AGMA Reference Information Basic Gear Geometry by Allan H. Candee AGMA Honorary Life Member Published hy: AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION ue, NW, # Washington, ©. €. 20008Personnel of Nomenclatare Committee Tochateal Division Janay, 1959 Stanger Devenpom, Charman, Gould & Ebetack Div, Nomen Co, Forcestet, Mass Paul Deas, Je, Vice Chainmen, General Elecuie Co, Schenectady N.Y. ‘Allan H Candee, Hooorey Menbe, 404 Hllnde Ave, Rochester, N.Y. ‘ells Calenna, Gleason Works, Rochester, N.¥. engy C. Gray, The Fall Comp. Milwaskee, Wisconsin TDouis Dy Mati, Rochester Gete Service, Rochester, Ns ¥. LAGNA Standards and related publications represent inium or average dats, conditions ov application, They ara subject fo constant improvement, revision Gr withreual ab dictated by experience, Any person who refers t0 AGHA tech Ica! publications should setisly Bimself tht be bar the latest information oailable ftom the Assocition om the ebject materPersonnel of Nomenclature Conmittes ‘Technical Division Fenuary. 1959 Granger Davenpon, Chairman, Gold t Ebethadt Dir, Noon Co., Wotceste, Mas PaulN. Des, Jey Viee Chatman, General Elect Co., Schenectady, X. . ‘Allan H. Candee, Hlosorary Mester, 404 illaide Ave., Rochester, NY ‘ells Coleman, Gleason Borks, Rochester, N.Y. encyC. Gray, Tae Falk Corp. Milwaukee, Bisconsin Louis D. tania, Rocherter Geos Servic, ochester, N.Y. AGHA Standards and related publications represent minimum or average data conditions or application. They are subject to constant improvement, revision Drithirawal a dictated by experience, Any person wbo refers f0 AGHA tech tical publications should satisy bimel] tht be bes the latest tformaion tustlable fom the Assocation onthe subject materFOREWORD A per emtted "Gras Geomeny," by Allan H. Candee, Mechanical Faiacer Gleason Ross, was presented at the Acotal Meetag ofthe Americas Gear Mani- ‘acre Association fa May, 1929. The paper was an extension ofthe ators dean preseted in ten bluepaced pages of diagass, tems, and defnitons e» members of the AGHA Noneaclane Committee in Apel, 3928, under the Ge “Universal Gese Geomenry.” ‘The paper of 1929 wie reproduced in AMERICAN MACHINIST, July 4 nad 11, 1929. Later, in Api, 1935, fe was aloeed by AGMA ae 2 Reconnenied Practice, and repent were distted fo members, At the tne the leer aye ‘ola for angles wee revised tm confor tothe stunardiraton then ender way in the Nopenelanure Cansizee. “The present publication, “Basic Gear Geomeny", in essenally a reiseue of che paper of 1929 by Allan H. Candee, The origioal wording was fou to Conform, without need of change tthe tere and definitions in Standard AGMA 112.03, "Gear Nomenelarre™ (whic io also Anevican Stanfard ASA B6,101959. Only oor editarat inpeovenents wore sade, and 2 new tem bao bees iotor duced onney, "pail angle," whichis explained in the definitions, ‘Tis Reference Information eerves aa an itoducion to and explanation of the geomeuical relationships im gew tech bu it doer oot Ia any way wel of leet Seodael Gens Nonenelaute which was the outcome of conscientious etfort by AGMA Noneaclataze Conmitees that begua thet woi wore than thizey years Tobles or other selleupprting sections may be quoted oy extracted in their otisy. Credit lines should read, "Extracted (rom AGMA Reference Informa tion, Basie Gear Geometry (AGWA 115.01), withthe permission of tbe publisher, the American Gear Nanaactiers Assocation, 1330 Massachusetts Avenue, NH Wesbingion, D.. 20005." ayAGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY By Allan i, Candee AGMA Hooray Life Ment ‘A clear ant accurate understanding ofthe ele- reents involved ic indispensable w all who deal with the design, dimensioning, cating and menrurenent fof peur tecth, The infomation here presented bas been collected