Ch.12 Kinematics of A Particle

Engineering Mechanics Dynamics
12.01Kinematics of a Particle
12. Kinematics of a Particle
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Nguyen Tan Tien
Engineering Mechanics Statics
Chapter Objectives
To introduce the concepts of position, displacement, velocity,
and acceleration
To study particle motion along a straight line and represent this
motion graphically
To investigate particle motion along a curved path using
different coordinate systems
To present an analysis of dependent motion of two particles.
To examine the principles of relative motion of two particles
using translating axes
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1. Introduction
- Mechanics: the study how body react to the forces acting on
them
- Branches of mechanics
Dynamics is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies

Kinematics: analysis only the geometric aspects of the motion
Kinetics: analysis of the forces causing the motion
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1. Introduction
- Brief history of dynamics
Major contributors include
Galileo Galilei (15641642): pendulums, falling bodies
Sir Isaac Newton (16421727): laws of motion, law of
universal gravitation
Others include: Kepler, Huygens, Euler, Lagrange, Laplace,
DAlembert and many others
Galileo Galilei
Sir Isaac Newton
Leonard Euler
Joseph Louis Lagrange

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2. Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion

- Assumptions
The object is negligible size and shape (particle)
The mass is not considered in the calculations
Rotation of the object is neglected
- Rectilinear kinematics
Kinematics of an object moving in a straight line
The kinematics of a particle is characterized by specifying, at
any given instant, the particles position, velocity, and
acceleration
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2. Rectilinear
Kinematics: Continuous Motion
- Position
Consider a particle in rectilinear motion from a fixed origin in

the direction
For a given instant, is the position coordinate of the particle
The magnitude of is the distance from the origin
Note that the position coordinate would be negative if the
particle traveled in the opposite direction according to our
frame of reference
Position is has a magnitude (distance from origin) and is
based on a specific direction. It is therefore a vector quantity
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2. Rectilinear

- Displacement
Displacement is defined as the change in position

Displacement is also a vector quantity characterized by a
magnitude and a direction
Note that distance on the other hand is a scalar quantity
representing the length from an origin
- Distance
Total length of the path over which object travelled (scalar)
Distance displacement!
Distance is path-dependent
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2. Rectilinear
- Velocity
Average velocity
Instantaneous velocity
displacement,
time interval,
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2. Rectilinear
- Speed
Speed: the magnitude of velocity

Average speed
:
traveled distance,
elapsed time,
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2. Rectilinear

- Acceleration
Average acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration
velocity,
time interval,
An important differential relation involving the displacement,

velocity, and acceleration along the path
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12.11 Kinematics of a Particle
2. Rectilinear

- Constant acceleration
Velocity as a function of time
Position as a function of time
Velocity as a function of position
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2. Rectilinear

- Ex.12.1
The car moves in a straight line such that for
a short time its velocity is defined by . Determine its
position and acceleration when
Solution
Coordinate system
Position
Acceleration
At ,
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2. Rectilinear

- Ex.12.2 A
small projectile is fired
vertically downward into a fluid medium
with an initial velocity of
and a
deceleration
of
.
Determine
the
projectiles velocity and position after it
Solution
is fired
Coordinate system
Velocity
Position
At , ,
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2. Rectilinear

Ex.12.3 During a test a rocket travels
upward at and when it is from the
ground its engine fails. Determine the
maximum height reached by the rocket
and its speed just before it hits the
ground. While in motion the rocket is
subjected to a constant downward
acceleration of due to gravity. Neglect
the effect of air resistance
Solution
Coordinate system
Position
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2. Rectilinear

Coordinate system
Position
Velocity
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2. Rectilinear

Ex.12.4 A metallic particle is subjected
to the influence of a magnetic field as it
travels downward through a fluid that
extends from plate to plate . If the
particle is released from rest at the
midpoint , and the acceleration is ,
determine the velocity of the particle
when it reaches plate , , and the time it
takes to travel from to
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2. Rectilinear
Solution
Velocity
Time
At ,
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2. Rectilinear

