svtera016 ESDEP WG7 Previous | Next | Contents ESDEP WG7 ELEMENTS Lecture 7.6: Built-up Columns OBJECTIVE/SCOPE ‘To derive the equations for the buckling loads of built-up columns and to present the design methods used in Eurocode 3 (1) PREREQUISITES Lectures 6: Applied Stability Lectures 7.5: Columns, RELATE WORKED EXAMPLES Worked Example 7.6: Built-Up Columns SUMMARY This lecture is divided into two main parts; the first part concentrates on the influence of shear deformations on the clastic critical loads and on the slenderness of columns (this effect is crucial for built-up columns and secondary for solid columns - rolled or welded shapes); the second part deals with the design approach adopted in Eurocode 3 [1] which is related to experimental behaviour. 1, INTRODUCTIO) Built-up columns are widely used in steel construction especially when the effective lengths are great and the compression forces light. They are composed of two or more parallel main components interconnected by lacing or batten plates (Figures 1 and 2). The greater the distance between the chord axes, the greater is the moment of inertia of the built-up cross section; the increase in stiffness, however, is counterbalanced by the increased weight and cost of the ‘connection of members. itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 4129si18i2016 ESDEP WG7 Figure 1 Built-up columns hitpiwwof99.uni- sJ~/pmozelesdepimasteriw907:10800.him 2120si18i2016 ESDEP WG7 2 ney | — Jia rae . : TT a — =H fs | 4 | ft Figure 2. Built-up columns It should be noted that built-up columns (especially battened built-up columns) are more flexible than solid columns with the same moment of inertia; this must be taken into account in the design. In order to derive the carrying capacity of steel built-up columns, the following must be studied: + the clastic buckling load and the global behaviour; ‘= the local behaviour of the chords; ‘the internal forces in the connecting members. 2. THE EFFECT OF SHEAR DEFORMATIONS ON THE ELASTIC hitpiwwof99.uni- sJ~/pmozelesdepimasteriw907:10800.him 320sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 CRITICAL COLUMN LOAD This section discusses the effect of shear deformation on the elastic critical column load. ‘The simple case of a pin-ended column, shown in Figure 3, is considered; for M, N, V, x and y, as defined in this Figure, the following relationships hold: Figure 3 Pin-ended column M=Ny, The total lateral deflection y of the centreline is the result of two components: yayi>y2(22) the bending moment M gives rise to the deflection y;, and the shearing force V to the additional deflection y2, According to elastic theory the curvature due to the bending moment M is as follows: ay Mw a ELT (2.3) where Bis the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus. Tis the moment of inertia of the cross-section. The slope due to the shearing force V is as follows: itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 420sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 where Ais the cross-sectional area. Gis the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus. Bis the shape factor of the column cross-section (f =1,11 for solid circular cross-sections; sections). = 1,2 for rectangular cross- The curvature due to the effect of the shearing force V is as follows: ey 2 a3 a GAd&k “GA & @5) The total curvature of the buckling curve is due both to the bending moment, Equation (2.3), and to the shearing force, Equation (2.5): dy_ an, a’y, dee at It is possible to rearrange Equation (2.6) in the form: ay, N az’ (_ANIGHEI” a7 Adopting the same procedure as in the Euler case, the ctitical load is defined by the equation: aL a_ANIGDE F as) Solving for N, the following expression for the elastic critical load Neyiq is obtained: newest 1 Jak +e Ne & & 9) where: #EI z New © isthe Filer buckling load obtained disregarding the deformations du to shearing force GA S,= © is the shear stiffness of the column. Obviously Nerd “Nor the greater the ratio No, / Sy, the smaller the ratio Noy/ Ner <1. The ratio Noyjg Nor obtained from Equation (2.9) is plotted, in Figure 4, as a fimnction of the ratio Ney / Sy itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 5120sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 0.6 Novis (Nor 0,4. 