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PAGE | 8
gvwUvws
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PAGE | 9
cwieZbi nvi
Kvvwbi bvg
Intel
1 4.4%
Mellanox
Red Hat
6.1 %
Broadcom
Linaro
6.0%
Oracle
Samsung
4.3%
Google
SUSE
3.2%
Texas Instruments
Renesas Electronics
3.0%
Huawei Technologies
IBM
2.9%
NVidia
AMD
2.4%
ARM
Z_ m~t kernelnewbies.org/DevelopmentStatistics (March 9, 201 6)
cwieZbi nvi
2.3%
1 .7%
1 .5%
1 .3%
1 .3%
1 .2%
1 .1 %
1 .1 %
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gvwWdvBW fvmb| wjbv KvbjK vUdvb Ges UvejU Lvc LvIqvbvi Rb GUvZ cqvRbgZ cwieZb
Ki wbqQ Mj| GB GqWI Icb mvm| ZvB wKQy wKQy Kvvwb Avevi GqWKI nvjKv cwieZb Ki
AwZwi wdPvi hy Ki wbR`i wWfvBm evRvi Qvo| ZvB GqW nIqv ^I wewfb Kvvwbi vUdvb
AcviwUs Gi cv_K `Lv hvq|
PAGE | 10
AcviwUs wmgi
BwZnvm
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BDwb (UNIX)
eZgvb cPwjZ me aibi AcviwUs wmgi Mvov cb nq hLb 1969 mvj
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jveiUwiZ eenvii Rb Zwi Kiv nqwQj| mB mgq BDwbi mvm KvW
wkv I MelYvi Rb Dby Ki `Iqv nq|
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Dennis Ritchie
Ken Thompson
wK wej Rq gb KiZ mdU&I qvi Gi BDRvi`i mvm KvW cvvbvi AwaKvi `Iqv DwPZ bq| GB AwaKvi
aygv mdU&I qvi Wfjcvii KvQB _vKv DwPr| Zvi GB aviYv K eve ic `Iqvi Rb m weGmwW
cRi Rb hme mdU&I qvi Zwi KiwQj mjv cR _K mwiq wbq mjvi jvBm wbRi bvg
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mvb gvBvwmgm bvg wbRi Kvvwb cwZv Ki|
wej QvovI Ab AviKwU Kvvwb weGmwW cR _K mvm KvW wbq evKwj mdUIqvi wWRvBb Kcvikb
bvg wbR`i ^vwaKvi hy Ki weGmwW AcviwUs wmg evRvi wbq Avm| GB Kvvwbi cwZvZvMY
BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdvwbqvi KwDUvi wmg wimvP Mci m`m wQj|
PAGE | 12
GQvovI 80i `kKi iZ gvBvmdU, Avcj Ges Abvb Aviv AbK mdU&I qvi Kvvwb eySZ cvi
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wbR`i ^vwaKvi hy Ki| weGmwW Kcvikb ( Berkeley Software Design Corporation ) Zv`i
fvmbi BDwb evRvi wex Kiv Kiv i Kij BDwb wmg jveiUwim Zv`i wei gvgjv Ki `q|
GB gvgjvq BDwb wmg jveiUwim Rq jvf Ki Ges weGmwW cR Ges weGmwW Kcvikbi weGmwW
AcviwUs wmg WfjcgU e nq hvq|
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cRi mvm KvW Dby Ki `q| bUAvc Ges gvBvmdU wgj Avcji KqKRb wd weGmwW
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cR i Ki| Gi ci w_I W ivU ( Theo de Raadt) bvg bUAvci GKRb WfjcviK wd weGmwW
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GfveB BSD wewfb fvM wef nq Gi Avmj Dk gy mdUIqvi/AcviwUs wmg _K `~i mi wMq
evwYwRK Kvvwbjv viv wbqwZ nZ _vK| GB Kvvwbjv wbRi AwZ wUwKq ivLvi Rb Amg
jovBq bg co hvi ewj nZ _vK KwDUvi eenviKvixiv| GQvovI AT&T hLb Zv`i BDwbi
mvejvBm wew Kiv i Ki ZLb wewfb Kvvwb Zv`i KvQ _K BDwb wKb wbR`i fvmbi BDwb
AcviwUs wmg evbvZ _vK| hgb AvBweGg evbvj AIX, GBPwc evbvj HP UNIX, wWwRUvj BKyBcgU
Kcvikb evbvj ALTRIX, wmwjKb Mvwd Kvvwb evbvj IRIX, gvBvmdU evbvj XENIX BZvw`|
Avcwb Gevi AevUv wPv Ki `Lyb, GLb Avgv`i KwDUvi Pvjvbvi AcviwUs wmg ejZ Mj GKgv
Ackb nQ DBvR| hv`i AbK UvKv AvQ Zviv Avcj wKbQ| Avi hviv wjbv mK Rvbb Zviv
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GKKRb GKK wU eenvi KiQ| cZK AcviwUs wmgi wbR^ mdUIqvi AvQ| GKRbi mv_
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nvWI qvii Rb Avjv`v Avjv`v AcviwUs wmg Zwi Kiv i Kij hjv wQj g~jZ BDwbiB cwiewZZ
fvmb| Gi dj evcK nvi GKRbi mv_ Ab Rbi KvwUwewjwU mgmv `Lv w`Z jvMj|
PAGE | 13
GB mgmv _K mdU&I qvi eenviKvix`i gyw `Iqvi RbB jgvb i Kib gy mdU&I qvi Av`vjb|
jgvb gb KiZb mdU&I qvi Ggb fve Zix nIqv DwPZ hvZ mUvZ eenviKvixi c~Y ^vaxbZv _vK|
eenviKvix hvZ GUv wbq covbv, cwieZb, cwieab I weZiY KiZ cvi| hme mdU&I qvi GB aibi
^vaxbZv wbwZ Kie mjvB ne wd mdU&I qvi| KwDUvi eenviKvix `bw`b KvR eenvi Ki Ggb
wKQy wd mdU&I qvi Zwi Kib wZwb| Avi GB wd mdU&I qvi jv wbqB jgvb wd mdU&I qvi dvDkvb
cwZv Kib Ges wd mdU&I qvi Rb wRGbBD Rbvij cvewjK jvBm (GPL) iPbv Kib| GB jvBm
Gi AvIZvq _vKv mdU&I qvi mg~n GKRb eenviKvixK mjv Pvjvbv, mvm KvW wbq covbv, weZiY I
cwieZb Kivi ^vaxbZv `q| GB mdU&I qvi mg~n wbw` Kviv ^vwaKvi (KwcivBU) _vKe bv| Gjv ne
Kwcjd&UW mdUIqvi| Kwcjd&U nQ KwcivBUi wecixZ hv AvBbMZ fve mdU&I qvii ^vaxbZv wbwZ
Kie|
ay ZvB bq BDwbi weK GKwU AcviwUs wmgi Zwii Rb GgAvBwUi jve 1983 mvj i Kib
wRGbD ( GNU GNU's NOT UNIX) cR| GNU BDwbi gZ `LZ m~Y Avjv`v GKwU AcviwUs
wmg wK GZ _vKe bv BDwbi Kvb KvW Ges GUv ne m~Y wd mdU&I qvii wfwZ Zix| bZyb GB
AcviwUs wmgi Rb `iKvi Aviv ewk mdU&I qvi hvi Rb mevi AvM PvB GKUv KvBjvi| wKQyw`bi
gaB jgvb evwbq djjb wRGbBD wm KvBjvi ( GCC ) hwUK KvBjvi RMZi AbZg KvhKi
KvBjvi wnme weePbv Kiv nq| jgvb GNU OS Gi Rb gvBv AvwKUKPvii Kvbj wWRvBb Kib
hvi bvg wQj GNU HURD |
1983 mvji m^i 27 ZvwiL BDwb eenviKvix`i dvivg jgvb h cvwU KiwQjb Zvi c_g
Ask GLvb Zyj aijvg
Free Unix!
Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system
called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.
wK Wfjcvi`i KvQ _K Avkvbyic mviv bv cvIqvq jgvbi wRGbBD AcviwUs wmg nvj cvwb cj
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wmg evRvi wbq Avm|
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nvRvi nvRvi Wjvi wbR`i AcviwUs wmg I mdU&I qvi wew KiZ _vK|
PAGE | 14
G`i nvZ wRw nq _vKv Qvov KwDUvi eenviKvix`i Avi Kivi wKQyB wQj bv| GfveB PjwQj hZw`b bv
ch wjbvm ebwW Uifvm Zvi Af~Zc~e Kvbj wjbv wbq Avwef~Z nq|
Sinclair QL
PAGE | 15
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AvwKUKPvii wgwb eenvi KiZb| wZwb Operating System
Design and Implementation bvg GKwU eB wjLwQjb hvZ
wgwbi 12000 jvBbi msw fvmbi KvW wcU Kiv wQj Ges
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gZ Ki cwieZbi jvBm wQj bv|
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Andrew S. Tanenbaum wmgi KvR jM cojb| 1991 Gi 25 AMv wjbvm wgwb Gi wbDR Myc
wbPi jLvUv cv Kib -
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386 (486) AT clones.
This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike
in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-sytem due to practical
reasons)among other things.
I've currently ported bash (1 .08) an gcc (1 .40), and things seem to work. This implies that i'll get something
practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people want.
Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
Linus Torvalds torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi
PS. Yes its free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching
etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as thats all I have. :-(
PAGE | 16
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Do you pine for the nice days of minix-1 .1 , when men were men and wrote their own device drivers? Are you
without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on a OS you can try to modify for your needs? Are you
finding it frustrating when everything works on minix? No more all-nighters to get a nifty program working? Then
this post might be just for you :-)
As I mentioned a month(?) ago, I'm working on a free version of a minix-lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has
finally reached the stage where it's even usable (though may not be depending on what you want), and I am
willing to put out the sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02 (+1 (very small) patch already), but I've
successfully run bash/gcc/gnu-make/gnu-sed/compress etc under it.
