Nebosh Revision Guide IGC 1

NEBOSH Revision Guide
S/N
Exam Year/Question
No
QUESTION
ANSWER
The scope and nature of occupational health and safety (1.1.)

The moral, social and economic reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of health and safety in the workplace (1.2.)
The role of national governments and international bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of health and safety (1.3.)
The employer has the legal duty to put in place suitable arrangements for health and safety at the workplace
ensuring it is safe and free of health risks. They are morally required to provide safe and healthy working condition;
December 2012: 3a
September 2012: 1a
Outline the main health
June 2010; 7a
and safety
March 2010; 8a
responsibilities of an
December 2010; 10a
employer.
March 2009; 8a
socially/legally required to provide safe place of work (safe and without risk to health), safe plant & equipment (well
serviced and inspected), safe systems of work (safe procedures for all activities), instruction, information & training
(to improve workers awareness of hazards and risks associated with their work), supervision and competent staff (for
adequate levels of supervision).
The employer via management is expected to provide a written health and safety policy, asses and manage risk to
employees and other who may be affected by the companys activities and consult with employees about their risks
at work and current preventive and protective measures.
2
2
4
2
Identify actions an
Failure of an employer to fulfil its obligations constitutes a breach of the health and safety legislation and can lead to
December 2012: 3b
enforcement authority
the following: The enforcement agency may:
September 2012: 1c
might take if it finds that
March 2010; 8b
an employer is not
Issues advice or warning either verbally or in writing requiring that an improvement

is made within a given period of time;
fulfilling their
Require the cessation of the activity or shut down the work place until improvements are made.
responsibilities.
Prosecute the organization in criminal courts which might result in punishment in the form of a fine.
Accident in a work place is likely to be caused by inadequate standards of workplace health and safety. The
associated cost to the organisiation can be direct or indirect.
December 2012: 6
Identify possible costs to
September 2012: 1d
an organisation
June 2010; 2
following an accident in
March 2010; 10
the workplace.
Direct costs are those measurable cost directly arising from the accident such as those arising from lost
production and time, dealing with the subsequent investigations; cost of plant damage and replacement,
paying those involved during absences as a result of the accident or ill-health, having to recruit and train
replacement labour; costs arising from the possibility of action by the enforcement authorities or by a civil
claim from the injured parties and the inevitable rise in insurance premiums.
The indirect costs arises indirectly as a consequence of the accident and includes a reduction in staff
morale which could lead to industrial unrest and
high staff turnover, damage done to the organisations reputation which could
lead to a loss of orders and a subsequent decrease in its profitability.

Article 19 of C155 outlines the responsibilities of the worker to include the following:
September 2012: 1b
Outline the main health
June 2010; 7b
and safety
December 2010; 10b
responsibilities of a
March 2009; 8b
worker
The number of
absences due to workrelated upper limb
disorders in an
organisation is
5
June 2010; 8
increasing.
Identify the possible

sources of information
that could be used when
investigating this
Workers have the responsibility to cooperate with their employer to fulfill their safety obligations
Workers are to take reasonable care for their own safety and that of their fellow workers as well as those
who may be affected by their actions or omission.
Workers are to report accidents and any dangerous situations at the workplace.
Workers are expected to safely use any equipment provided for them and not tamper with it.
Workers are to adhere to safety rules, instructions and procedures.
Sources of information which could be used in investigating the situation described in

the question include :
Internal Sources
Risk assessments and job safety analyses where the need for repetitive action has been identified;
Accident and ill-health data/reports together with an analysis of records of absenteeism;
Worker records which would provide information on age and any reported disability;
Relevant information from safety committee meetings and from supervisors particularly of the complaints
they have received; the results of surveys, questionnaires and interviews with workers;
External Sources
available from trade bodies and other employers.
problem.
A serious accident has
occurred to a worker
and there will be costs
to the organisation as a
result.
6
September 2010; 3a
(i) Identify THREE costs

which are likely to be
insured.
(ii) Identify THREE costs
which are likely to be
uninsured.
Published information such as guidance from the enforcing authority and/or manufacturers and that
Insured costs:
Damage to plant, buildings and equipment
Compensation paid to workers
Medical cost
Legal costs and third party cost
Uninsured cost:
Production downtime and delays
Hiring and training new employees
Loss of goodwill and business reputation
Accident investigation time

Outline reasons why it is
important that an
7
September 2010; 3b
organisation maintains
employers liability
insurance.
It is important that an organisation maintains employers liability insurance because it may be a legal requirement
which is compulsory in most countries and apart from promoting the morale of the workforce by giving them some
comfort from a financial point of view, it is important to cover some losses that may foreseeable occur following an
accident.
Outline why it is
September 2010; 10
important that all
This is important so every party will be aware of their duties in relation to health and safety. Ensuring that all persons
persons in an
in an organisation are aware of their roles for health and safety will assist in defining their individual responsibilities
organisation are aware
and will indicate the commitment and leadership of senior management. A clear delegation of duties will assist in
of their roles and
sharing out the health and safety workload, set up clear lines of reporting and communication and will assist in
responsibilities for
defining individual competencies and training needs particularly for specific roles such as first aid and fire.
health and safety.

There are three basic reasons for maintain g and promoting good standards of health and safety in the work place.
These are
1.
Moral expectation of good standard of health and safety, the need to provide a reasonable standard of care
and to reduce the injuries, pain and suffering caused to workers by accidents and ill-health. It is morally
unacceptable that workers are injured or killed at work and society demand that workers are safe while at
work.
2.
Social/Legal requirement by law governing the conduct of businesses and organizations in respect to health
Explain the reasons for
and safety of the workplace. Organizations are required to comply with these laws which are primarily
December 2010; 2
maintaining and
concerned with concerned with the need for the employer to provide a safe place of work, safe plant and
September 2009; 1a
promoting good
equipment, safe systems of work, competent workers and a high standard of training and supervision.
March 2008; 3
standards of health and
3.
safety in the workplace.
Economic and financial reasons: because accidents and ill health has direct and indirect cost to the
organisation, promoting good standards of health and safety in the work place will prevent accidents and in
turn avoid these cost such as avoidance of criminal penalty and compensation claims, avoidance of costs
associated with accident investigations, avoidance of costs associated with accidents such as the hiring or
training of replacement staff and the possible repair or replacement of plant and equipment.
4.
Other reasons include to maintain a more highly motivated workforce resulting in an

improvement in the rate of production and product quality; and maintaining the image and reputation of the
organisation with its various stakeholders.

These sources could be internal or external.
External sources include:
legislation including directives and regulations; ILO codes of practice, conventions, guidelines and
recommendations together with those produced nationally which are usually country specific;
Identify sources of
information that an
10
September 2009; 1b
September 2012: 1d
organisation may use to

help maintain and
promote good standards
of health and safety in
the workplace.
Information produced by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Agency for Safety and
Health at Work;
International standards such as those from ISO and BSI;
Guidance produced by the various enforcement agencies; manufacturers data; information produced by
trade associations, trade unions and professional bodies; safety journals and magazines
Internal sources include:
Accident, ill-health data and information emanating from completed risk assessments,
inspections and audits
Medical records, maintenance reports, safety committee meeting minutes
Reasons why good standards of health and safety may not be achieved in the
workplace include:
Outline possible
11
September 2009; 1c
September 2012: 6
reasons why good

safety in the workplace
A lack of management commitment;
Poor morale among the workforce and a lack of motivation;
Frequent changes in the organisation;
The need to comply with different and conflicting standards.
Lack of resources possibly due to a harsh economic climate; conflicting demands with priority being given to
production targets and meeting deadlines;
may not be achieved
Poor communication and consultation with the workforce;
Failure to provide adequate training leading to a lack of awareness amongst workers;
Failure to complete risk assessments and to produce safe systems of work and method statements
Behavioral issues; when workers sometimes make mistakes or deliberately act unsafely.