and araaped withthe idea of making the inportant geometcal telaionshps as easy 1 fee as possle with the intention of providing « found basis for 4 shorouphly logical and compeee tensive aysten of gear geomeny. The accurate excinnge of ideas roqites he exact definition and use of tems. Nowhere fe tile trae 10 a gleterdegtee than Ja the case ofthe pees fot eabject. ‘Therefore, we will begin wth a dele 1. GEARS are machine elements provided with eneseing eth which are of euch shape thar modion if taaanited inthe annesof smooth caves tolling together withoue slipring. “The rolling curves are called lich cures be cause on thn the pitch or spacing of the teeth fe the sane In both of wo engaging ges. Here asin tome other branches of mechan, pitch menn inte val bewween meners of a sesee of equally speced ements like the pitch ofa ow of svete, Uavally of couse, piteh curves ae czcles ot seaght lines, ad the motion anentted io ether roistion of stnuight line tselation at = constant eloiey sso ‘Then evo aces of rotation ace inthe same plane vee have lich surfaces covesponding te the pitch ‘ell each other and ia aditon are tangene along f stnghedine clement. Such surfaces may be eyl= Inder cones o planes: ‘These considerations load up 9 a claclfcation of eke wasour oper of gents, as cone’ in Table 1. OF course there ate also gens with axes not ia the sare plane, The special fenare of such geass ‘rll not be dale wih ia to pepe Moce of the accompanying dingass apply con level only to helical iovolte gears and expecially f the comespoading obliquetoath tacks, The ze- lisioshipe berveen angle, however, are te for any ope of goa a order to show how i€ is posible to develop 1 selfconsistem system of gout tera dofinitionn, fod relationships, ice bese to start atthe begining tnd advance step by step. This will seem sachet clenenticy at Feat, but iis the most satofcrory ‘The oxginal gene problem may be stated like {he speeds at which they are 19 coat: provide pir of gente which wll enable one shale to ive the ther atthe reed velocity mo “Table HGemrat Chsstizaton of GearsAGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY ‘SHAFT No.l Ss RPM. s RPM — TEETH UNE OF CENTER CENTERS DISTANCE, PITCH POINT? Gael DISTANCE, S RPM —- —-—t N TEETH surFT noe TS REM. cenr RATIO= 5 — | FIG.3 LINE oF. CENTERS Riga, 1-4 Stepby-step development of some fonds nontl goat terms and roltinsbisAGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY Figs. Sand 6 Some basic gear elements 2. PLANE OF ROTATION i any plane perpendicilar m a gear aris, The conpleee geometry foe's pair of spur gears can be confined von single plane of rotation 3, A GEAR CENTER is the point of intesee® tion ofthe gear sais in a plane of rcaion, 4. THE LINE OF CENTERS (Fig. 1) connects two gear centers in «pln of rmation. 5. TIE CENTER DISTANCE is she showest Aiscance berween two geaz axes fn the case of spur ‘eas, that ie fr parallel axes, it fe the diotnce Demeen two gear centers i 6, TUE NUMBER OF TEETH isthe tcl auoe ber of eethconthined inthe circunerence oft peat 1. THE GEAR RATIO js the ratio ofthe une bees of teth ia eto engaging gent. Ie Is alao the ratio of che gear apecde an ofthe gor din meters, 8. ‘THE PITCH POUNT (Fig, 2) ix on the line of centers and divider the cones distance in the sane popotons as he geae sca 8, TIE PITCH CIRCLES (Fig. 5) of two exe snzing gears pass srough the pich pag ace eangent to each othe, aa zl together without sipping. Definitions 8 and 9 eeler steely cay co gate ‘wih ares in he sane plane. 