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Altair 8800
PAGE | 17
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Bill Gates
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PAGE | 18
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PAGE | 19
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PAGE | 20
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GNU
=
LINUX
Name
Born
Born In
Parents
Spouse
Education
Occupation
Creator
Quotes
"Software is like sex: it's better when it's free."
"Talk is cheap, Show me the code".
PAGE | 21
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LINUX
Intel
AMD
Sun SPARC, Motorola 68000, Power Pc, ARM,
Alpha AXP, Hitachi Super H, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP
PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, AXIS CRIS, Reasons H8/300,
NEC V850, Tensilica Xtensa, Analog Devices
Blackfin, Architectures
WINDOWS
Intel
AMD
NO SUPPORT
OS X
Intel
Motorola
NO SUPPORT
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PAGE | 23
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arstechnica.com/information-technology/201 3/02/linus-torvalds-i-will-notchange-linux-to-deep-throat-microsoft/
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PAGE | 25
PAGE | 26
PAGE | 27
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PAGE | 29
Cinnamon Desktop
PAGE | 30
Gnome Desktop
KDE Desktop
PAGE | 31
Pantheon Desktop
XFCE Desktop
PAGE | 32
Budgie Desktop
LXDE Desktop
PAGE | 33
MATE Desktop
Enlightment Desktop
PAGE | 34
Standard Release -
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PAGE | 35
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Dpkg | wjt www.debian.org
PAGE | 36
dWviv (Fedora)
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PAGE | 37
PAGE | 38
gvwRqv (Mageia)
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PAGE | 39
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PAGE | 40
Unity Desktop
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ubuntugnome.org
PAGE | 41
ubuntu-mate.org
kubuntu.org
PAGE | 42
lubuntu.net
xubuntu.org
PAGE | 43
edubuntu.org
mythbuntu.org
PAGE | 44
ubuntustudio.org
ubuntu.com/desktop/ubuntu-kylin
PAGE | 45
PAGE | 46
PAGE | 47
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PAGE | 48
wKgv (Qimo)
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store.steampowered.com
PAGE | 49
www.redhat.com
PAGE | 50
Arch Linux
Manjaro Linux
manjaro.github.io
PAGE | 51
AntergOS
antergos.com
Apricity OS
antergos.com
PAGE | 52
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PAGE | 54
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PAGE | 55
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PAGE | 56
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eyU Kij DBvR wjbvi cvwUkvbB `LZ cvq bv mLvb wjbv Uy wjbvi GB kqvwis Gi Kvb ZyjbvB
nq bv|
PAGE | 57
DBvR fvmbi mdU&I qvi wjbv Pj| DBvR hw`I wjbvi mv_ mnhvMxZv Ki bv ZeyI wjbv
DBvR eenviKvix`i me iKg myweav `Iqvi Rb AvcvY Pv Ki _vK| GUv Zvi GKUv eo cgvY|
wjbv WINE bvgK GKwU Avh mdUIqvi AvQ hUv w`q DBvRi mdU&I qvi wjbv Pvjvbv hvq|
DBvRi Mgm, Awdm, dUvkc, AvBwWGg mn cvq me aibi DBvRi mdU&I qviB wjbv Pj|
wjbv cqvRbxq me mdU&I qvi mUvci mv_B BUj nq hvq| A_vr mUvci ciB eenvi Kivi Rb
m~Y Zwi _vK| Avi mdUIqvijv me GK RvqMvq KvUvMwi Abyhvqx mwZ _vK|
wjbv cwZevi kvUWvDbi mgq mg Uivwi dvBj AUvgwUK wWwjU nq hvq| ZvB AvR evR dvBj
wmg fwZ nZ nZ wmg KLbv v nq bv| DBvR Gme gvbyqwj wWwjU KiZ nq|
GZwKQy Rvbvi ciI AvcbvK h wjbv eenvi KiZB ne Zv bq| wKQy KviY AvQ hjvi Rb Avcbvi
wjbv AvmvUv nqZ ZZUvI Avb``vqK ne bv| mB KviYjv Gevi Rb bIqv hvK
Avcwb hw` Avcbvi DBvR wbqB kvwZ _vKb Ges bZyb wKQy kLvi Kvb AvMn hw` Avcbvi bv _vK
m wjbv eenvii Kvb `iKvi bB| wjbv eenviKvix nZ Mj bZyb wKQy kLvi gvbwmKZv AekB
_vKZ ne| hKvb bZyb welq Af nZ Mj c_g c_g AbK mgm nq| mUv hw` Avcwb gb wbZ bv
cvib Zvnj `Lv hve wjbvi Dci wei nq wjbvK MvjvMvj w`q Pj hveb| KviY DBvRi m~Y
cwiwPZ Ges Af cwiek nZ nVvr Ki wjbv Gm Avcbvi wewfb iKg mgmv `Lv w`e| wjbvi
evcvi AvMn bv _vKj mjv hZ mvgvb mgmvB nvK bv Kb Avcbvi fvj jvMe bv Ges AbjvBb mvP
Ki mme mgmv mgvavb Kivi ahI _vKe bv| Ze Avcbvi DBvRwU hw` cvBiUW nq Zvnj Rb ivLyb
cvBiUW mdU&I qvi eenvi Kiv GKwU Aea I AbwZK KvR| ZvQvov cvBiUW DBvR LyeB fvjbviej
nq ZvB Gi eenviKvixiv memgq fvBivmi SyuwKZ _vK|
GWvwei mdU&I qvi eenviKvix cdkbvj`i wjbv eenvii Kvb gvb nq bv| KviY wjbv KwgDwbwU
AbK Abyiva Kiv ^I GWvex Kcvikb wjbvi Rb fvmb ei KiZ ivRx nQ bv| hw`I wjbv GLb
AbK cvcivBUwi mdUIqvi AvQ| wK ZvI GWvexi GKqgxi Kvib Zv`i cvWvjv hgb dUvkc,
BjvUi, WxgIqfvi, dvk, BbwWRvBb BZvw` aygv gvK Ges DBvR mivmwi Pj| hw`I WINE
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AbK dUvkci weK wR Ges Bjvii weK Bc eenvii K_v ej _vK| GjvK dUvkc
BjvUii mv_ Zyjbv Kiv wVK bq| KviY Gjv m~Y wd mdU&I qvi| GKUv wd mdUIqvi 600/700
Wjvi g~ji mdUIqvii cvq KvQvKvwQ mvwfm w`Q mUvB AbK ewk| wK GWvwe cdkbvj`i Gjv
eenvi Ki Kvb jvf ne bv|
Avcwb nvWKvi Mgvi nj Avcbvi wjbv bv AvmvB DwPZ| KviY evsjv`k evm Kivi KjvY Avcwb 50
Wjvii Mgi cvBiUW fvmb 50 UvKvq wKb Avcbvi DBvR wcwmZ LjZ cviQb| wK wjbvi Mgm
jv AvcbvK wKb wbZ ne xg vi _K Wjvi eq Ki| Avi wjbvi hme wd Mgm AvQ mjv
AvcbvK Zgb AvKlb Kie bv| Ze DBvRi ewkifvM MgB WINE Gi gvag wjbv Pvjvbv hvq|
wK hw` cvBiUW MgmB LjZ nq Zvnj DBvRB Ljyb|
Avcbvi KvQ hw` wekl Kvb gWji wWfvBm hgb wcUvi, vbvi ev Ab Kvb wWfvBm _vK hUvi WvBfvi
wjbv GLbv Zwi nqwb Zvnj mUv wjbv Pje bv| hw`I GB mvebv AwZ bMb| ZviciI wjbv wK wK
nvWI qvii WvBfvi mvcvU Ki Zv GB wj wMq `L wbZ cvib| wjt www.linux-drivers.org
Avcwb hw` wekl Kvb mdUIqvi eenvi Kib Ges mUv GKgv DBvRB Pj, KvbfveB wjbv Pvjvbv
hvq bv ev wjbv mUvi h weK AvQ mUv w`q Avcbvi KvR ne bv m wjbv Gm Ah_v mgmvq
covi Kvb gvb nq bB| DBvRi wK wK mdU&I qvi wjbv Pj mUv WINE Gi WvUveR wMq `LZ
cvib| wjt appdb.winehq.org
PAGE | 58
c~eeZx Aavq ch fvjgZ covi ci hw` Avcwb wmv wbq _vKb Avcwb wjbv eenvi Kieb Zvnj
AvcbvK wjbvi `ywbqvq ^vMZg| wK ay wjbv Kvbj Zv Avi eenvi KiZ cvieb bv| Avcbvi hKvb
GKUv wjbv wWv eQ wbZ ne| GZb wbB Rvbb wjbv AvQ kZ kZ wWv| GUv eenviKvix`i
Rb GKUv KwVb mgmv eU| GZ GZ wWvi ga KvbUv eenvi Kie?
wbPi wZbwU gwjK cki Di AvcbvK wbw` Kvb wWv eQ bIqvi evcvi mvnvh Kie -1. GwU wK mnR eenvihvM?