0,2 0.0. | 0,0 0,2 OA 0,6 O8 1,0 Ne /Sy Figure 4 Effect of shear on elastic critical column load For solid rolled cross-sections the shear stiffness S, is much greater than N, The difference between Neyig and Nor is very small therefore, and can be disregarded for design purposes However, as will be shown below, the shear stiffness S,, of built-up columns, is much smaller than it is for solid shapes; in this case, therefore, the influence of the shearing forces on the reduction of the critical load is very significant. In order to compare the shear stiffness S, to the Euler buckling loads of solid columns Ng,, consider as an example a HE200A column buckling in the plane of the web. The shear stiffness S, is as follows: E «85 MN s,- 2078 E= 200 kNmm? the area of the web = 6,5 x 170 = 1105 mm? The Euler buckling load Nc, is ge EI_ PEA =10620MN IP a Ais the cross-sectional area = $380 mm?. itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 612018/2016 ESDEP WG7 2s the slendemess of the column, In Table 1 the critical buckling loads Nig, the Euler buckling loads N,,, and the ratios Ny / Sy are given as functions of the slendemess; it clearly shows that in the case of solid cross-sections, Nor is always far smaller than S,; therefore, for stie buckling loads Nex. inical purposes, itis possible to disregard the influence of the shear deformations on the 3. EVALUATION OF THE SHEAR STIFFNESS OF LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS 3.1 Laced Columns In laced columns the elastic extension of the diagonals and the horizontals must be considered in order to derive the shear stiffness S,; the elongation of the chords (the main components) should not be taken into account, because they are already considered in the global flexural stiffness E I of the built-up column, ‘With an N-shape arrangement of lacing, as shown in Figure 5, the elongations of one diagonal and of one horizontal are taken into account in order to derive Sy g a Figure 5 N-shape lacing 6.) It: sl where 6 is the lateral displacement due to the unit shearing force. The total displacement 8 is the result of two components: 5; is the contribution from the elongation of the diagonal; 8, is the contribution from the shortening of the horizontal. From virtual work theory: 4 h hEAh EA, 4 b & 3+ an + lo A+ ON Mt gO N "EAs Thus, for one plane of lacing: itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 720ESDEP WG 7 siiaots 1 +(e b L fed P fb aay & A. Pa) PEA A) REL FAS” 62) With an A shape arrangement of lacing, as shown in Figure 6: N hn q a NV a fee h h 1 4 a hh N nl 44 22 4 h h ds h d of dd o=2Ny=— n=2 =F Nag _ °T ian Therefore 14. @# & 2a aE Aa (3) The cross-bracings, shown in Figure 7, have the same shear stiffness, because the horizontals do not take part in the transmission of the shearing force: ipmozelesdepimasterwg07H0600.him 8120 itp wwe fgg. unissi18i2016 ESDEP WG7 N N N N Figure 7 Cross - bracing & a 2ah"E Aa (3.4) 3.2 Battened Built-up Columns For battened built-up columns, as shown in Figure 8, the flexural deformations both of the chords and of the battens hitpiwwof99.uni- sJ~/pmozelesdepimasteriw907:10800.him 9120sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 ‘must be considered in order to derive the shear stiffness S,; as is the case for laced built-up columns, the extensions of the main chords are not considered because their contributions appear in the global flexural stiffness E I. N h |__| V2 12 h a 2 a A 3 2 12 1/2 _ << a Aa wh h N Figure 8 Battened built-up column Adopting the virtual work method, the displacement due to unit shearing force is obtained: Bi Py ah MET, ER and the shear stiffness is: 13a’ ab % a MEL BER Gs) where I, is the in-plane second moment of area of one chord. 1, is the in-plane second moment of area of one batten. ‘The above formula may be refined by taking into account the deformations due to the shearing force in the battens. 3.3 Quantitative Comparison ‘Table 2 gives a comparison of the shear stifffiess S, for a solid column and three different built-up columns; the global dimensions of the cross-sections and the weights of steel per unit length are kept constant. ‘The solid column (a) is made up of two HE4O0A shapes each welded to a common plate 8mm thick x 1000mm wide. Built-up columns (b) and (c) are laced: the chords are HE4O0A shapes and there are two planes of lacing with 100 x 10 equal angles. Built-up column (d) is with batten plates: the same shape HE400A as above is adopted for the chords; the batten plates, which have rectangular cross-section 400 x 20mm, are on two planes. itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 10120sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 Whereas the steel employed in the web and in the connecting members has almost the same weight in the four columns, ‘Table 2 shows that the shear stiffness S, has a wide range of variation, 4. THE ELASTIC CRITICAL LOADS OF BUILT-UP COLUMNS For design purposes the elastic critical loads of built-up columns can be obtained from Equation (2.9): that is, itis possible fo assume a continuous distribution of the shear stiffness S, if the number of panels is greater than or equal to six; if not, more complex analysis, with methods suitable for