Key elements of health and safety management systems (2.1)
The purpose and importance of setting policy for health and safety (2.2.)
The key features and appropriate content of an effective health and safety policy (2.3.)
12
13
September 2012: 5a
September 2012: 5a
Outline why it is
The statement of intent section of the health and safety policy may set quantifiable targets for the organisation. This
important for an
is important because
organisations health
It allows performance to be measured and progress assessed over time
and safety policy to
It provides a tangible goal for staff to aim for
include targets
It helps to drive continual improvement in the work place.
Give the meaning of the
Benchmarking is the process of comparing current performance targets or setting targets against past performance
term benchmarking.
or against the performance of other similar organisation/industry.
Give TWO examples of

health and safety
14
September 2012: 5a
performance information
that can be used for
benchmarking.
Health and safety performance information that can be used for benchmarking include:
Accident rates
Active monitoring
Lost time injuries
During a review of an organisations health and safety management system, documents that may be examined
include:
15
Identify documents that
The health and safety policy
may be examined when
Completed risk assessments and safe systems of work;
Health and safety monitoring records such as of inspections, audits and surveys that have been carried out;
June 2010; 9
reviewing an
September 2012: 7
Organisations health
accident and incident data including accident investigation reports and reports on near misses;
and safety management
Health surveillance records;
system.
Records of the maintenance of equipment together with information on any failures that have occurred;
Details of the emergency procedures in place and records of any complaints made by workers

Compliance by the organisation with the requirements of relevant legislation;
Identify a range of
health and safety
targets that may be
16
June 2010; 11a
included in the
A reduction in the number of accidents and cases of ill-health;
The completion of an assessment of all risks in the workplace and its review within a defined time scale;
The provision to all workers of the necessary information, instruction and training to ensure their
competence;
statement of intent
section of a health and
safety policy.
The maintenance of exposure levels below defined limits
Full consultation with the workforce on health and safety issues and the provision of sufficient resources to
achieve health and safety targets.
The arrangement sections of the Health & Safety policy deals with the general arrangements that exists to manage
health and safety. issues that are typically included in the arrangements section are:
1.
Risk assessments and safe systems of work including those operations where a permit to work might be
needed;
Outline the issues that
17
December 2010; 1b
December 2012: 8
are typically included in
2.
Specific hazards within the organisation such as the presence of hazardous substances or working alone;
3.
Safety monitoring procedures and those associated with the environment such as noise and waste
disposal;
the arrangements
section of a health and
safety policy
4.
Arrangements for the provision of safety equipment and personal protective equipment;
5.
Arrangements for the control of contractors and visitors; the provision of safety training to workers;
Procedures for the reporting and investigation of accidents and incidents;
6.
Procedures to be followed in the event of fire or other emergencies;
7.
Arrangements for the provision of welfare facilities including first aid; medical arrangements and health
surveillance Arrangements for communicating with and consulting workers
8.
18
September 2009; 4
December 2010; 1c
December 2012: 4
Arrangement for proper house keep and compliance monitoring
Outline the
It is generally good practice to review the safety policy to ensure it is up to date and accurate, however Safety Policy
circumstances that may
can be reviewed when:
require a health and
1.
safety policy to be
reviewed.
There are significant changes in the structure of the organisation, the type of work it does and/or a change
of premises;
2.
There is introduction of new or changed processes or work methods due to new technology or newly
implemented systems.
Outline reasons why an

organization should
3.
There are major changes in key personnel and changes to the organizational management structure
(MD/CEO)

review its health and
4.
There has been a change in legislation;
safety performance
5.
Following consultation with the workforce
6.
Following an enforcement action by a regulatory/enforcement agency
7.
Audits, risk assessments, monitoring exercises or accident investigations show that the policy is no longer
effective or relevant;
8.
A sufficient period of time has elapsed since the previous review to suggest that another one is due.
1.
Policy: a clear statement of intent, setting the main health and safety aims and objectives of the company
and the commitment of management.
2.
appropriate members of staff, with the emphasis on achieving competency, control, communication and
Outline the key

19
March 2009; 2
elements of a health
September 2010; 11
and safety management

system.
Organisation for health and safety: a strategy adopted to ensure the allocation of responsibility to
consultation.
3.
Planning and implementation: Involving carrying out risk assessments, the setting of standards and targets
and the introduction of appropriate control measures to achieve them.
4.
Evaluation: proactive and reactive monitoring systems to provide data on the achievement or nonachievement of the objectives and targets set.
5.
Action for Improvement/Review and audit: carried out to check whether what was planned was actually
taking place, to consider options for improvement and to set new targets where necessary
The statement of intent section demonstrates managements commitment to health and safety and sets
the safety goals and objectives for the organisation
20
March 2008; 2a
Outline the general
March 2010; 2a
content/purpose of the
effective delegation and to set up lines of communication. It helps to clearly define responsibilities for
December 2010; 1a
THREE sections of a
fulfilling safety obligations.
June 2010; 11b
health and safety policy.
The organisation section allocates health and safety responsibilities within the company, to ensure
The arrangements section sets out in detail the systems and procedures to implement the policy covering
issues such as controlling hazards, monitoring compliance and arrangements for consultation and
communication with employees
Explain why the health
21
March 2008; 2b
March 2010; 2b
to health and safety.
and safety policy should

be signed by the most
senior person in an
organisation.
The signature of the most senior person in the organisation would demonstrate management commitment
The signature also authorizes and enforces the policy and signifies that the person has the ultimate
responsibility for health and safety in the organisation.

Organizational health and safety roles and responsibilities of employers, directors, managers, supervisors, workers and other relevant parties (3.1)
Concept of health and safety culture and its significance in the management of health and safety in an organization (3.2)
Human factors which influence behavior at work (3.3)
They have responsibilities relating to the health and safety of their products to:
Outline the health and
fit for their intended purpose
safety duties of
22
December 2012: 9a
designers,
manufacturers and
suppliers of articles and
Ensure for plants and equipment that they are adequately designed, constructed and tested to be safe and
Ensure their products come with sufficient and appropriate instructions for easy, safe use and operation
Ensure they are well packaged and labeled
Ensure that for chemicals and substances, that they come with appropriate information such as the Material
Safety and Data Sheet (MSDS)
substances.
Ensure that for chemicals and substances that they are appropriately tested and their hazardous properties
understood.
If those in the supply

chain fail to carry out
23
December 2012: 9b
their duties, outline

health and safety
consequences in the
Failure to carry out their duties could lead to the production of unsafe plants, equipment and insufficient information
on chemicals and substances. This can lead to injury (from burns, shocks etc.) in the work place from unsafe
operation of equipment,
workplace.
SELECTING THE RIGHT CONTRACTOR: One of the first steps the organisation should take is to select a
competent contractor taking into account previous involvement in similar types of work, references provided
Contractors are carrying

out a major building
24
by former clients and the quality of the risk assessments and method statements produced.
PLANNING THE WORK VIA INFORMATION EXCHANGE: The organisation should also ensure that the
project for an
contractor has adequate resources and has allowed sufficient time to enable the work to be completed
safely.
June 2010; 3
organisation. Outline
September 2012 : 11
how this organisation
March 2008; 7
could reduce the risks to
presence of vehicles including fork lift trucks and the danger of falling materials; the presence of hazardous
contractors both
materials such as asbestos and the location of services such as electricity, water and gas; general site
before and during the
safety rules such as a smoking policy and reference to the host employers safety policy; requirements for
building project.
permits to work for certain work activities; accident reporting procedures; emergency procedures; and the
it would be necessary to share information on the particular risks in the working area for instance the
location of welfare facilities including first aid.
A period of induction training for the contractors workers would be a useful method for alerting them to

