Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Place: Lavasa
Date:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
NEED OF THE STUDY
THE LEVEL GLASS SEGMENT
INDIAN GLASS INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
MARKET ANALYSIS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CONCLUSION
BIBLOGRAPHY
1. INTRODUCTION
Demand for glass from the beverage sector, infrastructure and the real estate sector has
provided a boost to its market in India.
The growth in the Indian glass industry is dominated by container glass segment, which
accounts for majority of the sales in terms of volume, according to a TechSci Research report.
The majority of the sales in terms of value is dominated by float glass segment and further in
the coming years sales in float glass segment of the Indian glass industry will increase on the
sidelines of real estate growth across retail, residential and office estate.
Liquor and Beer Industry forms almost 2/3 of the container glass demand in India followed
by food and pharmaceutical industry.
Flat glass has created significant place in the glass industry not just in India but on a global
level. Total size of Flat Glass industry in India is 0.12 million tonnes per month. Indian Glass
Industry consists of architectural, automotive, value added glass, mirrors & furniture segment
which has market share of 45%, 15%, 15%, 10% & 15% respectively.
Per capita glass consumption has increased significantly in India from 0.58 kg to 1.1 kg;
however it is still much lower as compared to other developing countries and much lower
than China, where it stands at around 15 kg.
India with 9 float plants is still way behind China which has approximately 196 float plants.
This suggests that India has immense potential to increase capacity.
Indian Glass Market is estimated to Increase at a CAGR of 15% over the Next Three Years.
Fuelled by growth in sectors like real estate, infrastructure, retail, automotive and food &
beverages, the country's glass industry will acquire a market size worth Rs 340 billion by
2015 from Rs 225 billion at present, according to a study by industry body Assocham. The
glass consumption growth is expected in construction (10-12%), automotive (20), consumer
goods (15-20) and pharmaceuticals (15-18) sectors.
Flat glass in India is majorly used for construction purpose, or by the automotive sector along
with railways. In terms of value, the construction sector of the country held a majority share
in sales of flat glass in the country. The recent infrastructural developments in the real estate
sector of the country are majorly responsible for the majority share of construction sector in
the end user analysis. The research and developments in the flat glass industry have led to
production of highly specialized form of glass intended for production of different products
and applications. All such developments are leading to positive growth in the flat glass
market of India.
The growth in the glass industry is characterised by the increase use of processed & reflective
glass as the Indian customer has become more aware about the importance of glass in
effectively addressing the concerns of safety and energy efficiency.
The two noteworthy portions of the glass business in India are level glass and holder glass.
Both these portions are seeing relentless development on the setting of expanded utilization
from different areas.
Glass has been in the public eye in its most fundamental structure following around 4000BC
and was utilized predominantly to create weapons and adornments, and by 1500BC glass
vessels were utilized as a part of cooking and drinking. Glass has been created for a large
number of years and generation techniques have advanced impressively since its incitement.
A key variable that started a vast increment in the large scale manufacturing of glass was the
improvement of the Solvay procedure in the 1860s, which fundamentally lessened the
expense of sodium oxide, a noteworthy contribution to the glass generation process. Two vital
improvements in the twentieth century were computerization, with the presentation of full
automation of jug production around 1920, and the presentation of the buoy procedure in
1952 for level glass.
Other real progressions in glass generation have come about because of:
Continuous vast scale generation;
Longer heater lifetimes (ordinarily 12-15 years, yet now and again (level glass) significantly
more);
Improved warm proficiency;
New creation strategies, (for example, 'Without a moment to spare');
Significant item advancement.
Changes in the generation procedure have prompted a regular heater yield of 300 tons for
every day of liquid glass however in some sub-divisions, for example, level glass, this figure
is significantly higher: 500 tons for each day is common yet some late undertakings have hit
1000 tons for every day.
Whilst creation levels have expanded, makers have additionally strived to encourage enhance
productivity in what is a vitality escalated process, fuelled by the need to work heaters at
more than 1600oC.
Upgrades in heater productivity have significantly affected the measure of vitality required to
liquefy a huge amount of glass. The reusing of glass has been a main consideration since it
utilizes 25% less vitality than making glass from virgin crude material. Whilst this execution
may sound noteworthy, glass makers have been put under further weight from Governments
to enhance their effectiveness because of expanded ecological worries by society.
An element of glass is its adaptability and that its determination, for example, its quality,
weight, shading and appearance can be changed to suit request.
Compartment glass
Compartment glass is seeing a surge sought after from the nourishment and refreshment area,
particularly from the liquor/lager industry. Higher discretionary cashflow combined with
urban way of life is driving this interest and, therefore, the per capita utilization of
compartment glass is going up. This is, in any case, still path not exactly the worldwide
normal. South and West India are in charge of the expanded interest for compartment glass in
India.
In spite of the fact that glass is the most eco benevolent bundling material, it has been
supplanted by plastic in some non-basic ranges. This is significantly more pertinent in India
where the directions about bundling are not all that extremely stringent. Nowadays even
certain syrups are pressed in plastic jugs, which ought not happen preferably. The chaotic
segment likewise gives solid rivalry to the sorted out segment. Their clients, for the most part
refreshment organizations, are not interested in quality or assembling process. Thus, the onus
of teaching them is on the sorted out compartment glass producers. Another point of
preference of glass is that since glass is artificially idle it doesn't modify the essence of the
sustenance or refreshment in it henceforth it doesn't make any wellbeing issue. As to
assembling, glass requires altogether less vitality to create than plastic and can likewise be
reused, in this manner cutting down the expense of procurement.
regularly crush the overall revenue of the players. Institutional purchasers deal hard to get the
best arrangement, pretty much ruling out the makers.
2. OBJECTIVES
1. To present an overview of the glass and glazing industry In India.
2. To provide information on the types of glass produced and their
characteristics.
3. To create a SWOT analysis for the glass and glazing industry in India.
4. To find consumer perception of glass and their awareness level regarding
glass characteristics.
To report on the potential for growth of demand for Borosil Storage glass
products in the Indian market.
3. NEEDOFTHESTUDY
Glass is a generally utilized segment, its applications running from little (glass dish, displays)
to immense (whole structures). Regardless of its adaptability in application, Glass is an
essentially underused in the Indian business sector. There are such a variety of various sorts
of glass, and their properties vary with the kind of preparing it experiences. Glass is
additionally an eco-accommodating item and timekeepers an implication commitment
towards the assurance of nature.