frames, has to be performed (for further reading on this topic see (1, 2, and 3), By introducing formulae for the shear stiffness Sy (3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5) in Equation (2.9), it is easy to derive, for the various types of lacings and battens, specific formulae for the elastic critical loads Ne, q and, as a consequence, for the effective length of built-up columns; formulae of this type are widely adopted in the European codes and standards for steel construction, The details of the analytical procedure are now outlined When the lacing is N shaped (as shown in Figure 5), the expression for the shear stiffness S, (3.2) is substituted in Equation (2.9), where: Ne =n? E1/ I? is the Buler critical load, as for a solid column. I +A, b?, is the moment of inertia of the built-up cro: Ac is the cross-sectional area of the chords. Ic is the relevant moment of inertia of the chords. Substitution gives the following EL 1 ae @ anEl As Aad (aay Naw= By introducing the slendermess 2 for the column without shear deformations, such that: N= pt=2A.P MT the elastic critical stress og) for the built-up column becomes: Nast #E where: (43) is the equivalent slendemess of the built-up column, Following the same procedure, when simple A bracing (Figure 6) is adopted, the equivalent slendemess of the column pete ah Ar (4.4) itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 120sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 For cross-bracing (Figure 7) PAS Ae [A+ ah? As (4,5) Finally, for battened built-up columns (Figure 8), the equivalent slenderness is: If the batten plates are very stiff, their flexural deformations may be disregarded and it is possible to put: shy Ty, in Equation (4.6). In this case the equivalent slenderness of battened built-up columns becomes: eq= VA? + 7 A,0? 1219} = VA? 4 APD} a7 where 2, is the local slenderness of the chords between the centrelines of the batten plates, 5. THE BEARING CAPACITY OF STEEL BUILT-UP COLUMNS AND THE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY OF EUROCODE 3 ‘The experimental behaviour of a stee! built-up column (with batten plates) [2] in a compression test up to collapse, is summarised in Figure 9. hitpiwwof99.uni- sJ~/pmozelesdepimasteriw907:10800.him 12720si18i2016 ESDEP WG7 fai NiN2 to) Figure 9 Behaviour of battened column + in Figure 9(a) the lateral displacement v at midspan is plotted as a function of the applied external compression load Nj + in Figure 9(b) the axial forces Ny and Nj in the chords at midspan are plotted as a function of the compression load Nj + finally in Figure 9(c) the shearing forces in the batten plates are plotted, and in Figure 9(d) the distribution of the shearing forces in the battens is shown, hitpiwwof99.uni- sJ~/pmozelesdepimasteriw907:10800.him 13120sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 N N a 2 ee y 8 SS 5 Sy pop Pp pa 4 4 43 a Figure 9 Behaviour of battened column (continued) Due to the initial geometrical imperfections and residual stresses, the lateral displacements increase with the applied load more and more rapidly up to the bearing capacity Nc, of the column; the presence of lateral displacements explains why one chord is more compressed than the other, which tends to unload after it has reached maximum compression. In the batten plate at the end, the framing effect is smaller than in the next internal one, because of the presence of only half afield, The maximum carrying capacity of the built-up column is reached when one of the following possibilities occurs ‘+ at mid-span the more compressed chord buckles, + at the end a chord fails by compression and flexure + abatten-plate and/or its connection to the chords fails by shear and flexure. ‘The main features of the experimental behaviour of a built-up compression member summarised above may be represented by a simple elastic column with equivalent initial geometrical imperfections and shear flexibility (Figure 10), itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 14120sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 Original shape with initial curvature Detlected equilibrium shape N Figure 10 Behaviour of imperfect column The design philosophy of Eurocode 3 [1] is based on this simple model: itis assumed that in the initial unloaded state the column is not perfectly straight and that the initial deflection y (x) is given by a sine curve for a pin-ended member: Yo (X) = Wo sin (wx /D (5.1) where ‘Wo is the equivalent geometrical out of straightness at mid-span (Ww, = 0,0021 = 1 / 500); 1s the length of the pin-ended column. ‘When the design axial load N is applied to the built-up column the initial geometrical imperfection is then amplified elastically; the lateral displacements in