Ex.12.5 A particle moves along a
horizontal path with a velocity of . If it is
initially located at the origin, determine
the distance traveled in , and the
particles average velocity and average
speed during the time interval
Solution
Coordinate system
Distance traveled
Note: ,
Distance traveled in
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2. Rectilinear

Distance traveled
Distance traveled in
Velocity
Displacement from to
The average velocity
The average speed
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.1 Initially, the car travels along a straight road with a speed
of . If the brakes are applied and the speed of the car is
reduced to in determine the constant deceleration of the car
Solution
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.2 A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of .
Determine the time of flight when it returns to its original
position
Solution
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.3 A particle travels along a straight line with a velocity of .
Determine the position of the particle when . Given
Solution
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.4 A particle travels along a straight line with a speed .
Determine the acceleration of the particle when
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.5 The position of the particle is given by . Determine the
time when the velocity of the particle is zero, and the total
distance traveled by the particle when
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.6 A particle travels along a straight line with an
acceleration of . Determine the velocity of the particle when if
at
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.7 A particle moves along a straight line such that its
acceleration is . When , the particle is located to the left of the
origin, and when , it is to the left of the origin. Determine the
position of the particle when
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.8 A particle travels along a straight line with a velocity of .
Determine the acceleration of the particle at
Solution
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3. Rectilinear
Kinematics: Erratic Motion
- The graph
Plots of can be used to find the
curves by finding the slope of the
line tangent to the motion curve at
any point
slope of graph = velocity
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3. Rectilinear
- The graph
Plots of can be used to find the
curves by finding the slope of the
line tangent to the velocity curve at
any point
slope of graph = acceleration
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3. Rectilinear
- The graph
The graph can be constructed from an
graph if the initial velocity of the particle
is given
change in velocity = area under graph
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3. Rectilinear
- The graph
The graph can be constructed from an
graph if the initial position of the particle
is given
displacement = area under graph
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3. Rectilinear
- The graph
Acceleration at one point can be
obtained by reading the velocity at this
point on the curve and multiplying it by
the slope of the curve () at this same
point
acceleration = velocity slope of graph
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3. Rectilinear
- The graph
The area under the acceleration versus
position curve represents the change in
velocity
= area under graph
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3. Rectilinear

- Ex.12.6 A bicycle moves along a
straight road such that its position is
described by the graph. Construct the
and graphs for
Solution
graph
:
:
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3. Rectilinear
graph
:
:
graph
:
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3. Rectilinear

- Ex.12.7 The car starts from rest and
travels along a straight track such that
it accelerates at
for , and then
decelerates at . Draw the and graphs
and determine the time needed to
stop the car. How far has the car
traveled?
Solution
graph
:
:
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3. Rectilinear
graph
:
:
:
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3. Rectilinear
graph
:
:
:
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3. Rectilinear

Ex.12.8 Given the graph describing the
motion of a motorcycle. Construct the graph
of the motion and determine the time needed
for the motorcycle to reach the position
Solution
graph
:
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3. Rectilinear

Time
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.9 The particle travels along a straight track such that its
position is described by the graph. Construct the graph for the
same time interval
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.9 The particle travels along a straight track such that its
position is described by the graph. Construct the graph for the
same time interval
Solution
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.10 A van travels along a straight road with a velocity
described by the graph. Construct the and graphs during the
same period. Given
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.11 A bicycle travels along a straight road where its
velocity is described by the graph. Construct the graph for the
same time interval
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.12 The sports car travels along a straight road such that
its position is described by the graph. Construct the and
graphs for the time interval
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.13 The dragster starts from rest and has an acceleration
described by the graph. Construct the graph for the time
interval , where is the time for the car to come to rest
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.14 The dragster starts from rest and has a velocity
described by the graph. Construct the graph during the time
interval . Also, determine the total distance traveled during this
time interval
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4. General
Curvilinear Motion
- Curvilinear motion: particle moves along a curved path
- Position
particle located at a point on a space curve defined by the
path function
position measured from a fixed point
determined by position vector
- Displacement
the change in the particles position
determined by vector subtraction
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4. General
Curvilinear Motion
- Velocity
average velocity
instantaneous velocity
displacement,
time interval,
: , approaches the tangent to the curve path the direction of

