor.
. Wind direction is normally
measured via

the use of a wind vane.

. Wind vanes usually produce signals
by
contact closures or by
potentiometers.

.One type of wind that the use of

self-synchronous motors.

.The transmitter T is mechanically

connected to a wind vane while the
receiver R is connected to a pointer
on an indicating instrument.
.Both rotors are connected to the
same source of ac.
.When the induced voltages are the
same, and opposing each other,
there will be no current flow and no
rotor torque.

. When the transmitter rotor is

moved, voltage magnitudes become
unbalanced, causing currents to flow
and a torque to be produced on the
receiver rotor.
. This causes the receiver rotor to
turn until it again is in alignment
with the transmitter rotor.
.Other type of wind vane which
works well for digital data system.
.It consists of potentiometer a
voltage source VB, and an analog to
digital converter.

. The potentiometer is oriented so

the output voltage Vd value is
changes due to wind direction
changes.
. The A/D converter converts Vd to a
digital form for recording.
.Each digital number represents a
range of wind direction.

Types

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yawing by fan-tail
wheels
. Yawing with the help of a fan-tail is
the simplest method.
. Yawing with the aid of a fan-tail
wheel can still be found in some
smaller turbines.

.the fantail in the cap of the turbine.

. the fantail parallel to the airflow ,
at this case it did not turn .
.if the wind shifted it would begin to
turn the fantail .
.this would turn a shaft running from
the fantail
Down to wheels or a gear box which
would turn the turbine back into the
wind .

This has the advantage of not

requiring a separate power source
or controls.

free Yaw type

. Turbines with free yaw are normally
downwind machines.
.If the rotor is positioned downwind,
the point of attack of the total
aerodynamic force of the rotor is
located behind the axis of rotation of
the tower head.

.the yaw axis, so that with the cross

wind force, the aerodynamic forces
produce a restoring moment on the
rotor within a very wide yaw angle
range.
.In turbines with free yaw the yaw
system is normally much simpler.
. Often there is nothing more than
the yaw bearing.
.Free yaw machines sometimes
incorporate yaw dampers to limit the
yaw rate.

Active Yaw type

. Upwind turbines normally have
some type of active yaw control.
. This usually includes:
. One or more yaw motors, gears,
.brake to keep the turbine stationary
in yaw when it is properly aligned.

. The speed must be reduced so that

the yaw rate is slow, and so that
adequate torque can be supplied
from a small motor.

Yaw bearing
. Regardless of the type of yaw system
all horizontal axis wind turbines have
some type of yaw bearing.
.The primary component is a large
bearing that connects the main frame to
the tower.
. It serves as a rotatable connection

between the tower and the nacelle of

the wind turbine.
.In a turbine with active yaw, the
yaw bearing includes gear teeth
around its circumference.
.Yaw damping is desirable, even during
the yawing, in order to avoid unwanted
yawing oscillations.
.These requirements can be met both by
a
conventional roller bearing.

Yaw brakes

.yaw brake system comprising:

. Disk brake.
.Brake caliper.
. Caliper actuator (hydraulic).
.When not yawing the machinery is
positively locked by means of several
yaw brake calipers acting on a brake
disc.

.disk brake is a device for slowing or

stopping the rotation of while it is in
motion.

. To stop the wheel, friction material

in the form of brake pads is forced
mechanically, hydraulically,
pneumatically or electromagnetically
against both sides of the disc.
The brake caliper is the assembly
which houses the brake pads and
pistons.

Yaw drive
. The yaw drive is the name given to
the mechanism used to rotate the
nacelle with in order to keep the
turbine facing into the wind.
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. The two choices for the yaw drive

are hydraulic or electrical
components
.the hydraulic system name lower
costs, smaller size and also higher
torque as advantages.
. Each yaw drive consists of powerful
electric or hydraulic motor with its
electric drive and
a large gearbox, which increases the
torque.

Yaw Control
. There are two aims of control
system:
.1) the deviation of the rotor from
the wind direction, the yaw angle, is
supposed to be as small as possible
to avoid power loss.

.2) The yaw control system must not

respond too sensitively, to avoid
continuous small yaw movements
which would reduce the life of the
mechanical components.
. The yaw motion in an active yaw
system is controlled using yaw error
as an input.
.Yaw error is monitored by means of
a wind vane mounted on the turbine.
. When the yaw error is outside the
allowed range for some period of
time, the drive system is activated,
and the turbine is moved in the
appropriate direction.
. The problem is to find a practicable
compromise as it is not possible to
set up a general rule.
. The situation relating to theWKA-60
turbine will be given as an example.

. The wind measuring system of the

turbine provides a mean value of the
wind direction over a period of ten
seconds.

.If the deviation remains below 3

degrees, the yaw control system will
not be activated.
. If the yaw angle determined is
above this value, the time until

correction is determined in
accordance with a pre-programmed
function.
.If the wind speed exceeds 36 m/s,
the rotor will not be yawed.

References
1_ Wind Turbines:
Fundamentals, Technologies,
Applications,
Economics
Erich
Hau
2_ Wind Energy Handbook
Burton

Tony

CHAPTER 4
CONTROL
SYSTEM