LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Chapter 1. Review of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 1 traction oO 1.2 Basic concepts of Hest Transfer 1.3 First Law of Thermodsnamies c= 1.4 Second aot Thermodynamics "Nats n seas S + MJ. Moran and HL. Shapiro, FIRGEentis of Engineering Thermodynamics, 3" ed, John Wiley & Sons, Ine, or Otedetpodnamick evs 1 trodtin So 1611 Thermodynamics oe ®D Thermodaics ithe sience fb a7) ‘energy, its transformations, and its relation othe status of mater, Ten Siena A Steet nen e SE AS eB opr 11 oper Se roe nd ail = ‘A oraperty ithe observable characters of Sze such as ternpertne,pessre and density [A states the condition ofthe system define By ppesties. A poscce ie trasformation of he system sate to smother. A thermodynamic evel sa proces that bons and ends at the same state Page 1 of 183, Not For Oistribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim t \ vane Page 2of 183, Not For Distribution 48.14.2012LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim LL pe? Relationships hemodynamic Hopeties bles, reps cols and rowan io IVIS 1.2 Basic Concepts ‘The engineering discipline of heaytanger wth methods of calculating rates ‘of hat transfor These maths are ns gn components and systems Which het transfer occu, (1) Temperature: Degree of molecular qy sick [PER (2) Energy: F (Be, 3) Capanty ta do work semplee ‘Thermal ‘ight + Mechanical Electrical Chemical | Transfer LUUKKI, E chnica e098 Work (W) isan action ofa force ona moving sys (3) Heat (Thermal energy): © (Bt, 3) Hats eng trond acs te stem bunrfpente direc) Page 3 of 183, Not For Bistribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim (4) Speciti heat: C, (Brlb*F Vg K) Het cde steer of 16(1 i) ati (10), ° n (5) Het capacity: Bu" and thermal mass OPP Abily to store eneey ttc sss xspecic het Cen Tra m= dy lame PVG (rae ans atte) BRS) ETS QpVG.AT ul j — where = deity, V- volume, AT = temperature if [ye now tt ater at ornate iN) feed per ie few ie < _ 2 LU Technical Page 4 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 1.3 First Law of Thermodynamies c ‘Tho fis lav of thermosynamis expresses 2 of conservation of energy, Forms of ener ovotion ofthe system) (poston ofthe system) u-um slots (stored in mater) ‘System total enerzy(E)~ sum aff Forms of eneesy Energy transfer mechanisms are work (Whand bes (QFPWbich ar no properties ofthe syst. ‘Conventions ‘Work dn tive. Feat ans a system Bs positive sana ee 6 : Closed system with process between 1 el tae a Example: Constant volume eating Premier conte rcnnc tne Page 6 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example? Constant presse heating of cinder filed aba xs. vm ° n = ee ee aii > o : oo LL D ee eS oon 12.2 Fa Law or te Op Se —- daa Berouaon) WAP Ne Rate En Flow Heat Transfer (Q) -Net (eof som found Page 6 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Special ease ofthe 1" aw is for steady-state flow that has constant flow across the boundary and no mass or enemy change in CV. For typical HVAC spstem two assumptions areal: 1) Steadystate (Es -0, Hts 0 ow aos HER stem boundary 2 eae sa 20 A howeiling isa thermal system aniits envelope isthe boundary. Let us consider some ‘eneray tansfr in a single family house — 2) KE and PE terms usualy sna Therefore, forthe typical HVAC syst atone FP sets I ‘Se Qens=| Teta me oboe eng OGY (2) Isthesystem in equilibrium? — Techn Page 7 of 183 Not For Oistribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Since Qu = Qs the sytem i in equilibrium, The heat flows ae steady state, The temperature will not change. (&) What will happen ithe A/C is shut of?” ° ision IVI LUUKKI, Egypt Technical Transfer D Page 8 of 183 Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 1ASecond Law f Thermodynamics @=— All processes obey the I" Law of Thee However, some 1" law processes, never oecur For example, eat transfer from cold regeir to hot reservoir oe Mow fom lowe pressure ohigh pressure — The" Law of hemodynamics sins: FD + dieaionef ange foeproceses 5 fina equiv for spontaneous proceses ester a theoreti perfomance lint f es ‘ual ot eneray — eee uy, Theft tema ecendrall i nines ms es thn 10 he © disiparive effects Processes occuring WA oye Tet engine are irreversible since eee) ee — veae ie tot pane) Lal sag. wich open smimow. o etal and produce (se) work wl exchanging tacos is boundaries. 1 Hea gine — ‘Work prodead whe het erg hiatus ant rea o = srs NS = Page 9of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 1.42 Heat Pump temperature (Ti) reservoir ° c& a wm rt a on i eng ea at S Egypt fer Div Tra i 1a retrace ealtn tee) Patni etn often heii a ii i «totally reversible eat engine or pump. c Q= Tof reservoir (atpoiate scale) (1) "EfMiciency” () ofa Heat Engine oO W Qu-Q@ _, QD), Qu On — 4 ens Page 10 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Carnot eel: Nome =H Maas Meame MrairagesS Real ireversiilies — + Fiction, lect resstancs, beat waster aceite temperate recs, (2) *Coeficen of Performance” (COP) oa Heat Pp Heating conditions heat pump SP ° Carnot eel: Cooling conditions (etigertion, ° Carnot evel COR oa cam = For energy exchange withthe same to thermal ese hnical Transfer cor, ro OD C Camo eficeney ofa heat pump + Pago 11 of 183 Not Fer Dstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 1 steal Gas c "Oo ine = 2 Lea Bhim, was yA M ‘molecular mass, fbmmol, kg/mol ten pcm 88 STB) 8514 a) fer cece rm |. a | ao ee tin R334 bel Roa eK) water y= 85.76 bY 462 J(kg-K) Then LUUKKI Technical Tran Pago 12 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Chapter 2. Moist Air Properties and AirConning Processes 2.1 Moist ir and ts Proenies —_ 2: Methods of Measures and Amalia 35 Typeal air Connonng rocases wn 24 Characters of “Rel” Systems — 2.5 Psyehrometnic Analysis of Complete Systems _ esis re couison Pater (GP) Cr - i 2S eee ao S o 211A Comin emi ° no 2.1 Moist Air and Its Proper Dry air composition (volume fraction) ==" me nae SE Geom a eel 7 5 = 3 ; a ad 4 2... bs For water vapor | 188532 k= Be 215532 ogy m-R) . M,~ 1802 oye he flv STANDARD AOE fon ASHARE Hato Petr ge Sonat ng “The aunospnere consi OF ry ait ha a5 an Kea! gasqsee p30 In me textbook) Pago 13 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim ‘able StniardAtmapheri Data fo Aes 1000 m ‘et Sank a eerie cr nal 286«10° Zim)" Pago 14 of 183 Not Fer Distribution 48.14.2012LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example Sea level p=14.696 psi, TS 3.13 Fundamental Parameters on (1 Peecure ‘The air ayer above the ert forms atmospheric pressures mosphere pressre 4 sealevel 14.692 ps 4 elevation of 6500, 11.513 psi Bo ab—tbies2inmap O° MEET MS MeCN? Patil pressure (Dakion’s Law) ° XKI, Eg ‘ransfer Component al presire Pat ge guetta nen, F ey et ns) nt cS ‘Py—vapor component (change with: wo ee | oe rst ain, soul we pari press for he component c Forconponeti: Pur = Weipa pa rcp Examte @O (a) What isp, vapor pressure? (b) What is satufttion Tat this p.? Pago 15 of 183 Not Fer Distribution Ken OT] LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim w vision ——~ee components (2) Temperature hf terest Teile21 x. Fons renin) Chae cey Fret Rane) a [Relationship between anrenneit R-45907 cn Rankine (R) Example “Temperturein [Cele [Kelvin | Fare ine Water Boiling [100°C [ 373.15K [212 CT 1767 R TeePoit | 0° | 273.15K Shel? “UTR Absoule Zew | ITISC | _OK Pago 16 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim (8) Humidity Ratio, W Definition (KEK) ie thgdbyae ekg watersapr= (Whi : — were Pis heamapeie pane Bes D DC Bes «7 oa) ®D Wu + Thermodynamic A es (0) Rotate Hunaany @ sort vapor sapere lh ae Pago 17 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim _P = partial pressure of the water vapor in he ai = pata pressure of the water vapor na stu ween uo © Difference beeen W and ‘Dn ; carrot = > Saturated air. W, = 0622—2: see? "0.2. W, P- ° ‘Smet Since P>> pyand P>>p. Further Buamale Transf Deacon he humiaty ratio of moss 3 2 i a LUUKKI, E Serres oon pie © ay o Solution: —- echn (8) Dewpoint Temperature Ts + ‘Ty — thesaturated temperature ofa given mixture at th Pago 18 of 183 Not Fer Distribution 48.14.2012 mur under the same temperate 249% and altos my of ne same pressure and humidity ati,LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example Find T ofthe iri the above example. c Solution fo) At the dew point temperate: sie rina itn” Oy ° (O)Eathatyy Enapy is energy per unit mss. i iy of stra f-aorsuneatcn= ‘Therefore, we have uum oO Find my of es mise in ean eos Solution Pago 19 of 183 Not Fer Distribution 48.14.2012 LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 2.2 Methods of Measurement and Analysis, 2.2.1 Measurement of ar temperature + Liguidinglass thermometers Thermocouples - sion 2.22 Measurement of pressure . dtr mnt en + Biel pee Manners Pressure tnsdcee S Qa 223 Measurement of ether parameter Emir ‘To determine state of moist air, ue jition to the pressure and temperature. mst be known It canbe v9, oF W em can be dietly meas. Asan ‘ere saa iinet meh a ‘his secon, the method 86d Sa a a nance Adiabatic stration device = i First we look ata special cen” © = “Tho equation that dscribes above process is or ta = 0 the oss natal ony ow oi pr) © where y=, +0, nt, =H, +, and Fors balance | Page 20 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim ‘The equation hat describe above process becomes: um oun “yom sowehve — ° —-— whee ety Ste bv brine apt te npn a “Then me state of moist are can be dered — rennet Example —_ & Given P-o2sc0'ma Te TE, — El W191 > Solution: 5 6 Since e ste? isin satutn, om be ThA MYSDuton & Pak 887. we can fi for T:=26°C, yo py= 003363400" (GeI00%), Yp=2H39 1 Kg, 109.07 I hg for, =30%C, 4.) =2555.3. 