the equivalent state are: y@)=y,@ a V_LNV Naa 1 Nase sin (ex /1) (5.2) ‘where, in Equation (5.2), Neqjq isthe elastic critical load of the built-up colurnn as given in Section 4. At mid-span of the built-up column, the axial force is N and the bending moment M equals: wo M=Ny(i/2)-_ 82" TN! Naw (6.3) The axial force Npin the most loaded chord is: M _ gf 14 woth Mien] ba, Swelhs b (: te)... ‘The buckling resistance of the chords Nag must be greater than Ny: N mea itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 15:2018/2016 ESDEP WG7 Nad? Ne (5.5) In laced built-up columns the effective length of the chords is taken equal to the system length between lacing ‘connections; in battened built-up columns (for the sake of simplicity and disregarding any possible end restraint) the effective length of the chords is taken equal to the distance between the centre lines of the battens. The shearing force V at the ends of a built-up column is given by: vyen{[“) =n de feao The forces in the lacing members and in the chords adjacent to the ends are derived from the shearing force V and from. the axial force N. (5.6) ‘The battens, their connections to the chords, and the chords themselves are checked for the moments and forces due to the shearing force V and the axial force N as shown in Figure 11. h | NZ | Nz Vi2 vi2 => => a Vaf2 3 Vala ll a val2 a Z via <_— _— Ava Ne 2 h 2 A Figure 11. Free-body diagram for batten and local column sections The design philosophy of Eurocode 3 [1] may be summarized in the following six steps: derive the design axial load. derive the flexural stiffness and the shear stiffness of the built-up columns, derive the elastic critical load of the built-up column. ‘compute the design bending moment at midspan and the design shear force at the ends of the buill-up-column, check the buckling strength of the chords at midspan, check the strength of the web members and of their connections to the chords for the most loaded panel at the ends. aYeENE CONCLUDING SUMMARY ‘© The bearing capacity of built-up columns is largely affected by the shear deformations. itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 16120sitai2016 ESDEP WG 7 «Its possible to study the behaviour of built-up columns using a simple elastic model. + Because of shear deformations the initial lack of straightness of the column is strongly amplified. ‘+ The design method proposed in Eurocode 3 is based on the above approach, 7. REFERENCES [1] Burocode 3: "Design of Steel Structures": ENV 1993-1-1: Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings, CEN, 1992. [2] Ballio, G. & Mazzolani, F, M., "Theory and Design of Steel Structures", Chapmann and Hall, New York, 1983. 8. ADDITIONAL READING F,, "Buckling Strength of Metal Structures", McGraw Hill, New York, 1952 shenko, S., "Theory of Elastic Stability", McGraw Hill, New York, 1936. Galambos, Th. V., "Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures - Fourth Edition", J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988, ‘Table 1 Example of the influence of shear flexibility on stability a 80 [90 100 Jiro fi20 iso tao Necia(MN) /1,63- [1,29 [1,05 [0,869 [0,731 [0,624 |/o,s38 Ne(MN) 1,66 [1,31 [1,06 fo.878 [0,738 [0,628 |o,sa2 Nex! Sy 0,020 [0,015 [0,12 [0,010 [0,009 [0,007 [0,006 ‘Table 2 Examples of shear stiffnesses for solid, laced and battened columns itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 17120sita2016 1000 i i i I I I I | i | i _ # 8x1000 va) ESDEP WG 7 1165 L 1o0x10 b) t 1000 , t f i toox10 c) 2000 Td + 400x20 9) a) Shear stiffness ‘Ay = 100 x 0,8 = 80 em? 20x80 _ satay Volume and mass of steel V=0,8 x 100 x 100 = 8000 em? mt W = Y, V=0,00785 x 8000 = 63 kg m! ‘Table 2 - Continued b) Shear Stiffness 2 an'Bar sy- hitpiwwof99.uni- sJ~/pmozelesdepimasterig07:10800,him 18120siiz0%8 L 100 x 10 Ag = 19,2 cm? h= 100 em a=115,5/2=57,75 em ‘Volume and mass of steel V = 19,2 x 115,5 x 4/ 1,155 = 7680 om’ m"! W = 0,00785 x 7680 = 60 kg m™ I) Shear Stiffness Ag= Ag = 19,2 em? h= 100m a=115,5 em d= (a? + h?)5 = 152,8 em 115,52 190% 20 192 2=194MN 100° +152, Volume and mass of steel V = 19,2 x (100 + 152,8) x 2/ 1,155 = 8405 em’ mrt ESDEP WG 7 W = 0,00785 x 8405 = 66 kgm” ‘Table 2 - Continued % Shear Stiffness a 2, ah s- MEL REL 1, = 8564 em? HE 400 A y= 403 x2x2/ 12=21333 emt a= 200 emh= 100m 12x20 aha oof 200,100 sy= (2385647 21333, itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 19120siiz0%8 ESDEP WG7 ‘Volume and mass of steel V=2x 40x 100 x 2/2 = 8000 em? W = 0,00785 * 8000 = 63 kg m”! Shear Stifiness Mass of Steel sy w (MN) (kg mr!) a) Web 8 x 1000 61s 6 ») Lacing L 100 x 10 288 60 ©) Lacing L100 x 10 194 66 B 6 4) Batten plates 400 x 20 Previous | Next | Contents itp wwe fg9.uni si~/omozelesdepimasterivg07:10600,him 20120