is also tangent to the curve path
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4. General
Curvilinear Motion
- Speed
speed: magnitude of
:
speed can be obtained by differentiating the path function
with respect to time
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4. General
Curvilinear Motion
- Acceleration
average acceleration
instantaneous acceleration
- Hodograph: the locus of points for the arrowhead of the velocity

vector in the same manner as the path describes the locus of
points for the arrowhead of the position vector
- The direction of is also tangent to the hodograph
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4. General
Curvilinear Motion
- Note
Acceleration acts tangential to the hodograph, but generally
not tangential to the path of motion
Velocity is always tangential to the path of motion, whereas
acceleration is always tangential to the hodograph
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5. Curvilinear
Motion: Rectangular Components

- The motion of a particle can best be
described along a path that can be
expressed in terms of its coordinates
- Position
position vector
magnitude of
unit vector
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5. Curvilinear

- Velocity
derivative of with respect to time
velocity vector
,,
magnitude of
unit vector
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5. Curvilinear

- Acceleration
derivative of with respect to time
acceleration vector
,,
magnitude of
unit vector
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5. Curvilinear

Ex.12.9 The horizontal position of the
weather balloon is defined by . If the
equation of the path is , determine the
velocity and the acceleration when
Solution
Velocity
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5. Curvilinear

Acceleration
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5. Curvilinear

- Ex.12.10 For a short time, the path of the plane is described by
. If the plane is rising with a constant velocity of , determine the
magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration of the plane when it
is at
Solution
Velocity
The magnitude of the velocity
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5. Curvilinear
Acceleration
with
The magnitude of the acceleration
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6. Motion of a Projectile
- What is a Projectile?
An object projected into the air at an angle, and once projected
continues in motion by its own inertia and is influenced only by
the downward force of gravity
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6. Motion
of a Projectile
Ex: release the balls and each
picture in this sequence is taken
after the same time interval
Red
ball:
falls from rest
Yellow
ball:
released with given horizontal

velocity
Both balls accelerate downward at
the same rate, and so they remain
at the same elevation at any
instant
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6. Motion of a Projectile
- History
Niccolo Tartaglia (1500 1557), realized that
projectiles actually follow a curved path
Yet no one knew what that path was
Galileo (1564 1642) accurately described

projectile motion by showing it could be
analyzed by separately considering the
horizontal and vertical components of motion
Galileo concluded that the path of any
projectile is a parabola
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6. Motion
of a Projectile
Analysis
- Consider a projectile launched at

constant downward acceleration
- Horizontal motion
with an initial velocity ,
The horizontal component of velocity always remains constant