87g 1) Find Ws ° Tech Pago 21 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 2) Find 1p 6an be found via From Table A-Ib ° + The Poychrometer Psychnometer Ty used in place of Ts In wet bulb, heat ransfer from air PHT Tyg Me Key: ssues to measure Ts “+ Wee bulb unshielded + Warbln wet vind RPI) For thermocouples V could be lowe. “Then the accuracy isn order of 0.2 Egypt Technical Transfer Division for prac — Pago 22 of 183 Not Fer Distribution 48.14.2012 aT TwnLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 2.24 The psyeheomettie chart c (1) Selection of the Coordinates Horizontal coordinate —Enthalpy (155°) se Yaa conte Homie" Oy (2) Pah Tene — i st01r sw 250341 so (1 Up tb seta ins ae pe, Coe > (6) Relative Humid on. Fen, nara.) ps From PSE7 Table A-1b find W-T —) soins w=0622 Pago 23 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim (8) Specie Volone oratntimeann — Sf =] Pago 24 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Cpa WC) Ton * Wx 2801 hen Ta const incr laonship 1 €Gpat Wu) Tou * WH 2501+ Wie Mand # 00 (Sembee tot Heat So igus Pty oi pe lini tar For spec pressne te i soe i Ft tna i soko 7 i ‘From the payeheSti@ Pago 25 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Examale Repeat te previous probly wing he Gua hart Given fy, 30°C, Thy = 26°C ind: Primary moist air parameter on psychFOaTE chart, Solution . LUUKKI, Egypt Technical Transfer Divisio Pago 26 of 183 Not Fer Distribution 48.14.2012LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 23 Typical Air-Conditioning Process Typical Air-Conditioning processes are: Sense ein Coing ‘Aieatc Humiicaion ‘Adiabotis Mixing of Air Governing equations ~ : 20 5 Sarre Process may involve ge To, constant W) eC om change W) Enory conservation (1 Ta) “4 =C(0,-1) Pago 27 of 183 Not Fer Blstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example Determine the nenay (heat fx) required for senislsheating of air at 15°C and SOY RH to 32C Also find, State 1 TSC, RHASOM, State 232°C Pare ‘O ss — . e2O > wat SS 7) L5 <- rr preteen pep Ts Het in is S Technic Relative humidity Howto chook if is constant, 8 atnt hese? ° Pago 28 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 2.32 Cooling and dehumiditieation ° where ig — water cathalpy 18, Wig is nemally small Sensible heat Latent eat Pago 29 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example iat 0% RH Tay “30°C, Coote o 18°C Determines 120%, from the peychrometric chart, we can fi By using the formula LUUKKI, Egypt Technical Transfer Divisio Set ater 2 Defines process slope on the chart. Use protractor (eipircular scale) in the upper left hand ‘corner to read the sensible het Factor. Page 30 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim éal T lb __emthatpy Fant > Look tie semi Defines the For adihatic humidification then = sychrometic chart Weis) Teéhni Since ofthe wate is ater smal, f= Page 31 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution 48.14.2012 LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example In Phocnis, it temperature is 48 to be inoreased 1 noodle if there sno internal hea source and no aii “This is an adiabatic humidification progsse enthalpy For the paveometrie me humid rao ° 2.34 Other Humidity Process *LUUKKL i Page 3 KE, Egypt IVIS sfer D “ip an 1 Tr ica 7 2 of 183 Not Fer Distribution eo ‘by evaporative cooling, Det 48.14.2012 fon Assume local pressure is 101528 ina payebrometric chart is iso- starting humidity aio ad endingLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Fire 87 Schematic muprionifhamiifiation processes wn ears es 8 eel Hot water: Na r Toa senda — Swperhne steam = Ton pgs nt Technica Page 33 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 2.35 Adiabatic Mixing of Nie eS —_ -* 7 , E 3s 3.8 Cc foe = air a 35°C and 60% relative humidity and flowing af Fate of 1.25 mrs. Determine the mixed fi condition and flow rate Return air at 25°C, $0% relative humidity and ae rate of 5 mse mixed with ouside Given: T7291 8: QIEVI, EV) ind: 7, 6,1, my + Page 34 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Solution From he paybrometric char (ASIRAE SYCHIRORE MIEC HARE NO. sit 18), we can inert aity, a= Sensible an Later ads © ao rama > Dishwasher (109 des) serie 167 Dba ate 65 W (20 Bay Pore (male vet fice work) sepa WB(@SGh, ned intene 0 W (105 Baath) Light bulb: sensible 100 W= 341 Bul ” 7 Swpply farther from space condition ~> Smaller mass Hawyreavired Drs codon dt oy bem, oO 1 fait and + pose o Dsign condition + SHE+ gg => Fis fost condon Esamale Page 36 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Space desian condition is 72°F and S0% RH. Tho totgheoalins load is 1.200.000 Bre (100t0n, and the sensible cooling load is 720,000 Brd(60 tom), Compare ow rates for (a) AP = 10°F and () AP= 20°F AP Solution: ° Page 37 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 24.2 Analysis ofthe single zane system RA Se ne on [LE us ot -e Example < & Cooling design conten for 0A are JOR ae Desgnspace ling ads 200 inane Sip temper iS averse) pl tora a Solution vecramenypaen onan OB Assumption of perfect mixing > RA i rogrnaiesoniliions ~> igy-264 Balm OR i886 Bsa SA: gy 2h2 151 en (0) Flow ate ° Techit Page 38 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim () Cooling coil oad 2.4.3 Component characteristics ° c Bee ee Ivision 1, Egy ALS RW fan moves Im of ry aie LUUKKI, Egypt Technical Transfer D pee LUUKK! echnical Trapsfe Last ply cetnin se fn on Go rs Page 39 of 183 Page 40 of 183 Not Fer Distribution Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example aah Sc LO Return fan Airso-Refigerams ‘Airis ouside, and liquid is inside the tubes. c fins promote het transfer (Large ars) «de shape promotes heat transfer (higheclence) Focanideatcot! —Ton= Tadd on oc Paget of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Approximate methds for rough estimate SERB il condition ind ne hy emg A y 009) 5 bypmefacor"b esumetin of on oases the col ein in pos cocina a s sectaarina tht RDP: cat apt pin A cle water coi wi Cerin ae 25a 17°C wt SC a HPC Wb, What ae Ta, by ad loa Sohn a ° A rechnid Page 42 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Evaporative Cooling sts aisle mn cape pan ew we heise Draw saprtesos x Fi) sulmnste pagal Ts caption ° ere, varies with ir low ate and bosgagsis 9% Tye vale is 8% Unassised Direct Evaporative Cooling Applicable i the wet bul temperature Jan OTIS), Regional applicability is limited ins. the western US, the north central tates + the northeast US, hn May requir large suply airflow rates, May give high $e humidity at mes. ec + Page 43 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Indirect evaporative cooling is sensible proces of cooling an outdoor air steam without hhumidvina sensibe colin) t Cone Exchnasr or | Indiret evaporative cooling effective: ~ a ° > oe Lu Range i 40-80% Benefits of evaporative cooling large sivings possible, “environmentally Heng”, ingxpesive Fr diet evoting Problems of evaporative cooling” ams rt ma ea Ie may ing Sa lw ite inion iy efector aa soyiprs toe weg EPH indict cooler. The system beer ‘control humidity by combining evaporative and-mechanical cooling, and increase ene:ey Page 44 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim emi ome wt md Sct an sore em 2 ueanne aaa ES SE ne 2.4.3 Off Design Conditions a ee recbrrapntohn bode ant sem ¢ VAV-RH arable Air Volume) * Faceand byes co r + een DYER Torte tetestages Amy tee posses ty the sme rtd se Uns Pron fo cosg sen tas conte Bt tefore huniiy caret oly a ‘design (in general), As a result, space humidity ygi'With load, and may’ need to iterate to Some sadn, Thin a na yon a het ‘Enns AVRIL Page 45 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim ‘same flow rate and W as desig conditions, variable Tow 1 ered cnttl at part ond c VAV-RH + lower ow rate in proportion tothe sensible ‘same coil depot temperature less dohumiieation Faceand bypas ci wn + bis factions proporonl 0 senile SE 5 mtkhumlienon of ypased ar sup mdi spoon io bys ict economizer ‘sed in spring or fll © supplies outdoor air without limits 100% outdoor ait 0 Enthalps Eeonomizey~ Room enthalpy line (©: RA Keonomzer is off lost cooling opportunty . RA Beonomizer i on > energy penalty results 2.5 Psychrometric Analysis of Complete Systems Page 46 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Space He ing and Coo c Heating Load —the maximum probable net gf hat loss froma conditioned space ‘which Would have to be made up by addition lt fom the heating systom Yo maintain some desired temperature and humidity conditions the space (Cooling Land — for cooing, S Example: — Covina eng ld of classroom at SU wither tnd a ions Serie ca Yew wae 00 Winco aon) =. oe Chine 3D) Late Heating (W People 30 Wiperson Plans fer, Bg Design the sir conditioning system, = o a = rc a ec : DD = ote New we Cr = o ® | Page 47 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Solution (Summer cooling conditions) 080 Determine the enthalpy at al the status, We uF the part in sea level, p Outdoor (0): T= 31°C, Taw re From Table AI, Pe s et 622 x 2815 178 kk laa ARIE +0018 2487 —— 36 bolts + waaso1 aD = = 101 Wie, °C) x31 soottste i. Mng a soufaghox are) cathe Koan(8) ea 8"G < na AB a 3174Pa Weecn epee oay om n= L.01Ts + Wa(2S01 + 1.86Ts) wm “Tanta. tosare £20) bork 01 Ak! 86) x20) 0.72 KIS. aa keke. Page 48 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim o. 4000" Gd, = 1) Tors1000°F te, Us = 80x10" ms «1.2 ks 6 kas m= m,-ms=0 396 - 0.096 ~ 03 hy VO SD ses ag 0.00520. = = 0396s 0) Supply airat the let Ti=15°C AW = mW - Wi) = vel Wi= We Quualig ms othe ke “1 (usb x ae = 101%, + W,2sot * 101 x 15-+0 00942501 2701 © wows hun We eoa oOo LL oom-oen eh) “te po M75 Pa _ Brom Be 0= 14475 /OSSIGOE Pa Pea tiatie. CMa ewcow