Such a large number of points of interest, however glass has been persistently ignored for less
expensive choices like cement or non renewable items like wood. My study expects to
investigate the explanations behind this circumstance and decide how and to what degree the
Indian business sector would be profited by a more obvious glass industry.
It looks to educate the peruser about the upsides of glass (unpleasantly, natural) in contrast
with other building and bundling materials like wood, solid, plastic, and so on., in order to
help in future basic leadership forms.
4. THELEVELGLASSSEGMENT
In the level glass portion land and car areas are the greatest purchasers. With the coming of
inside fashioners and Multinational Corporations who incline toward glass engineering, the
level glass business sector is likewise seeing solid development. At present, level glass is
being utilized like never before as a part of private and business structures. Engineering glass
for the most part utilized is single framed and multiplied framed glass is utilized just as a part
of exceptional cases. Aside from style purposes, glass is likewise being utilized for its extra
esteem included properties in differing employments. The quantity of green structures is on
the ascent which has extensively expanded the utilization of level glass , for example,
coated glass, intelligent glass and so on. Expanded utilization for quality included level glass
can be found in districts, for example, Mumbai and NCR.
Green structures
Green structures with the right sort of coating can spare vitality to the tune of 35 to 40 for
each penny when contrasted with customary glass. In advanced engineering glass indicates
openness an imperative property in this day and age. Level glass is nearly lighter than
conventional block and mortar structures subsequently putting less weight on the
establishment of the building. In addition, level glass is not as delicate as it used to be
previously. This is on account of advancement in glass preparing innovation has helped the
business to make different sorts of glass, which are substantially more secure and fit to be
utilized for different design employments. In this business sector, many organizations have
been established which give different sorts of glass and coating alternatives for structures.
These organizations take each precautionary measure to meet the fancied wellbeing
parameters, and regularly need to deliver issues relating to workmanship and work issues.
Development in the level glass market offers ascend to the interest of movies that can be
fitted to the glass for better esteem expansion. Glass is sold specifically to clients, and
additionally through merchants.
5. INDIANGLASSINDUSTRYOVERVIEW
Glass as a material to be utilized as a part of structures has been around for a considerable
length of time. However, the significance that it has accepted in advanced design rises above
its status as a building segment and hoists it to a status that maybe no other material has come
to some time recently. Today, glass is not only a method for giving light access to a space and
accomplishing assurance from the components, however an announcement of style,
mindfulness and an outflow of the originator and the customer's ideological stand on nature.
Glass as a material to be used in buildings has been around for centuries. But the importance
that it has assumed in modern architecture transcends its status as a building component and
elevates it to a status that perhaps no other material has reached before. Today, glass is not
just a means of letting light into a space and achieving protection from the elements, but a
statement of style, awareness and an expression of the designer and the client's ideological
stand on the environment.
The Indian market scenario
Structural glazing and curtain walling were first seen in the United States in the mid 40s.
From North America, the technology spread first to Europe, then to Australia and then to
South East Asia. The first building in India that had a curtain wall was the Le Meridian Hotel
in New Delhi, which was constructed in the early 80s in preparation for the Asian Games. By
the 90s, curtain walls were accepted as standard technology for high-end buildings in the
country, with an explosion of projects in Mumbai and the NCR region, and later, in
Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai, driven by the IT boom. Today, structural glazing is a
norm rather than an exception for malls and corporate structures across the nation.
The glass and glazing industry for architectural application in India for the year 2000 was
estimated at a minimum of Rs 100 crores. Of this, the glass component would be about 1.2
million square meters. Indian and imported ACP would come to about 1 million square
meters and another 700,000 square meters would constitute residential windows.
In geographical terms, the South Indian region dominated by Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad
and parts of Kerala, contributes to 30 percent of the glass consumption. West India follows
with 29 percent. Here Mumbai, Pune and parts of Gujarat are big consumers. The North
Indian market, comprising mainly of Delhi and the National Capital Region accounts for 20
percent of the total architectural glass and glazing market. East India currently contributes
only 7 percent of the consumption. However, with a renewed focus on real estate in West
Bengal, this is set to change and this regional market is growing very fast.
Glazing market size: India
The growth of the Indian glazing market is impressive. While it was an Rs 1 billion market in
the year 2004, it is estimated to touch Rs 340 billion by 2015. Even so, this is a very small
market size compared to other evolving market for the glass industry. For instance, the
Bangkok International Airport job, used glass worth USD 84 million, which is nearly the size
of the entire Indian glass market! The total Thai Market for 2004 was estimated at USD 1.6
billion and is said to be the fastest growing market in Asia.
The sheer capacity for production of glass in India is so low as compared to other countries.
India at present has about 3-4 float lines and 14 glass processors. In comparison, China has
140 float lines and over 800 glass processors. The Chinese glazing market for 2004 was
estimated at between USD 4-5 billion.
India exports about 13,000 tonne of glass per month to the Middle East, African countries,
Europe and South America. The rapid increase in the demand for flat glass in the domestic
market has resulted in a cutback in exports by as much as 60% in the last couple of years.
Major Indian Players
Asahi India
Saint-Gobain Glass
Gujarat Borosil
IAG Co.
Schott Glass
Industry
Current share
Growth
Construction
65%
estimated
9%
Automotive
15%
19%
Consumer
12%
12%
goods
Pharmaceutical
8%
14%
Glass Consumption
Construction
Automotive
Consumer
goods
Pharmaceutical
goods
Comparative study
If we compare the Glass markets, we find that India with the second most
population in the world does not capture even a slice of the pie shown
below. Seven south east countries totally gather 7% of the market.
Compare this to china, which with the highest population in the world can
boast of 50% of the total glass market.
MARKET SHARE
Consump
Countries
tion per
capita (in
kg)
India
0.8
China
3.5
Malaysia
12
Thailand
5.2
Indonesia
2.5
Market players
Pilkington, Saint-Gobain, Asahi and Guardian are the four organizations that deliver 61
percent of the world's excellent buoy glass. It is a united business sector. While Asahi is a
Japan-based organization, Pilkington is situated in the United Kingdom, Guardian in the
United States and Saint-Gobain in France. There around 12 other sorted out players other
than the main four and a few disorderly ones, for the most part arranged in China and created
low quality items. The rate offer of these regarding limit is represented in the accompanying
table.
The interest for glass has become wonderfully in the most recent two decades, exceeding the
GDP development in many nations. To a great extent fuelled by China, the interest for glass is
relied upon to develop at about 4 percent for each annum.