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6. Motion
of a Projectile
- Vertical motion
The exponent of the time term confirms the parabolic shape of the
trajectory
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6. Motion
of a Projectile
- Ex.12.11 A sack slides off the ramp with a horizontal velocity of
. If the height of the ramp is from the floor, determine the time
needed for the sack to strike the floor and the range where
sacks begin to pile up
Solution
Coordinate system
Horizontal motion
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6. Motion
of a Projectile
Ex.12.12 The
chipping
machine is designed to eject
wood chips at . If the tube is
oriented
at
from
the
horizontal, determine how
high, , the chips strike the
pile if at this instant they land
on the pile from the tube
Solution
Coordinate system
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6. Motion
of a Projectile
Horizontal motion
Vertical motion
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6. Motion
of a Projectile
- Ex.12.13 The track for this racing event was designed so that
riders jump off the slope at , from a height of . During a race it
was observed that the rider remained in mid air for . Determine
the speed at which he was traveling off the ramp, the horizontal
distance he travels before striking the ground, and the
maximum height he attains. Neglect the size of the bike and
rider
Solution
Coordinate system
Vertical motion
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6. Motion
of a Projectile
Coordinate system
Vertical motion
Horizontal motion
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.15 If the and components of a particle's velocity are
and , determine the equation of the path . and
Solution
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.16 A particle is traveling along the straight path. If its
position along the axis is , determine its speed when
Solution
The position of the particle along the axis
The velocity of the particle along the axis
The magnitude of the particles velocity
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.17 A particle is constrained to travel along the path. If ,
determine the magnitude of the particle's velocity and
acceleration when
Solution
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.18 A particle travels along a straight-line path . If the
component of the particle's velocity is , determine the
magnitude of the particle's velocity and acceleration when
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.19 A particle is traveling along the parabolic path . If ,
determine the magnitude of the particle's velocity and
acceleration when
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.20 The position of a box sliding down the spiral can be
described by . Determine the velocity and acceleration of the
box when
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.21 The ball is kicked from point with the initial velocity .
Determine the maximum height it reaches
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.22 The ball is kicked from point with the initial velocity .
Determine the range , and the speed when the ball strikes the
ground
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.23 Determine the speed at which the basketball at must
be thrown at the angle of so that it makes it to the basket at
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.24 Water is sprayed at an angle of from the slope at .
Determine the range
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.25 A ball is thrown from . If it is required to clear the wall
at , determine the minimum magnitude of its initial velocity
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.26 A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of off the
roof of the building. Determine the range where it strikes the
ground at
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7. Curvilinear
Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

- Using for a particle moving along a known curvilinear path
- The position of the particle at the instant is took as the origin
- The coordinate axes: tangential , and normal to the path
- Position
Normal-Tangential Coordinate
If ,
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7. Curvilinear
- Velocity
Direction: always tangential to the path
Magnitude
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7. Curvilinear

- Acceleration
The time rate of change of the velocity
Redraw the velocity unit vectors at the infinitesimal scale
The property of an arc
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7. Curvilinear

Acceleration = Tangential Acceleration + Normal Acceleration
Magnitude of acceleration
or
Normal acceleration Centripetal acceleration
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7. Curvilinear

- Special cases of motion
The particle moves along a straight line

:
,
The particle moves along a curve with a constant speed
:
,
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7. Curvilinear

- Three dimensional motion
:
:
:
:
tangent axis
principal normal axis
binormal axis
osculating plane (mt tip)
Note: is always on the concave side of the curve
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7. Curvilinear

- Ex.12.14 When the skier reaches point along the parabolic
path, he has a speed of which is increasing at . Determine the
direction of his velocity and the direction and magnitude of his
acceleration at this instant
Solution
Coordinate system
Velocity
Therefore
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7. Curvilinear
Acceleration
Therefore
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7. Curvilinear
- Ex.12.15
A race car travels around the horizontal circular track that has a
radius of . If the car increases its speed at a constant rate of ,
starting from rest, determine the time needed for it to reach an
acceleration of . What is its speed at this instant?
Solution
Coordinate system
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7. Curvilinear
Acceleration
Velocity
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7. Curvilinear

- Ex.12.16 The boxes travel along the industrial conveyor. If a
box starts from rest at and increases its speed such that ,
determine the magnitude of its acceleration when it arrives at
point
Solution
Coordinate system
Acceleration
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7. Curvilinear
Acceleration
At ,
The magnitude of
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.27 The boat is traveling along the circular path with a
speed of . Determine the magnitude of its acceleration when
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.28 The car is traveling along the road with a speed of .
Determine the magnitude of its acceleration when if at
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.29 If the car decelerates uniformly along the curved road
from at to at , determine the acceleration of the car at
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.30 When , the crate has a speed of which is increasing
at . Determine the direction of the crate's velocity and the
magnitude of the crate's acceleration at this instant
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.31 If the motorcycle has a deceleration of and its speed
at position is , determine the magnitude of its acceleration
when it passes point
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Fundamental
Problems
- F12.32 The car travels up the hill with a speed of , measured
from . Determine the magnitude of its acceleration when it is at
point , where
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8. Curvilinear Motion: Cylindrical Components