iter) CO Tot 60025415 fiom Seas uke k Fan Ve, v= 030615 HRW Ag 0.32 ms = 200m 8 he 6 SERN. 6884586) mS ec The capsciy ofthe eng cil wil e ase -Wer. Ther the fia ne of he crime thal be le ener fhe steam vit cpeson In any es ononizen ave sed recover eneay ‘Then Fe inthe present design Denner unnecessary oO | Cooling Conling 0 Heating eo: Page 49 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Chapter 3. Design Conditions 3.1 Outdoor desionconitions 3.2 Indoor desi conditions sion Readings: Chapter 4 and pp, 191-192 ofthe tex (Chapters 7, 6,9, 12, 13 & 26 of AS sndbook Fundamental, 1997 ASHRAE 62.1999" IAQ Standard ASHRAE 55-1952, Tel Cynfos Sad 34 Outdoor Design Conditions E_ () S11 Winerdasig canons Sg Use Tbe BA in he eaten FBe (LD ASHRAE Fudanena Haibok Chap ‘The 99.6% and 99% indicate de bee FET When 99% is selected, it means the cutdor tempers fave ben al ofthe tal mumbo ot hour ina yar enn) = 9960.58 35s 99.0% (1.0%) ~ 88 hrs s wo so) “175 hes = 95.0(5.0%)~ 438 rs Design conditions - Column 2 Wend = Column 3 Peak oad fr intiltaton - Col ASHRAE Handbook 1997 andthe tex nn es 0 9 6% and 99% Desgnruleof thumb: desi cudor live ui on 3.1.2 Summer design conditions = {se Table Bin the retook or Table oi ASHRAE Funanen Handbook chanede <= 1B ie dy-bulb enpetre and ish eons empire. The ots rand eae poe ete egy ret or esos Peak moisture load ~ Column 4 Page 60 of 183 Not Fer lstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Technical Page 1 of 183 Not Fer Blstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 43.2 Indoor Design Conditions ° Ivision — a Inder air quality (0) > etic safey and contra shetans nino nvieament Lu ‘Thermal Comfort: D defines ec f epee huniiimge'on etd quit of sounding Gymrasiums Workshops Pressure: Prenat = $-10 Pa Page 62 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 2.1 Indoor air quality Good IAQ: clean ety, and ore indoor enfant eae o wn > | ew feat por INO: S Q cath problems: 3070 milion people (US, EPA) Health complains: 30% new and dws (USEPA) Ocroatotes 439,00 carmen (MEN eam low 0-120 bowen Qapenon se) Causes of stn: Lu D *COx, NOx and other common gases (human, eomibeston) ‘Environmental tobacco smoke BTSTEMOkins) + Voit organic compounds ve (building material: construct Js, fugn dhs, Finishes) 2 seams + Rdon oi) Conamians [Sours aS — [Hea es co Contain, ETS pe Baty cheisty $0, Contestion CD __inision stra x0. Gintion memlboyginte | Natvoya ka Sal pi Ling esr VOCs Coniston Crmatendy [retin |" "ES nem ato fares ae Tariie ‘Outdoors Tang ees (001 rero-insec) | activites ETS © fencers fash esec| 209 The flowing dag ith bid of nanambon ese (eo eotpant exhalation) throughout a normal day Page $3 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 380350 nasa andob rion a 600 mrraa gan nts asim : iy tse ped oo ‘mam ictneren esnndow set ‘online fe depend Commen Canes of Por Indoor Ai ai UNOKLD Te sings ny conseration Lad D Less outdoor air (Infiltration) => ih conan concn oe materials release VOCS) oe re a Sep a ate | Scene or ‘= oI Control oF contamina ° New parameters oP Suplair Tost sped toa space CLD Frethair —- Outdoor ar Intivaion “Unconrlld ai enered SE [Exfitrtion —~ Uncontrolled ai left space Page 64 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim For mechanical ventilated spac, infiltration should be zero because of postive pressure inthe conditioned space c Ventttion “Most common method for contaminant cont! isvenlagn. Ventilation canbe either natal oF face atin Shin crits hepa eto we id by statelcal codes and eeferenced standards. ANSUASHRAE Standard 62-1999: entlaion for 4 ou nates, OD Dre emebetretta . > o) Lu Vv Ale Fixed OA requirements + ret pesinrper < + Varies with ocupaney type The standard prescribes the rate at whic WlfSoo ft must he delivered toa space Example: Office space 8 lis person) (18 Basis: — } Rmmdcoscanmenioncamongn OOS ‘Sufficient outdoor ai to remo 2 Indoor Air Quality Procedure Must sense specific eoataminants o Ventilation rate procedure predominates Pow : + Pescrpive Feat odeson wih VAV 2 Lowa cost + Enent Page $5 of 183 Not Fer Bistribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Perfect dilution (Steady State Ventilation Conditions) ‘Walle Mined Spaces Cc + Pare xing of pace 1S Xhrat mined coon °o + Comantcomminnt goer no an 5 Mtntonmeansentiows "Ep Mss tlc forcomaminans; Mass V+ On Nass OUT ° V__ = Supply air flow rate (m,"/s) ee age Mert) N = Contaminant sources generated SF 12s) Cy ~ Average contaminant concentrgti¢ 14 im), (ppm = 10%m,"/m,?) ves Rw 7 = a a (adm fugit Femmes vo ons now bom, LL Sinn Cy Solutio: Sc = oO o iron te ECR ACH = V/(Room volume) = 9.72 m'he (12m? x 28m) = 0324 ACH, Page 56 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 1 outdoor aris mixed with the return ai, the sfilasontmiant conentaton has to be see sit ins om po DB on SS »~ = ue gO * a van eve RD KDh.w vy spss -e < Ss ns =e Steady state: V System Serving Multiple Spaces HVAC se aly ev OO ve diferent requirements for asflow mie of Ge at The ntlow me ogame (outdoor) air V,, are determined Som Table 2 (Standard 62) has reseed a Tale he entook (MAP) Atl spy ow te fresh ece V a tut rani of ond a0 in spy de as A Critical Space has outdoor aie ation Zisthe maximum fraction of OA required Page $7 of 183 Not Fer letribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim [eve Spacen Vo Ve Supply OA fintin X Supply OA frason Z For over-velated space: a sg Detn"corotf OA faction Ya _1 9 YYis OA faction ht accu for “unsafe si Fresh srt: oO Return and supply 0 9S}re eu + Reciculte fac Page 68 of 183 Not Fer BistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Cita spaces satisfied it ° Requited OA faction =7 (critical space) “Unused” OA in tam = (22%) Ve Recirulted faction of rtm ecieed OA= R(2 =.= (1-1 9BEW Pe Chi sei ssi it oS) ®D Vex +b Skee. vend giesmesmine © <_E ‘The equation is weed to calculate the Len fraction ofthe reroulte fresh a. Iso re sgtficant sf we compare ine “OO Four sees are sir-condtioned from 4 cata ANU gietllowing tbl gives aow ates for supply ait ad esl ie since: 1 2 €; 4 | raat Stopyairfein] | 300 —| — a0 | 310 | 300 Frshair[ein] | —200—[ — 30 [as FreSuy | 04d | 020 pis) 01s fone Coleus he required OA fasion? e Page 69 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Selution Average ration of 08:0 (OA faction for the eric space 1 CComected faction of OA: © The required flow ate of OA is © vision Notice: xeva 4926) 405 = 000i = — 2.O Standard 62-1999 recognizes tansin',techigh oecopancy/low we spaces such as conference rooms Ifthe peak occupancy i used i ie Foguired flow rate of OA, calculated Y is mmc bh > To compensate, may fer + ett moss 2 atv 5 Canon Oremeenaon ra teams SF Gian tases 5 3 Absapion oii abso pa jenn nha ‘Chemnsorption (by chemical reaction) STAs odio. Particulate removal by filtering = eee o fa) ®o a Page 60 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Air cleaners “Types Fibrous motia unit iter Renewable media filter lecvonc air cleaners Combination si elenner= Filter Eticieney cayol’ fer Division ans El = Aieflo resistance os fa ap rit tne OA (onthe a System with recirculation should use KAI 48.14.2012 low rate) -operating costs Maia Fitton ‘tivated Carbon [UV Phorostaltic Aadseeption | Oxidation Odors x * VOCs: x x Bio-Acrosols x x Dust x LL Technical. Tr. Page 61 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example Given, Ce, Vo, Ve Find Cp Vase Solution: For theo (ass cuseration) For the filter: For the mixin Or: oo) 48.14.2012 LUUKKI, Egy Teéhniéal Fransfer Pago 62 of 183 Not Fer istribution VorVn. CkLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 32.2 Thermal comfort “That condition of mind in which satisfaction isexpeedith the thennal envionment” The allowing sve few about buman hp ‘Heat generated from a human body > ° —-— + tmatdemee =O.) + neat tpn Fig 4 ee se sn eG ——) oo < wo Human body energy equation — est polscon~ Metal wae = M.- Rate of metabolic heat production (Wit? Bodgeburface area) (Table 4-1, textbook) W tac omens ert Donets Oconee ha ones c ern tape aes rs) ‘= -pinson ® ee J met = $8.2 Wim? 4 Brui(h-ft?) body surface area Page 63 of 183 Not Fer Bstibution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Table 4 metre "Acti —————— iam ‘Sleeping . ‘| tcl wy: Se 08 Sande ued . ig Wing ne eta) Sat oS) —- pereten x edn at) Ped yesteaee (8 Hah iia ep fom ee ees Roca ma {Bahn barn rh oe Wes 8s EN Meese Ges Page 64 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim a o eee sonal factors S Auivig (ateutweinte) im Cig) Qa Teo =088 F-A2bu CD W =Aetveworkantsieiheannkest) (Win? boars) u srectomitctallbas (Mis given in Table 4-1 of te toxtbo 58.2 Win? bod area) Co RTs Ta Mente” itty en 238 ya Tal" Men 25 la Ta? > 121.