these matters.
COORDINATING AND MONITORING THE WORK TO ENSURE CONTRACTOR IS WORKING TO

AGREED SAFETY STANDARD: It is also important to have an ongoing cooperation and coordination with
the contractor, with regular monitoring of performance in ensuring the health and safety of both the
contractors and the organisations workers and this can best be done by the appointment of a responsible
contact person.
Outline ways in which
procedures;
an organisation could
encourage workers to
25
March 2010; 5
be involved in setting
and maintaining high
safety.
Involving workers in risk assessments, accident investigations and the development of safe systems and
Setting up suggestion schemes and acting on the ideas and recommendations put forward;
Organising training courses and information programmes on the benefits of good safety standards;
Supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings;
Introducing an effective two-way communication system
Introducing a system of award and reward to recognize achievement;
importantly ensuring that management set a good example for the workforce to follow
In order to achieve good health and safety standards in the workplace, the two organisations could:
Two organisations share
1.
processes; prepare and agree joint site rules for the workplace for example for assembly points and
the same worksite.
26
September 2010; 4
March 2009; 4
Outline how the

organisations could
work together to help
ensure the workplace is
safe and healthy.
Hold regular meetings, share information and risk assessments and avoid carrying out incompatible
smoking areas;
2.
set up joint procedures for the management of visitors and contractors and agree on procedures for the
management of traffic and the movement of vehicles;
3.
Carry out joint inspections and monitoring of the workplace;
4.
Draw up and jointly emergency procedures
5.
Agree on a policy for the management of waste and obtain advice on health and safety matters from a
shared consultant.
27
28
December 2010; 3a
March 2008; 5a
December 2010; 3b
March 2008; 5b

term health and safety
culture.
Identify the factors that
The culture of an organisation is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies
and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, the organisations
health and safety management. It is the organizational shared attitude, values, beliefs and behavior relating to health
and safety.
Factors that could have contributed to the deterioration of health and safety culture include:
could have contributed
Poor management system and procedures especially relating to health and safety
to the deterioration of
Lack of management commitment to safety

the health and safety
Organizational changes and deterioration in welfare facilities.
culture within the
High staff turnover and external influences
organisation.
Presence of blame culture
Interpersonal issues among workers
Lack of workers consultation and involvement
Lack of resources resulting in overload
health and safety was not given the same priority as other objectives such as production or quality
Explain the difference
29
December 2010; 6a
March 2008;4a
between consulting and

informing workers on
health and safety
Informing is a one way process involving the provision of relevant information by management to workers whereas
Consulting is a two way process where account is taken of the views of workers before any decision is taken.
issues.
Arrangements for consultation with workers might be made more effective by:
1.
The establishment of safety committees; consultation with elected representatives; planned direct
consultation at departmental meetings, team meetings, tool box talks and staff appraisals; consultation as
Explain how
30
December 2010; 6b
September 2009; 9b
arrangements for
part of an accident or incident investigation or as part of a risk assessment;

2.
safety circles or improvement groups; questionnaires and suggestion schemes and the provision of
consultation with
workers may be made
more effective.
Day to day informal consultation by supervisors with their team at the workplace; discussion as part of
consultation training to both management and workers.

3.
If formal meetings are to be held, it is important to ensure that there is a correct balance between
management and worker representation; that an agenda is set and the meeting is well managed by the
chair; that the business of the meeting is not side tracked by discussion of non-health and safety issues;
that minutes of and report back from the meeting are made available to the workforce as a whole and that
actions agreed are carried out without undue delay
Outline why it is
31
March 2009; 3
important that all
This is important so every party will be aware of their duties in relation to health and safety. Ensuring that all persons
persons are aware of
in an organisation are aware of their roles for health and safety will assist in defining their individual responsibilities
their roles and
and will indicate the commitment and leadership of senior management. A clear delegation of duties will assist in
responsibilities for
sharing out the health and safety workload, set up clear lines of reporting and communication and will assist in
health and safety in an
defining individual competencies and training needs particularly for specific roles such as first aid and fire.
organisation.
Outline the health and

32
March 2008;4b
The reports of Risk assessment carried out
Use of personal protective equipment
the introduction of any measure at the workplace that may substantially affect workers health and safety
such as a change in the materials being used;
safety issues on which

employers should
Planned or implemented changes in organizational structure;

The arrangements for appointing and/or nominating competent persons to assist in complying with the
consult their workers.
health and safety requirements;
The introduction of emergency procedures; welfare issues; incentive schemes and the introduction of
policies on smoking, alcohol and substance misuse.
How health and safety behavior at work can be improved (3.4)

Principles and practice of risk assessment (3.5)
Preventive and protective measures (3.6)
Identify possible sources
33
December 2012: 5a
of information that might

help the manager carry
out the risk assessment.
Identify the benefits of

health and safety
34
December 2012: 11a
training to:
(i) The employer; (ii)
The worker.
Task and work analysis information
Health and safety legislations
Manufacturers information and data sheets
Incidents and accident records
Formal inspection report of a work place
Reduces the accident and absence rates
Increases awareness on health and safety
Reduces number of workers complaints
Boost staff morale
Improves compliance with safe system of work
Improves workers productivity
1.
When a worker changes job
2.
When there is a process change. i.e the way in which the work is done changes there by exposing the
Identify when health and

35
December 2012: 11b
worker to new hazards
safety training would be
3.
New technology: when the organization adopts a new technology that the worker may be unfamiliar with.
provided to workers.
4.
When there are changes in law governing health and safety and creates the need for training
5.
When the worker is newly employed in the organisation.

Identify how induction
training programmes for
36
September 2012 : 3
new workers can help to

reduce the number of
accidents in the
workplace.
Outline why it is important
for an organisation to
37
September 2012 : 8a
consider the number and

type of accidents that
have occurred at its
workplace.
1.
It allows the worker to obtain knowledge about the organisation in a safe manner
2.
Improves the safety behavior and habit of the worker
3.
Makes the worker aware of the safe systems of work and the various report procedures for incidents
4.
helps the worker improve on their perception of risk
5.
improves workers competence in relation to health and safety
1.
To understand and obtain information about the trends and patterns of the accidents
2.
To enable update of risk assessment
3.
To identify corrective and preventive actions
4.
To analyze for immediate and root causes of the accidents
5.
To meet regulatory requirements requesting that accidents are recorded
Common immediate causes of accidents are:

Outline common
immediate causes of
38
September 2012 : 8b
accidents; (ii) common

root (underlying) causes
of accidents.
Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions these will occur at the time and place of the accident e.g slippery floor, poorly
connected power cables.
Common underlying causes of accidents are:
Failures in management system such as :
Failure to provide adequate levels of supervision
Failure to provide appropriate PPE
Failure to provide training.