- In some cases the motion of a
particle is constrained on a path
amenable to analysis using
cylindrical coordinates
- If the motion is restricted to a
plane, then we can use polar
coordinates
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12.100
Kinematics of a Particle
8. Curvilinear
Motion: Cylindrical Components

- Polar Coordinates
A particle is located by
+a radial coordinate , which extends from an origin
+an angle measured counterclockwise form a fixed reference
line to the axis of
, : unit vectors in the directions of increasing and
- Position
At any instant, the position vector of the particle
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8. Curvilinear
12.101
- Velocity
The instantaneous velocity
During the time interval
a change will not cause a change i the direction of
a change will cause to become :
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8. Curvilinear
12.104
radial component, a measure of the rate of increase

or decrease in the length of the radial coordinate,
:
transverse component, the rate of motion along
the circumference of a circle having a radius
Magnitude of velocity
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12.103
8. Curvilinear

- Acceleration
During the time interval

a change will not cause a change in the direction of
a change will cause to become :
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8. Curvilinear
12.104
:
radial component of acceleration
:
transverse component of acceleration
Magnitude of acceleration
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12.105
8. Curvilinear

- Cylindrical Coordinates
If the particle moves along a space curve, then its location
may be specified by the three cylindrical coordinates ,,
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8. Curvilinear
12.106
Time derivative
The above equations require ,,,. Two types of problems
generally occur
+Given the time parametric equations: ,
the time derivatives can be found directly
+Given the path:
using the chain rule of calculus to find the relation
between and and between and
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8. Curvilinear
12.107

Ex.12.17 The amusement park ride
consists of a chair that is rotating in a
horizontal circular path of radius such
that the arm has an angular velocity
and angular acceleration . Determine the
radial and transverse components of
velocity and acceleration of the
passenger
Solution
Coordinate system: polar coordinate
,
Acceleration
Velocity
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8. Curvilinear
12.108

Ex.12.18 The rod
rotates in the
horizontal plane such that . At the same
time, the collar is sliding outward along
so that . Determine the velocity and
acceleration of the collar when
Solution
Time derivative of and at
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8. Curvilinear
12.109

Velocity
,
Acceleration
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12.110
8. Curvilinear

- Ex.12.19 The searchlight casts a spot of light along the face of
a wall that is located from the searchlight. Determine the
magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at which the spot
appears to travel across the wall at the instant . The searchlight
rotates at a constant rate of
Solution
Time derivative of and
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8. Curvilinear
12.111
At ,
Velocity
Acceleration
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8. Curvilinear
12.112

Ex.12.20 Due to the rotation of the
forked rod, the ball travels around the
slotted path, a portion of which is in the
shape of a cardioid, . If the balls velocity
is and its acceleration is at the instant ,
determine the angular velocity and
angular acceleration of the fork
Solution
Time derivative of and
At : ,
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8. Curvilinear
12.113
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12.114
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.33 The car has a speed of . Determine the angular
velocity of the radial line at this instant
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12.115
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.34 The platform is rotating about the vertical axis such
that at any instant its angular position is . A ball rolls outward
along the radial groove so that its position is . Determine the
magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration of the ball when
,
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12.116
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.35 Peg is driven by the fork link along the curved path
described by . At the instant , the angular velocity and angular
acceleration of the link are and . Determine the magnitude of
the pegs acceleration at this instant
,
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12.117
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.36 Peg is driven by the forked link along the path
described by . When , the link has an angular velocity and
angular acceleration of and . Determine the radial and
transverse components of the pegs acceleration at this instant
,
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12.118
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.37 The collars are pin-connected at and are free to
move along rod and the curved guide having the shape of a
cardioid, . At , the angular velocity of is . Determine the
magnitudes of the velocity of the collars at this point
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12.119
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.38 At the instant , the athlete is running with a constant
speed of . Determine the angular velocity at which the camera
must turn in order to follow the motion
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12.120
9. Absolute
Dependent Motion Analysis of Two Particles