¥82 anv m2 Rika -Ta® 124 Ve Tan =387-00275¢ a deevrew) Sosa oom arowreps coset news Goals “ithe a ees Avoty = 0.202 mi" 1" © ree? ad = Atal = Ramen a= cate oust elo =0.135 a" KW Mo lumerantin nes cane feast ames 197 Page 65 of 183 Not Fer Bistribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Ra tan Canon [Toten + 273 } - (Tenors + 273 J] Acian/ Ado 6 = Stfan-Bolumann constant (5 67 Hacoia 4a) aed = etc 54-39) awe? OO o73M87-p) 2) Se Tetmwen(3e7 Saw” TO) @D Tod (Fi G8) Adapnion| J Draft PD=3.143 G4- Tap (W -0.05)° Ee oti 2eavc 86H cS = c SSetnak ae 03606 04-1) (V 005)" VE] ‘When PD > 100%, insert PD= 100% Page 71 | of 163 Not Fer Bstribution 48.14.2012 48.14.2012 LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim PD Percentage dissatisfied people duet draft (4) V = Airvelocity (ms) Typ ~Airtemperature (°C) Tu Turbulence inten (%) Tu 100 Vins eo 140 recep tren Dlmttedanain 1 atc ay pon “TVs Asymmetry Warm coin ool val Cool seine ( ) Warm val) Pe re ‘Asm Radon Pago 72 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Thermal steatifiation “Temperature difference <3-1K between headGadiset eee Ge ee Fig 1S Percentage of People Disa a Femi of Yer ‘Air Temperatre illerence be and Ankes Warm or cold ors _— © = 2 — ; ‘= var ig 16 Percentage of People Died ws Futon Thee Pago 73 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim am Powe 2.8 tects mote othe su seal ert AE mats Gy ® Ee Pago 74 of 183 Not Fer Distribution Aperesdeeat, 106 48.14.2012LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Chapter 4. Air-Conditioning Systems 41 totadstion Oo 44.2 Automatic conrl systems 43 Allair systems c= Ae ns wo 43 All-vater systems . +16 Unimy and hybredyatoms 47 Summary of diferent air-conditioning sens Reading: Chair 2 ofthe text book "ASHRAE Sstems Equipment AE Appictons Handbook rer rand Rab A He SFP Bldnes~ Dein fr Een 4.1 Introduction — Pps an src ening yom tS gE pres within outed Geral Confor ad nora quay To schigehegied oc i prametes he ssn het hii, dame an ier oor HVAC Su SeoFewecntienen mes NG . < as c wo — Ee End Use Coma cy wens ro seeing sce ten ingsptems "air handing systems + dat +r Hoy to elect an arcondianng stent ertrmnce erence ace procs) apc ouramens ng pe ed) Spal iments shina spe) oe Fltewe focaton soe of HVAC nest pone oO rae @O ie Ee ination devices Pago 75 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim eanNe PRooucnow 3 S < = °° ® | Pago 76 of 183 Not Fer Distribution 48.14.2012LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Vapor compressor mM Q -O.W — “OW ‘© Refrigerant on f ptow ah int eee ted th tt - Production cf Conver primary energy fr heatng/oo + Coal + Natural gas Fuel ol Biomass Prodoe steam and eats eating production equipment ° = wie Q — L& ” gg rel a. > oS) Lu A packed fire tobe boiler, (Cones of hedenalt orp, Osahoma City, OK) Cooling production equipment ° (Seager cin ‘Centifaga chiller cutaway denwing ( Mey cat nang caren Tec Pago 77 of 183 Pago 78 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Heatran Dispos f st fm sling ces Cooling tower, evaporate condos, icant 5 Shor want et ane’ yt, ambiguous ater {Tad teem cost and Foroad- dat cooling tower (Chur Marley Co.) = = a ho sectarian fee tis Pago 79 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Distribution “Moves capacity from production 0 use Water and steam dstibution ° Ac distribution . ° Ivision A cenifugl fan (Courtesy ofthe Train ‘Company, LaCrosse, WT) Packed equipment Aivhandling unit © FUKKI, Egypt 41 Transfer D 4.2 Automatic Control Systems ee i HVAC systoms are dynamic: Without contol system, HVAC would overheat o ov ean spaces Automatic control system "A system that reat 03 change or imbalance in saiales to restore the desired balance.” ei contos by adjusting oer ch “Modem computer-based systems manage system resold supervisoy") Reduce enry use {Mey maintenance problems - Page 80 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim =) Cooled sale isa canter of yt ob lee. satpontsdaiede SS “eanlpoin”ectl ae “set pin “cotol oi 1B Senor meres acta ale of cotoldteggble Contr made action of onl goa spat Conti dvic ot mai one Example: Water ak level contol ~ ; 1 ge" TJ : E as | =: Te ° e Page 81 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example: Steam heating cil 2 a = HI + R=>M (hui HOH WR 43.2 Variableair-volume systems Example ‘You tr the fan speed up or down in Oi Gn-in ° An fan aie power oma nds Lt od > ower fa pow Pram spy dc ined fed vale Desixn colin = ton 16 open oO o # noreheat Of-design cooling: box throtles until minimum flow is reached Page 90 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim emo cool atin c reheat at lover limit oO Of design hein — 4 thermostat inceass reheat as space temperature Design heating © fly energized VV wae + Sige apex (pes depend ined) 5 incton o Py for tc nay tore pea — Page 91 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim NceMEat pe ige e p Page 92 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Page 93 of 183 Not Fer Bstribution 48.14.2012 LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Fan ower seis, Fn i hays on and sac gia cnsant Damper conto supy of rma air Perimeter zones may ‘Ean-powered parallel: Fan injects plenum ait ese Aves primary low that, 'Scantlled by dumpers. Variable space ow Advantages of VAV a — ivisif Dinbanassad ens VAV Seep rt > = ® soos | ¥s// <_ Fixed supply airflow ateas wellas cooling temperatures. Capacity contzlled by terminal heat coil a [S) Cong ei ove Tg 2 is a omit er terpenes fr soln ol are 1 (5), Reheat for fl oud 13°C GS), ‘who ehcat tsof Pexthis poe cays wanePVtrereol & chet wince Prahzat coil salses Tyy 10 Set point Reheat coil RHEE heat to satisfy theemosta. Typical temperatures for prebeat coil are 13°C (55°), and full ead ae 38°C (100°F). No vader E Page 94 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 434 Duak-duet systems ‘Tesytem mines hot and cold art satisfy zone telat Cold and bot i steams distbted iran eT an FEAV ER + High ut con — tate penance equi 5 Ulntd mune of ones no +0 * +0 = -| A ° ik = -W sun) oa, ‘vnter) ‘Summer sling Example: er oy data from previous example) Assume cooing coil could each arla arr) Summer cooling processes OF RSM Hotduct MHL Pi Cold duct M>C +1 Page 95 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim ee Race Mcegs rouse 7) on 2 Find: Fan, cooling and heating coil capacities, Tota ai supplied i= 0.396 kas Fan capaci. © Fresh outdoor a ine= 80 Lis 0080 mis x 17 bg aa oe Ss From the analysis in the psychrometic _ is needed. Then, Egypt sfer Div From psyehrometi car: kens0 KS mine ere Qon mnoneigs ‘ce cootansilamnic® =< Te 1S"Cilowertan dine pv a ‘Tesi sold be comin for wine condton 3, Then th eqn cepa can bedetermined | Page 96 of 183 Not Fer DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 435 Ain Side Economizer Aicside economizer uses outside air (OA) to ofet manic cooting |AHTU ming dampers vary OA flow fom minimal flow ate (for people ina space) up to 100% 0A. Different contol systems forthe economizer, ° sa wre Economizer > — E Return Air jontrol ver AE Tt RES Frees cote I cio TOF Xog= 10% gta! eons ose (ss) HOS TeE otra (2570 yg POR: Cotto eApOHM SM) 4.7) = 100% 0A Control aston: ovTas minimum vetlation OA and cooling coil keeps Ty=Tsx, Page 97 of 183 Not Fer Betribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 3 utdoor Air Fraction (Xe) Misedaie Temperature Advantage: energy savings — Dinanaas hgh VAV en tine 04 {hid cnt eesve one system. complexity. and maintenance < E 44 Air-Water Systems aaa) ant cand ater ae int to snes EAC, OE Oa se suid abet si aul ws ater edo eve hang 25690 ny Fah) = Primary it has constant volume 2 minimum OA rei for venation. tn winter, primary aie set espe a ics mary cc eh Secondary at is nassine throveh ater coil hea 2) before mixine with inary ait. Central plant makes hot oF cold water that sdstbed va piping Ssstem tothe water co. The ‘water coll ets! coos to control space temperature and doesnot contra huni Page 98 of 183 Not Fer BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim + eS vA 44.1 Aiewater induction systems Ais spi ih hh sere ERRRon. pres ods hh elites of ras RS oo Induction Unit Sa Page 99 of 183 Not Fer Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 44.2 Fanci systems er oral! water They Sane further divided into + Thmeppe: Too supple td one common Fan Coil Unit |? Fig. 9 FowrPipe Sytem Room Unit Conta Page 100 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Fan coil nit consists of © New fan coil usally have separate coils for hedingaand cooling that increases fist cost compared tthe units with single col However, fgape stem is moe flexible than two- pw nd dons tea "angeve oa The fn cil ni Ae, ca cndon wo Pippi and he tt iain tan he Inco ne Pay srs acy sped suc yen sister 45 AlbWater Systems => — reaming achive by ae gig oS ot terminal, Examples: rears > — All-Water sustenis)” @ Fan coil units do not provide ventilation. Unit ventilators draw air in through walls (see schematic at right) This system may be only or esting © < Avge sso ini Re Diane ih msn, cnt np! haiiy cn mao nora f= Page 101 of 183, Not For Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Page 102 of 183 Not For Distribution 48.14.2012LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 446 Unitary and Hybrid Systems Unitary syst are corpltepaka”AIC units EsGopies ° wn ea Vv 46.1 Incremental nits Examples are motel units and larger singh its Ape ace fll heating, cooking and aie handling systems with heating col, coolimeebil rffgertr, and fans, et. Page 103 of 183, Page 104 of 183 Not For Distribution Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 462 Heat pumps + Airtosirheat pumps ‘Wesabe ses og) Page 105 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Heat sourcelsnk ° < fe) Asoc lw so anti et fico Wat gg) sce high nd iti ficient han aie 4.7 Heat Recovery ey hn Emme era) D Gimucon ee a Coolant steam yw Sea oD Lu Alr-to + Airtoair HX (het exchanger Hest wheel Heat pipe Heat pump > ogo. ==)» ra 3 oe? Sg Ea Te ge ee (eo) erst 1Y eae Qru-PoSS aA ENAMEL Ait typeof haat recovery system Page 106 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim > 23 Heat Pipe \_ warm / \exnaust ale] \ | 1° a Pot bsaclsorhe eae cS Small AT > large heat exchanger (very expen) ‘Separation of source and end use & Noweoicdet ods oO Pama aay Oo Page 107 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 447 Summary of Different Air-Conditioning Systems Soot Advantages S disaivanage TAT [> CT TT] ac 5 Nepininginocopidaren age dc space + Uscocousdeairrecotingy |» glancing eiicais Easy seasonal change ae 2 Hat ecovry pose + Closest operating conditions > ‘Air [+ Individual oom conrol “S| pmehgngeover if only two pipes Wate [2 Spetessconday ED _ [Codeine compte ito pps