39
June 2010; 4a
term risk AND give a

workplace example.
40
June 2010; 4b
10
March 2010; 1c
Risk is the probability/likelihood that the potential of harm would be realized or will occur and its possible consequence and
severity in terms of injury, damage or harm.
Example: Risk of and a shopping mall collapsing is for example medium (6). Probability of its collapse = 2 (Low) x
the Severity of the collapse = 3 (High)
1.
IDENTIFY: Identifying the hazards associated with a particular activity or task performed at the workplace;
2.
IDENTIFY WHO MAY BE HARMED: deciding who might be harmed including operators, maintenance staff and
Identify the key stages of

a risk assessment.
cleaners and groups especially at risk including young workers and the disabled;
3.
EVALUATE THE RISK: evaluating the likelihood and probable severity of the harm that might be caused;
assessing the adequacy of existing control measures and deciding whether additional controls should be
introduced;
4.
RECORD: recording the significant findings of the assessment
41
5.
REVIEW AND UPDATE: reviewing it at a later date and revising the findings when necessary.
Identify reasons why
1.
Lack of knowledge, experience or training;
June 2010; 6a
young workers could be
2.
The individuals stage of physical development
September 2009; 2b
at a greater risk of
3.
immaturity; underdeveloped communication skills; over enthusiasm
accidents at work.
4.
the tendency for young workers to take more risks and to respond more readily to peer group influences
Induction training, careful supervision and mentoring by an experienced fellow worker;
The completion of risk assessments with young persons specifically in mind;
The provision of clear lines of communication with young workers;
placing restrictions on the types of work and the number of hours to be worked
Introducing a programme of specific health surveillance for young workers.
Outline control measures

42
June 2010; 6b
that could be taken to
September 2012 : 10b
minimise risks to young

workers.
43
March 2010; 1a
term hazard AND give
A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm or loss.
September 2012 : 10a
an example of a
Example is a trailing cable across the hall way constitutes a hazard as it can cause a trip/fall
workplace hazard.
1.
For a risk assessment, to be deemed suitable and sufficient, it should

indicate the competence of the assessor together with any specialist advice that has been sought;
44
March 2010; 1d
March 2008; 1b
December 2012: 5b
Outline the criteria
March 2010; 4a
the assessment to be
March 2010; 4b
3.
identify all the persons at risk including workers, other workers and members of the public with reference to
those who might be particularly at risk;
4.
suitable and sufficient.
term hierarchy of
control.
46
identify all significant hazards and risks arising from or connected with the activity to be carried out;
which must be met for

45
2.
Evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of existing control measures and identify other protective
measures that may be required to control the risk to an acceptable level;
5.
Enable the organisation identify and prioritize measures that must be taken to protect people from harm;
6.
Record the significant findings of the assessment;
7.
Identify and set the period of time for which the assessment is likely to remain valid.
A compilation of procedures designed to control risks which are considered in order of significance, effectiveness or
priority, from elimination to wearing personal protective equipment
Outline, with examples,
Elimination altering the design or changing the process to completely remove the risk.
the general hierarchy
Substitution replacing harmful and hazardous chemicals with less hazardous substances.
that should be applied
Engineering controls isolation from hazard, separation/segregation, and partial enclosure and safety devices e.g.
with respect to
interlock switches.

controlling health and
Administrative control safe systems of work, reducing exposure, reducing time of exposure, information, training
safety risks in the
and supervision.
workplace.
PPE for example ear plugs, gloves, eye protection and respiratory masks.
Perception is defined as the way that people interpret and make sense of information detected and presented by
their senses, in relation to their surroundings.

term perception. And
Outline ways in which
47
March 2010; 11
Perception can be improved by
workers perceptions of
Increasing awareness in the individual by safety campaigns, toolbox talk or posters and to increase
knowledge by means of training.
hazards in the
Developing training programmes to increase awareness of the hazard and its consequences.
workplace might be
identify, perhaps by the use of surveys, the reasons for workers misperceptions in order to increase
improved.
awareness and challenge currently held views
Making hazards more obvious (for example, by the use of signs) and addressing environmental factors,
such as lighting and noise, which might cause distraction or otherwise hinder the perceptual processes.
1.
The completion of a training needs analysis is an important first step in the development of any programme
of training and for the scenario described this would have to take into account the work activities of the
An organisation needs
to review its provision of
48
September 2010; 1a
organisation, the hazards and risks involved and the organisations accident history.
2.
An assessment of the workers existing knowledge, taking into account their previous experience, the levels
health and safety
and types of training already received and any indications of any deficiencies such as from incident data or
training to workers and
by observation.
managers.
3.
Consideration should be given to the content of the additional training needed including that which may be
Identify the factors that
required by legislation, the number of workers to be trained and the resources involved in terms of financial
should be considered
costs, time and facilities.
when developing a
4.
programme of health
A further factor would include the competence and expertise of in-house staff to provide the required
training, the possible need to involve external sources and the benefits and disadvantages of using
and safety training.
classroom or on the job presentation.

5.
Consultation with workers and their representatives in order to seek their commitment to, and their views on
the proposed programme
49
September 2010; 1b
Identify measures that
1.
Post training assessment and evaluation by trainers, the trainees themselves and their supervisors;
might be used to assess
2.
Monitoring accident rates and sickness absences;
the effectiveness of
3.
Monitoring levels of compliance with laid down procedures such as the wearing of personal protective

health and safety
training.
equipment;
4.
The results of attitude surveys; and the number of concerns raised by workers with respect to health and
safety.
Some jobs require that
50
September 2010; 1c
work is carried out by a
Check the qualifications and the possession of a specific license such as for driving a heavy goods vehicle;
competent person.
Check employment history and experience;
Identify what checks
Check for and verify membership of a professional body;
could be made to
Check for previous training and success in any relevant examination and/or test; and any references and
assess whether a
recommendations that might be available
person is competent.
Give reasons why it is
important for an
51
September 2010; 1d
employer to keep a
record of the training
provided to each
1.
To provide proof of a workers expected level of competence;
2.
To identify when additional or refresher training might be needed;
3.
To enable a review of the effectiveness of any training to be carried out;
4.
To assess the progress of the training programme against targets;
5.
To provide evidence to be used in any future accident investigations or legal actions and to demonstrate
compliance with legal obligations
worker.
52
September 2010; 5
requirements.
Identify the four
Prohibition Signs for example, no smoking or no pedestrians;
categories of workplace
Warning or Hazard Signs for example, toxic or flammable;
safety signs AND give
Mandatory Signs for example, hearing protection or hard hat must be worn;
an example of EACH.
Safe condition Signs for example, first aid or fire exit.
1.
Ergonomic risk arising from the manual handling of waste and heavy floor cleaning machines which could
be inadequate for the task to be performed.
2.
Identify EIGHT possible

53
September 2010; 6
risks to the health and
Cuts/Dust: Contact with hazardous substances such as cleaning materials, and sharps or broken glass in
the waste and could be exposed to dust during the cleaning process.
3.
safety of a cleaner in an
Electric Shock: Some of the equipment to be used would be electrically driven and this would involve
electrical hazards particularly if the equipment was faulty, not subjected to regular maintenance and was not
office.
used in conjunction with a residual current device.

4.
Falls: If the cleaner needs to carry out some work at height to clean windows or high surfaces and there
would be the danger of falling.
5.
Risks arising from the working environment would include the temperature of the office particularly if the

heating or air conditioning was turned off
6.
Security Risk: if working alone and unsupervised, with little means of communication with a nominated
person and no security procedures in place, there would always be the risk of him/her being subjected to
violence from an intruder.

54
September 2010; 7a
term hazard. And Give
September 2009; 2a
the meaning of the term
1.
A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm or loss.
2.
Risk is the probability/likelihood that the potential of harm would be realized or will occur and its possible
consequence and severity in terms of injury, damage or harm.
risk.
Identify FOUR means of
55
September 2010; 7b
hazard identification that

may be used in the
workplace.
Due to its limitations
56
December 2010; 4
September 2009; 7
1.
Carrying out inspections, observations and safety audits;
2.
Completing task and/or job analyses and risk assessments;
3.
The study of data on accidents and near miss incidents including the investigation reports;
4.
Reference to legislation and its accompanying guidance and manufacturers documents such as safety data
sheets; Carrying out health surveillance and consulting with members of the workforce.
5.
PPE does not remove the hazard but attempts to minimize the impact on the user.
6.
PPE may not provide adequate protection because of such factors as poor selection, poor fit because of
personal protective
facial features such as beards, incompatibility with other types of PPE, contamination, and misuse or non-
equipment (PPE) should
use by workers.
only be considered after
7.
other control measures.