2. GUvi WUc GbfvqibgU `LZ Kgb?
3. GUvi wK fvj KwgDwbwU mvcvU AvQ?
Zvnj Gevi Avcbv`i myweav_ KqKwU Ackb `Iqv hvK --
wjbv wgU
bZyb wjbv eenviKvix iv PvL e Ki h wWv eQ wbZ cvib mUv nQ wjbv wgU| hKvb DBvR
eenvKvixB GUv mnRB eenvi KiZ cvie| GUvi Cinnamon WUc GbfvqibgUi AbKUv
Windows XP i mv_ mv`k AvQ| GUv hnZy KwgDwbwU wbfi wWv ZvB Gi KwgDwbwU mvcvU Amvavib|
GQvovI GUvZ wgwWqv KvWK wcBUjW _vK| bZyb wjbv eenviKvix `i Rb GUv c_g cQ`| GUv
wjbvi mePvBZ Rbwcq wWvjvi GKwU|
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kwkvjx Kvb AcviwUs wmg eQii ci eQi ai eenvi Ki hZ Pvb Zvnj Wweqvb eenvi Kib|
Ze Wweqvb vej cvKR eenvi Kiv nq ej Gi mdU&I qvi jv Abb wijxR jvi PvBZ cyivbv
fvmbi nq Ges Gi AvcWUI `ixZ Avm|
GwjgUvwi IGm
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Gi Wfjcvi`i AvweZ Pantheon WUc wjbvi WUc GbfvqibgU bZyb gvv hy KiQ|
GwjgUvwi evbvbv nqQ DeyUyi wfwZ ZvB GUvZ DeyUyi KwgDwbwU mvcvU _K i Ki hv hv DeyUyZ
Kiv hvq meB Kiv hve| bZyb hviv wjbv AvmZ Pvb Zv`i AZ GKevi GUv `Lv DwPZ| GUv GgbB GKwU
wWv h mevB Gi cg co hve|
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KyeyUy nQ DeyUyi KDE WUc fvmb| KyeyUy Z KDE Plasma WUc eenvi Kiv nq| GUv Amvavib
GKwU WUc GbfvqibgU| GUv hnZy DeyUyi GKUv fvmb ZvB GZ DeyUyi me wKQyB eenvi Kiv hvq|
GQvov UvP xb jvcUci Rb GUv LyeB fvjv| DeyUy AZ Rbwcq vej GKwU wWv ZvB GUvi wfwZ
evbvbv wWvjv PvL e Ki eQ bIqv hvq|
PAGE | 60
mU IGm
mvRv fvlvq mU IGm nQ iW nvU GUvicvBR wjbvi wd fvmb| GUv iW nvUi gZB GwjMvU GKwU
wWv| iWnvUi me myweavB GZ cvIqv hve| iWnvUi gZ GUvZI vej cvKR eenvi Kiv nq|
GUvi iqQ wbR^ KwgDwbwU mvcvU| ZvB GUvI nZ cvi AbZg cQ`|
DeyUy Kb bq?
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Gwoq hvIqvi KviY nQ Gi dvjZy Unity WUc| nvRvi nvRvi DBvR eenviKvix AvQ hviv c_g wjbv
wWv wnme DeyUyK eQ bq Ges Unity WUc GbfvqibgU `L wei nq wjbv Qo Pj hvq|
hw`I BDwbwU K UyBK Ki _xg jvwMq wewfb Pnviv `Iqv hvq wK K_vq AvQ First Impression is the
last impression. DeyUy hw` c_gB Bgckb Zwi KiZ e_ nq Zvnj mUv hZB fvj nvK mjv Avi
Kvb KvR Avme bv| Avgv`i `kI AbK AvQb, wjbv mK wewfb K_vevZv b DrmvwnZ nq
wjbvi Abvb Kvb wWv mK LvuR Lei bv wbq DeyUy BUj Ki emb| GgbI AbK AvQb hviv
gbB Kib wjbv gvbB DeyUy| ZvB `Leb Avgv`i `k DeyUy eenviKvixi msLvB ewk|
Avgvi civgk nQ, Avcwb hw` wjbv bZyb nb Zvnj fyjI DeyUyi avi KvQ hveb bv|
KviY DeyUyi
BDwbwU WUc Avcbvi cQ` nIqvi mvebv gv 20%| Unity Z Kv_vq wK AvQ mUv eySZB Avcbvi
AbK mgq jM hve| wjbvi hZjv WUc GbfvqibgU AvQ Zvi ga mePvBZ evR nQ Unity|
DeyUyZ PvBj Gnome Shell ev Cinnamon BUj Ki WUc GbfvqibgU cvUvbv hvq| wK GZ
Svgjv Ki DeyUz PvjvbviB ev `iKvi wK? DeyUz Zv wjbvi GKgv Ackb bq| DeyUzi PvBZI AbK ewk
kwkvjx, MwZkxj I my`i WUc GbfvqibgU mb wWv wjbv Aviv cPzi AvQ|
DeyUy eenviKvixiv nqZ fveQ Unity WUc ZZUvI evR bq hfve Avwg ejwQ| Avmj AbK DeyUy
eenviKvix`i GUv fvj jvM KviY Zviv DBvR nZ gy nq wjbv eenvi KiZ hvq Ges Pvwiw`K DeyUyi
bvg b DeyUy BUj Ki em GK chvq DeyUyKB fvjem dj| ZvB mUvi Pnviv hgbB nvK bv Kb
Zv`i wKQz Avm hvq bv|
evR WUc QvovI DeyUyi Aviv KqKwU Lvivc w`K AvQ hjvi Kvib AbKB DeyUy cQ` Kib bv|
GgbwK wiPvW jgvbI DeyUy cQ` Kib bv| wekvm nQ bv? Zvnj mivmwi jgvb wK ejQ BDwUDe
`Lybt www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP8CNp-vksc
ZvB AvcbviI cQ` bv nIqvi mvebvB ewk| cQ` bv Kivi cavb KviY nQ DeyUyZ GWIqvi Ges
vBIqvi AvQ| DeyUyZ GvgvRbi GKUv GWIqvi _vK| hw`I mUv wigyf Ki `Iqv hvq| mUv QvovI
DeyUyi Wvk h AbjvBb mvP wmg AvQ mUv Avcbvi mvP wcdvi KvbvwbKvji KvQ cvwVq `q|
wbic mvP iRv `Lvq bv| eis KvbvwbKvji GwdwjqU m`m`i cY iRv `Lvbv nq| GUv GKUv
vBIqvi| DeyUyi GWIqvi, vBIqvi Ges dvjZy BDwbwU WUci Kvib DeyUy AbKiB AcQ`|
Ze wjbv K Rbwcq Kivi cQb KvbvwbKvj Kvvwbi Ae`vb Ab^xKvh| AbK h GLb wjbv K
wPb Ges eenvi Ki Zv GB DeyUyi KviYB| GQvovI DeyUyi iqQ mePvBZ mg dvivg Ges AwYZ
eenviKvix wbq mwq KwgDwbwU| ZvQvov AbjvBb DeyUzi Rb cPzi wimvm cvIqv hvq|
bZyb eenviKvix`i Rb GB mg KwgDwbwU mvcvU Ges Gme wimvm LyeB KvR Avm| mjv eenvi Kivi
Rb DeyUyi Kvb fvwiqU wWv hgb KyeyUy/DeyUy Mvg/DeyUz gBU/GwjgUvwi IGm Gi hKvb GKwU
eenvi KiZ cvib| GgbwK Wweqvb ev wjbv wgU Gi hKvb GKwU eenvi KijI DeyUzi KwgDwbwU
mvcvU _K i Ki me myweavB fvM KiZ cvieb| KviY DeyUzi Rb nqQ Wweqvb nZ| Avi DeyUz nZ
Rb nqQ wjbv wgU, GwjgUvwi IGm BZvw`i| ZvB mevi g~j wfw GKB|
PAGE | 61
Avcbvi hw` wjbv eenvii wekl Kvb Dk _vK hgb nvwKs kLv ev wmg GWwgwbUi nIqv Zvnj
nvwKs Gi Rb Kvwj wjbv Ges wmg GWwgbi Rb iW nvU K eQ wbb| Gfve Kvb wekl Dk
wjbv eenvi Kij kvjvBRW wWv eenvi Kib|
PAGE | 62
Gevi Avcbvi wcwmZ wjbv mUvc `Iqvi cvjv| G Aavq Avcwb RvbZ cvieb wKfve Avcbvi wcwmZ
wjbv mUvc w`eb| Ze Zvi AvM RvbZ ne Kvb cwZZ Avcwb wjbvK eenvi KiZ Pvb| wjbvK
wewfbfve eenvi Kiv hvq| hgbt
PAGE | 64
iU dvvi /
iU nQ mB dvvi hLvb wjbv AcviwUs wmgi me dvBj dvvi BUj ne| GUvK evSvi myweav_
DBvRi C: Drive Gi mv_ Zyjbv Kiv hZ cvi hw`I GUv m~Y Avjv`v GKwU wRwbm| Avcwb hme
mdUIqvi BUj Kieb mjv GB dvvi _vKe| GB dvvii Kvb dvBj Avcwb wWwjU KiZ cvieb
bv| Zvi Rb iU cviwgkvb jvMe|
PAGE | 65
Manage G
PAGE | 66
mLvb Avcbvi mejv WvBf `Lve| Gevi h WvBf DBvR AvQ mB WvBfi Kvb GKwU cvwUkvb _K
m ei Ki wbZ ne| A_vr mB cvwUkvbwUK msKzwPZ Ki djZ ne| Zvi Rb ewk RvqMv AvQ Ggb