hosing cooing Seta emaneroos Less pce fords 4 gag col cance robe 5 sae HVAC cont caipman | SSeest of for primary si 5 Con er, micas) « ids reser ndacon LIL]. etree ne Tal Y= ass ace Cite manera sd Water |* USaly shai ndvidal ory cont Te Soa ling cca + Quek pt down foe + Saheety ooaae| CB a ino 40 i Tak | > advise con] NE js paomancs tary | + Simple and inexpensive Ll Independent of other tills) |» More energy (low efficiency) Page 108 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Chapter 5 Heat Transmission in Building Structures 5.1 asic heat rater aves 52 Construction assemblies on Readings: Chapter Sof the text 1997 ASHRAE Handbook -Fundarpetils3 1-3 16,29.1-29.12 [EP Ineropera and DP. DeWst "Fundamental of Heat and Mace Transfer 51 Basic Heat Transfer Modes Ss Qa + Conduction + Convection + Thermal radiation 5.1 Conduction Fourier’s Lave I, Egy ansfer a where 4 =het ux (Win?) shemale in SE, Table 1a hee) {Tide tempore adit + Moat ina snglyer Go) mee Then te equation canbe inteprated Oo Page 109 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim toyield a on) =-k(-T) < k-1)__ =) — heal reise ee, oO + Hematite 5 Since anerona Recarange te avons Page 110 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Or a Te —_— of. wn Hare — BRM be em Rw ti Cri mera! conauctamdoew ny ame a An exon alo an PSU csso0m i ama ace bck, 009m hick miner FF le slatlerartanse Chea el seesaw Page 111 of 183 Not For Dstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 5.1.2 Convection Newton's Law c Clie o et ls do cameston( Win) verve atts coumet (Wilh) bulk Md temperature CC) = = surface temperature °C) > where Theis ete ow ste b= 3 6 AIR athe com ection nd —38 Wink fori Twn and aru bugs Sisk Stefan-Boltzmann's Law: ~ c eet!) < © where q = heat x duet radiation cee gaan Game ees oO on geore(T HTT, +11 +t CT Roy When T; ~ Ts the equation can be approximated as: =" cee, T'(T, =.) = nen) a oO «x vee TB Oo and de radiative heat wants weft I~ 06 Page 112 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKG Egypt sst1.2012 Prat AR echt A Foie amples Determine fn atypical classroom at PSU. c Ovealthex water coticeath=hehy calico ne ee (See Table 5-2 for values) eon Raditive het taster bewoen two atte Ref ne oS) re, Te Mantas ULI 6.14 Combined onecton drain "> Tar a “SEA. oo 7 o ie hn > Rein, © Technical Transfe Page 113 of 183 Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim S.L5 Overall het transmission 11s necessary to consider the heat wansteffiom inside air 19 ouside ai The Heat nr esas. gon sen LUUK chnical Tr: 9) aR ERIE RI=T,-T, Tt R, HERR RAR,+(ERIER, (Overall theemabsarance) v-IR (Ove emai Page 114 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim sample 53, Continue to work on example 1 to determin the uffoorandindor sr tempers 0 Solution S 5.2 Construction Assemblies 52.1 Airspaces and windows + Airspaces slaring Rean |, Egypt nsfer Div where R sir conduction resistance ‘air layer thickness Ne thermal conductivity (0.023 for “Ideal case" for 0.02 m thick ofa ay R-d2- 0020023 -087m' KW) ecu of conection nd niin ca Gemnes1 00 whew “= 3s Single glazing U= ssw RIG tu Destegny — Usa7Wmk Ra oe Tipcehone UTTAR Se oO 52.2 Walls ‘The following conditions are assume in calculating WWeNsign R-value: Equilibrium or steady-state heat transfer, ds effets of het storage Smitten erin Page 118 of 183, Not For Bstrbution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example 54 Cale the Usfactor ofthe 38 mm by 90 mins The tus ace at 400 mm on center ‘There stem miner be Bat ieslaion (R= 2 3bK mW) inthe tod space. The side finish is 15-mm gypsum wallboard: the outside is fighel with rig foam insulting sheathing (= 070 K mW) and I3-mm by 200-mm wogdsbesel lapped siding, The insulated cavity loocupie approcimataly 758s ofthe eanemistion area anda stad 25%. ms eee vutice 2 Weg vel tapped siding 3 Shething “& Mine! fiber bat insulation sd in wallboard eae cee Solution: =~ 1, Outside serfs, 33 mis wind 2. Weed bevel lapped siding ou ous 5 Rigid foam insulting sheathing 070 070 “Mine eta insulation) 230 es > = pats Ate 5, Wood stud, 38 mm by 90 mm + thermal bndes Talend of mem end inf Sn tf natn mail The less os through the meal conduction i considerable Page 116 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim sample 5 Te thermal conductance of 200mm hk mason 04 Wn KF te it 20m iimimi tr ugh he wl and femal conan 230 Wn K, compare ha through of te masory wal and te lume) = 2 5.23 Other assemblies + Belov grade walls Q=UACTna-T) Egypt sfer Div re = at ow ae Oeuf bseen val (able inipwntboxk) ‘Acaetoftarenevallbcowaedg Some Tadermpene OO — ins Amp < fare Toy tegen angen One toot) ip “ample of ound poate pt ne xbox) oe >) Co ute? ol Soe ae = Tot + Stab-onground consretion oO where U”= heat transmission loss per linear metene slab ee (Tale S11 in he textbook) = perimeter of sab "T.= outdoor design temperature Oat Pet Page 117 of 183 Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Chapter 6. Ventilation and Infiltration 64 Ventilation ‘62 infitation oO Readings: Chapter 7 of the textbook, pp, 194-2 ASHIRAE 997 Fundameas Handbags 13,25 6.1 Ventilation on 6.48 Det 7 2 + Ventilation: nro and con ss cade te indoor nd outdoor + Intvaonuninentona and un Eong een or and ooo a «Forced vention: powered venti — {atu sentistion enpomered oO 6.1.2 Forced convection L Ll j — Ford venation i wed wo remove ht in Ge to mania erro thermal condos, : < 5 lahore, =senshleheating/eonting ‘T= indoor ar temperature (C) 17. = spl air tempera) Latent eat exchange: ° ‘where Qy latent heating/cooling load (W) W = sieow ates) ir density Kg/m') latent heat of water vapor at room ar temperature (kK) Wy indoor ir humidity ratio hg.) |W, = supply aie humidity ratio (kk) echnical Tra Page 118 of 183 Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim bese fri ian ett gaa Forced ventilation i also sed to maintain an acceptabisindoor sr quality . — where C,= contaminant concentration ofindoor air Cf) C.= contaminant concentzation of supply ait sm Vv 1 = volume airlow rate same S a ‘An PSU classroom wi 10 occupa faa000 W ses cooing aad under summer design conditions IT, = 25°C, T,= 15°C, G, nid Son = 030 Lminpenon). determine ‘he vention rat g e Solution: For comfort: For air quality LUUKKI, E ical Transf Seles reer onto meth denn fr tym adi gy W = 1200 6.1.3 Natural convection Driving force of natural convection + pressure difference caused by wind 2 paca kaneacantty ogni tata tnt) ech Page 119 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim P= Pot P= Det ADs where Ap= pressure difference between outdoors anandoors at cation (Ps) ‘= State pressure at reference height of undigtned ow (Pa) ‘B= wind pressure at foaton (Pa) = interior sta pressure at reference height (Eas Spree ts oan yy re Cyn ptr coat => peat ewig ow) ae SO Gy =In [1.248 -0.703 sin (2) - 495 si) +6131 sin (24G) +07 voore a Wong nla berween wind direction and att! of wall under consideration algo fat en pigonoenn a 7 =< were g= eat (981 mi) < wo el iy Ee , a extluaion => © inftasion ao — ler | Level ‘nsiraion exteation Winer eT) [peercen Page 120 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim where where where f TT eae =the a ans y= discharge coetivient (-) AN cross sectional ea ofthe i density (kg/m) Af differen = ae > a. Flow caused by wind e=GaAy ical Tre = eevee of pigs {310 opens winds as 0.35 for agra wid) A comings) “eo Flow caused by thermal forces ch Q=KAL 28 Ab (TT) sae 0400009 FR) toe = fon mao oe ePEWL) Page 121 of 183, Not For Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 6.2 Infiltration Inflation is fo combine effet of bunany ad dain mite: ° fe) were Q=initation ate (8) no L-efeevetetageares (gn), = =m hl AT ayaoy eros wpe a ©) a wind coe (LS ela \V= average wind speed eta = (mm/s) “esa fo maine TE en Compt Dein _ Nee pera a Lame flan eg coon fr ‘fee. hea facie lakage ren 50 cn vole oRWOT, sa sreuded by ik edge (citing cue) = Sot: oO er in ds contin 1,=13°6, SPs = 22% From A Tables 25.6and 258 of the handout, C, = 0.000290, C, = 0.000231 Page 122 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Airchange te = 284 340 =084 ACH. Air exchange method: exremelylow b Etat Technical Transfer Division Q-Acay here A fete lekag ae of eas ‘Ap = pressre difeence btw LUUKKE Page 123; se pr hour) of 163 Not For Distribution 48.14.2012 LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Chapter 7 Solar Radiation c 71 Soar raion oO 172 Heat gui through fenestrations Readings: Chapter 6 ofthe textbook ASHRAE 1997 Fundamentals Handogh, Chapter 2914-49 7.1 Solar radiation Div Ta Solar radiation = the cat's orbit & elliptical, the sum 9.2) Emperature is approximately 6.00u"C (10,000°F), The radiant heat fox outsie ae ofthe earths 2200 Win dant Eis TY GD swoon iaweashs LLP 1300 Winona Testo acetone 3 70 Win The extaterrest s ‘The enere sot: os 10.29 0.40 um (ultraviolet) 240-070 um (visible) 3 £ cS Page 124 of 183, Not For BistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 12 Starting — {Local Stand Time: Through the center ofa time zoe = CST Case ow topes) Ser-coue Se 00 apy gation of time sa fictr of eath ori veloee to non-symmeny of eas rit ct mann inert Tae ae Page 126 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Local solar time = Local standard time “Equation of time +4 (Local standard time meri Nongtude) {Minutes} ee | Onis Oabainnme)"T ‘Example 7-1 — Longe af PSU coon is 78 W. Dewar ine a EST 120 oe re ——— Sui 20 EST is for longitude of 7° W. From T JWT Ah Table 8, eqution of time is bout 14 ae oS) ® F4(Uoal salient tong 00-0114 + 4 (75-78) = 11:34am, © Suns position ‘The sun’s postion canbe determined ‘Solera. Solar azimuth fom the south, Page 126 of 183, Not For BstributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim sin B= cos Los 8 cos H+ sin Lsin8 emo tsinicinh info enel) ee serinaion S) > Conimeiom xanple Late of te SU ss 41°N Fins poston Ht ame Od Ho =1h34am-1200 ue 2s ites == 26160528) 360» 6 =r nbess,rod DO : Fi — sin ~cos cos cos H+ Seavey emc05) +hldinc 108) ~osi36 p38 oot cmp onde Tin 3789" sin I-38 cosa) = 0.9599 eo =ar tan — Meinidtanleefasutice md s cost cosfeos7sin2 sin peal whe 0 ange bine sas ys amd r= sutce ov (=e smh defi a: = ovenaion NONE Ses sw ow NW v to ‘bs Se Sghyo Ses | Page 127 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim ik angle of surface (ange between the normal to the surface and the normal othe horizontal surface) PoC raha rei ti Esamle?3 — Contin rom Example 72 Find te incident angle Sell ic window fing st Solution a = c2s0 cs eogysin sn a SPS 2 pa w = sk Toa solar radiation ons horizontal =e Gu=Gon Gan, c 7.4 Solar enation with a >. 