The interest for glass is fuelled by enactment and directions that take a gander at security,
commotion control and vitality preservation. Plan slants that support coated structures that
take into account most extreme common light will guarantee the development of the glass
business.
teach the business sector, exhibit the upsides of better quality and encourage the reception of
fantastic materials at not especially higher expenses.
Another noticeable pattern is the developing fame of worth included glass items. While in
1995, level glass represented 66 percent of the business' income, it now represents just
around 42 percent. These worth included items are made by further handling top notch coast
glass by overlaying, toughening, covering and silvering. Further, these are utilized
independently or as a part of protecting glass units with particular interlayers that can give it
included quality, heat resistance, light transmission, sun control, and so on. The quality
included glass market has an estimation of roughly EUR 44 billion.
Truth be told today, the interest for worth included glass is developing at a quicker rate than
interest for essential glass. In spite of the fact that most of the interest is from North America
and Europe, esteem included glass is making progress in less develop markets too, with
wellbeing, security and vitality preservation getting to be needs to build architects around the
world.
Glass and Glazing Industry Overview Energy effectiveness, truth be told, has turned into a
noteworthy standard for glass choice and has promoted the utilization of protected glass units
rather than single coating. This is beneficial from the producer's perspective as it is a higher
quality item cap utilized twofold the measure of glass for every venture. From the client's
perspective, it recoveries of long haul expenses and expands the execution of the building.
Vitality enactment has ordered low-e covered glass in most focal and northern European
nations. Germany, UK, Poland and Ireland have commanded low-e glass in substitution
windows too. More up to date individuals from the EU are working towards receiving these
measures. The sum total of what these have been driven by the objectives set around the
Kyoto Protocol. Truth be told, new EU orders require each of the 25 nations to work towards
enhancing vitality controls by and large and additionally acquaint together enactment with
enhance building stock.
Le Meridian Hotel in New Delhi, which was developed in the mid 80s in planning for the
Asian Games. By the 90s, blind dividers were acknowledged as standard innovation for top
of the line structures in the nation, with a blast of activities in Mumbai and the NCR district,
and later, in Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai, driven by the IT blast. Today, basic coating
is a standard instead of a special case for shopping centers and corporate structures the
country over.
The glass and coating industry for design application in India for the year 200 was evaluated
at least Rs 100 crores. Of this, the glass part would be around 1.2 million square meters.
Indian and imported ACP would come to around 1 million square meters and another 700,000
square meters would constitute private windows.
In geological terms, the South Indian district commanded by Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad
and parts of Kerala, adds to 30 percent of the glass utilization. West India takes after with 29
percent. Here Mumbai, Pune and parts of Gujarat are huge buyers. The North Indian business
sector, including primarily of Delhi and the National Capital Region represents 20 percent of
the aggregate design glass and coating market. East India as of now contributes just 7 percent
of the utilization. In any case, with a restored concentrate on land in West Bengal, this is set
to change and this local business sector is developing quick.
Coatingmarketsize:India
The development of the Indian coating business sector is noteworthy. While it was a Rs 100
crore market in the year 2000, it is assessed to touch Rs 1000 crore by 2005. Indeed, even
along these lines, this is a little market size contrasted with other developing business sector
for the glass business. Case in point, the Bangkok International Airport work, right now being
built, is utilizing glass worth USD 84 million, which is almost the extent of the whole Indian
glass market! The aggregate Thai Market for 2004 was evaluated at USD 1.6 billion and is
said to be the quickest developing business sector in Asia.
The sheer limit for creation of glass in India is so low when contrasted with different nations.
India at present has around 3-4 coast lines and 14 glass processors. In correlation, China has
140 buoy lines and more than 800 glass processors. The Chinese coating market for 2004 was
assessed at between USD 4-5 billion.
The glass market in India has been developing at an unfaltering pace because of the colossal
interest it creates from the drink part and land division which utilizes holder glass and level
glass separately.
The report starts with the presentation segment which offers a brief understanding of the glass
business that has been arranged into buoy, holder and other. The buoy glass discovers
essential use in land and car segments while compartment glass is coordinated to the drink,
pharmaceutical and makeup industry. Alternate glass fragment for the most part incorporates
glass utilized as a part of optical and lens industry and in production of cutlery, electrical
protection and different divisions.
The business sector review segment concentrates on the aggregate glass business sector of
India and rate division in compartment, level and different glass. At that point the business
sector size of the compartment glass alongside the anticipated development is given. The per
capita utilization and development underway throughout the years is additionally portrayed.
Establishment base and interest for holder glass is clarified. Real sorts of holder glass are
distinguished. The idea of green potential is then engaged upon.
The report then spotlights on the level glass market size in quality terms alongside the
estimated development. The area additionally talks about the level glass generation with
estimated development. The segment further gives the sectoral depiction giving rate
separation of creation of the real sorts of level glass with normal generation cost separation.
The report is then trailed by level glass sectoral depiction as for interest that the area
significantly confronts from development and car segments. It additionally explains the guage
per capita utilization of level glass alongside a nation shrewd relative investigation of per
capita utilization of level glass. Significant sorts of level glass alongside its uses are likewise
recorded. The report recognizes the significant sorts of level glass which will be popular in
future. It further expounds the components that are influencing the building level glass
market.
From there on the report gives an intricate area on the fare import diagram of the general
glass market alongside an itemized segmental separation of the real sorts of compartment and
level glass. Likewise, the circulation channel for holder and level glass has been included.
In the following segment drivers and difficulties has been highlighted. The variables that are
pushing the glass segment incorporate the development in land segment, expanding
utilization of glass in car division, its utilization in bundling industry, developing inclination
for prepared worth included glass, increment in sunlight based vitality segment where glass is
utilized as a part of gigantic amounts, the subjective part of glass that makes glass a more
hygienic and eco-accommodating bundling material and the relative cost advantage that India
has underway of glass. The difficulties that the segment is confronting incorporate rivalry
from Chinese imports, ascend in cost of pop fiery remains, different other option bundling
materials that are inching in and the reusable way of glass which thusly is influencing the
interest for recently produced glass.
The report additionally covers the patterns winning presently in the glass business, which
incorporates interest for quality included items, enlivening glasses with computerized print
innovation, and speculation and limit extension by the different glass producing organizations
in India. Real innovation patterns have been portrayed.
The opposition area highlights the significant players in the business. It incorporates
elaborate profile of the real players in the business sector alongside their money related
investigation. Doormen Five Forces Analysis has been fused for a brief however compelling
comprehension of the business sector situation. The vital proposals area concentrates on some
viable vital choices which can be taken up by organizations to build their pieces of the overall
industry.