Outline the limitations of
PPE is likely to be uncomfortable and relies for its effectiveness on a conscious action by the user which
raises issues such as training and supervision.
8.
using PPE.
In certain circumstances, its use can actually create additional risks, for instance, impaired vision by
googles and warning sounds masked by hearing protection.
Its initial supply and subsequent cleaning, maintenance and replacement cost money.
1.
The duration of the journey, the hours of driving with the possibility of fatigue;
issues connected with the route to be followed and the different road conditions (Isolated route or traffic
Identify EIGHT health
57
December 2010; 8
March 2009; 9
congested route);
and safety hazards
2.
The weather and other environmental factors (rain, snow or sunny);
relevant to the role of a
3.
inadequate vehicle maintenance and the possibility of breakdown;
long distance delivery
4.
the manual and/or mechanical handling of the goods being carried and other hazards associated with them
driver.
such as exposure to chemicals;

physical hazards such as exposure to noise and vibration;
5.
the possibility of accidents or collisions;

6.
lone working with a possible absence of communication and supervision;
7.
the lack of emergency procedures including the provision of first aid and inadequate welfare facilities;
8.
security hazards including the possibility of violence and psychological hazards such as stress
1.
Unfamiliarity with the processes carried out at the workplace, the hazards they present and their associated
Give TWO reasons why

58
September 2009; 5a
risks
visitors to a workplace
2.
They may not have been issued with personal protective equipment;
might be at greater risk
3.
Lack of knowledge of the site layout and the fact that pedestrian routes might be inadequate and unsigned;
of injury than workers
4.
Unfamiliarity with the emergency procedures and their vulnerability particularly if they were disabled, very
young or had language problems.
1.
Identify precautions that
59
September 2009; 5b
Use of visitor identification, for example, by the issue of badges with a routine for signing in
and out;
could be taken to
2.
Prior notification to those members of staff to be involved in the visit;
reduce the risk of injury
3.
The provision of information to the visitors in suitable languages on hazards and emergency procedures;
to visitors to a
4.
An explanation of specific site rules, for example, restricted areas and the wearing of personal protective
workplace.
equipment; Clear marking of pedestrian routes and the need for visitors to be escorted by a member of
management or supervisory staff
1.
People respond differently to different stimuli, and using a variety of communication methods will prevent
over-familiarization with one method and helps to reinforce a message.
Give reasons why it is
2.
important to use a
60
September 2009; 6
variety of methods to
workers to read;
3.
communicate health and

safety information in the
Use of different method of communication will overcome language barriers and the inability of some
Different communication methods will address the need to motivate, stimulate interest and gain involvement
and feedback;
4.
workplace.
The acceptance that different types of information require different methods of communication for example
emergency signs;
5.
The policy of the organisation may require certain information to be in a specified format; and that on
occasions evidence that the message was given may need to be kept.
Identify reasons why

61
March 2009; 10
workers may fail to

comply with safety
procedures at work.
1.
Inadequate resources such as tools, equipment or employees;
2.
Poor system of work and unrealistic or ill-considered procedures;
3.
Perceived lack of commitment to health and safety by management and emphasis on other priorities such
as production;
4.
Lack of adequate information and training

5.
Perceived lack of consultation with staff by management;
6.
A poor safety culture within the organisation;
7.
Fatigue, illness and stress; lack of concentration because of boredom and repetitive work tasks; poor
working conditions;
8.
Mental and/or physical capabilities not taken into account;
9.
Inadequate supervision and a failure to enforce compliance with the procedures; peer group pressure; a
failure to recognize risks and ultimately a willful disregard of the safety procedures.
outline the key stages of
62
16
March 2008; 1a & c
the risk assessment
a. The initial step would be to identify the hazards followed by identifying the individuals who could be harmed and
process,
how. This includes the members of staff, contractors, visitors, clients, disabled, pregnant women and young children.
identifying the issues
Then the next stage would be to evaluate the risk, which means taking into account the likelihood and severity of the
that would need to be
harm and decide appropriate precautions to take. Followed by recording the findings and implementing them, then
considered at
finally, review the risks and update if required.
EACH stage;
(c) Outline the factors
c. They need to consider the individuals training in hazard identification in conducting risk assessment and their
that the employer
previous experience. The individuals experience with the particular processes or activities being carried out in the
should take into account
workplace. Their ability to interpret and understand standards and regulations. Their level of understanding or
when selecting
familiarity of the plant equipment or machinery being used. Their communication and effective reporting skills
individuals to assist in
are also important and whether they are aware of their own limitations. Finally their commitment and attitude toward
carrying out the required
the task at hand.
risk assessment.
1.
Outline, with examples,
the general hierarchy
63
March 2008; 6
that should be applied in

order to control health
and safety risks in the
workplace.
Elimination: The possibility of eliminating the risks either by designing them out, changing the process or
contracting the work out.
2.
Substitution: reduction of the risks by, for example, the substitution of hazardous substances with others
which were less hazardous reducing exposure time for example by job rotation.
3.
Engineering Control: The application of engineering controls such as guarding, the provision
of local exhaust ventilation systems, the use of reduced voltage systems or residual current devices
4.
Administrative Controls: use of permit to work systems etc.
5.
Personal Protective Devices (PPE): provision of personal protective equipment such as ear defenders or
respiratory protective equipment.
Sources of health and safety information (3.7)

Factors that should be considered when developing and implementing a safe system of work for general work activities (3.8)
Role and function of a permit-to-work system (3.9)
64
December 2012: 1a
Sewer
Identify FOUR examples
Tank
of a confined space that
Chamber
may be found in a
Pit
workplace.
Pipe
Silo
A safe system of work for confined space entry will identify the following:
Level of supervision required
Competency requirement of the workers
Atmospheric testing and monitoring requirements
65
10
December 2012: 1b
Outline the typical
Permit to work control requirements
content of a safe system
Ventilation that may be required
of work for entry into a
PPE requirements for workers
confined space.
Safe and quick access and egress methods

Fire prevention methods
Emergency and rescue arrangements
Suitable lighting for the confined space environment
Isolation and lock off of mechanical hazards
Outline the emergency

66
December 2012: 1c
arrangements that might

be required for entry into
a confined space.
67
December 2012: 10a
term safe system of

work
Outline what is meant
68
December 2012: 10b
by the following types of

controls within a safe
A safe system of work is a formal procedure based on a systematic examination of work in order to identify the
hazards. It defines a safe method of working that eliminates or minimizes hazards associated with the work.
1.
Technical or engineering control are applied directly to the hazard in order to minimize the risk, this may
involve the use of barriers to isolate the worker from the hazard.

system of work AND
2.
give a practical example
Behavioral controls include general good practice and aims at how the individual worker acts in relation to
the hazard
for EACH:
(i) Technical; (ii)
3.
Behavioral; (iii)
Procedural controls focuses on the way in which work should be carried out in relation to the hazard, it
specifies the exact task and the sequence, safety action and checks to be carried out.
Procedural.
1.
It is important for an organisation to consult with its workers on health and safety issues as it may be a legal
requirement and part of the organisations health and safety policy.
Explain why it is
2.
important for an
69
September 2009; 9a
Consultation will help to raise the profile of health and safety, improve the perception of its value and
importance.
organisation to consult
3.
Consultation will assist in improving the health and safety culture of the organisation.
with its workers on
4.
Consultation is useful in developing ownership amongst the workers of health and safety measures,
health and safety
obtaining their commitment, inviting their ideas for improvement and allowing them to contribute to health
issues.
and safety decision making.