10, THE PITCH LINE (Fig, 6) passes size the pitch pot and is perpentcular tothe Hoe of ceoters. Teis the Line isthe rack that olla with the few pltcheice AM, THE CIRCULAR PITCH (Fig. 4) is the imance oo the pitch cicle (or itch line) beemees Sinilar sides of adjacent teeth The cirelar pitch imoet be the sane oa he pltchctclee of eo ening gears, Tn order to save tne aad space, ice pick Wl be feed eo in his paper imply a peeh. 12, A TOOTH PROFILE is che carve forsing the side af eoth section 12, A POINT OF CONTACT fe the point at which engeging tooth profiles rouch each ober. 14, TIE LINE OF ACTION (Fig. 6) pasces ldeough the pitch point andi aacmal to the woth ‘ofile. fis the lin along which the roth pressure Sets. Bi inyolte toot poles the line of ain Ta ano the path ofthe pose of contact.AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION c BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY 0a, THE PRESSURE ANGLE (Fig. 6) is the nd the plteh line ‘The pressure angle fe #0 eaned becauzeitindicater saogle beeween the line of ection the diction of the pressure or force berween eo 490, THE PROFILE ANGLE (Fig. 6)i he angle tthe pitch pote Berneen « oth profile and the line of centro, It ie equal in size to che pressure 16, THE BASE CIRCLE (Fip. 6) ie the ciscle ftom whic invlute toth profiles are described and ie tangent tothe line of ation, 37, TE DASE PITCH (Fig. 6) isthe pitch oensured op the base cscle. Invoice carves 9h he mame base csc and of the same hand ae par let curve, ad base pitch cam be measured 00 ay Tine of action tangent to the base cizele. In aa ior volute cack sinilar aides of the wath coasist of = ‘eres of equally spaced parallel lines, and the base ich ix the perpendicular distance beeween sch ‘Awzention is ow called to the way ja which the focegoing definitions fen + Lg erancing coe step at tne, each defnicon being beord upon those which preceded i. The result is fasy com= plete description of the geoneticl elemeats involved in gear teeth, Except perhaps forthe method of peer cottion there is ething new ix this Let of defak= ‘lone. The elemeaes which have bees illatzated and efit ate found scored co ln various ext books eating with gears, bur it should be acted the all the tems ao far coocderedaze contained in single plane of rotation. Ia other words, enly plane geou- fcuy bas been iavolved, The detailed inforaaion tives ia tee books urually stops at about this point. Te Is the relationships Tying beyond, when the id Aineasion in space ir consiezed, hat is proposed Fige.7 and & Development from two parallel axes ofthe case of tuo intersecting ares coresponding to bevel gears PARALLEL RXES é FIG.7 INTERSECTING KES FIG.8AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY FRANSVERSE PLANE. CYLINDRICAL GEARS: PARALLEL AXES: CONICAL GEARS INTERSECTING RXES: FIa.9 ‘igs. 9 ond 10, The analogy between cyliniical and Conical gears comied fren, chou Ing the location of the transverse Plane and the pitch plane in each (One of de next steps in onde is to recognize the dice analogy betweee pur and bevel gears, eal with oly one fora of ges, bar ie becones very tefl when developing 4 general eytten which fo fs far a possible be capable of appliation to fl ypee of gous a Fig. 7 ie lluntinted how ia the ensties dine grams we tered with evo parallel axes separced by a given center distance. Ia Fig. 8 there in he exactly comesponding ease for bevel gear, that iy, fro intersecting arer separ by piven chale sngle. Quite az belore, the pitch poi fe located ‘90 that the rail of rorion about the respecive FIG.l0 ‘onnectng the pitch pont ro he pole of intersection othe anes divides the shaft angle ito the two se= pectite pitch angles. Defistone fr che apecial leweats in Bevel gee can realy be constructed, Tat we will consider inthis paper ooly definitions of tems which have general interest necting the pte pole withthe pot of lsersecton ofthe gens anes, Ince cate of parallel axea, which nec infin, the pick element i parallel tothe: The pitch elemeae isan element ofthe pitch seface cf ench