6. MARKETANALYSIS
The glass business speaks to various perceptible item fragments: (a) level glass including
Float Glass, (b)glass holders and hollowware, (c) vacuum glass, (d) local and mechanical dish
sets, (e) gem glass, (f)fibreglass, (g) glass fleece, (h) TV picture tube glass shells, and (I) lab
glass. The majority of the glass items have both mechanical and shopper uses. Lab glass is a
minor constituent. So are fiberglass and glass fleece despite the fact that fiberglass is picking
up energy progressively. The aggregate business sector of glass was esteemed at Rs 40 bn in
2007-08 with 83% supplied by residential makers.
The business is developing at around 8% for every annum. Utilization per capita of glass in
India is just around 0.8 kg contrasted with 3.5 kg in China, 5.2 kg in Thailand, 12 kg in
Malaysia and 2.5 kg in Indonesia. The aggregate composed makers in the glass market have a
turnover evaluated at over Rs 40 bn, spoke to by a genuinely huge number of suppliers.
The strength of China as a noteworthy business sector supplier of glass items has been
expanding with monetary liberalization and rising remote venture. China represents around
33% offer in the overall interest of level glass. India has one of the most minimal per capita
level glass utilization however with fast development in local development and car market, it
introduces a huge open door for worldwide majors, which have entered the business sector
bigly.
The two principle contestants in the glass business in the late years have been Float Glass (an
innovative variation of level or sheet glass) and precious stone product. Fiberglass and glass
fleece are still a little turnover industry yet has been working in India for a long while.
Level glass is fragmented into customary sheet glass and Float Glass. Glide Glass is more
grounded (by 25%) than ordinary sheet glass. It additionally has a much higher level of
optical clarity. Different assortments incorporate figured and wired glass.
The level glass industry extended by around 90% somewhere around 2000 and 2007,
bringing about a compound yearly development rate of 11%. This drove the per capita
utilization of glass, which was 0.41 kg in 1999, to achieve 0.80 kg level in 2007. The interest
for level glass in India has expanded at a normal rate of 12% every year for as far back as five
years. Particular pieces of the pie of buoy and sheet glass are 89% and 11%. The two primary
devouring divisions of level glass in India are the development and car commercial ventures,
both of which had been encountering amazing
Skim Glass is a capital serious procedure and the base financial size requires an extensive
venture. The portion saw the production of extensive limits in a brief timeframe. The interest
for buoy glass saw an incredible development because of the similar item quality at a
generally worthy cost. Be that as it may, it soon thought that it was troublesome even to
maintain amounts.
Abilities to the tune of about 70 mn sqm were introduced. Drift Glass India had a limit of 29
mn sqm, Gujarat Guardian of 24 mn sqm and Triveni Sheet Glass of 15 mn sqm.
The business has been confronting harsh climate because of different variables: over-limit,
discouraged development sought after and modest imports. An overabundance limit of crude
glass in the business was knowledgeable about the start of 2006. This abundance limit could
get to be bigger if current venture arranges saw the light of day. In 2007, the overabundance
limit was four times that of 2006 and in 2008 it could be six times that of 2006. This depends
on the presumption that
Request kept on developing at the present twofold digit pace. It is fascinating that the total
benefit of level glass producers in India is as yet working in the red range. To the extent overlimit is concerned, it is normal that the supply will far surpass request in any event until 2009.
Abundance limit, extraordinary rivalry and the advancement of an administrative system are
the genuine future difficulties for the Indian glass industry. The real players including Gujarat
Guardian, Indo Asahi, Triveni Glass, Gujarat Borosil and Float Glass India have been
amassing overwhelming misfortunes. A few units were at the edge of turning wiped out.
Around 83% of the glass created is utilized as a part of the development business, 15% in the
car business and 2% in various commercial enterprises, for example, furniture and
photograph outlines.
India sends out around 13,000 ton of glass for each month to the Middle East, African
nations, Europe and South America. The fast increment in the interest for level glass in the
local business sector has brought about a reduction in fares by as much as 60% in the last
couple of years.
Asahi India has plants at Taloja in Maharashtra and Roorkee in Uttar Pradesh. Asahi India's
two plants produce 500 ton and 750 ton for every day. In 1994, it began off as a joint
endeavor between the Tatas and Asahi of Japan. With the way out of the Asahi in 2003, it was
assumed control by Asahi India Safety, the car glass fabricating organization. The combined
element is known as Asahi India Glass Ltd. The organization set up Float Glass with a 750-
ton limit in mid 2007 at Uttrakhand in North India. Asahi India has a piece of the pie of 16%
in the Indian buoy glass industry, which was required to increment to more than 25% postappointing of the Roorkee Plant.
Aside from an extensive number of little players in the glass business, there are exactly 76
huge and medium-sized makers. Of these, 44 produce holders and hollowware with a limit of
1.5 mn tons, which enrolled a generation of 1.43 mn tons. Despite the fact that a decent
bundling medium, glass compartments are dynamically being supplanted by substitute
materials like plastics, aluminum and tetrapack. Glass, be that as it may, is the generally all
the more ecofriendly of materials.
Right away, there are 8 players fabricating vacuum flagons and refills with a creation of
around 25 mn units. Almost 30% of cups delivered are sent out to created nations of the USA,
the UK and Germany other than the business is sending out to Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
and African nations.
Hindustan National Glass (HNGL), the biggest and most productive maker of glass
compartments, is working at present 10 heaters at five areas (Rishra, Bahagugragh,
Pondicherry, Rishikesh and Nashik) with 42 generation lines. Likewise HNG has gained a
glass holder fabricating unit of Haryana Sheet Glass Limited at Neemrana, Rajasthan. In the
3200 ml fragment, HNG Group is the undisputed business sector pioneer taking into account
around 70% of the residential business sector in the pharmaceutical, drink, handled
nourishment, restorative and alcohol divisions covering industry majors like Coca Cola,
Dabur, GlaxoWellcome, Nestle, Pepsi, Reckitt Benckiser, Smithkline Beecham, UB Group.
Moreover, the organization likewise fares to South East, Middle East, Africa and First World
Countries in Europe and North America.
The Group gained the Glass Division of L&T at Nashik in October 2005, having one heater
of 320 tons for every day (tpd) softening limit. HNG has additionally gone into a plan of
amalgamation with Ace Glass Containers (ACE).
Post-amalgamation HNGL's unaudited turnover in 2007-08 remained at over Rs 11 bn.