8 All tho tnce parts are the funtion of normal dict =. ow A = =a 5 whe Aart slr aiton TT 61, IS) tmospheric extinction coef cient (TTgble61, A Table 8) powntmse e Page 128 of 183, Not For BistrbutionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim + Dire strain on sic of airy oition C= Go Costs c pa eee ee) © ~insidem ange — ‘On horizon wirfie, sos ~sin Gon=GxoCs sin no eR Deere went Eto a rr Te COT ea or ts acl view PQ Recto SPD Saw Dl “ED 1.2 Meat Gat th idl DLL D 72. Solar optical properties -c ‘Any optical material obey: root w ‘wave lengin: elite SE po where t= transmittance a= absorptance = 336s A= wave length (m) Gn. ores, a ate Sa where 1 frequen (HZ) = lightspeed x10" mis) Archives hss Onsen ong-sve eninian Faroe chert ne tan an AT This the well-known sreenhouse effec Page 131 of 183 Not For Bstrlbution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 7.2. eat gain through fenestrations Toth gin =(Solar hein) “(onion Conduction eat pain =U (T,-T) —_ Define S Solar est gain factor: HGF ot innie en SiGe = TSHGE + ASHIGE “2 rsHor-ooran HD OD wah Lu 7 a, =2%8, 402) where a= values in T Table 62 or A Table 23. + Fornon-DSA materials: e— ne ae i "oun SS & acai a near = ES = 1.2 e 7 5 °o ® | Transmitted heat gain, TSHG Page 132 of 183, Not For Distribution 48.14.2012LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim TSH (SE) eTSHGF) c and absorbed heat gain, ASHG ° ASHG = (SC) (ASHGF) (N) — ere SC shading coefficients in T Tables 623 wo Lea. Tales 241027 X= inward Mowing faton oF absorbed a yin Nene ee 20 Conte xa 74, Ane bag art 24 igh i i etn blind, he sola heat gun under jase wind speed of 335 sand an orca bata catcncbet Cy"O cae fr From T Table 6-40F A Table, Technical Transf e231, Hi420= Senin NeW h) = 4.04021 @ LUUKKI “Transmitted soar heat gai ISHUE = Uo “ut 0+ (Gin + Gis) 2498) 08 =14Win? "TSHG = (SC) (TSHGF) O67 114 Absorbed solar het sin ASHGF = Gy o> Gy 04 0+ (Gus * Gre) Page 133 of 183 Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 0+ 49 49H) x054 7 Win ASHG = ($C) (ASHGF) (N), =8Wat Tota solar het ain: SHG=TSHG+ ASHG Ivision 7.23 Migh Performance Glazing © Multiple glazing So) @D Venetian blinds are tented 2 a ne teanemiston, reflection and absorpion ae taken ito account bed fer D + External and internal shading se T Tae 66 or A Tale By etal overangs and sd fn ££ e Caen angles frhoaat ingame 2 eS The tir steam removes window load ‘Fechni Page 134 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Chapter 8 Cooling and Heating I,ond Calculations 8 Rs iting on ad So Leena! ui ean’ 15 Nowe cg dang 14 Nowe ong dengan om Readings: Chapters Tand ofthe textbook, ASHRAE 201 Fda ates 28a 29 Resdenial etures: eon 2Uhour candoned S , ‘small internal loads : thglestee oo ) pods) small capacity 1umidification for cooling. — Seek Ee 5.1 Residential builing cotingload He ge: Testi come Rae AF wins sc Cooling load: The rate at which jst bene fam 2 space to insin he ‘temperature and hur + eat gain # Cooling lanaeeiation, thermal mac, dhormal la) eat extraction: The rate at which =e the space by the cooling and ‘cheer Page 136 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Heat exracton byeaupment Figure 4 eT toa Coating oeds + hush ruta components S = + through windows > Ss oD + doetocceopansandapriancl | = CLYDIGLE Method Cc “The method uses regression —“s fer function solution. Catetation proce: = + Coating load dvoush seus meng men we ‘eee fe peepee ion sac) = 2 U overall hea tansfer coefficient [om aot alsa CoD Sette ad empeme dite Eel fo tw, wall, gases Chaat as O) + Cooling eed tvough windows: Oo Gs Lond Fat (GL ia it fh prion nd slr nition Q=(GLFA Page 136 of 183 Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim GLE ~ glass load factor (Table A27-3 and A27-4) + Cooling nd deo intation < eee (Co) e ting nde acu antan People . 5 Q=70 Wiperson Appliances = 470 W for bot htc as (Q= 350 W for multi-family For latent cooling load . cine thi oro portent S2Rosdetat eating oad pF) Heng nds: no + toh acti amp noone 2 Sate = ET CS cen SS . Heating fxd ong eo Toor SD) Q=UA Ceen-T) “+ Heating load by infteation amps 7) Techni Page 197 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim '8.3 Nonresidential building cooling and heating load (manual methods) haha sangeet dan cnet ‘alg nama so sO our ign ots peti celal hang cpa, oe it Time Series (RTS) ProeQTD ‘method) ASHRAE Fundarmentals 2001 in can pot ‘The RTS method is suitable for peak design load Ealedations, but it should not be used for sual neraysmultions do #8 imp asumgHOS suchas teay-prod ondtons ) S31 Ra \onauoon ame tr (19) na ' acon) kes ssn) an The RTS clean procedures presented on he oops zw 1 alae 3th profile of hs en fo dog py CTS 2 Spe rinsed Somer 3. apy TS w 2 ln cetng on at. mo ace ht vin and lye nang otha in Page 199 of 108 Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim sent ea cen we ‘eit scum vonce com cn cms nro Inefaowea ma mt pret mt Sra spree Tech Page 139 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim $3.2 CLIDSCLICLE Method (manual method) ASHRAE Fundamentals 1997 in Chapter 2839-28 8 +r cooing os °o n UA(CLTD) — where signex raster niet (Tbe AMER) Soe at ere CLT ai it pr ggg A282 28-9 Stunde SO 2 A080 604 ‘SC = shading coefficient oo ® SCL soa olin sd vootchdho ions. clings and oan. Were U' design heat transfer coe tian, censor floor (Table A244) ‘A= area of partition, cain, 5s Qin = (latent heat sain) c¢ People: whore N = nuner of peoplein sce (Table A283 Ci "oan nd cr Table A2837) oe Liss: 0s = WLR, Were: W= watts input from electrical plan o is Page 140 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Fa fging wear Fig lowes aor Cir “tela ad sr cele factor, EL for 2a ih we) trie A283) oO ves: a o-PE cue n poe tng rom loc ano manage ete fcr ind angeneas onus pong fed erases eee) sons 20 eutn=QuFuFa(CLA\Fe SG Qi = Qs Fe a where Qi mm Fan Foy Fa~ use facts, ‘goss factors (CLF cooling load factor (a schedule aco (Ighles A28-37, 28.39) where ‘entiation nition Ones = Var Fee T) where p= air density ‘Vu = ventaton or infitrai W,, W,= ouside, inside air hut those sitet re Taco & 1AQ requirements) Technic Page 141 of 183 Not For Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Example $1 [A PSU classroom is 6m long, 6 m wide and 3 m biah her ‘all Only the east wallwindow is exterior ASSUME hetNermal cond (vest, south, north, above and below) ae the same, ‘cooling lon at 900 arm, 12.00 nono ly 21 S ‘Other known conditions include — Lattude 40" N Ground recta = 0.2 ‘Clery with slornare mombor~ ‘Overall windows heat ransmissioncoefcent= Room dy-bulb temperature =25.5°C Permissible temperature exceeded ~2 5 Schedule of cocupancy: 20 people eter. Lighting schedule 300 W on at 8.00 am a ro e— Vv Outside surftee, AO Face brick (100 mm, A2 {Insulation (50 mm), B3 Concrete block (100 mn), C3 Inside surface, EO Extsrioe window ‘Single lazing, 3 mm No extenor shading, St Solution: (1) exterior wat UKKI, E | Trans LY nica rom Table A264, find wall ype 13. ech 48.14.2012 ofthe classroom Determine the ad gay for 8 hours From Table A28.32. CLTDow = 9nd CLD = I for east wall CLD aa = CLTD + (255 -)+(Ty-29.4) Page 142 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 17= inside temperature Ta = mean outdoor temperature ‘T.= (maximum outdoor tempeature) - (daily ange) 13004 CLTDev=9+ 55-755) 4 M4 = 61K o-vacup) — JS meh 6x3 4x25) mF xe 90) On weds Win Reade ta?) ae 4 HPD Wat 2 ny 2) Window omc Fo Tie A26-4, LTD = ghOL CLTDex ~ CLTD + (25.5 -T,) + 4) — Terao Shans D arm em £04 @1-92- 294 Ky =UA(CLTD) =70Wi Kxdx2, @ (9am) Q=70Win' Kxdx25aF x2LKAI7 (at 12.000) rom Table A28-35B, find ‘From Table A28-36, find CLF ifandcLF G=ACH SCL) ™ © 11 at 12 noon Qa Ose tm) 1 311 (Ge 12 no00) (Cog nt ti a) HD <¢ one — ee ae) Page 143 of 183, Not For Distribution 48.14.2012 832° TETDITA (manual method) LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim ras (latent hat sain) Sareea SH ermattiney Opie o From Table A2R-36R, find zone type 078 lB Fom 0) From Table 28-38, find CLF (2) oss Q4=W Fa ka(CL4) Sowa hots =225W > wom Qurd00t 10002 gy = ad nen) (7) Appliances: e2O nat =0 > eon (6) afitestion: a E ‘Since room air pressure is positive, We Qa ono “Tra cooling lad Component wal Window conduction Window solar transission Poople ‘Lights Appliance Inflation. LUUKKI, hattat Fransfer focLID ‘TETD is called the total equivalent emporatue diferent method Its simi method but oot the same. More information found in ASIRAL Handbook = Fundamentals (ASHRAE Fundamentals 28 56-28, | Page 144 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Practicum Assignment ee agian Searels acne eee ata meee rach ae eer E ree A or re en or A te unit cpa aoe oe aes (coms Sasha geese neice a ont pressure — Figure 1. Tsp clon 3 2 een ts ae agen et te ts cto seal ud 700 Pry a clap one mn ee eee oe tency DO oo ong eae toene pein OC nd ebeted tena em ns ind paca ees Seca ogne aa fon heads segs sean (@) the mace flow arts of cooing water, in ks €b) heat fener arn KW, rom th oe ® Ee the cooling water. Page 145 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Seti or th rcs pasion Py 16psia ° 000s thr ln ~168 ansfér Div 2. soar collector panel, shown in Fig age rea of 32. The panel ecies energy fom thes at at of 150 Buh 21 percent ofthe neoming ear os 1 =s sume The mr eit wat! om Pin ToT Th wos pes theapbesd clcerntha cg (3) Negrin nt pout A sss ate af wae inn Sr Wr (©) How many solr callactors would opt a os of 40 gl of 16 war in 30 min? Heo cham rey we geri i ere eg e Techn Page 146 of 183 Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Forth conto sme shoe, = 0 3 Rate onpoilon eesogasgae ee — — Foran et oe ceeee an OS Feevat wannabe i= =§ 7.1 thes a on BR 0-0, -W, sil, Inseing vals: Page 147 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim (4800-1920) A 120-50 < So (6) The mas of water in 40 gallons wih density p = 60,51 m= BP = (6 Bante oes > teleost gs 7S oD Comments: — Wicca nnert hinges meet at ransfer from the outside ofthe cond rine (a) the mass flow are of cooling wate Se (b) the rate of energy transfer, in KW, codigo coring var Given: Stam and water pas through ome poison Assuming: 1) Control Volume is ste — 2) Heat tansr fom ouside is neiible 3 Potential and Kinetic Enengy eles ate wail 4) Cong tei sn nampa w/ cost spec Find: a) Mas low rat of cooling wate, a(t. 