5.
Consultation ensures that workers views would also be useful in ensuring that suggested improvements
would be workable in practice
Identify THREE types of

70
June 2010; 1b
work activity that may

require a permit to-work.
Outline the general

71
June 2010; 1c
details that should be

included in a permit to-
Entry into confined spaces,
Hot work for example welding and cutting,
Working at height
Work on high voltage electrical equipment
1.
A description and assessment of the work to be performed including the plant involved, its location and
the possible hazards associated with the task.
2.
The need for, and nature of the isolation of sources of energy and product inlets,
3.
Additional precautions required such as atmospheric monitoring and frequency of monitoring, the provision
and use of personal protective equipment, the emergency procedures to be followed and the duration of the
work.
Identify the factors

72
June 2010; 1d
permit.
4.
Signature of authorized person, permit holder and competent person
1.
The information provided on the permit which should be based on a full recognition of the hazards
which may influence the

effectiveness of a
associated with the work that is to be carried out.

2.
Failure by those carrying out the work to comply with the terms of the permit will lead to ineffectiveness of

permit-to-work system.
the permit to work system.

3.
The competency of staff performing the task
4.
The standard of the management and monitoring of the system and the complexity of the system that
has been introduced
5.
Environmental considerations and human factors such as stress or fatigue
6.
The acceptance of the system by those involved.
1.
It is important to involve workers in the development of a safe system of work because of their knowledge of
why it is important to
73
March 2010; 6a
involve workers in the
September 2012 : 2a
development of a safe
system of work;
the particular working environment involved and what will work in practice.
2.
Their involvement will also encourage and establish their ownership of the system and will compel them to
use and follow it once it has been implemented.
3.
Their involvement will emphasise managements commitment to health and safety and help to raise its
profile within the organisation.
Why it is important for

74
March 2010; 6b
safe systems of work to
September 2012 : 2a
have written
procedures.
1.
Writing provides a clear method of communicating procedures to the workforce.
2.
The procedures may contain complex information that will need to be consulted on more than one occasion
to ensure the correct sequence of operations is followed.
3.
It is preferable to procedures written down rather than pass them on by word of mouth, a method that may
not always guarantee consistency in their presentation.
4.
A written document will also be needed for audit purposes and could be used as evidence in defending an
enforcement action or a civil claim.
5.
The use of written procedures may well be a requirement of the organisations quality assurance
procedures.
1.
Nature and details of the task or activity to be performed, such as might be provided by a job safety
analysis;
75
December 2010; 9
2.
The equipment and materials to be involved or used for the various job;
Outline the factors that
3.
Information or guidelines provided by manufacturers;
should be considered
4.
The number of workers who will carry out the activity, their level of their competence and training and the
when developing a safe

system of work
possibility that some may be vulnerable;

5.
The inherent and contingent hazards and risks taking into account the particular environment where the
tasks are to be carried out;
6.
The adequacy of the control measures in place;
7.
Relevant legal requirements or international standards related to health and safety;

8.
The need for consultation with and involvement of workers; emergency procedures and the systems for
monitoring and supervision.
76
March 2009; 6a
A permit-to-work (PTW) system is a formal, documented safety procedure, forming part of a safe system of work,
June 2010; 1a
term permit-to-work.
which ensures that all necessary actions are taken before, during and after particularly high-risk work.

work that may require a
77
March 2009; 6b
permit-to-work, AND
give the reasons why in
EACH case.
Working on live electrical systems, where there is a high danger of electrocution. Working at heights, where there is
a chance of falling from a great high which could lead to severe injuries. Working in confined spaces where there is
chance of limited ventilation or exit points for example in the case of toxic fumes being released. Others include
machinery maintenance and hot work e.g. welding.
1.
Induction training programmes will help by:
2.
Making the workers aware of the hazards and risks in the workplace;
3.
Introducing them to the safe systems of work and the various procedures including those for emergencies
that must be followed;
78
March 2008; 11
Outline how induction
4.
Making them aware of any restricted areas;
training programmes for
5.
Training them in the correct use of tools and equipment and ensuring they are fully conversant with the use,
new workers can help to
maintenance and arrangements for reporting deficiencies of any personal protective equipment that has
reduce the number of
to be used.
accidents in the
6.
workplace.
Informing new workers on the procedures for reporting hazards and incidents, the sources of help, advice
and
mentoring that are available to them and of their own responsibility for ensuring accidents and incidents are
kept to a minimum.
7.
Encourage workers to adopt a positive attitude to health and safety and to counter the negative attitude that
can often be created by peer pressure
Emergency procedures and the arrangements for contacting emergency Services (3.10)
Requirements for, and effective provision of, first-aid in the workplace (3.11)
Active and reactive monitoring (4.1.)
Outline reasons why it is
79
September 2012 :2b
important for first aiders
Refresher training is important because first aid skills tend to fade over time though lack of practice. The training will
to receive refresher
therefore help to ensure the first aiders remain competent.
training.
80
June 2010; 5a
Outline what is meant
1.
Active (proactive) monitoring involves taking the initiative/action before things go wrong within an

by the terms:
organisation in respect of health and safety issues and ensuring appropriate health and safety systems and
(i) active (proactive)
procedures are in place.
monitoring;
2.
(ii) reactive monitoring
Reactive monitoring is concerned with looking at events that have occurred in order to learn from mistakes
and establishing what systems and procedures can and should be put in place to prevent a recurrence.
within an organisation.
1.
Inspections regular scheduled activities identifying existing conditions and comparing them with agreed
performance objectives;
Explain TWO active
81
June 2010; 5b
September 2009; 3b
March 2008; 9b
2.
Surveys which focus on a particular activity such as manual handling or workers attitudes towards safety;
3.
Audits involving a comprehensive examination of all aspects of an organisations health and safety
(proactive) monitoring
performance against stated objectives;
methods that can be
4.
Sampling which targets specific areas of occupational health and safety such as unsafe work practices;
used when assessing
5.
Tours unscheduled workplace checks on issues such as housekeeping or the use of personal protective
an organisations health
and safety performance
equipment;
6.
Health surveillance involving health screening by the use of techniques such as audiometry;
7.
Benchmarking where the performance of an organisation in certain areas of health and safety is
compared
with that of other organisations with similar processes and risks.
Active means:
1.
Inspections regular scheduled activities identifying existing conditions and comparing them with agreed
performance objectives;
Identify:
(a) FOUR active
81
March 2010; 3
(proactive); (b) FOUR
December 2010; 11a
reactive means by
December 2010; 11b
which an organisation
can monitor its health
and safety performance.
2.
Surveys which focus on a particular activity such as manual handling or workers attitudes towards safety;
3.
Audits involving a comprehensive examination of all aspects of an organisations health and safety
performance against stated objectives;
4.
Sampling which targets specific areas of occupational health and safety such as unsafe work practices;
5.
Tours unscheduled workplace checks on issues such as housekeeping or the use of personal protective
equipment;
Reactive means:
1.
accident and ill-health statistics and reports;
2.
incidents of reported near-misses and dangerous occurrences;
3.
Property damage;
4.
Actions taken by the enforcement authorities;