Hindustan National Glass had contributed Rs 4 bn for limit improvement and up degree of its
Rishra Plant. This speculation helped the organization to upgrade its ability by 70% from 260
tpd to 440 tpd. It has a 30% piece of the overall industry in the glass holder market, which
was developing at a rate of more than 7% amid the previous couple of years. The
organization enlisted a development of 21% in deals at Rs 5.16 bn in 2006-07. Net Profit of
the organization expanded at a more noteworthy rate of 41% in 2006-07, over the former
year. The deals for the organization expanded by 28% in 2008-09 over the first year while the
net benefit stayed stable.
HNG is setting up another Float Glass plant at Halol, Gujarat. The limit of this line will be
600 tpd and is relied upon to be on stream by center of 2009.
Gujarat Guardian (GGL) was the primary organization to set up buoy glass plant in India
with an ability to create 550 tons for every day. It is a joint endeavor with specialized and
money related coordinated effort between Guardian Industries Corporation of the United
States and India's Modi Group. It was trailed by Float Glass India and Triveni Sheet Glass in
1996.
Notwithstanding Float Glass, GGL makes covered glass, mirrors, treated glass fiberglass and
car glass. GGL's Rs. 4.5 bn plant went into business creation in March 1993, as the principal
Float Glass producing organization with the best in class innovation in Bharuch region of
Gujarat. The organization appreciates an administration position in the Indian glass market.
The organization sends out its items to a few nations over the world. The organization's items
are sold under Modiguard brand.
Gold Plus Glass, a New Delhi-based glass processor, has a noteworthy piece of the pie in
handling glass industry. Its Roorkee-based Float Glass plant was to begin creation from 2008.
The evaluated expense of this anticipate is around Rs. 4 bn in the main stage. The arranged
limit of this Float Glass creation line would be 460 tpd. The Float Glass creation line is relied
upon to deliver clear and green tinted glass from 2 to 19 mm thickness.
Sejal Glass, another conspicuous producer of worth included glass, situated in Mumbai is
setting up a Float Glass fabricating plant. The manufacturing plant site is Bharuch (Gujarat),
for which the development has as of now started and creation is required to be on stream by
center of 2009. The plant will attempt assembling of clear and tinted glass.
Holy person Gobain's two plants produce 550 ton and 700 ton for each day. It began
operations in 2000 and is India's biggest limit coast plant. It is a 100% auxiliary of the Saint
Gobain Group. The organization appreciates a piece of the overall industry of 26% and has
arrangements to set up a creation line for top of the line intelligent glass.
Its assembling limit takes into account the worldwide markets in the car portion. By 2008, the
organization was to assemble a limit for assembling 1.5 mn wind shield, one million
arrangements of entryway glass and another million of back glass for vehicles. The
organization is focusing on income of 25% from fare deals by 2009 from this section.
Deals turnover expanded for the vast majority of the organizations in 2008-09 while net
benefit declined in the same period. For Hindustan National Glass deals expanded by 28% in
that year while that of Asahi India Glass ascended by around 17%. In the previous case net
benefit stayed stable in 2008-09 while Asahi India Glass delivered a misfortune.
7. COMPANYPROFILE
BOROSILGLASSINDUSTRYPVTLTD
Borosil Glass Works Ltd. (BGWL) is the business sector pioneer for research center dishes
and microwavable kitchenware in India. It was built up in 1962 as a team with Corning Glass
Works USA. In 1988, Corning stripped its offer holding to the present Indian promoters.
Our Scientific and Industrial Products (SIP) division offers research center dishes,
instruments, expendable plastics, fluid taking care of frameworks and blast proof lighting
crystal through its system of 150 merchants spread over the length and expansiveness of the
nation. The BOROSIL brand speaks to quality, precision and trustworthiness, and all
driving pharmaceutical organizations, R&D labs investigative, wellbeing and instructive
foundations have been steadfast clients throughout the previous 50 years. Our glass has
discovered use in more than 2000 unique items and applications, in ranges as different as
Microbiology, Biotechnology, Photo Printing, Process Systems and Lighting.
It is a demonstration of the validity of the BOROSIL brand that with a specific end goal to
get ISO 9001 confirmation, it is suggested that a research facility use BOROSIL ensured Aclass china.
Our Consumer Products division offers microwavable and flameproof kitchenware and glass
tumblers through more than 5000 retail outlets. Our items are synonymous with style,
reliability, security and convenience. In the kitchenware fragment in India, Borosil is a non
specific term for microwavable dishes.
Gujarat Borosil Ltd (GBL) is the first and final producer of sun based glass in India. It has set
up a 150 ton for every day low iron designed glass heater for the production of high
transmission glass utilized as a part of the sun powered industry. The assembling unit
involves first class European hardware. Clients of this item incorporate driving sunlight based
module fabricating organizations around the world. This plant is the first and final of its kind
in India, and has been created particularly for the quickly developing sunlight based industry.
Item Description
From the sixteenth Century till date, compound exploration groups have utilized glass
compartments for an extremely fundamental reason - glass is straightforward, along these
lines making the substance and the responses obviously noticeable. In any case, attributable
to the way that scientific experts must warmth, cool and blend synthetic substances, normal
glass is not generally satisfactory for lab work.
Lab work requires that the mechanical assembly to handle chemicals/media offer most
extreme inactivity when in contact with the broadest scope of compound substances. In
addition such device needs to withstand warm stun without crack, high temperatures without
deformation and mechanical stuns from every day washing and disinfection.
1500 BC Small glass articles produced using molds have been found in Egypt
Library
and shaping innovation in the Mediterranean locale amid the Roman Era
common residents
Netherlands
1600 Caspar Lehman, a Praque glassmaker, utilized the system of slicing rock
1690 William of Orange passed a law that lifted duties on refined spirits and
England
1984 First fluoride glass was found by Marcel and Michael Poulain and
Glass is a strong like and straightforward material that is utilized as a part of various
applications in our day by day lives. Glass is produced using characteristic and plentiful
crude materials (sand, pop fiery debris and limestone) that are dissolved at high temperature
to shape another material: glass.
At high temperature glass is basically like fluids, however at surrounding temperature it
carries on like solids. Thus, glass can be poured, blown, press and formed.
Glass fabricating has an age-old custom which goes back to around 3500 BC when glass is
accepted to have been first falsely delivered in Egypt and Mesopotamia to be utilized as
adornments and later as vessels. From that point forward procedures have always developed
from craftsmanship to today's innovative modern procedures and the quantity of glass sorts
and applications have increased.