GKwU cvwUkvb wmj Ki mUvi Dci gvDmi ivBU wKK Ki Shrink Volume G wKK Kiyb|
Gi ci GKwU WvqjM e Avme mLvb KZUzKz RvqMv wbZ Pvb mUv wjL w`Z ne| 25 wRwei Rb
(25*1 024=25600) wjL Shrink evUb Pvc w`b| PvBj Aviv ewk RvqMvI wbZ cvib|
25600
PAGE | 67
Kvb cvwUkvb Shrink Kivi c~e mwUK AvM Defragment Ki wbZ ne| bv nj WvUv jm nevi mvebv
AvQ| Shrink nq hvevi ci Avcwb wW gvbRgU Unallocated Space `LZ cveb| Kvb cvwUkvb
wWwjU Ki w`jI Unallocated Space Zwi nq| Gi Rb Shrink Volume Gi cwieZ Delete Volume
PvcZ ne| Kvb cvwUkvb m~Y Lvwj _vKjB mUv wWwjU Kiv hve| hKvb DcvqB GKevi Avb
GjvKUW m Zwi nq Mj Avcbvi WvBf wjbv mUvc `Iqvi Rb cZ|
GLb `iKvi GKwU eyUej cbWvBf| Zvnj mwU wKfve Zwi Kiv hvq `L bIqv hvK-c_g
www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1 -2-3
GB wj wMq
mdU&&I qviwU WvDbjvW Ki wbb| Zvici Avcbvi cbWvBfwU wcwmZ jvwMq
mdU&&I qviwU Icb Kib| Zvici h wWvi Rb eyUej USB Zwi KiZ Pvb mwU wmj Ki w`b|
PAGE | 68
Gi ci Avcbvi cQ`i wWvi iso dvBjwU Ges Avcbvi cbWvBfwU wmj Ki w`q create evUb Pvc
w`b| ZvnjB Avcbvi cb WvBfwU eyUej nq hve Ges mUvi gvag mUvc w`Z cvieb|
cbWvBfi mvBR b~bZg 4 GB nZ ne| cb WvBf Zwi nq hvIqvi ci Avgiv eyU Kivi Rb GKevi
Zwi| Avgiv GLvb wjbv wgU mUvc Kiv `Le| Ze Avcwb PvBj hKvb cQ`i wWv mUvc KiZ
cvib| mUvc cwqv me wWvi Rb cvq GKB|
PAGE | 69
Gici wcwm Pvjy nj Avgiv wbPi gZ GKwU xb `Le Ges mLvb Install
Kij BUjkvb DBv Icb ne|
Linux Mint
PAGE | 70
c~eeZx xbi fvlv wmj Ki w`q continue w`j BUjkvb PK e Avme hLvb PK Kiv ne
Avcbvi wcwmZ b~bZg 9.4 wRwe Lvwj RvqMv AvQ wKbv, wcwm wU cvIqvi mvmi mv_ KvbW AvQ wKbv,
Ges BUvibU mshvM AvQ wKbv| ay c_g AckbwU wVK _vKjI Avgiv cieZx avc hZ cvie|
GB avc Avcwb wKfve wjbv wgU BUj KiZ Pvb mwU RvbZ PvBe| c_g AckbwU wmj Kij Avcbvi
m~Y nvW wW digvU nq hve ZvB mveavb| GB avc AekB mePvBZ wbPi Ackb Something Else
wmj Kiyb|
PAGE | 71
GB avc j Kiyb Avcbvi mejv WvBf Show KiQ Ges WvBfi bvg `LvQ sda1 , sda2, sda3
GB bvgi evcvi AvMB ejwQjvg ZvB GLb Avi ejwQ bv| GLvb `Lyb Avcbvi AvbGjvKUW mwU
GLvb wd m wnme wmjW nq AvQ| A_vr wjbv AUvgwUK wd mK wWU KiQ mUvci Rb|
Avcwb hw` 25 wRwe AvbGjvKUW m wbq _vKb Zvnj mwU GLvb `Lve| Gevi evg w`K wbPi
KvYvq h + evUbwU AvQ mwUZ wKK Kiyb| Zvnj wbPi gZ GKwU e Avme|
Avcbvi 25 wRwe nZ iyU dvvii "/" hZ wRwe RvqMv wbZ Pvb mwU GLvb wjL w`b| Type or the new
partition: Primary And Location for the new partition: Begining of this space iL Use as: Ext4
journaling file system wmj Kiyb| gvDU cqU / w`q OK w`b|
gb ivLeb Avcbvi mvqvc WvBfi RbI RvqMv ivLZ ne| ZvB Avcbvi ivgi mvBRi wb RvqMv
mvqvc WvBfi Rb iL evwK RvqMv Root dvvii Rb wbq wbb|
PAGE | 72
Gici cybivq WvBf wmji DBv diZ Avme Ges mLvb GKB cwqvq mvqvc mi Rb evwK wd
m jv wbZ ne|
mvqvc m wbaviY Ki w`q mvqvc Gwiqv wmj Ki w`b Avi Ab mwUsm jv GKB ivLyb| Gici
cybivq WvBf wmj Kivi DBvwU Avmj mLvb Root "/" cvwUkvb wmjW Aevq iL Install Now
evUb wKK Kiyb|
PAGE | 73
Gici Avcbvi bvg, BDRvi bg Ges cvmIqvW w`b| QvU cvmIqvW w`b, Kvib GB cvmIqvW AvcbvK me
mgq eenvi KiZ ne| hKvb GWwgwbwUf KvRB GB cvmIqvW jvMe|
PAGE | 74
Gevi GLvb wivU evUb wKK Kiyb| wcwm wivU nIqvi mgq AekB Avcbvi cbWvBfwU Lyj djeb Ges
evqvm mwUsm c~ei gZ Ki w`eb| Zv bv nj cybivq cbWvBf _K eyU Kiv i ne|
PAGE | 75
Awfb`b!!! Avcwb mdjfve wjbv wgU BUj KiZ ciQb| Gevi Avcbvi wgUK wbRi gZ Ki mvwRq
bIqvi cvjv| Zvi Rb c_gB h wRwbmwU `iKvi ne mwU nQ BUvibU KvbKkvb|
Avcbvi hw` eWev Kvej mshvM _vK Zvnj Zv Kvb K_vB bB| hw` Avcwb Kvb IqvBgv Kvvwb
hgb wKDwe ev evsjvjvqb Gi gWg eenvi Ki _vKb Zvnj gWgwU nvjm nZ ne| ZvnjB wjbv
KvR Kie| IqvBgv Kvvwbjvi bZzb gWji gWgjv nvjm, A_vr WvBfvi wbfi bq| ZvB
Gjv hKvb AcviwUs wmgB KvR Kie| wK cyivbv gWji DBvR wbfi gWg nj mjv KvR
Kie bv| Avi Avcwb hw` Kvb gvevBj Kvvwbi gWg eenvi Ki _vKb Zvnj mjvI wjbv KvR
Kie bv| Kvib g~jZ evsjv`ki Rb evbvbv Gme wbgvbi PvBwbR gWg wjbvi Rb WvBfvi _vKe
ZgbUv Avkv Kiv hvq bv| Avi wjbvI Gjvi Rb mvcvU _vKebv mUvB ^vfvweK| hw` Avcbvi eWev
ev nvjm gWg bv _vK Zvnj wKfve BUvibU eenvi Kieb? GKwU mnR Dcvq AvQ| Zvi Rb GKwU
vU dvb _vKZ ne| mwU GqW, AvBdvb ev bvwKqv jywgqv hvB nvK bv Kb Avgiv GLvb `Le wKfve
mwU w`q wjbv BUvibU eenvi Kiv hvq|
c_g Avgiv `Le wKfve GqW w`q wjbv BUvibU KvbKkvb bIqv hvq-Avcbvi GqW gvevBji WvUv KvbKkvb Ab
Kb wbb| Gici Avcbvi dvbwU WvUv Kveji
mvnvh Avcbvi wcwmZ Kvb Kiyb| Zvi ci
dvbi bUIqvK mwUsm wMq USB Tethering
Ab Ki w`b| `Leb cvq mv_ mv_ wjbv bU
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bv| c~Y MwZZ bU BDR KiZ cvieb| GKB
cwZZ Portable Wi-Fi Hotspot eenvi KiI
bU eenvi KiZ cvieb| Zvi Rb wcwmZ WiFi GvWvvi _vKZ ne| Ze jvcUc GwU weBb _vK|
PAGE | 76
bvwKqv dvbi c_g WvUv Kvej w`q dvbwU wcwmi mv_ mshy Ki wbb| Gi ci dvb wcwm myU
wmj Ki w`b| Gi ci wjbv wgUi bUIqvK gvbRvi hvb| GwU Uvevii Wvbw`K _vKe| mLvb
bUIqvK KvbKkvb Ackb wKK Kiyb| Zvici ADD evUb wKK Kij AvcbvK bUIqvK KvbKkvb UvBc
wmj Ki w`Z eje| mLvb _K Mobile Broadband Uve wKK Kiyb| mLvb Avcbvi gvevBj wmj
Ki BDRvi bg, cvm&I qvW, GwcGb BZvw` Z_jv w`q ei nq Avmyb| Gici Avcwb GB gvevBj eWev
cvdvBjwU wmj Ki w`q mwU w`q bU PvjvZ cvieb|
Gevi AvBdvb w`q bU KvbKkvb wKfve Kiv hvq mUv `Lv hvK| wjbv wgU AvBdvb mivmwi wWU
