JenniferDunham

CST311FinalExam
6/19/2015

1. ShortestpathusingDijkstrasalgorithmfromnodevtoallothernodes.
Step
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

D(t),P(t)

D(u),P(u)

D(w),
D(x),P(x) D(y),P(y) D(z),P(z)
P(w)
v
4,v
3,v
4,v
3,v
8,v

vu
4,v

4,v
3,v
8,v

vux
4,v

4,v

8,v
11,x
vuxt

4,v

8,v
11,x
vuxtw

8,v
11,x
vuxtwy

11,x
vuxtwyz

Theshortestpathtoeachnodefromvishighlightedgreeninthetableabove(ofcourse,the
distancefromvtovis0).

2. Thedifferencebetweenroutingandforwardingisthatroutingisanetworkwideprocessthat
determinestheroutefromendtoend,whileforwardingisarouterspecificprocesswherethe
routerdeterminesspecificallywheretoforwardapacketnext.
3. The32bitequivalentoftheIPaddressof223.2.7.61is:
11011111000000100000011100111101
223=128+

64+

0+

16+

8+

4+

2+

1=11011111

2=

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

2+

0=00000010

7=

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

4+

2+

1=00000111

61=

0+

0+

32+

16+

8+

4+

0+

1=00111101

128

64

32

16

4. Thelargestpossiblesubnetmaskis:
11011111000000100000011100000
223.2.7.0/29
7=

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

4+

2+

1=00000111

1=

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

1=00000001

5=

0+

0+

0+

0+

4+

0+

1=00000101

5. TheMACaddressspaceis48bytes(6x8).TheIPv4addressspaceis32bytes(4x8).

JenniferDunham
CST311FinalExam
6/19/2015

6. ThemaindifferencebetweennonpersistentandpersistentHTTPisthatnonpersistent
connectionsallowonlyonefiletobetransmittedperTCPconnection,somultiplefilesrequire
multipleTCPconnections,whilepersistentHTTPconnectionsallowmultiplefilestobe
transmittedinasingleTCPconnection.
7. AnARPqueryissentwithinabroadcastframebecausethedestinationsMACaddressisnotyet
known.AnARPresponseissentwithinaframewithaspecificdestinationMACaddress,
becausetherequestorsMACaddresswasincludedintheoriginalbroadcast,soitisnowknown.
8. TCPcongestioncontrol(TCPReno)beginsintheslowstartphase,wherecwndissetto1MSS,
andwitheachsuccessfulpackettransmission(receiptofacknowledgement),cwndincreasesby
anadditionalMSS.Whenalosseventoccurs,cwndisresetbackto1,andssthreshissettohalf
ofcwndssizeatthetimeofthelossevent.Slowstartbeginsagain,butoncecwndreaches
ssthresh,ittransfersintocongestionavoidancephase.
Incongestionavoidancephase,cwndincreasesmoreslowly,onlyincreasingby1MSSforeach
RTT.Fromcongestionavoidancephase,whenatimeouteventoccurs,cwndisresetbackto1
MSS,andtheslowstartphasebeginsagain.Fromcongestionavoidancephase,whenatriple
duplicateacknowledgementisdetected,fastrecoveryphaseisentered.Thelostpacketis
retransmitted,andcwndisdecreasedbyhalf+3MSStoaccountforthetripleduplicate
acknowledgements.Thecongestionavoidancephaseisresumed.
9. Theendtoenddelayofthe10Kilobitsmessagefromthehosttotheremoteserveris:
0.060933seconds.
0.0001s+0.000333s+0.0005s+0.050s+0.010s=0.060933s
10. DNS:MapsURLstoIPaddresses
DHCP:AllowshoststobeassignedIPaddressesdynamicallywhenjoininganetwork.
NAT:UsesatabletomapsourceIPaddresses/portstotheNATIPaddress/port.Servesasa
singleIPaddresstotheoutsidenetworkandinterfaceswiththehostsonthenetwork,which
eachhaveauniqueissuedinternalIPaddress.
11. TheALOHAprotocolisarandomaccessprotocolinwhichapacketissentatthefirstavailable
frame.Ifitissuccessful,thenextpacketissentonthenextframe.Ifthereisaconflict,the
packetsaresentafteradelaythatisdeterminedbyprobability(delayincreaseswitheach
conflict).ThisdescribestheslottedALOHAprotocol.Thepure(unslotted)ALOHAprotocolis
similar,exceptitdoesnotwaitfortimedframes.Ittransmitsassoonasitisready.Upon
conflicts,itstillincorporatesadelaydeterminedbyprobability,butbecausethereisnotiming
synchronization,therearemorecollisionsinthepureversionthantheslottedversion.
12. False.BwillsendacknowledgementsregardlessofwhetherithasdatatosendtoHostA.

JenniferDunham
CST311FinalExam
6/19/2015

13. a)

Thereare20bytesinthefirstsegment(11090).

b) Theacknowledgementnumberwillbe90.ThiswillindicatetoAthatthefirstsegmentwas
notreceived.
14. TheSMTPprotocol(SimpleMailTransferProtocol)operatesonTCP.Thisisbecauseitisloss
intolerantanddelaytolerant.
15. FalseUDPisanunreliableprotocolbutisusefulincircumstanceswherespeedismorecritical
thanlosstolerance(goodfordelayintolerantapplicationssuchasstreamingmedia).