5.
The number of civil claims;
6.
Analysis of absences and lost time; complaints by workers
1.
The number of trained first-aid personnel and first-aid facilities available
2.
The size of the organisation; the distribution and composition of the workforce including the special needs of
workers such as trainees, young workers and the disabled;
83
Outline the factors to be
3.
The types of hazard and level of risk present;
September 2010; 2b
considered when
4.
The past history of accidents and their type, location and consequences;
March 2009; 7b
making an assessment
5.
The proximity of the workplace to emergency medical services;
September 2012 : 2a
of first-aid requirements
6.
The special needs of travelling for remote or lone workers and the provision of personal first aid kits or
in a workplace.
mobile phones;
7.
The need to train the first aid personnel in special procedures;
8.
The ability to provide continued cover over different shifts and for sickness, leave and other absence;
9.
Comparison of the facilities provided with those required by law.
1.
Compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements and International Labour Organisation (ILO)
guidelines;
Outline factors that
2.
The nature of activities undertaken at the workplace and their associated level of risk;
3.
The distribution of the workforce which could include vulnerable members such as the young and/or
would determine the

frequency with which
84
December 2010; 7
disabled where high standards of health and safety would have to be maintained;
4.
health and safety
The results from previous inspections and audits and the companys record of compliance with established
standards;
inspections should be
5.
Recommendations made following risk assessments;
undertaken in a
6.
Records of accident history and the outcomes of accident investigations;
workplace.
Records of enforcement action taken or advice given by the enforcement authority;

7.
The introduction of new equipment, processes or safe systems of work;
8.
Manufacturers recommendations and requirements from insurance companies;
9.
Outcome of consultation with or as a result of complaints from workers.
Explain how accident
85
September 2009; 3a
March 2008; 9a
data can be used to
Accident data could be used to identify trends and problem areas and give the opportunity for remedial
improve health and
action; to enable improvement in resource allocation; to make comparisons with others; to inform and stimulate
safety performance
discussion at joint consultation meetings with the workforce; to identify the costs of accidents and to set new targets
within an organisation.

1.
A workplace inspection is a general examination of health and safety performance at a particular point in
time. It demonstrates management commitment to health and safety.
2.
86
September 2009; 10a
September 2012 :2b
Outline the role of
it helps to identify workplace hazards; implement immediate corrective action where possible; to ensure
compliance with the law and with laid down standards;
workplace health and
3.
It also helps to recommend improvements and further controls when these are seen to be necessary;
safety inspections.
4.
it serves as a means to observe employee behaviour, for example, in the use of personal protective
equipment; and to listen to and consult with workers on health and safety issues;
5.
It provides opportunity to review previous findings and recommendations and to provide a summary report
to individual managers on standards in their areas of control
1.
Give TWO strengths of
87
September 2009; 10b
using a checklist when
September 2012 :2b
carrying out an
inspection.
Using a checklist to complete a health and safety inspection of a workplace enables prior preparation and
planning to be made so that the inspection is structured and systematic;
2.
Reduces the chance that important areas or issues might be missed;
3.
Provides an immediate record of findings on a pre-defined template

Ensures a consistent approach by those carrying out the inspection;
4.
The checklist cab be easily adapted or customised for different areas; and provides an easy method for
comparison and audit.
1.
Over reliance on a checklist may lead to a blinkered approach by inspectors with the possibility that
significant risks might be missed;
88
Give TWO weaknesses
2.
The checklist may not be reviewed and updated to account for changes to work processes or equipment;
September 2009; 10c
of using a checklist
3.
Inspections may become routine with no follow up questions being asked;
September 2012 :2b
when carrying out an
4.
The system/checklist may be too objective and restrictive with no scope for peripheral issues to be
inspection.
considered;
5.
Untrained persons might be tempted to conduct inspections and that the procedure is subject to human
error and/or abuse
89
90
September 2009, 11a
September 2009; 11b
1.
Fire or explosion,
emergency in the
2.
Accidental release of toxic chemicals or gases,
workplace that may
3.
Bomb alerts or other terrorist activities,
require the evacuation
4.
Weather related emergencies (Storm, Floods, Huricanes)
of workers.
5.
Earthquakes.
Explain why it is
1.
The need to comply with legal requirements;
important to develop
2.
The need to be prepared for foreseeable emergencies;

emergency procedures
3.
in the workplace.
The need to ensure the safety and protection of the workers including those dealing with the emergency,
and to assist the safe evacuation of persons including those with specific needs such as visitors and the
disabled;
4.
To provide information on the action to be taken, not only by workers but also by neighbours and others
who might be affected by the emergencies such as in a shared or joint occupancy premises;
5.
To allocate specific responsibilities to certain workers in the event of an evacuation being necessary;
6.
To be able to mitigate the effects of adverse events and to restore the situation to normal;
7.
To ensure the procedures are made available to any relevant emergency services and to ensure business
continuity
1.
The nature of the hazard may not be well understood as for example with those arising from contact with
biological agents;
91
92
March 2009; 5
March 2009; 7a
September 2010; 2a
Give the reasons why
2.
Lack of measuring equipment such as for noise;
hazards to the health of
3.
The effects may be chronic rather than immediate;
workers may not be
4.
The hazard not being visible as with certain gases or that arising from radiation;
identified during a
5.
Unwillingness of individuals to admit there are problems with their health;
workplace inspection.
6.
Health is given a low priority in the organisation;
7.
The person carrying out the inspection concentrating on the more immediate and often safety hazards;
8.
Lack of competency of the inspector
Identify TWO main
1.
The preservation of life and/or the minimisation of the consequences of injury until medical help is obtained
purposes of first-aid
2.
The treatment of minor injuries that would not receive or do not need medical attention.
treatment.
3.
First aiders are have the basic role to preserve life, preserve deterioration and promote recovery.
1.
Fire or explosion,
2.
Accidental release of toxic chemicals or gases,
3.
Bomb alerts or other terrorist activities,
4.
Weather related emergencies (Storm, Floods, Huricanes)
5.
Earthquakes
Identify FOUR types of

emergency that would
require an organisation
to have an emergency
93
March 2008; 10
procedure.
(b) Explain why visitors
to a workplace should
be informed of its
emergency procedures.
Investigating incidents (4.2)
b. So that in the event of an emergency they know how to react accordingly and calmly so that they dont put workers
at higher risk or cause greater obstruction. The organization has a moral responsibility to keep the visitors safe plus it
is their duty of care by law.

Recording and reporting incidents (4.3)
Health and safety auditing (5.1)
following different types
of incident AND identify
94
December 2012: 7
a relevant example for

EACH: Injury, Ill-heal,
Dangerous Occurrence
1.
Injury Accident is an unplanned , unwanted event that leads to a personal injury
2.
Damage only accident is an unplanned , unwanted event that leads to a damage of equipment or property
3.
Work related ill health is a disease or medical condition caused by a persons work e.g. noise induced
hearing loss
4.
Dangerous occurrence are events that have to be reported to relevant authorities by law even though no
injury or ill health may have resulted. E.g failure of the load bearing part of a crane.
& Damage Only

A workplace accident
has occurred and an
95
June 2010; 10a
investigation is to take
The immediate causes of an accident are physical symptoms which can be seen or sensed such as unsafe acts by
place. Give the meaning
individuals or unsafe conditions in the workplace.
of the term immediate

causes.
96
June 2010; 10b
1.
Failure or breakdown of equipment
immediate causes that
2.
The use of incorrect tools and the involvement of incompetent or unauthorised personnel
could have
3.
The failure to replace guards on machinery;
contributed to a
4.
Failure to wear personal protective equipment
workplace accident
5.
Poor standard of housekeeping.