gear, aad ie he line of tangency berween ro pitch seaces 19, THE PITCH PLANE ie tangent othe pitch srdaces aod contine the pitch element. ItiAGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY 20, ‘THE TRANSVERSE PLANE js perpention lar tthe pitch element Also, of course, iti per pendicalae tothe pitch plane. Ia the case of cylin Akical gears the tansvere plane and plage of cotaton ‘coincide; but wih conieal genes they ae separate 1a Fig. 10 the pots of intceection ofthe Beat ses inthe eaneverse plane ate vstnl centers ead the cltces struck om them are Weta pitch ctcen “The process of lnyingrovt gens eet othe transverse plane, however, isthe same for bevel ges a0 for Spur pears, This sinilaiey makes poresle « goat cal system of reference plates which cam be adapted toll possible eases. Figures Ita M laste a pitch cylinder aad 1 pltch cone, with thei eapective planes of rotation, find reir ao explanation, cS Q PITCH CYLINDER PITCH CONE FIG. PLANE OF ROTATION FIG.13, PLANE OF ROTATION FIG.14 Pig 11-14 A pitch eylinder and a pitch cone with Uther respective lance 0] rotation.AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY REFERENCE PLANES FIG.I6 FIGAS REFERENCE PLANES FIG.1S REFERENCE SOLID Figs. 15-18 >AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION 6 BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY Figtes 15 +0 18 show the Inporast principal tex tuitable for application to any form ef gen, fo which all sagles and ivecaos are to be fe- 2. Ia addition tothe pitch plane and transverse beady described, thre fs 4 hid reference pl 21, THE AXIAL PLANE (Figs 15 and 16) cane ‘nina the geet ari and is pependiculae wo the pitch “These shee planes are all matally perpendicn aad should be observed shat they corespond othe three eferece planes always eed fn mater Satie for locating porcions in space. tecth eulace at a poe of contact with an eaanging tooth.” ‘Fth iavote teeth ehe tangent plane fs ace fealty the side of «tooth fa the eack, and te inte “tion withthe waneverse plate fs the line forsing FIG.20 TANGENT PLANE TANGENT PLANE (OBLIQUE) FIG.19 FiG.2l -n-) AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY HELICAL RACK FIG. 24. NORMAL SECTION HELICAL RACK yi othe pic plane ad the Bayer pane FIG.25,AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION 6 BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY that ia i 4 normal tothe tots. ln a epindical {gear with beticalteech the armel plane fe noel fo the helix ea the pitch eylinder,and in apa bevel tests i is somal to the toth spiral eo the pitch one oa the pitch plane ofthe crown pea. {eis now cine ro pone ou ha for every element In the plane dingamol Fig. there ina comespondiag space clement. This i illststed fo dealin Fig. 23. For every point in the eansverse plane thece I curve in the plane abere fea coesponding place or FIG.26, PITCH FIGURE FIG.27 Py 262% 9s pele ch PB Ch hg it fo ten Hae fot “Tri che at Se ee eg i = eAGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY surface in opace. ta the case of »cplingtcal «pur [gee all ouch planes and suaces ate paalel to the feis, and all vansverse sections re identical, 2 far any one is sulieiene to give all geometical felatonshipe. then, however, the tangent plane fe blige tthe aie she case is nto single, 1 should not be necessary to explain shat the Ainecsioge and anges for lavluteceth can be dee femiaed mos easily inthe rack. These dimensions ste the sane In the rack az fo genry and the ick is conpoved eatzely of planes, which mabe i cane purstvely sinple diagram and caleulate the In Fige, 4 and 25 the the pincipal mck sece long are illuzzated. The taneveot scsi isthe fone asually considered for gens, Form stead design Is usually based on dhe axial scton, In any oblgoe= teoth get the noraal section