Glass has formed Europe's social legacy, locales, commercial ventures, living conditions,
mechanical organizations, and so on like no other substance. Essentially consider glass
perfect works of art, for example, Bohemian gem, the Murano Island of Italy, the Mirros
Gallery of Versailles' castle or recolored glass in Cathedrals.
Glass is surrounding us these days and keeps on offering front line arrangements, either in
itself or utilized as a part of mix with different materials for cutting edge applications; a
pattern which is prone to proceed later on.
Coated glass
Mirrored glass
Patterned glass
Extra-Clear glass
Strengthened Glass
Strengthened glass is the essential level glass item that is the principal aftereffect of the buoy
procedure. It is the regular glass that tends to break into vast, barbed shards. It is utilized as a
part of some deciding items regularly in twofold coated windows, for instance. It is likewise
the beginning material that is transformed into more propelled items through further
preparing, for example, overlaying, toughening, covering, and so on.
Toughened Glass
Toughened glass is dealt with to be significantly more impervious to breakage than
straightforward tempered glass, and to soften up a more unsurprising way when it breaks,
along these lines giving a noteworthy security advantage in the greater part of its
applications.
Toughened glass is produced using strengthened glass treated with a warm treating process. A
sheet of strengthened glass is warmed to over its "tempering point" of 600 C; its surfaces are
then quickly cooled while the inward partition of the glass stays more blazing. The distinctive
cooling rates between the surface and within the glass produces diverse physical properties,
bringing about compressive hassles in the surface adjusted by pliable anxieties in the body of
the glass. These checking stresses give toughened glass its expanded mechanical
imperviousness to breakage, and are additionally, when it breaks, what cause it to deliver
general, little, commonly square pieces instead of long, hazardous shards that are much more
prone to prompt wounds. Toughened glass additionally has an expanded imperviousness to
breakage as a consequence of hassles brought about by various temperatures inside a sheet.
Toughened glass has to a great degree expansive application in items both for structures and
for autos and transport, and different zones. Auto windshields and windows, glass bits of
building faades, glass sliding entryways and allotments in houses and workplaces, glass
furniture, for example, table tops, and numerous different items regularly utilize toughened
glass. Items produced using toughened glass frequently likewise join different advancements,
particularly in the building and car and transport segments.
Overlaid Glass
Overlaid glass is made of two or more layers of glass with one or more "interlayer's" of
polymeric material fortified between the glass layers.
Covered
Surface coatings can be connected to glass to alter its appearance and give it a number of the
propelled attributes and capacities accessible in today's level glass items, for example, low
upkeep, unique reflection/transmission/retention properties, scratch resistance, erosion
resistance, and so on.
Coatings are typically connected by controlled presentation of the glass surface to vapors,
which tie to the glass shaping a lasting covering. The covering procedure can be connected
while the glass is still in the buoy line with the glass still warm, creating what is known as
"hard-covered" glass.
On the other hand, in the "disconnected from the net" or "vacuum" covering prepare, the
vapor is connected to the cool glass surface in a vacuum vessel.
Reflected Glass
To deliver reflected glass, a metal covering is connected to the other side of the glass. The
covering is for the most part made of silver, aluminum, gold or chrome. For straightforward
reflected glass, a completely intelligent metal covering is connected and after that fixed with
a defensive layer. To deliver "one-way" reflects, a much more slender metal covering is
utilized, with no extra fixing or generally misty layer.
Reflected glass is picking up a more conspicuous spot in engineering, for critical useful
reasons and additionally for the tasteful impact.
Designed
Designed glass is level glass whose surfaces show a normal example. The most well-known
technique for creating designed glass is to pass warmed glass (typically soon after it leaves
the heater where it is made) between rollers whose surfaces contain the negative help of the
craved pattern(s).
Designed glass is for the most part utilized as a part of inward improvement and interior
engineering. Today, it is commonly utilized for useful reasons, where light yet not
straightforwardness is craved, and the examples are as needs be unobtrusive.
In any case, it has likewise on occasion been trendy as a configuration highlight in itself, in
such cases frequently showing more unmistakable examples.
Glass-production
Glass commercial enterprises are portrayed by a huge number of generation procedures
relying upon the last item made and its end-applications. Nonetheless, all these assembling
forms have a typical starting point: glass first should be dissolved!
Glass dissolving requires crude materials which are of two sorts: diverse sorts of sand and
reused glass. These crude materials are combined, charged in a heater where there are
liquefied at around 1500C to frame liquid glass. The liquid glass is then taken out of the
heater to be molded and chilled off thereafter. For some applications the glass got might be
further handled to have particular properties, for example, expanded technician quality and
higher imperviousness to breakage.
The precise sythesis of glass may shift to meet particular applications necessities yet the most
usually utilize sort of glass, pop lime glass, is made of silica sand, pop fiery debris, limestone,
dolomite and glass cullet (reused glass). Extra materials, for example, iron oxide or cobalt
can be added to the blend to give a green or blue shading to the glass.
The glass commercial enterprises include five areas covering diverse glass items, applications
and markets.
Holder glass
Holder glass is the biggest area of the EU glass commercial enterprises and records for
approximately 60% of the aggregate EU glass creation.
The holder glass industry gives an extensive variety of glass bundling items for nourishment
and drinks too flacons for perfumery, makeup and drug store to an overall client base.
With its 160 assembling plants appropriated all over Europe it is a vital patron to Europe's
genuine economy and gives direct work to around 50,000 individuals, while making an
expansive number of openings for work along the aggregate store network.
Building, car, sunlight based vitality glass (level glass)
The level glass segment is the second biggest part of the European glass businesses and
speaks to around 30% of the aggregate EU glass generation. The principle markets for level
glass are the building (windows and exteriors) and car businesses (windscreens, side and back
side coating, backdrop illuminations and sunroofs). Level glass is likewise utilized as a part
of sun powered vitality applications (photovoltaic and sunlight based warm boards) and also
in urban and residential furniture, machines, mirrors and nurseries. Coast plants are the
greatest glass fabricating destinations with generation limits of up to 850 tons of softened
glass every day.
additionally game and recreation. In tonnage, CFCG speaks to more than 80% of all support
strands utilized as a part of composite around the world.
Household glass
This part includes the assembling of glass tableware, cookware and improving things, for
example, drinking glasses, bowls, plates, cookware, vases and trimmings.
Unique glass
These items have a high added-esteem connected to their exceptional innovative substance.