'b) Heat wansfer at othe cooing water. Qi) Solon o 2) By omaraton of mas mo) TET ad mpm Page 148 of 183, Not For Distribution» LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Using steady state enenny balance Odo) Wi dot) mda (hbo ES st (mdash) emdoththe aa S a rrLULUD dot “(25k5 2571 SAKE 163.04) ABW KC IOK)] = 1440.8 ce 'b.) Using an energy balance of the ex +s OOo WW (doh MAD rie Rec 4d snot) dot} Q(dot\n= (14405 kee). 18 1 2 lz LUUKKI, Technical Transfer Page 149 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Prien em So 1 Running water sae fom SUF to 120% y gg it with saturate steam Stem enge pressure may vary fom 13% 25 pot WwW (a) Shetch he sytem — (0) Fora heated water ow rate of 1 cm, alti and plot crete graph of) steam mass few tein Assen il tema oer 2 sapling 9.00 Bah aha eda Ledeen tng 10° when the oubideaie sat 52°F {@) Skech he sytem (6) What the mii wrk eq im the assum 3. A heat pump den by 90.4 kW vl nor BH nxn or a sng m2 ay shen the outside isa 10°C and enersy ke oh thailand root a at of 16200 kth. What isthe maximum theoratcaltemporatare that an be mined within Bling. nF? 44 Infiltration of outside ait into th cllancous cracks ean represent a significant load on the heating o¢ uipmepK particular fie building has a tl track length of 140 around it door indy day, about 0-4 ein of aie enters er fot of crack. In addition, door op ut {00 clin of eutside ai infiltration fan average. The internal volume of j 2000 f°. Assuming ideal sas behavior, ‘etimate nthe numberof times per hourTRCH ~ air change rata por hour), at steady sae, that the ai within buiding is changed due ios Hinn| ACH] = Volume flow rateVolume Page 160 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKK!, Egypt 18.11.2012 Brof. Ahmed A Medhat A.Fahim Ss tte Pais paionent re crm fe Se eae stn an it ote ge sh san ms Fes in tt ioe & Oo) ‘Comparing seam mass flow to steam prosure i No aw een et ae, Now sao ta ate SG eee oe ee Sowecan clase moh etl waeras (4efi(60.01 Ihvfe?y*(1 min/6Osec)= 1 4Ibs'sec = Enthalpy (iga) of heated water at 120 degrees = 88 ft Aste cool ater, te ms ow tei constant ail sate he shape of raph “The enthalpy forthe 30 degree water i 8.1 ~h Page 181 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKK!, Egypt Brof. Ahmed A Medhat A.Fahim (Ok here's the rie, you now go to the steam tables each enthalpy you run the above equation and calcula Stes resre Vs ste ss hw rate Act ‘Fou nial equation with out any numbers tall, UF pressure and enthalpy as wel a the indict relations Hore isthe Excel Caleulason MassFlow VEPresiure > 2 nhs LUU Technical T Page 182 of 183, Not For Distribution 48.14.2012 Pressure wo 6 w 1 2 Z 2s up enthalpies for 1Sps to 2Spsi At n{dotlom Ths is how you graph ot came up wih grap se ot ize the dtet relationship between ‘seen enthalpy and mass ow rate Fon Rete se 26 S255 5252 sear S245 sae eeeLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 2. By supplying 90,000 Bu/h, a heat pump maintins the temperature of dweling at 70°F when the outside aie a 32°F (a) Sketch the system, (b) What is the minimum work equited fortis oe he assumptions. duatiting at 70°F fer D mei ee ce 2 Tedontrorince CO 3. Thedelingand te surcundng ply rok band col resi, respecte. () Analysis: — Th minus eot er ay fear he sted codon che est for 2 rec eee eprany btnen Teen a-Si) “F) oad TUR COPED The pone ‘required by such a cycle can be obtained ff | Page 183 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 3. A heat pump driven by a 0. kW electric motor provides heating fora building ona day when the ouside is a 10°C and enesxy i lest throurh thea and roof arate of 16200 kJh. What is the maximum theoretical frmperature that canbe migaiped within building, in °F? Surroun din, ab eae We dvusiin atTn : (0) Ammon Hn doin bec ER A ts ook 2. Tho data are fo peroneal 8. The dveling and te suscund rotdedFmerand colt reser respectively (0) Analsis: [A sea sto the Beat pump ele mast providence ge dling equal wo dhe enor Toaking hgh vals anc — Oy =16 2004114 wo From Section $42, we know that he coe peslganee ofthe est pump must be ess than ‘sual woth eoelicint of prfamance of sree MPR peating Dawson reser a Tes eneuana neceaasy Oy < T neering known vale: Page 184 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 4 Inflation of outside air ima building though miscellaneous cracks can represent a significant load on the heatine or cooling eaupmepindepartcular office building fas a total Crack length of 440 f around ts doors and windows On gid day, sbout 0 cfm of air enters er foot of crack. In addition, door opens account fgraout 100 cin of ouside air infitraton tir average The intra volume of the bling TRS Assn al yas bli, tstimaten the numberof times per hour (ACH ~ gir-eiange rate per hour), a steady state, Ut ‘he air within building is changed due to safraion inh nf ACH] ~ Volume low rateVele tngiltration urough cracks (0) Assumptions: 1. The onl yume shown is at steady sta> 2. Thosirbohaves amide gs ORES at, he me a £ PAAV apie = Pal AY Foe AY acrsees) Wen 9. ei oe REI Ei, Aig ied pb enn te recto al ae haat Sra O WD wire ‘air change Page 186 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Pen cp 1 ats iy at cay sie vohme sate iat oe standard atmosphere using perfect gas relationsslamtemperature of 20°C and 0 °C. 2. Thetemperatue ofa centain om is 22°C anganBeative humidity is 0%, The evn esr 19059 ig pats th i at spor (b)the vapor density, and hui ‘cr 3. Compute the entay of mois RUE relative humility foran elesation of So (@)ea level and (6) 1500, 4 The coniton within «room i 2 ul pressure. The inside surface Bg Widow's fn te window glass? Explain Soa eee Seti ae a brn he comer lg 1930) 200 =] — —l Technica Page 186 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 48.14.2012 Seti or the rcs paint 9 So 1. Caleulate valves ot humidity rato, enthalpy standard atmosphere using perfect was relat cific volume for saturated ai at one perature of 20°C and 0°C. 2 The temperature of a cenain room is 22°C and relative humidity is 50%, The ‘barometric pressure i 100 kPa, Find a) the paabpressures ofthe air and water vapor, {ithe van deny ant mica of damit 3. Compete etal of is iB °C (8 reatve huni fran eatin (4) level and (6) 1500, 4 Thesemtion within arn ic 24a hl PRM late mii, ant 10135 Pa pressure The sie suet ours $C Will most condense nthe window glass? Explain 5. Moist air exists at relative hurt repent ‘Thedewpoint fer E temperature ofthis moist air is 18°C. Daten (8 the humidity aio and (8) the volume in kg = ‘where the dy bulb temperature humidity i 80% and where the prosure nae the omen = and (6) 20007 eS ore dn as ms LUUKK Technical T Page 187 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 48.14.2012 sean msg ing pre eg remeron, — aq —— RR “btW lg Cad) Constants: peionesry Gu ‘Check your answer in the paye 2. The temperature of a certain room is 22 °C, barometric pressure is 100 kPa. Find (a) =-8 | oO < ane () he vapor densi. and hum aig ie mitre rom able Act ", ware @) Paesipere 2 Page 188 of 183 Not For Distribution ree 7 e z 1 relative humidity is $0%. The pressures of the air and waterLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 23% i 98010" (g/m?) Br Tage p. ra 1336 A210" (hw! ha) 356 ‘3 Compute the enthalpy of moist air at 16°C and 60% relative humidity for an elevation ‘F(a sem level and (8) 150 on (a) Atal P= 10125, ra Tole > Py ‘coe i S16 Pa P, =, oor Se ra mo) (6) AL 1500 m eve LEY enon y -00not Ta scart 804 IB 05 (Rg) — seme as en SS ES a ttn a ne pressure. The inside surface temperature ofthe window is $°C. Will mosture condense fn the window glass? Explain why. ‘There area couple of ways 0 solve (()Colelate the devpoint temperature “S$ Oo ft Ty> Tne street (2) Caleulate humidity ratio W 8 20°C, = Se st 5°C, 10086 REL if Whe a> Wh, an condensation (0) Caleulate pata pressure of vapor at 20°C, S03 REL and SC, 100% REL Pleo Pale ne Condensation. Hac st rte) o Pave =209Pa From le Ab wetanfid Ty Tags comieston oe Page 189 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 'S. Moist air nists at a relative humidity of 60%, and a pressure of 96.5 KPa. The dewpoint temperature of this moist airs 18{CaDetermine (a) the humidity ratio and (ye volume in hs. Tana thanyouben he trang er sans Ta wt yu he pees Sarees eens 2) So, the temperature ithe air, in other wads, gboWRy-bul temperature ofthe air must be ome temnentnn ae han se gine spear (yen cane it actualy, but at this moment yma when you know "2" quantities, eer Tay Taf Tc cee onthe payehar. Now, you hve Ta and’, 30 be confident 2) na tien oe eg vei “epi geen TTD pressure and humidity rato asthe {u's the temperature of saturated siven mixture” 4) Now we are quite clear what Table Alb, At IC, P= 2064, ince W and Py do not change, From 06224204 PP 136k ? 