fs of isporan intro. Is all ofthe tree priacipal planes, which ate te there are comeeponding rack sections and eleseats. For stance, ia each plane there ae 2 tanger Line Sine of sion pressure angle (lod profile angle) pikes AIL ofthe Hneaedimensians, which a8 is seen, c50- slat of pitch rales, and al of ee angler involved J the various fvolee rack sections can be conbined Iwo a single space gue which iz here called the "pith figure” The position of his fguce ia elation to the reference planes whch bave been established is shown ia Fig. 26, a0d in Fig. 27 an exlarged view A correct and complete mental pitwe of this Pitch figure can be cbtined by giving tention to the following facts. In the Involuee sack sinilr ‘Spaced parallel lines, Eachof he pec values which ave been ecfemed to'ahore is sluply the distance between a of ese parallel ins, orpaallel planes, "Tins, in Fig. 27, Pont O Lewin one of the parallel plane of the rack, tnd poinee X, ¥, Z, lle inthe cert parallel plane * teck of it, Inthe uansverse seston OY ix ce dia thace ia the direction ofthe pitch line between evo of the panel angen lines, and ie eke pitch of te sack teeth. Sinilely OX ie the digtnce berweea ‘he come fo parllel planes taken ia the direction ‘ofthe pitch line in ee axial secon, and a0 is he sia pitch, The pitch berwees she parallel planes Indicated ox OZ Jn in the direction of the line of conte and is perpendicular tothe piech plane. Te is here snned the center pitch taken in sone deflate decton PITCH FIGURE FIG.27 ig. 21. The general case of gear analysis in tree dimensions is represented by the scaled Ditch [igre showing sections of on oblique fvolate rack -u-AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY Ie ia possible now vo complete our system of tems and definioas by cefeence to the rack and the pitch figure, There is one plase eo be ded to fore aleady defined. pendicular t the side of took inthe arial plane nd also iz perendicalar to the axial plane, Fer Inance, the plane of action of + worngent ie the sal plane of tction ofthe mating wore ‘Tis completes the lst of eight planes, which 2, Plage of weston 2 2, Pech plane 19 3 Traaaverse plane 2 4 Axial plane 2” 5. Tangent plane 2 oP, “elle valle ox PITCH PLANE TRIANGLE FIG.28 6, Plane of action (ranevece) 23 7. Nowa plane 4 1. Azial plane of action 2 The plane of rotation wil not be cefered £9 in conection wih he pich figure, Because inthe case of bevel gear thete inno practical enson fr ome Slderng fe. Thin fx eden tom Figes 16 aod 18 ch ace found on page 3.. The tangent plane ca {alos the oblige tangle XYZ of he pitch figures (Gig. 27, br ebviouly being isl one of the alle ack plans, contains none of the pitcher. Each of the eet siz panes, however, pascee Bough the ‘center pice O of he pich figure and curs ou a ight ‘sample containing dimensions tod angles which sce involved in the ealelations or and mensurements In gear teeth Theve oiz ght clangler are illus ‘ented individually in Fige. 28 t0 33. The series of Aefaions is now contioned. TRANSVERSE PLANE TRIANGLE FIG.29 ~16-> AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY > AKIAL PLANE TRIRNGLE NORMAL PLANE TRIRNGLE, FIG.30 FIG.3I PURNE OF ACTION TRIANGLE [AXIAL PLANE. OF ACTION TRIRNGLE FIG.32, FIG,AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY De, Lh | PITCHES ANGLES, FIG.34 Figs. 28-38. Step by step beckedoun of the plick fiewe tno. various pitch. trianglee, ach imoloing thee pitcher, oF [near mensions, and tbr a belie angle 12 pressure engl, The relationships on all be enpreseed ina series of Simple. trigonomciic. formalasy ole lected in tabular fom. prrenes 1. Teaneverseciccla picch 2 Asia pitch 3. Noneal pith 4. Ceneee pees 5. Transverse bate pitch Axial base pitch 7. Normal base pie 26, PITCH inthe obliqu-eooth cack