This area regroups a vast scope of items, for example, lighting glass, glass tubes, research
facility dish sets, glass pottery, heat-safe glass, optical and ophthalmic glass, additional slim
glass for the gadgets business, (e.g. LCD boards, photovoltaic's) and radiation assurance
glasses.
Applications
Glass is a boundless and creative material that has a lot of uses. It is a fundamental
segment of various items that we utilize each day, regularly without seeing it. Plainly
structures)
Interior outline and furniture (mirrors, segments, balustrades, tables, racks, lighting)
Appliances and Electronics (broiler entryways, cook top, TV, PC screens, advanced
cells)
Automotive and transport (windscreens, backdrop illuminations, light weight however
sector of high included worth glass items and a solid driver for developments.
Glass in sun powered vitality applications assumes a dynamic part in guaranteeing
productive and viable sunlight based vitality transformation. Glass is intended to
improve sun based vitality change while giving long haul assurance against outer
conditions. Additional unmistakable glass, with low iron oxide substance is ordinarily
air.
Glass in Photovoltaic Applications
Photovoltaic advancements are utilized to change over sun based vitality specifically
into power. There are a wide range of innovations accessible to suit different
necessities, from local frameworks to utility scale. Photovoltaic boards come in
different shapes and hues offering adaptability for outline joining and building
incorporated applications (BIPV). The most widely recognized photovoltaic
innovation depends on crystalline silicon sun based cells. In this application glass
goes about as a defensive external layer, while transmitting the sun oriented light to
precisely the most extreme measures of light towards the point of convergence.
Different Glass Applications
Level glass is utilized as a part of numerous different applications than the primary
building, transport and sun powered vitality ones portrayed already. These
applications are extremely noticeable in consistently life and outline how glass is a
vector of solace, style, prosperity, security and wellbeing. Some of these are:
Thin glass
Appliances
Furniture
Greenhouses
Urban furniture
Radiation security
Flat glass for automotives and transport
Buses and mentors
Agricultural and ranger service apparatus
Ships and vessels
Aircraft
Trains
wellbeing and security point of view, whilst in the meantime helping the business to meet its
atmosphere responsibilities.
Wellbeing and Security
Glass assumes an essential part in the auto's capacity to offer wellbeing and security to its
travelers. The car business is making expanding utilization of covered glass, which is a
"sandwich" of two glass sheets with a slim however extreme plastic layer in the middle. The
layers are clung to each other under controlled warmth and weight. On the off chance that the
glass endures an effect, the glass layers may part however, contingent upon the power of the
effect, the plastic interlayer will hold.
This is a wellbeing advantage for the driver and travelers if there should arise an occurrence
of a mishap, keeping them inside the vehicle and engrossing a portion of the vitality of the
effect. Additionally, after an effect the subsequent glass parts have a tendency to stay
connected to the plastic interlayer, diminishing the dangers of sharp shots amid a mischance.
What's more, the way that windows made of overlaid glass will have a tendency to stay in
their casing significantly enhances the execution of the side airbags, giving the vital backing
amid swelling.
Overlaid glass likewise offers an impressive security advantage making it significantly more
hard to break into the auto (overall, it takes 10 times as long to enter an auto window made of
covered glass than one made of toughened glass).
An alternate sort of traveler security variable is given by UV (bright) channel glass, which
squares destructive UV beams to ensure skin and eyes (and additionally the materials of the
auto's inside). UV channel glass pieces 95% of destructive UV beams from entering the
vehicle, keeping the driver and traveler's protected and extraordinarily developing the life of
upholstery and fabrics. UV channel innovation can be consolidated into covered glass for
ideal wellbeing and security.
glare, downpour spreads the windscreen, buildup mists the perspective, and ice develop shut
out just about everything. Today's vehicle coating advancements can manage these.
Antireflective Glass
Reflections within the windscreen can bother to the visual solace and grouping of the driver.
This is intensified by current configuration inclines that incline towards lighter dashboards
that are all the more firmly reflected in the windscreen. Against intelligent glass, which is
treated with an exceptional covering, can diminish these reflections by up to 40% at an
intelligent point of 60 degrees, furthermore lessens glare.
Hydrophobic Glass
Hydrophobic glass is covered with a polymeric layer that repulses water, creating
precipitation or other water to keep running off the glass without leaving beads furthermore
extraordinarily enhancing the viability of windshield wipers in totally clearing water from the
windscreen. This prompts critical expansions in perceivability under wet conditions.
Heatable Glass
In heatable glass, undetectable wires or an imperceptible metallic covering - for every
situation implanted into the interlayer of the overlaid windscreen - react to an electrical
charge by raising the temperature of the glass, in frosty climate speeding the expulsion of any
buildup or ice and after that obviously keeping any further buildup or ice develop.
Warm Comfort
Today's expanded utilization of glass in autos implies that, without the right advancements,
more sun powered vitality will enter the inside of the auto, bringing on high temperatures.
For instance, when the outside temperatures is 27C, without hostile to warmth advances, an
auto inside can warm up to 58C in couple of minutes. Battling this exclusively by method
for cooling alone would be an ecologically disagreeable methodology, driving as it would to
higher fuel utilization and CO2 outflows.
As of late, the industry has created sun oriented control coating. This kind of glass is
extraordinarily built to lessen vehicle lodge by up to 7 or 8C temperature, and diminish heat
infiltration in vehicles presented to sun powered radiation by more than 25%. Along these
lines a lot of vitality is spared from fueling aerating and cooling units while travelers solace is
defended.
Acoustic Comfort
Acoustic overlaid glass advances have been produced to battle levels of commotion entrance
in vehicles, which can affect individuals' wellbeing, bringing about aggravation and anxiety if
an inhabitant is uncovered over a delayed period. Clamor predominantly originates from the
sound of the auto's motor, air and other ecological elements (e.g. different autos, roadwork,
and so forth.). At the point when utilizing particular acoustic covered glass, change of the
request of 3-5dB1 can be achieved, which is entirely recognizable to the ear. Lower
commotion levels imply that the driver will turn out to be less drained, and make
correspondence inside the vehicles more agreeable, subsequently adding to general
wellbeing.
Acoustic coating
Acoustic coating comprises of two or more sheets of glass, reinforced together with one or
more acoustic interlayer. The interlayer go about as a commotion hosing center, debilitating
the sound as it goes through the glass. Acoustic overlaid glass likewise profits by all the
wellbeing and security properties of standard covered glass. In addition, acoustic windscreens
lessen the requirement for heavier coating, which permits auto producers to diminish vehicle
weight.
8. STORAGEGLASSFACTS
Glass is 100% recyclable and can be recycled endlessly without loss in quality or
purity.