2064 Pa os os & cree ‘+ Wand P, donot change during out sense oling process ‘Using ena or computer program sm From Table A-Ib 898m kg) Page 160 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 6. A duct has moist air lowing a air, where the dey bulb temperature is 16'Cythesrelative hus ‘the pressure inside the duct corresponds toa) sea level, and (b) 2000 From Table A-Ib, OF 16°C, 54570 (@)Sea level: P=101325 Pa, 203 (kg 0?) (©) 2000meteanien, ‘+ The mas flow ate changes with ePai HS Technical Tra Page 161 of 183 Not For Bstribution 48.14.2012 rate of 2m What is the mass ow rate ofthe dry ty s 80% and where ‘volumetric Mow rate does not, LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim raion taingeast <= 1 Air eaves the cooling coi o an sir condi tia dnpor tempest fF 0 git, Fem otros art ft (0) Dey tli epee ot Metubtestere (Airdensiy > (8) Hen rato —_ Enhals oe eee 2 Tose ene. the environment 2 room ae tobe epulted 0 atte dy Inherent il he rene fing el PMR C4) and he dese rt wail Be Iss han equal 0 GH (17C),Fndgheagipy relative humility tat canoer for standard barometric presse. — 3. This desired to heat and hu cf Pp rom an inal state defined by 2 temperature of 64" alo and relative humidity BPMMG wo a inal state of 110F db and 30% relative humidity. The air will first bohated BYE hot water cil followed with saturated vapor at Spsig. Assume sea lev Using psychrometrc chart (a) Hid te eat anstr rte for cl () Find the mass flow rate ofthe 8 (c) Sketch the processes ona pyc chart 4. Most ir nara cooing co SRE snl TEnpere nl 5% lve unity Mast gn cain soi Some ony soe hii through the ol is 1 50 kus an -ogeurt these level pressure (a) Determine the sensible hea a for teprbcess (bh) Determine the cooling col a tansfertte) (©) Sketch he process inthe psychos car nig sensible and tent eat S. Saturated steam is sprayed intSPteam oP AGEair. The iil condition ofthe air is SSF dry-bulb temperature and 35°F dow-pnt temperature. The mass alow rate is 2000 Ibevnia Barometric pressures 14.695 pa"Determine {@) How much stonm must be added in Ibavmin.ucea saturated air conditon, and (6) The enulins dry bull and wot Bll om he oO ® Ee Page 162 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Practicum Assignment c 1. Ait eaves the cooling ei ai coin Be as. eatve hui oP 086 sind dewpoin temperate of 55°F t SO00f\elaatin, From the paychrometic chart Find (@) Dry bulbairtemperature wn (b) Wet bulb tempertare — ©) Airdensiy (6) Humidity ratio = ao ‘don your esl inthe chart sb 2 Tosave ener. the environmental room are to be regulate so thatthe dry butters il be erenter fn al PRE (24°C) and the dew pin wil he less than or equal 0 GF (17°C). magi relative humidity tht can occur for sandard barometric presse if 3, 11s desired to heat and hus fig gir Fom an initial state defined by a temperature of 64" alo and relative humidity BPMMG wo a inal state of 110F db and 30% relative humidity. The air will first bohated BYE hot water cil followed with saturated vapor at Spsig, Assume set lev Using psychrometrc chart (a) Hid te eat anstr rte for cl (b) Find th mass flow rate of the a (e) Sketch the process ona pec 4 Meare cooing coi PSE tod Eapeae an 50 late hui abt ges ening a esa tS se ii tows hegl 20 ps manepbavereuva te steel pete (a) Determine the sensible hea a for teprbcess (bh) Determine the cooling col a tansfertte) (6) Sketch the proces inthe psychrometric char dbndting sensible and latent hest S. Saturated steam is sprayed intSPteam oP AGEair. The iil condition ofthe air is SSF dry-bulb temperature and 35°F dew-pdit emperature. The mass alow rate is 2000 Ibevnia Barometric pressures 14.695 pa"Determine {@) How much stonm must be added in Ibavmin.ucea saturated air conditon, and (6) The enulins dry bull and wot Bll om he started ai ® Ee Page 163 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Al leaves the co ‘of 90% and dewpoint temperature of $3" psychometric hart find: (4) Dry bal ai temperatare {(b) Wet ball temperature a (e) Airdensity (@) Humidity ratio (e) Enthalpy — Meaty erm crane gam eo, Fy fellows conetant hamid nto itinersects with he 90% relativity geyoy wll ave the condition othe ai Readall other —_-— Pm pc car Top= S7.°F, Twa 55: 3 APM, P= 0.0628 Ibi Wrotitiaa 1 %so SS ‘To save energy the environ io room are tobe regulated 50 that ‘the dry bulb temperature willbe greater tha of equal (0 78°F 24°C) and the des ‘point will be es than or equal 64°F (17°C) Find the maximum relative humidity ‘that cam occur for standard em Follow maximum humidity ratingbline (1! vith dry bul temperatr below Remember rlaive humidity (SPTERtant humidity aio decreases a dey bale y tLe =H oF TOF From Chart 1b From Chart ta =6o% Prax Smax= 62% Page 164 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 1s desired thea and umf 200 hn fae fom an nit state define by a temperate of 60F and relative ha tnd 33 relative humidity. The ir wl at be heated by 4 ‘ih strated vapor at Spi, Using he sgopmetric hart {ayn chest raster ete for ee he {0} find dhe mse fw ae ofthe water vate {Gaetchthe procene ona psehromete hae ‘Soumesen evel presure OF water oi flowed “The air here undergoes neo dnc processes sensite only (constant hunny rato) Iheaing through the cll andthe addition of hui trated sean. In ths case the Steam saturated and thorafore that reer olimeacenstant lb ine ee QO Tims =F, © ~30% ig 71 Bh, wZiaieam, — weaoni = Toa = N10 be 7 re, Airat fina sat Tons" HOF, b= WELTER, Ws (odds heat and no mootre Coil load iis 10 eek) 1988 (Bru min) =119280 Bru) s a ee —4,.2 i. " (0.94679 ~0.00335)= 2.08 (14min Os ak = = 2.044 = ALTERNATE SOLUTION oO oder tieemre ernest oiminy properties given onthe psych table are given ekaass of DRY air. When solving fr the ‘ass flow rate of dy ai, however, you ca he contribution af the water inthe ‘alum How at ven, Page 165 of 183 Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt 18.11.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Law Energy Balance: my Sem Nomad tw EE Mixing Pot Lu = mW mt, 0086 =m gery) (4) Now, nun se nee re opine os an Syne we Ina From mining point same temperature a aise nko a any Sy Page 178 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Foc beating coi Fee humidifier: Fer For probeater Seem he aw theo le oie them Fremosample Fan an he TAs6KW osKw So ar inal eboce wil 7 Tan 129 ating Ci 1 esting Cs 4s) Hamdier oi Protester LUUKKI, Eg 48.14.2012 01722(586-2722)=489W) M02 = 0.008205 hewn) D.R6m!s= S13 he) omgagscnsnnaee ‘This equipment shoeld be ase in bat hatin (in) mm caitions. So we soul pick up S130 99 kW Technical Transfer a Page 179 of 183, Not For Distribution LUUKKI, Egypt Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim Page 180 of 183, Not For Distribution 48.14.2012LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim 3. Aspace isto be maintained at 78°F db and 68°F wb, The cooling system isa variable-ir= volume (VAY) type where the cuntity of aigssuplied and the supply temperature are controled. Under dsian conditions, the tol Boog loads 150 ans wath a seasible hat factor of 0.6, and the supply temperature is GD db. At minimum load, about 18 tons with SH C0 desir ity aye edu) ve da 80% by vlan ode Pll Tead design valve a {@) Determine the supply air conditions for mii loud (b) Show al the conditions on a paychrometrgha. @ «sem ae a! a i Gay a ll 1, = 282 PT in ‘an F024, 02x33 9200f0 = 10,7460 Q F, , 00,704 0) CONF. 47 FTES tr whe v, ean a is aes AD wo, was — Sayin” sO 4B Tao =0F Tra Page 181 of 183, Not For Bstribution LUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim eter So 1. Daring the wit rots is pie to co chai gassing ote si Sapo an mror sone of geting anes ove spy aw rte Sorc, wh can eal ora Teeggng na cosa 100s wi SHF of 8 he year ound Indo conditions yO db and OFF wb, (0 Whats the mina ot OE bremgrse and iy ao ht would Sa eden? (Sais tc ne wtchNETO OPPs epee fF dad 20% ‘cave hom Re ti may be mine ol the se, Bt Fruits vale egg grr wa opera Fe Stefani henna ho of rnd ee "o> (0 Aisa ane, to tren ne ny of on Salng co's comtcl DHEA minyparruse Spot °F, Whe ca Satara) mer a MED ret ert eta the al Sis heiven ad cnn? = (2) Whats the refigeration| — oil fae above? 2. An economizer mives outdoor 0m fui o reduce the refrigeration load on ‘the cooling coil (a) For a space condition of 2 1d 20°C w, desribe the maximum wet bulb and dry bu temperatures that ve thereoi oad, (b) Suppose a system is desig pry FAR AC dh and 17°C hw a sae ‘maintained atthe condition art ‘What amount outdoor air at 20°C : dl and 90% relative humidity canbe mix wh the return ari the col SHE i 0.6? () What are the apparatus ds point ahd the BE factor in pat () above? (8) Compare the coi refrigeration Toad i above with the outdoor ar to that without eutdor ait Tech Page 182 of 183, Not For DistributionLUUKKI, Egypt 48.14.2012 Prof. Ahmed AMedhat A Fahim ote So 1. Acasa na shal dese or 10 pop (2) Wha ie i are eps ire? (8). tooese 13008 Wt eae a enlon requtenen oe bese of ora = 2. Whateve nom, wil he COs eon pages in sey tei CO being ‘sede space at he ate ot rar nha CO; easton of Soppm Sie apes he in Aste conpice sin 3 Theme ques in ple 2 eee iy the same as in problem 2, 2 dy state. Note: Recirculation rate eKeoicuated Ai? total Sup LUUKKI, Technical Trans Page 183 of 183, Not For Distribution