Ki| ZvB GUv w`q GqWi gZ mivmwi BDGmwe Kvej w`q Kvb Ki BUvibU U`vwis Ab Ki bU
Pvjvbv hve wK Zvi Rb AvM KqKwU cvKR BUj Ki mjv KbwdMvi Ki wbZ ne| GB
cmmjv bZzb`i Rb GKUz RwUj nq hve ZvB GLvb `LvwQ bv| Ze AvBdvb w`q Wi-Fi Hotspot
Gi gvag mnRB wjbv bU Pvjvbv hve| Gi Rb AvBdvbi WvUv Ab Ki nUU Ab Ki w`Z ne|
Zvnj wjbv wcwmZ/jvcUc AvBdvbi bUIqvK wWU Kie Ges mUv w`q BUvibU eenvi Kiv hve|
Gici Avcbvi wjbv wgUK Aviv cvid Ki Zvjvi Rb ek wKQz gwjK KvR Ki wbZ ne| GLb
mjv Kiv hvK| c_g h KvRwU KiZ ne mwU nj wmg AvcWU| Gi Rb wbP Uvevii Wvbw`K
Update Manager G wKK Kiyb| mLvb wK wK AvcWU AvQ mjv me Show Kie| mjv wmj Ki
Install now evUb wKK Kiyb| ZvnjB Avcbvi cyiv wmg Ges me mdU&&I qvijv AvcWU nq hve|
Appearence, Preference,
Gi ci cQ`gZ Theme, Icon, Bootsplash Screen, Docky, Conky BZvw` BUj Ki wbRi
wgUK KvgvBRW Ki djyb| Gjv Kv_vq cveb Zv AvMB ejwQ| Ze Gjv BUji AvM Uvwgbvji
eenvi Rb wbZ ne| Gi Rb Uvwgbvj AavqwU fvjgZ co Uvwgbvj Kgvjv cvKwUm Ki wbb|
PAGE | 77
Administration>Device Drivers
mwUsm wMq
Gici wgU gby _K mdU&&I qvi gvbRvi wMq ubuntu-restricted-extras wjL mvP w`b Ges
cvKRwU BUj Ki djyb| wjbv wgU DeyUzi cvKR eenvi Ki _vK ZvB DeyUzi me cvKRB wgU
eenvi Kiv hvq| Gici mdU&&I qvi gvbRvi evDR Ki Avcbvi cQ`i mdU&I qvijv GK GK BUj
Ki djZ _vKzb| GLvb mdU&&I qvijv KvUvMwi Abyhvqx mvRvbv _vK| GLvb cZKwU mdU&&I qviB wd|
PAGE | 78
wjbvi mdU&Iqvi
wjbv AvQ nvRvi nvRvi mdU&&I qvi| mjv mejv mK GLvb jLv me bq Ges Zvi cqvRbI bB|
Avgiv GLvb ay `bw`b KvR eenvi Kwi Ggb wKQz mdU&&I qvi mK Rvbe|
c_gB h mdU&&I qviwUi K_v ejZ nq mwU nQ LIBRE OFFICE | GwU MS OFFICE Gi wd Ges DbZ
weK| Avgvi`i MS OFFICE UvKv w`q Kbvi Afvm bB| ZvB Avgiv Avmj gRvUv DcfvM KiZ cvie
bv| Avgv`i gb nZ cvi GUv Avi Ggb wK? wK hw` MS OFFICE Gi Rb 200 Wjvi eq KiZ nZv
ZvnjB Avmj gRvUv cZvg| 200 Wjvi eq bv Ki eis m~Y wdZ Aviv fvj GKwU Awdm m~U eenvi
Kivi gRv cZvg| wjevi Awdm wjbv wWvjvi mv_ wc BUjW Aevq cvIqv hvq| ZvB GwU Avi Avjv`v
Ki BUj KiZ nq bv|
Zvnj GB
LIBRE OFFICE G
PAGE | 80
PAGE | 81
MS Access Gi
Libre Office Math |
Ges
ibus
GQvovI AvQ
Ges
bvgi jvsqR BbcyU `Iqvi mdU&I qviwU BUj KiZ ne| GwU wgU
GLvb BbcyU g_W wMq evsjv BDwbRq GW Ki wbb| BDwbRq evsjv jLvi myweav nj GUv w`q Iqe ev
hKvb WKzgU me RvqMvZB evsjv jLv hvq| ZvB GKUv digvU wkLjB me RvqMvZB jLv hvq| Ze
BDwbRq GLbv weRqi gZ dvw dU bv _vKjI ek wKQz vvW dU AvQ|
A eenviKvixivI ibus w`q mnRB evsjv wjLZ cvieb| Zvi Rb Ai Iqe mvBU wMq wKfve BUj
KiZ ne Zv `L wbb| wjt linux.omicronlab.com
Gevi weRqi K_vq Avmv hvK| KviY Avgv`i `ki cPzi eenviKvix weRq eenvi Ki| GLbv cdkbvjx
evsjv jLvi Rb weRq Qvov MwZ bB| wK mePvBZ iZc~Y Z_wU nj DBvR Ges gvK eenviKvix`i
Rb weRqi jvBm wd nQ 5000 UvKv| Avcwb hw` jvBm bv wKbB Avcbvi DBvR ev gvK cvBiUW
weRq eenvi Ki _vKb Zvnj Rb ivLyb Avcwb gvdv Revii Avb` KwDUvim Gi KwcivBU f Ki
Aea fve weRq eenvi KiQb|
wK evwMZ wjbv eenviKvix Ges GqWi Rb weRq m~Y wd| wekvm nQ bv? wbRB `L wbbt
www.bijoyekushe.net/index.php?action=software
wjbv wKfve weRq BUj Kieb mUvi cwZ weRq WvDbjvW Kij mLvb cveb| Ze mLvb mvgvb
fyj AvQ| dvBj gyf Kivi Kgv dvBji bvg fyj AvQ| mUv Lqvj ivLeb| Avi Kgv jvBbi gvag
BUji cwqv GB eBqi Uvwgbvj AavqwU cojB wkL hveb|
PAGE | 82
Gimp
PAGE | 83
PAGE | 84
PAGE | 85
Gaibi Music Player jvZ Avcbvi wgDwRK dvvii me Mvb c_g GKevi Add Ki wbZ ne|
Zvici _K Mvb kvbvi Rb Avi dvvi XzKZ ne bv| GB mdU&&I qvi open KijB ne| `Leb GLvb
Genre, Artist, Album, Title BZvw` Abyhvqx me Mvb KvUvMivBRW nq MQ| GLvb _K mnRB Avcbvi
cQ`i MvbwU LyR ei Ki djZ cvieb|
Ze GKUv welq gv_vq ivLeb hnZz GB mdU&&I qvijv Avcbvi WvBfi wgDwRK dvvi _K wiW Ki
ZvB mB WvBfwU gvDUW _vKZ ne| Zv bv nj mdU&&I qvi Kvb Mvb play ne bv| WvBf gvDwUs Gi
evcvi wmg GWwgwbkvb Aavq RvbZ cvieb| Ze msc ejv hvq, h WvBf Avcbvi wgDwRK
dvviwU AvQ mB WvBfwU AvM Wvej wKK Ki open Ki wbeb| ZvnjB wgDwRK play ne|
Ze winamp
PAGE | 86
Openshot
BUvibU evDRvi wnme dvqvid Zv wWdfve `Iqv _vKB| GQvovI BUj KiZ cvib
Ges Opera ev Midori .
wjbv UiU WvDbjvWi Rb AvQ Deluge,
Chromium
PAGE | 87
WvBf cvwUkvwbs Gi Rb AvQ Gparted | GwU eenvi Kiv LyeB mnR| Ges GwU Ggbfve KvR Ki hvZ
cvwUkvwbs ev WvBf m wi GjvKwUs Gi mgq Avcbvi GK wKjvevBU WvUvI j bv nq| GwU LyeB kwkvjx
GKwU mdU&&I qvi|
CCleaner Gi gZ GKwU wKwbs mdU&I qvi AvQ mUv nj BleachBit. hw`I GwU CCleaner Gi PvBZ
AbK ewk kwkvjx| GUvK BDRvi Ges Root `ywU gvWB Pvjvbv hvq|
PAGE | 88
Skype
Rbwcq wfwWI Kwjs mdUIqvi Skype K gvBvmdU wKb djvq mUv GLb Avi wjbvi Rb Wfjc
Kiv nq bv| ZvB DBvR Ges gvKi Rb vBci h_vg 7.22 I 7.6 fvmb PjjI wjbv vBc fvmb
GLbv 4 .3 G AvUK AvQ|
Kb wjbvi Rb vBc Avi Wfjc Kiv nQ bv mUvi Di vBci dvivg cvIqv MQ, It's
funny
and equally sad 'cause Linux has never been a threat to Microsoft on the desktop. Perhaps
employing a single programmer for the Linux version seemed too expensive for them.
wjbvi Rb fvmb Zwi KiZ GK UvKvI LiP KiZ ivRx bq gvBvmdU|
Avcbvi gb nZ cvi Zvnj wjbvi Wfjcviiv Kb Skype K Wfjc KiQ bv? Zvi Kvib nj
This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties. Unauthorized reproduction or
distribution of this program, or any position of it, may result in the severe civil and criminal penalties
and will be prosecuted to the maximum extent possible under the law.