Legislation such as container deposit measures will further enhance the benefits
associated with glass packaging.
80% of the glass that is recovered is made into new glass products.
A glass container can go from a recycling bin to a store shelf in as little as 30 days. An
estimated 80% of recovered glass containers are made into new glass bottles.
Glass has an almost zero rate of chemical interactions, ensuring that the products
inside a glass bottle keep their strength, aroma, and flavour.
When consumers choose foods or beverages that are packaged in glass, they avoid
potential risks while enjoying a number of benefits.
photovoltaic material while conducting the general electricity out of the modules. Glass may
also be toughened to increase strength and durability.
Solar applications
Glass in solar thermal applications
Solar thermal collectors are intended to collect heat - as opposed to photovoltaic panels which
convert sunlight into electrical power. The collected solar heat can be used to supply hot
water or heat exchangers, for domestic or industrial applications.
There are various kinds of solar thermal collectors but most require a flat glass cover, or
glazing, which serves not only to protect the panel while letting the sunlight through but also
to prevent cooling of the panel from exposure to cold air.
CSP systems use lenses or mirrors to concentrate a large amount of sunlight onto a central
receiver, thereby producing electricity either by concentrating the sunlight onto a high
performance photovoltaic cell or by heating a transfer fluid to supply heat to a conventional
thermodynamic power plant. For CSP systems, extra clear glass and mirrored glass are used
to redirect accurately the maximum amounts of light towards the focal point.
9. RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
Test
The specimen size is 65. The respondents were picked on an accommodation testing. Most
respondents are city occupants in New Delhi, over the age of 18.
Information Collection
The information was gathered online/Offline. The respondents were sent a connection to the
survey through online networking, and versatile applications.
Research
The auxiliary exploration was finished by assessing books and articles throughout the years,
furthermore corporate presentations of the real glass delivering organizations. Every one of
this exploration was done on the web.
DATA ANALYSIS
Analysis of primary data
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
Aesthetic Value
Light weight
High technological innovation
Product Variety
Environmental sustainability
Recycling
WEAKNESSES
Risk of transportation
Breakable
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Translation of data
1.
More than half of the general population overviewed favor glass as the Storage
bundling material, while 70% know about glass' preference over other bundling materials
2.
With the information that glass is 100% recyclable, the inclination for glass Storage
beautifiers rose to 85%, including 30'% that were willing to pay a higher cost for glass
bundling.
3.
Aesthetics gathered the most votes in favor of reasons of utilizing glass as a part of
structures. This demonstrates individuals don't know about the more critical explanations
behind utilizing glass, as sunlight based control, design points of interest, and so forth
4.
50% of the general population studied don't know or are not certain about where to
purchase glass.
5.
The three components, feel, sufficiently bright and vitality proficiency, all scored high
focuses on the purchaser's significance (need) for them. All these components can and are
being given by utilizing glass all the more widely as a part of structures.
6.
The issue can be seen that in spite of the fact that glass gives us a great deal of
It can be inferred that the eventual fate of glass is in its natural benevolence. It must
be imparted to all shoppers about the ecological advantages of glass and its supportability.
This will drive the interest for glass the distance from the customers.
Discoveries
1.
Only 8% of the general population rate themselves one on their level of ecological
kind disposition.
2.
75% individuals rate Borosil glass more than three on its level of ecological kind
disposition
3.
4.
66% individuals incline toward Borosil glass as a restorative bundle the number rose
to 84% when the respondents were informed that Borosil glass is 100% recyclable, including
20% why should prepared pay a higher cost to acquire the Borosil glass bundled corrective
5.
More than 90% of the general population were willing to pay more to make their
10.CONCLUSION
Taking everything into account, it can be said that glass has not got what's coming to its in the
Indian business sector and in the brains of its buyers. Glass has such a large number of
favorable circumstances over its rivals yet it appears that the purchasers don't know about
them. This is one of the real purposes behind the low per capita utilization of glass in India
when contrasted with its rivals.
Glass has an enormous potential for development in India. The development will far surpass
the generation limit. Be that as it may, the potential must be tapped by illuminating the buyers
concerning why glass is beneficial for them and for the Earth. A gigantic potential exists in
the territory of sunlight based application.
Proposals
The utilization of glass can be expanded (and should be expanded in light of its ecological
manageability) by giving applicable data to the buyers. The distinctive sorts of glass
accessible, theirs individual attributes and advantages gave must be made known. Uses of
glass in the sun powered division, for vitality sparing, sun based boards and so on, must be
broadly consolidated in their promoting arrangement. The business needs to proceed onward
from individual offering to publicizing to shoppers of its items.
11.BIBLOGRAPHY
1. GlasNews, newsletter of the German Association of the Glass Industry (BV Glas),
December issue 2013.
2. Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal German Statistical Office), Produzierendes
Gewerbe, Kostenstruktur der Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes sowie des
Bergbaus und der Gewinnung von Steinen und Erden, Wiesbaden 4 June 2013, p. 308.
3. Dispan, Dr. Jrgen, Glasindustrie in Deutschland Eine Branchenanalyse,
Industriegewerkschaft Bergbau, Chemie, Energie (ed.), Hanover Jan. 2014
12.REFERENCE
15 (in German).
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16. Doddato, J. A. and Minot, M. L., Durable substrates having porous antireflectance
coatings. US patent 4080188 (1978).
17. Glaubitt, W. and Gombert, A., Verfahren und Beschichtungszusammensetzung
zur Herstellung einer Antireflexbeschichtung. German Patent DE
19642419 A1 (1998).
18. Gombert, A., Glaubitt, W., Rose, K., Dreibholz, J., Blasi, B., Heinzel, A. et
al., Antireflective transparent covers for solar devices. Sol. Energy, 2000,
68(4), 357360.
19. Moulton, H. R., Method of producing thin micropouros silica coatings having
reflections reducing characteristics and the articles so coated. US patent
2474061 (1949).
20. Yoldas, B. E. and Curchill, D. P., Antireflectance graded index silica coating,
method for making. US Patent 4535026 (1985).
21. Moulton, H. R., Composition for reducing the reflection of light. US Patent
2601123 (1952).
22. Cathro, K. J., Constable, D. C. and Sologa, T., Silica low-reflection coatings
for collector covers by dip-coating process. Sol. Energy, 1984, 32(5),
573579.
23. Thomas, I. M., Method for the preparation of porous antireflection varying
in refractive index from 1.22 to 1.44. Appl. Opt., 1992, 31(28), 6145
6149.