inthe dine tance becweea evo adjacent parllel tooth (Cages!) planes mensuted in any specified direction FIG.35 21. TRANSVERSE PITCH (p,) ise pich esken In the deecion of the pitch tne in the tannverse TCH (p,) i the pitch in the ala plane 29, NORMAL PITCH (p,) is the plech ia che 30, CENTER PITCH (p,) is the pit io the Alvection ofthe lie of centeze, perpendicular tothe pitch plane 2 Si, TRANSVERSE BASE PITCH (74) ie the Bitchin the dizecticn ofthe line of accion in theta Teese plane, and so is the pespendicular distance berween the parallel sngent lines foring te rack culine inthe ransvetse plane 432, AXIAL HASE PITCH (p,) isthe base pitch inthe sal planeAGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY 53, NORMAL BASE PITCH (py) is the base pick ie the noma plane, and ie the perpendicular iste beeween the parllel plates foray sides Aicolar distance berween the patallelsutaces forming les of adjacent involute gear teeth. Tes therefore ineasions. ay two gears which ares engage etch loti properly must have the sume notmal Base pitch PRESSURE ANGLES (See deliiton 15) 1. Teanevers pressure angle Fig. 29 2 Avil pressure angle Fig. 30 3. Nomal pessure angle Fig. 31 a, TRANSVERSE PRESSURE ANGLE (6) is the preosuce eagle in the wansverse plane. The pea ‘el erm peesoute angle Is used t give the dzection (ofthe normal Line at vatous pole of tooth pole (meth srface in lrion tw pitch Sine oF pec cle, of cher iaporant reference. Unless other ‘ne indicated “peeeeure angle" means trutoverse peceue angle. a. AXIAL PRESSURE ANGLE (,) the poese ste angle inch axa paoe. 26a, NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE (¢,) is the peeenue angle in the sormal ple [PROFILE ANGLES (See definition 154) 1, Teagsvese profile angle Fig. 29 2 Axil profile angle ig. 30 3. Nowmal jefe angle Fig. 3 ‘3, TRANSVERSE PROFILE ANGLE (3) ic the pelle sogle in the wanaveree plane. The gem zal ter profile angle iz applicable wo fear teech, aearcurtog tools, gnding wheels, ete aad gives the alan of «profile or cutting edge in sference to rose psiacipal direction. Ie indiester the dcetion of the line tangent to pete or nuface. Unless lotherise indicated "profile angle” geans taneverse rote angle. = 35%, AXIAL PROFILE ANGLE (6,) isthe profile angle ine ania plane, 30. NORMAL PROFILE ANGLE (2) Is che role angle ia the normal plane. 1. Pitch totic angle Fig. 28. 2. Base eli angle Fig. 32 3, Acad Saoe heliz angle Fig. 33 31, PITCH MELIX ANGLE (J) ie the angle of ee helix om the pick cylinder, between the curve the angle inthe pitch plane bere the axial plane snd the intersection ofthe tangent plase, ox between the aoral plane and ce tansverte plane. Uoless cxbervioe indicated "helix angle” aeans the angle on he pitch ylnde. fed the axe 38, BASE MELOX ANGLE (J) ie te angle of the Bex on the bane cylinder. {39, AXIAL BASE HELIX ANGLE () is she angle inthe ail plane of action, beovees dhe agent LEAD ANGLES 1, Pitch tad angle 2. Base lend sngle 3 Asal base lead angle 40, PITCH LEAD ANGLEE (hy) is che angle benveen the pitch helt and x plane of rralons Ie I the conplenere of th helit angle, Becaure in storms and bobs the lead single is usualy snail ie is thea ured in pefeence to the helix angle. Uatess stherviae indicated “lead angle” menos the angle fon the piech lade. 41, BASE LEAD ANGLE (hy) isthe lead angle con the Base cylinder and is the complemen of the Use helix angle.AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION « BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY 42 AXIAL DASE LEAD ANGLE Q,) is he ‘couplement ofthe anal bees helix angle, Y Ie canbe seen in Fig. 34-how dhe seven pitches feening the pitch figue all inersece st the sae yom 2 Ser sees |), four sich element in each pitch wing, funy 0 Qo) ae nore, the other two can be deterined, The