gvBvmdU Skype K wbR`i mw evwbq djQ| KvRB wjbv eenviKvix`i gvBvmdUi KvQ
_K wKQy Avkv KivB e_v| MUmi ga hw` jgvb ev wjbvmi gvbwmKZvi we`ygvI _vKZ Zvnj nqZ
cw_ex AbiKg nZ|
PAGE | 89
Gevi wKQz Ggb wKQz mdU&I qvi Pvjvbv hvK hjv DBvR ev gvK G Pj|
Avmj wKQz wKQz mdU&I qvi wbgvZv cwZvbi nxbgbZvi KvibB Zv`i
mdU&I qvii Kvb wjbv fvmb bB| Avevi mme mdU&I qvii Dci Avgiv
AwZ gvvq wbfikxj| ZvB mjv PvjvZ bv cvivi Kvib AbKB wjbv
eenvi AvMnx nq bv|
wK m mgmvi mgvavb Ki w`qQ WINE bvgK GKwU Avh
mdU&I qvi| GUv QvovI PlayonLinux bvg AviKwU mdU&I qvi AvQ
hwU g~jZ IqvBb eenvi Ki mnR DBvR fvmbi mdU&&I qvi
BUji BUvidm w`q _vK| GUvi gvag DBvR fvmbi ewkifvM
Mgm I mdU&&I qvi wjbv Pj|
GgbwK GWvwe KcvikvbK Zv`i mdU&&I qvii wjbv fvmb ei
KiZ ejv nj Zviv Di w`qQ WINE w`q Pvjvb| Kvb
mdU&I qvii hw` wjbv fvmb bv _vK Zvnj eyS wbeb mUv wjbvi
`vl bq eis H mdU&&I qvi wbgvZv Kvvwbi nxbgbZv| Ze GB Aevi
GLb AbKUvB cwieZb nqQ| ewkifvM Kvvwbi md&UIqviiB wjbv
fvmb AvQ| Avi hjv bB mjvi fvj weK mdU&&I qvi wjbv AvQ|
Zvici&I hme mdU&I qvii wjbv fvmb cqvRb mjvI AwPiB Pj
Avme Kvib GLb DBvR Zv`i kl mxgvbvq cQ MQ| ZvB AbKB
GLb DBvR Qo wjbv KbfvU nQ|
WINE
WINE
w`q mdU&&I qvi BUji Rb .exe dvBjwUZ gvDmi ivBU evUb wKK Ki Icb DB_ IqvBb
w`jB GwU DBvRi gZ KiB BUj nq hve|
BUjkvbi ci DBvRi gZB mdU&&I qvii AvBKbwU WUc _vKe A_ev gbyZ Mj IqvBb
KvUvMwii Aaxb cvIqv hve| Gici DBvRi mdU&&I qvi PvjvZ cvieb wjbv Kvb mgmv QvovB|
IqvBb Pvjvbv DBvRi mdU&&I qvijvZ bvPvivj jyK `Iqvi Rb IqvBbi _xg BUj Ki djyb|
AbjvBb mvP Kij IqvBbi Rb DBvR Gwci _xg cveb| mUv WvDbjvW Ki IqvBb KbwdMvikvb
wMq WUc BwUMkvbi BUj _xg Ackb Avcbvi WvDbjvWKZ _xgwU wmj Ki w`b| Ze GwU Kivi
AvM Mvwd Ackb wMq Avcbvi WUc mvBR wVK Ki beb| IqvBbi _xg jvMvbv nq Mj `Leb
Avcbvi DBvRi mdU&&I qvijvi Pnviv cv hve|
PAGE | 90
GLb Avgiv PlayonLinux Gi gvag Pjv GWvwei ej eeZ `ywU mdU&I qvi `L wbB --
wjbv AvBwWGg Pj| ay Pj ejj Kg ejv ne| GKevi `ovq| GUv `Lvbvi RbB GLvbv wjbv wK
wK WvDbjvW gvbRvi AvQ mjvi welq GLbv ewjwb| Kvib Avwg Rvwb, GUv _vKj Avcbv`i Ab Kvb
WvDbjvW gvbRvi jvMe bv| Ze GUv vK cvP w`q eenvi KiZ wbirmvwnZ KiwQ|
WINE
G Gwci _xg BUj Kiv nqQ ZvB AvBwWGgK Ggb `LvQ| GQvov wmg IGmG Gi _xg
eenvi Kiv nqQ ej mdU&I qvii wgwbgvBR, gvwgvBR ev KvR evUb jv IGmG Gi gZ `LvQ|
wKfve BUj Kieb? Zvnj `Lv hvK wKfve AvBwWGg BUj Kiv hvq|
Gi Rb AekB AvM IqvBb BUj Kiv _vKZ ne| wgU IqvBb wcBUmjW _vK ZvB wgU eenviKvix`i
bZzb Ki BUj Kiv jvMe bv| Ab wWv nj AvM IqvBb BUj Ki wbb| Zvici AvBwWGgi exe
dvBjwUK Avcbvi nvg dvvi wbq Avmyb| nvgi Aaxb Kvb mvedvvi ivLjI ne|
Gici AvBwWGgi exe dvBji Dci gvDmi ivBU evUb wKK Ki Icb DB_ IqvBb cvMvg jvWvi w`b|
ZvnjB `Leb DBvRi gZB AvBwWGg BUj nq hve|
PAGE | 92
Plugin
GwU BUji ci dvqvidi GWm evi about:config wjL enter w`b| Zvici mLvb IqvBb wjL
mvP w`b| mLvb flashgot.useWine Gi value Z wKK Ki true Ki w`b|
Gici dvqvid wMq dvkMUi wcdvi wKK Kiyb| mLvb WvDbjvW gvbRvi wnme AvBwWGg wmj
Ki w`b| GwwKDUej cv_ G AvBwWGgi BUjkvb wWiwiZ AvBwWGg wmj Ki w`b| GwU cveb
/home/user_name/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/ Internet Download Manager Gici Command
line arguments template: Gi wbPi e --run IDMan %f /d [URL] GwU wjL w`b|
PAGE | 93
Gici dvkMU wgwWqv Uve wMq wWd WvDbjvW gvbRvi AvBwWGg Ges kv Uzjevi PKe wUK wP w`q
w`b| ZvnjB GwU dvqvidi Uzjevi kv Kie Ges WvDbjvW Kivi Rb dvBj wWU Kie|
Zvnj Gevi WvDbjvW Kiv hvK| hLb Avcwb dvqvid _K Kvb dvBj WvDbjvW KiZ PvBeb ZLb
c_g wbPi DBvwU Avme|
`Lyb GLvb dvkMU Ges AvBwWGg wmj Kiv AvQ| Gevi GUvZ
OK w`b|
PAGE | 94
GLvb `Lyb AvBwWGg dvBji AvBKbwU wVKgZ kv KiQ bv| Kvib Avcwb h dvBjwU WvDbjvW KiQb
mwU Icb Kivi Rb DBvRi mdU&&I qviwU IqvBb BUj Kiv bB| mUvi Kvb cqvRbI bB| ZvB GB
mvgvb evcviwUK Ignore Kiyb| Ges vU WvDbjvW evUb Pvc w`b| Zvi ci WvDbjvW iy ne|
PAGE | 95
hKvb wgwWqv dvBj dvkMU wWU Kie| mUvZ ivBU wKK Kij Avcwb WvDbjvW Kivi Rb wewfb
digvU `LZ cveb| mLvb _K GKwUZ wKK KijB WvDbjvW iy nq hve|
WvDbjvW kl nj Open ev Open With w`q Kvb jvf bB Kvib AvMB ejwQ Gjv Icb Kivi gZ
mdU&&I qvi IqvBb BUj Kiv bB| Zvnj WvDbjvWKZ dvBjjv Kv_vq cveb? wbPi GWm hvbt
/home/user-name/.wine/drive_c/users/user-name
GLvb Mj Downloads bvgi GKwU dvvi `LZ cveb| GUvB Avcbvi AvBwWGgi WvDbjvW dvvi|
Gevi GUvi GKUv kUKvU Zwi Ki nvg dvvi ev WUc wbq Avmyb| dvvi kUKvU Zwii Rb
dvviwU wmj Ki dvBj gvbRvii GwWU gbyZ wMq Make Link G wKK Kiyb| ZvnjB dvvii
kUKvU Zwi nq hve| Gevi mwU nvg ev WUc wbq Avmyb| evm nq Mj| Gevi wjbv AvBwWGg w`q
WvDbjvWi gRv DcfvM Kiyb|
Rb ivLyb FlashGot Plugin aygv dvqvidi Rb AvQ| ZvB Ab Kvb evDRvi AvcvZZ AvBwWGg
BwUMU Kiv me nQ bv|
hKvb mdU&I qvi vK Ki eenvi Kiv A_vr cvBiUW mdU&I qvi eenvi Kiv wjbvi bxwZ wei GKwU
KvR| ZvB hKvb cvcivBUwi mdU&I qvi eenvi KiZ nj jvBm wKb eenvi KivB kq| GKvib
wjbv DBvRi hKvb vK mdU&I qvi eenvi Kiv _K h_v me weiZ _vKzb|
Avi hviv AvBwWGg wKbZ Pvb bv Zv`i Rb wjbv AvQ XDM-Xtreme Download Manager
GQvovI Aviv GKwU Rbwcq WvDbjvW gvbRvi nQ uGET. GB `ywU m~Y wd WvDbjvW gvbRvi|
Gevi wKQz cqvRbxq mdU&&I qvi wimvm `L bIqv hvK| Avcbvi wmg c` mdU&I qvi mUvi QvovI
AbjvBbI AbK mdU&&I qvi wimvm, mLvb _KI mdU&I qvi WvDbjvW KiZ cvieb| GiKg KqKwU
wimvm nQ--
www.linuxsoft.cz/en
www.techsupportalert.com/content/best-free-software-linux.htm
gnomefiles.org
DBvRi wK wK mdU&&I qvi ev Mgm wjbv Pvjvbv hvq mjvi ZvwjKv `Lvi Rb wbPi wj jvZ
hZ cvib--
PAGE | 96
dvBj wmg
I
wmg GWwgwbkvb
/ iU (Root)
wWiwi
wjbv dvBj wmgi mewKQyi Drcwj nQ GB / wWiwi| ZvB GUvK iU wWiwi ejv nq| AbK
GUvK DBvRi C: Drive Gi mv_ Zyjbv Kib wK GUv gvUI DBvRi gZ wm WvBfi gZ bq|
DBvR cwZwU WvBf Avjv`v fve WvBf jUvi gvDwUs cwZZ `Lvbv nq hgb C:\, D:\ BZvw`| wK
wjbv Gaibi wKQy bB| wjbvi WvBf jv nQ / wWiwii Aaxb gvDU nIqv GK GKwU dvvi|
PAGE | 98
/bin
GB wWiwiZ cqvRbxq evBbvwi cvMvg mg~n _vK hjv wmj BDRvi gvW wmg gvDUW nIqvi Rb
cqvRb nq| mnR ejZ Mj, mvaviY eenviKvix wmg hme Kgv `q mme Pvjvbvi Rb cvMvg
dvBj (evBbvwi) mg~n GB wWiwiZ _vK|
/boot
GB wWiwiZ wmg eyU Kivi Rb cqvRbxq dvBjmg~n _vK| hgb Mve eyU jvWvii dvBj mg~n Ges
wjbv KvbjI GB dvvi _vK| hw`I eyUjvWvii KbwdMvikvb dvBj GB wWiwiZ _vK bv|