97
June 2010; 10c
term underlying (root)
Underlying/root cause refers to failures in the management system or lack of management control.
causes
98
June 2010; 10d
root causes that could

have contributed to a
1.
Failure to complete risk assessments and introduce safe systems of work;
2.
Inadequate procedures for routine maintenance operations;
3.
Poor and inadequate level of supervision; a failure to provide an acceptable level of training for operations
where competence was required; and a failure to recognise and manage the presence of stress in
workplace accident.
A machine has leaked
99
March 2010; 7
operatives.
1.
hot liquid into a work

area. No-one has been
The investigation of near-miss incidents and the identification of their underlying causes might allow
preventive action to be taken before something more serious occurs.
2.
It also gives the right message that all failures are taken seriously by the employer and not just those that

injured. Outline reasons
lead to injury
why it is important for an
3.
organisation to
It allows for greater understanding of the deficiencies in existing management systems such as risk
assessments and safe systems of work can be identified and rectified.
investigate near miss

incidents.
Outline reasons why an
100
March 2010; 9
organisation should
review its health and
safety performance.
Explain the meaning of

101
September 2010; 8a
the term health and

safety audit.
To find out if the organization is on target and if not, to identify the reason
To set out what should be done changed to continually improve. For eg. What can be done if there were risk that
were not properly controlled.
Review is necessary, because monitoring is an essential part of management system.
Reviews are a requirement of ISO certification, an accreditation to a management system such as OHSAS 18001
A health and Safety Audit is a systematic critical examination of a health and safety management system, involving a
structured process for the collection of independent information with the aim of assessing the effectiveness and
reliability of the system, identifying its strength and weaknesses and suggesting corrective action when this was
thought to be necessary
The possible advantages of using an internal auditor for a safety audit would include familiarity with the workplace,
its tasks and processes and an awareness of what might be practicable for the industry; ability to see improvements
102
September 2010; 8b
(b) Identify the
or a deterioration from the last audit; familiarity with the workforce and an individuals qualities and attitude;
advantages of:
The workforce might be more at ease with someone who was part of the organisation; and an audit which was
(i) an internal auditor;
relatively less costly and easier to arrange.
(ii) an external auditor.

In carrying out a health
An external auditor on the other hand is more likely to possess the necessary auditing skills and credibility; will not
and safety audit.
be inhibited from criticising members of management or the workforce; is more likely to be up to date with legal
requirements and best practice in other companies and will view the organisations performance through a fresh pair
of eyes.
They have the authority both to require appropriate action to be taken and to authorise the resources that might be
103
September 2010; 8c
Outline why the audit
necessary;
findings should be
To enable them to demonstrate leadership and commitment from the top;
presented to the senior
To enable them to give praise or reward where this has been earned but also to take disciplinary action against
management of an
workers in cases where this is thought to be necessary;
organisation.
To enable them to consider and reset their goals and objectives for the future and to comply with their personal
responsibilities either under legislation or under international standards and best practice

The personal details of the injured person including his/her work history and training records; the date, time and
104
September 2010;9
Identify the information
location of the accident and whether it was reportable or not; the nature and type of injury sustained; a description of
that should be included
the activity that was being carried out at the time of the accident; the immediate and root causes of the accident;
in an accident
an assessment of any breaches of the legislation that have been committed; the names of witnesses to the accident
investigation report.
and their statements; any relevant drawings and photographs; recommendations for the remedial action that should
be taken to prevent a recurrence and an estimation of the cost implications of the accident for the organisation.
1.
The implementation of initial action such as the provision of first aid and the preservation of the accident
scene;
Identify FOUR reasons

105
December 2010; 5a
why accidents should be

reported and recorded
within a workplace.
2.
To enable an investigation to be carried out to prevent a recurrence
3.
To identify weaknesses in the safety management system;
4.
To aid the compilation of accident statistics and the identification of trends providing some measure of
health and safety performance;
5.
To meet the national reporting requirements and/or company rules;
6.
For use in civil claims or to satisfy insurance requirements;
7.
To help in the identification and reduction of loss; and to inform the review of risk assessments.
ignorance or lack of understanding of the reporting procedures if such procedures did in fact exist;
106
December 2010; 5b
Outline factors that
A culture of non-reporting often enforced through peer pressure;
might discourage
A reluctance to lose time from the job in hand; the possibility of retribution by management; to preserve the
workers from reporting
companys or departments safety record particularly when an incentive scheme is in operation; to avoid receiving
workplace accidents.
first aid or medical treatment for whatever reason; overcomplicated reporting procedures and an aversion to form
filling and apathy caused by lack of obvious management response to earlier reported accidents.
107
108
September 2009; 8
March 2008; 8
March 2009; 1a
Outline the immediate
isolating services and making the area safe; administering first aid treatment and contacting the emergency services;
AND longer term actions
informing the next of kin and offering counselling and support; notifying the regulatory authority if appropriate;
that should be taken
collecting initial evidence such as photographs and sketches and the names of witnesses; setting up the
following an accident at
accident investigation team and investigating the accident; determining the root and underlying causes of the
work that has caused
accident; making and implementing recommendations to prevent a recurrence of the accident and ensuring feedback
serious injury to a
is provided to the workforce; collecting evidence to be used in any possible litigation following the accident and
worker.
managing the provision of information to the media.
Outline the key features
A workplace inspection involves the straightforward physical inspection of a workplace, and/or the activities or
of:
equipment within it. It is carried out by supervisors and/or safety representatives at regular intervals and checklists
(i) a health and safety
are often used. The inspection looks for unsafe acts and conditions and results in a short report of its

inspection;
findings suggesting remedial action that should be taken.
(ii) a health and safety

audit.
A safety audit, on the other hand, is a systematic critical examination of an organisations health and safety
management system, involving a structured process including the use of a series of questions and the examination
of documentation, to collect independent information with the aim of assessing the effectiveness and reliability of the
system and suggesting corrective action when this is thought to be necessary. It is carried out by trained auditors,
who may be internal or external to the organisation.
The findings of a safety audit may be used in a number of ways to improve health and safety performance such as:
109
12
March 2009; 1b
Explain how the findings
identifying strengths and weaknesses in the management system; identifying compliance and non-compliance and
of an audit may be used
the reasons for the latter thus informing and enabling remedial actions; enabling comparison and benchmarking with
to improve
other similar organisations; assisting with the allocation and prioritisation of resources; communicating its findings to
12health and safety
management and staff and so giving an indication of the organisations commitment to health and safety and finally,
performance
by means of subsequent audits at regular intervals, assisting in the continual improvement of the management
system.
110
March 2009; 11a
Outline why an
For the compilation of accident statistics and the identification of trends;
organisation should
To satisfy legal requirements;
have a system for the
To aid investigation and prevent a recurrence or to identify weaknesses in the safety management system;
internal reporting of
For use in civil claims or to satisfy insurance requirements;
accidents.
To help in the identification and reduction of loss; and to inform the review of risk assessments
The employee may not be aware of the companies reporting procedure. Peer pressure from other employees or
111
March 2009; 11b
December 2010; 5b
Identify the reasons why
family and not willing to take time off work. The fear of getting blame from management. To keep the departments
workers might not report
safety record clean or low especially if there is an incentive scheme. To avoid receiving any medical treatment or
accidents at work.
first-aid for any reason. The reporting procedure can be over-complicated or too tedious so it discourages
employees. Lack of involvement from managers and having no responses to previously reported incidents.

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NEBOSH Revision Guide

The scope and nature of occupational health and safety (1.1.)

Outline the main health

December 2010; 10a

the following: The enforcement agency may:

might take if it finds that

Issues advice or warning either verbally or in writing requiring that an improvement

Identify possible costs to