lzononeaie relationships noone the pitcher and tages can all be cxpessed ina collection of for » malas lke the standard formulas povided for the olution of wiagles. The tal euaber ofthese is ‘her lage. They are recotded in coovenient a ‘angenent fr cefeence in the accompanying bles, Since the pitch figure i « perspective diagram 4 shows dimensions and angles in foresbctened z, PITCH DIRGRAM (COMPLETE) FIG.37 Figs, 36-37. Development of the pitch figuce sbown fn prospective into pitch diagrem on bic all Lines and onglas wre shown nthe tue magnitude, sspects, A plteh diagram cam be conetscted, hon fever, in which the eleseacs all appent in the cue aloes, as shown in Fig. 37 which eotresponde vo Fig. 35. Further detailed explanation will not be ive, but there should be eo difcaley in following ‘he constrictions indented Anyone wha has occasion to mike gear ees Jacions willbe well zepaid fr tine sper is becoming familie with the pitch dingrem and te component tsanglez. The ability co canstract and ute thi, gram a7 occasion asses makes one independeot of PITCH FIGURE (COMPLETE) FIG 36 lay ten eae -2-AGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY ‘The basic dimensions of «helical invlate fur face ate (a) the dianeter of the bese cylinder and (@) the lead ofthe base helix, which i luo abe Lead tt any othe diameter. In sinilae way, the baste Aigentons ofthe tooth surface of = belical volte ie ace the base pitch aod the sxlal pitch which together determine he anmal baz picks I ay evo ofthese ae tes, the third can be found. Wh any 10 of these basic dinensions and she suaber of teeth given, all the ote pitches and the angles at ny specified dianeter in any lavoute gear can be calelated. An example will make thie cleaver 400 ‘Table wo Given Pitches Determine Arles and Planes i 7 7 7s es m7 fe Plage Plane Plane of Action. _Plane of Acting er fica es, io Plane ica eneaea ~ Penerae trees emt | HS 0 ves fe es poe oe ee ed Pa form os [Fe at, Plane Plane Pot coey, [k= cory [etm cing, [hm con Plane of | Axial Plane TT % Pe 8 Pe ha Pa oe Action of Action = eany, [= as ‘ia Adal te foe a te Pe ¥ Plane mm fom aes 7 ‘em on Pichia yn cst Pn and Ae eee = | = 2 nal needy ae —— m= [nents [newts | rand, | need, [——— rete se [ee [ewe ah wk aaAGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY will also serve iluserate the way ia which oe ind of haowledge which bas Bete been presented can be used Suppose thas a telical volute gens ix co be ext wish a spurgent Bob, and sha i fs desived to now the exact beliz angle nod pressure angle produced Inthe gear. Here exact” should mes fo natance, that innead of arsuming the the machine opeatot Will iutll change gears & give the heli eagle Tecified, the calculations are to be bared on the Change gears acnaly ured. ‘Thea inthe gear the known eleneocs at = the sumer of eth D =the picch dianeser at which the heli engle end ‘reseure aug ae tobe called he axial pitch aa calculate fom the conreante fof the machine sod the change gee selected, °, Since # spurgeat bob isto be ured, ite normal teh tod mammal peeseze angle sopporedy are equal © (he pitch and peesrue angle ofthe spur gents fr Which ie was cade, That i, he knowa elements Se the tab ree P= the normal peace aagle some knows aomioal dinmete The hob willbe Sesuned to be of corec avolue form, meaning ae icin Heel «helical involutegeat. Then inthe Bob ‘he ooenal base pitch is given by te forma Py by £08 be Since the ab generates the gear, this Is lzo the value of ebe somal Sane pitch nthe geu. [Wish py ant py sow kaows forthe gery eer ence to Table V next shows shat the bace pitch is Pg tw Teer Of cot h hf hg pec dine nate ‘Them the pressure angle at the came diameter [TABLE IV _ Angles Detornined by Two Given Piches ‘None patel] Siow [Cosine [Tenend Set feo | % e wee Tae | oe | Se | Pitch by ee a mea [ewe [TE Maal bave| Ve] SE | BE oe oe ame [awe [SE Ge ante] | HE | HE fs cbaiaed by she following formula: Ps cong tt m sot finally she belie angle fe calzslated fom the felation a aay 2 Pe “Tis completes the infomation regulted fo the gemerrcal decemination of the gear. Questions guiding the ickness of tooth and depth of cur Constnte a seperate ssuiy. Amentian fe called to -n-'s computed without rand ea sarin, th adi tepiecstesctipst eo "The geomet factor J gens Table 2 auth forse stot proportions shown. agures9- 12 show bec pat of ‘Hetablte at for Yor sein protic, References se Style om a So a 1881 Vo. 108, JANUARY 1882 aus ten Exes Td Ean, cc ESS TREE Dai Ee Sto Boe Mec hse Pais jaan ‘Transactions of he ASMEAGMA REFERENCE INFORMATION BASIC GEAR GEOMETRY the fact that the method of caleultion exe used Indicates dat the bare pitch of che geet is noe a= fecad by the center dataace berwech the Bed tad ‘he blak sor by she angle between the bob and black txes, In other words, the dianeter ofthe base cicle for inwote teeth generated ig the peat in folepend ot ofthe ho sexing evo ways in which the ayzton of gear geomstey which tas been, deveibed ie extended to laclode all por: sible eaten. Flet the plech gue and pitch diagram have been given with one wapeverse plage and sae sal plane, The ia ufficene forthe consideration Of a angle gens oe for two geass wich axes in the noe place, andi the coos of two eyingial genes wich acer ache angles, ie ie only necessary © tote the the tmnsveree glne of one iz che axial plane of the other, and ice vers, ith che ceo xcs cbligne, however, aly the angest plane and Sone plane senaia simon to both gears, apd exch feat wil have tr separate nal an eanverse plane fegetee with its own act of valves for pitches ond fsogles. This involves no additional plseiples but ‘oly near doubling op rome of he elemeats ‘TABLE V Two Given Pictes Detemine Third ited % a fe Bie =). line ie le Noe -or2| ln? be ‘Standard Trigonomette Fomolas for Righ Tlanglez ’ “s -3-‘The user of this Reference Information (AGMA 115,01) may find these other AGMA Standards of value as reference data: AGUA 110.03 GearTooth Renewed Failure, fs AGUA 112.04 Geat Nomenclature —~ Terms, Definidans, Symbols snd Abbveiatonss-ccsnow 450 AGUA 13.01 Reference Infomation — Gets Specification Drawings = 15 [AGMA 201.02 Tooth Proportions for Coase Pitch Involuce Spue Gens, , Includes 201.024 and 201,028, 1s AGUA 202.03 Syren for Zesol Bevel Gears : 200 AGMA 203.02 Fine-Piech On-Ceates Face Gears fr 20Degieslavolute Spas Piaians 250 AGMA 207.05 Tooth Propetons for Fine-Pitchtnvolute Spur aod sical eats 2.00 AGUA 208.02 Sytem for Sunight Bevel Geats ern 200 ‘AGMA 209.03. Syaten for Spica! Bevel Gears 250 AGMA 251.52 Pip Measurement Tables fr Lavolte Spr Gone Ls AGMA 25601 Inspecdon of Coarse Pech Cylidseal Rorme nd Varngears. 2.00 ‘AGMA 235.01 Messing Methods sad Practices Manual for Cental of Sp, Helical, and Rewingbone Geace 5.00 AGUA 289.014 Meacwzing Methods and Practices Maal for Contol of Bevel sad Hypeid’ Gears... 400 AGUA 26.02 Specification for General Indostal Geer Materials ~ Sete! (raw, Rolled and Forged) enn 2.30 @ AGUA 250.02 Labscation of Indurtal Enclosed Geatogyinclades Appendix Shoot 250.024, Typical Manufactures Oils Meeting Standard 750.02 1s AGUA 252.01 Specifcuion — Mild Extreme Pressute Labrietts for loduaiial Eeelowed Geasing on 125 AGMA 254.04 Information Sheer — Dath ou Extsne Preste Labscaatesnson 125 AGUA 25407 Infomation eee — Lapping Process far Geate 125 AGMA 390.02 Gear Classification Monel 50 AGUA 411.02 Design Procedure for Aircafe Engine nd Powe Take-ll Spor sod olical Gene 230 *50% Discount co AGMA Members ‘Aore couplet list of AGMA Standards published by che Americas Gest PRICE $2.00