/cdrom
wmg wmwW/wWwfwW ig _vKj mUvi Rb Avqx gvDU cqU wnme GB wWiwi eeZ nq|
/dev
GB wWiwiZ wWfvBm dvBjmg~n _vK| GB wWfvBm dvBj mg~n Kvb Avmj dvBj bq| wjbv wWfvBm
mg~nK dvBj wnme wPwZ Kiv nq| KwDUvi _vKv cZKwU wWfvBm GB wWiwiZ dvBj wnme `Lvbv
nq| GB wWiwiZ Mj `Leb nvRvi nvRvi dvBj hjv Avcbvi wmwcD _K i Ki nvW WvBf mn
cZKwU wWfvBmK wb`k KiQ|
/etc
GB wWiwiZ me KbwdMvikvb dvBj mg~n _vK| hjvK UU GwWUi w`q cwieZb Kiv hvq| Ze GB
wWiwiZ ay wmg KbwdMvikvb dvBj mg~nB _vK| eenviKvixi KbwdMvikvb dvBj mg~n GLvb _vK
bv| mjv _vK eenviKvixi nvg wWiwiZ|
/home
nvg wWiwi nQ eenviKvixi nvg dvvi| aib Avcbvi bvg hw` James nq Zvnj Avcbvi nvg dvvi
ne /home/james. GB dvvi _vK eenviKvixi wewfb dvBjmg~n| eenviKvixi KbwdMvikvb dvBj
jvI GB dvvi _vK| eenviKvixi ay gv GB dvvii DciB c~Y wbqb A_vr Write Access _vK|
wmgi Ab dvvi jvZ eenviKvixi Write Access _vK bv| GUv wmgi wbivcvi KvibB Kiv
nq| KviY Avcwb hw` Kvb wmg dvBj wWwjU Ki `b Zvnj wmg vk Kie| Ze iU cviwgkvb
bIqvi gvag wmg dvvi Write Access bIqv hvq|
/lib
GB wWiwiZ jvBewi dvBj mg~n _vK hjv cvMvg kqvi Ki _vK| GRb GjvK kqviW
jvBewiI ejv nq|
/lost+found
GB wWiwiwUZ KivW dvBj mg~n Wv Kiv nq| hw` Kvb Kvib wmg vk Ki Zvnj cieZxZ eyU
nIqvi mgq mg dvBj wmg PK Kiv nq Ges Kvb KivW dvBj _vKj mUv GB dvvi dj `Iqv
nq| GRb wjbv Kvb WvUv nvwiq Mj mUv wiKfvwi Kiv AbK mnR|
PAGE | 99
/media
GB wWiwii Aaxb wigyfej wgwWqv mg~n gvDU Kiv nq| hgb James hw` KwDUvi cb WvBf jvMvq
Zvnj /media/james GB dvvi AUvgwUK cbWvBfi Rb dvvi Zwi ne Avi mUvK Avgiv Drive
wnme `LZ cve| GKB fve nvW WvBf Ges wmwW/wWwfwW ig WvBf mn me aibi wigyfej wgwWqv wWfvBm
GB wWiwii Aaxb gvDU Kiv nq| hgb James Gi hw` Drive One bvg Kvb WvBf _vK Zvnj mUv
/media/james/Drive One GB GWm gvDU ne| ^vfvweKfve wmg Pvjy nIqvi ci WvBfjv AUv
gvDU nq bv| gvbyqwj gvDU Ki wbZ nq| Wvej wKK Ki WvBf XyKjB WvBf gvDUW nq hve| Ze
Avcwb PvBj mwUsm G wMq vU Avci mgq WvBfjv AUv gvDU Ki w`Z cvib| Ze GwU Kij vU
Avc UvBg eo hve|
/mnt
GB wWiwiwU Avqx dvBj wmg gvDU Kivi Rb eeZ nq| hgb dvBj wiKfvwii Rb GKwU DBvR
cvwUkvb gvDU KiZ PvBj /mnt/windows Gfve gvDU KiZ ne| GB wWiwiwU gvbyqvj gvDwUs Gi
Rb eeZ nq| Ze BQ Kij wmgi hKvb RvqMvq gvbyqj gvDwUs me|
/opt
GB dvvi Ackbvj cvKR mg~n _vK| hgb hw` Kvb cvcivBUwi mdU&I qvi BUj Kiv nq hUv vvW
dvBj wmg nvqvivwK gb Pj bv m mB mdU&I qviwU Gi dvBj mg~nK /opt/application GB
dvvi ivLZ cvi|
/proc
GB wWiwiwUK /dev wWiwii mv_ Zyjbv Kiv hZ cvi KviY GZ Kvb Avmj dvBj _vK bv| GZ _vK
Kvbj Ges wmgi wewfb cmm mwKZ Z_i dvBj mg~n|
/root
iU wWiwi nQ iU BDRvii nvg dvvi| A_vr Avcwb hw` iU cviwgkvb wbq iU BDRvi (mycvi BDRvi)
nq hvb Zvnj GB wWiwwiwUB ne Avcbvi nvg dvvi| ZLb /home/root Gi cwieZ GwU ne /root.
iU BDRvi ev mycvi BDRvi nQ KwDUvii megq gZvi AwaKvix| Ze wekvj gZvi mv_ hgb wekvj
`vwqZI Avm Zgwb mycvi BDRvi nj wmgi hKvb cwieZbi `vwqZI Avcbvi| Avi hw` fyj fvj wKQy
Ki wmg APj Ki djb m mUvi `vqI AvcbviB|
/run
GB wWiwiZ hme GwcKkvb mKU Ges cmm AvBwW eenvi Ki mme GwcKkvbi UvbwmqU dvBj
mg~n ivLv nq| GjvK Uivwi dvvi ivLv hvq bv KviY Uivwi dvvii dvBj jv wWwjU Ki
`Iqv nq|
/sbin
GB wWiwiZ wmg GWwgwbkvb evBbvwi cvMvgmg~n _vK hjv iU BDRvi eenvi Ki _vK| A_vr
mycvi BDRvi wmg hme Kgv `q mjv GwwKDU Kivi Rb cqvRbxq evBbvwi cvMvgmg~n GZ
_vK|
PAGE | 100
/selinux
hme wjbv wWv wmwKDwiwUi Rb SELinux eenvi Ki hgb Fedora, RedHat mme wWvi dvBj
wmg GB wWiwiwU _vK| GwUi Kvhvewj /proc wWiwii gZ| Ubuntu wfwK wWv mg~n SELinux
eenvi Ki bv ZvB GB wWiwwiwUI _vK bv|
/srv
GB wWiwiZ wmgi wewfb mvwfm msv Z_ mswiZ nq| hgb Avcwb hw` Iqe mvBUi Rb
Apache HTTP Server eenvi Kib Zvnj Avcbvi Iqe mvBUi mKj dvBj mg~n GB wWiwii Aaxb
mswiZ ne|
/sys
GB wWiwiZ wmg eeZ wewfb KvbU (mvaviYZ nvWI qvi) mwKZ Z_mg~n mymwZ _vK| GB
wWiwiZI Kvb Avmj dvBj _vK bv| wjbv Kvbj wdwRKvj Ges fvPyqvj wWfvBm mwKZ Z_mg~n GB
wWiwiZ msiY Ki| GUv GgbB GK wWiwi hLvb mycvi BDRviI Write Access wbZ cvi bv|
/tmp
GB wWiwiZ GwcKkvb mdUIqvi jv hme Uivwi dvBj Zwi Ki mjv _vK| Gjv cwZevi
kvUWvDbi mgq ^qswqfve wWwjU nq hvq| Ze Bleachbit Gi gZ mdU&I qvi w`q gvbyqjxI Gjv
wWwjU Kiv hvq|
/usr
GB wWiwiZ BDRvi KZK eeZ GwcKkvb Ges dvBj mg~n msiwZ nq| hgb AiZc~Y GwcKkvb
mivmwi /bin wWiwiZ bv iL /usr/bin wWiwiZ ivLv nq Ges jvBewi dvBj jv /usr/lib GB dvvi
ivLv nq| AvwKUKPvii mv_ wbfikxj bq Ggb dvBjjvK ivLv nq /usr/share dvvi|
/var
GB wWiwiZ wmgi wewfb fvwiqej dvBj mg~n _vK| BDRvi wWiwiZ hme
nq mjvi Writable dvBjmg~n hgb Log File GB wWiwiZ ivLv nq|
Read-Only Acvikvb
PAGE | 101
bigvj BDRvi - mvaviY KvRKg Kivi Rb mxwgZ gZv mb BDRvi| hKvb BDRviB cvmIqvW w`q iU
wcwfjR bv bIqv ch mvavib BDRvi wnme _vK|
hgb mvfvii
nemo
nautilus
PAGE | 102
kl ch mB fxwZKi UvwgbvjK wbqB Avmjvg| GUv wbq Avmvi cavb KviY nQ Avcbvi Uvwgbvj fxwZ `~i
Kiv| ZvQvov wjbv eenvi KiZ nj Kvb bv Kvb mgq AvcbvK GUv eenvi KiZB ne| GUv fxwZKi
Kvb wRwbm Zv bqB eis GKevi GUvi gRv cq Mj Avcbvi hKvb KvR GUv eenvi KiZ BQ Kie|
Avcwb GUvi cqvRbxqZv eySZ cvieb hLb Kvb mgmvi mgvavb PvBj dvivgi m`mMY eje GB
KvWjv Uvwgbvj c Ki w`b| KviY Avcbvi mgmv mgvavbi Rb AvcbvK ILvb hvb, GUv Kib, mUv
WvDbjvW Kib, HLvb wKK Kib BZvw` ejvi PvBZ Uvwgbvj KqKUv jvBb wjL GUvi w`Z ejv AbK
mnR| Avi Avcbvi RbI GUv AbK myweavRbK| ay Uvwgbvj Icb Ki KqKUv jvBb wjL w`jB nj| me
mgmvi mgvavb|
GQvov mvfvi GWwgwbUi`i Uvwgbvji eenvi Rvbv evaZvg~jK| MvwdKvj BDRvi BUvidm w`q me KvR
Kiv MjI wKQy wKQy _vK hLvb UvwgbvjB GKgv fimv| hgb AbK mvfvi MvwdKvj BDRvi
BUvidm BUj Kiv _vK bv| mvfvi GWwgwbUiK ay GKwU Uvwgbvj `Iqv nq mUv KbwdMvi Kivi
Rb|
mZ K_vwU nQ wjbv eenvi KiZ nj AvcbvK Uvwgbvj eenvi Kiv wkLZB ne| GwU wjbv Acwinvh|
Avcbvi hw` GKwU mvavib Uvwgbvj DBv Icb Ki ZvZ KqKUv k jLvi gZ mnR KvRwUI wkLZ
Avcw _vK Zvnj Avcbvi wjbv eenvi bv KivB DwPr| Kvib Avcbvi hKvb mgmvi mgvavb LyRZ Mj
me RvqMvq ay KqK jvBb Uvwgbvj Kgv cveb| hLvbB hvb mevB AvcbvK ay Uvwgbvj Kgv awiq
w`e| KvRB GUv Qvov MwZ bB| wjbv mevB GUv eenvi Ki| Kvib KqK jvBb Kgv wjLj hLvb KvR
nq hvq mLvb Ah_v Ab wKQy Ki mgq b Kivi Kvb gvb nq bv|
Avi Kvjv xb Kgv wjLZ fq cvb? AvcbvK Kvjv xbB wjLZ ne GB Z_ Kv_v _K cqQb?
Uvwgbvji wcdvi wMq wbR`i cQ`gZ iO w`q gvwWdvB Ki wbjB nq|
GB Uvwgbvj ay wjbv bq gvK IGm eenviKvix`i I eenvi KiZ nq| GgbwK GUv GqWi RbI
AvQ| wekvm bv nj Google Play Store G wMq Terminal wjL mvP Kib, `Leb Shell Terminal
Emulator bvg GKwU App cveb| mUv w`q Avcbvi GqWI Uvwgbvj Kgv PvjvZ cvieb| Ze
wjbvi me Uvwgbvj Kgv mUvZ KvR Kie bv|
PAGE | 104
Uvwgbvj wK Ges GUv w`q wKfve KvR Ki mUv GKevi fvjgZ eyS Mj GUv wbq Avi Kvb fq _vKe bv|
ZvB G Aavq Avgiv Uvwgbvj mK fvjfve Rvbe|
Uvwgbvj wK wRwbm mUv eySZ nj c_g RvbZ ne kj
kj wK
kj nQ Ggb GKwU cvMvg hUv KxevW _K Kgv BbcyU bq Ges mUv mivmwi AcviwUs wmgK w`q
GwwKDU Kivq| c_g w`Ki wjbv mn me BDwb-jvBK AcviwUs wmgB ay GB Kgv jvBb BUvidm
wQj| BDwbi kj cvMvgwUi bvg wQj sh GwU wjLwQjb Steve Bourne. ewkifvM wjbv wfwK
AcviwUs wmg h kj cvMvg eeZ nq Zvi bvg Bash (Bourne Again Shell). Ze bash
QvovI wjbv Abvb kj cvMvgI BUj Kiv hvq hv`i ga AbZg nj ksh, tcsh Ges zsh.
Uvwgbvj wK
Uvwgbvj nQ GKwU cvMvg hvi Avmj bvg nQ Uvwgbvj BgyjUi (Terminal Emulator) . GB cvMvgwUi
KvR nQ kj eenvi Kivi Rb eenviKvixK GKUv BUvidm `Iqv| GB Uvwgbvj DBvi gvag
eenviKvix kj Kgv w`Z cvi| ewkifvM wjbv wWvZ hme Uvwgbvj BgyjUi eeZ nq mjv nj
GwU Icb Kij `Leb GLvb Avcbvi nvg dvviK wb`k KiQ Ges GKwU Kvmi we KiQ hwU
Avcbvi Kgv bevi Rb cyZ| GLvb Kvb Kgv wjL w`jB mwU mv_ mv_ GwwKDU ne| Zvnj ewmK
Uvwgbvj Kgvjv Avgv`i RvbZ ne| Avgiv avc avc GB Uvwgbvj Kgvjv wkLe|
pwd wjL GUvi w`b| `Leb Avcwb eZgvb h wWiwiZ AvQb mUv wcU Ki `Lve|
cd (change directory)
wWiwi cwieZbi Rb GB Kgv eeZ nq| gb Kib, Avcwb nvg dvvii ga _vKv wgDwRK dvvi
XyKZ PvQb| Zvnj cd Music wjL GUvi w`b| A_vr Avcwb h dvvi XyKZ PvBQb cd wjL mB
dvvii cv_wU wjL w`b| hgb nvg dvvii fZi Downloads dvvii ga _vKv Video dvvi
hZ cd Downloads/Video wjL GUvi w`b|
PAGE | 105
rm
mkdir books
books
bvgi
Number
Value
Meaning
777
rwxrwxrwx
755
rwxr-xr-x
700
rwx------
666
rw-rw-rw-
644
rw-r--r--
600
rw-------
owner wiW I ivBU KiZ cvie Ges Abvb BDRvi`i Kvb aibi cviwgkvb
_vKe bv|
PAGE | 106
Zvnj Avcwb hw` Kvb dvBj ev wWiwii cviwgkvb cwieZb KiZ Pvb Zvnj Gfve wjLyb chmod 755
some_file. GLvb 755 Gi RvqMvq Avcwb h aibi cviwgkvb Pvb mwUi bvUkvb bv^viwU w`Z ne Gi
ci dvBj ev wWiwii bvg w`Z ne| GUvK Avcwb GfveI wjLZ cvib chmod rwxr-xr-x
some_file wK msLv w`q jLvUvB mePvBZ mnR|
msLvjv wKfve wb`wkZ nq Zv evSvi Rb j Kib --
rwx
rwr-x
r--
=
=
=
=
111 in binary
11 0 in binary
1 01 in binary
1 00 in binary
=
=
=
=
7
6
5
4
ownership
jLv nq|
Gfve
PAGE | 107
PAGE | 108
mgmvi mgvavb
I
KqKwU wjbv wimvm
c_g c_g wjbv eenvi Kiv i Kij wKQy w`b ch Avcbvi wewfb iKg mgmv `Lv w`e| GB eBZ
Avcbv`i niK iKgi mgmvi mgvavb `Iqv me bq| ZvB wbRi mgmv wbRKB mgvavb Kivi Rb
DrmvwnZ KiwQ| KviY GUvB Avcbvi Rb `xNgqv` gjRbK ne| KD Gm Avcbvi mgmv mgvavb Ki
w`q hve Ggb Avkv Kieb bv| Avcbvi me mgmvi mgvavb AvQ BUvibU| Mj mvP Kib| mswk
KwgDwbwU, dvivg, eM ev Ab Kvb bv Kvb mvBU Avcbvi mgmvi mgvavb AvQ| mgmvwU AbK Kgb nj
BDwUDe wfwWI _vKe| Avcwb hB wWv eenvi KiQb mUvi bvg bv _vKj Ab wWvi bvg _vKjI
Pje| AvMB ejwQjvg hw` wjbv wgU eenvi Kib Zvnj DeyUyi dvivg cv mgvavbI Avcbvi KvR
jvMe| ZviciI wbRi mgmvi Kyj wKbviv KiZ bv cvij Awf wjbv eenviKvix`i KvQ mvnvh Pvb|
mvnvh PvBZ Kvb wav Kieb bv| wjbv eenviKvix`i g~jbxwZB nQ AbK mvnvh Kiv| Avcwb mgmvq
coj Ab wjbv eenviKvixiv AekB GwMq Avme| Ze c_g wbRK mevP Pv KiZ ne|
evsjv`ki wjbv eenviKvix`i wewfb dvivg, eM I dmeyK Mc AvQ mLvb Avcbvi mgmvi mgvavb
PvBZ cvib| Ggb wK LvR Kij Kviv KvQ _K wjbv wWvi iso dvBjI cq hZ cvib| mevcwi
hKvb mgmvq gv_v Vvv ivLeb Ges ah mnKvi mgvavb LvuRvi Pv Kieb| AekB Avcwb mgvavb
cveb Ges GKmgq AvcwbB Ab`i mgmvi mgvavb mvnvh Kieb|
kernelnewbies.org
wjbv eenviKvix`i wewfb mgmvi mgvavb Ges cki Di cvIqv hve GB dvivgt
www.linuxquestions.org/questions
Rbwcq Discussion mvBU Reddit G wjbv welqK eenviKvix`i AvjvPbv _K RvbZ cvieb AbK
Riwi Z_t www.reddit.com/r/linux
wjbv KwgDwbwUi wbDR Pvbj ejv hvq GB mvBU wUKt
wjbvi nvWI qvi welqK wbDR mvm nj GB mvBUt
wjbv welqK wbDR welqK Aviv GKwU mvBU njt
Icb mvm mdU&&I qvi welqK wbDR mvBUt
www.lwn.net
www.phoronix.com
www.linux-magazine.com
www.h-online.com/open
distrowatch.com
Gjv QvovI BUvibU AmsL mvBU AvQ hLvb wjbv welqK cPzi wimvm cvIqv hve|
ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=409
forum.linuxdesh.net
GQvovI AbK evsjv UKbvjwR eM I dvivg AvQ hLvb wjbv welqK AvjvPbv nq mLvb _KI AbK
wKQy RvbZ cvieb|
PAGE | 110
wjbv mK Rvbyb, wbR eenvi Kib Ges eenvi Ki fvj jvMj AbK eenvi KiZ DrmvwnZ Kib|
Ges hw` me nq Zvnj Avcbvi wcq wWvwUK Aby`vb w`q mvnvh Kib| eenviKvix`i y` y` Aby`vb
GKwZ KiB wjbv wWvjv wbR`i WfjcgUi LiP wbevn Ki _vK| ZvB Avcbvi `Iqv GKwU
WjviI Zv`i KvQ AbK iZc~Y|
KEEP
CALM
AND
USE
LINUX
THE END
PAGE | 111