In some cases the motion of one particle depends on the
motion of another
Consider two objects physically interconnected by inextensible
chords of a pulley system. Choose the coordinate system
+measured from a fixed point () or fixed
datum line
+measured along each inclined plane in
the direction of motion of each block
+has a positive sense from ,
The total cord length
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9. Absolute
12.121

Another example
: total length of curved cords
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9. Absolute
12.122

By choosing the different coordinate
: total length of curved cords
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9. Absolute
12.123

Ex.12.21 Determine the speed of block
block has an upward speed of
if
Solution
Position coordinate equation
Time derivative
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9. Absolute
12.124

Ex.12.22 Determine the speed of block
block has an upward speed of
if
Solution
Position coordinate equations
Time derivatives
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9. Absolute
12.125

Ex.12.23 Determine the speed of block if the
end of the cord at is pulled down with a speed
of
Solution
Position coordinate equations
Time derivatives
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12.126
9. Absolute

Ex.12.24 A man at is hoisting a safe by walking to
the right with a constant velocity . Determine the
velocity and acceleration of the safe when it
reaches the elevation of . The rope is long and
passes over a small pulley at
Solution
Position coordinate equation
Time derivatives
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9. Absolute
12.127

At with
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12.128
10.
Relative Motion of Two Particles Using Translating Axes

In some cases it is easier to analyze the
motion using two or more frames of
reference
Analysis translating frames of
reference to change our point of
view of the object(s) in motion
- Position
Consider particles and , which move along the arbitrary paths
Fixed reference frame:
Second reference frame:
Relation
,
: absolute position vectors

: relative position vector
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10.
12.129

- Velocity
,:
:
absolute velocity
relative velocity
- Acceleration
,:
:
absolute acceleration
relative acceleration
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12.130
10.

Ex.12.25 A train travels at a constant
speed of crosses over a road. If the
automobile is traveling at along the
road, determine the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of the train
relative to the automobile
Solution
Vector analysis
The direction of
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10.
12.131

Scalar analysis
Resolving each
components
:
:
vector
into
its
and
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12.132
10.

Ex.12.26 Plane
is flying along a
straight-line path, here as plane is flying
along a circular path having a radius of
curvature of . Determine the velocity and
acceleration of as measured by the pilot
of
Solution
Velocity
:
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10.
12.133

Acceleration
Relative acceleration equation
The magnitude and direction of
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10.
12.134

- Ex.12.27 At the instant, cars and are
traveling with speeds of and
respectively. Also at this instant, has a
decrease in speed of and has an
increase in speed of . Determine the
velocity and acceleration of with respect
to
Solution
Relative velocity equation
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10.
12.135

- Acceleration
Relative acceleration equation
The magnitude and direction of
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12.136
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.39 Determine the speed of block if end of the rope is
pulled down with a speed of
Solution
Coordinate
The length of rope
The speed of block
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12.137
Fundamental
Problems
Solution
Coordinate
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12.138
Fundamental
Problems
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12.139
Fundamental
Problems
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12.140
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.43 Determine the speed of car if point on the cable has
a speed of when the motor winds the cable in
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12.141
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.44 Determine the speed of cylinder if cylinder moves
downward with a speed of
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12.142
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.45 Car is traveling with a constant speed of due north,
while car is traveling with a constant speed of due east.
Determine the velocity of car relative to car
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12.143
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.46 Two planes and are traveling with the constant
velocities shown. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
velocity of plane relative to plane
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12.144
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.47 The boats and travel with constant speeds of and
when they leave the pier at at the same time. Determine the
distance between them when
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12.145
Fundamental
Problems
- F12.48 At the instant shown, cars and are traveling at the
speeds shown. If is accelerating at while maintains a constant
speed, determine the velocity and acceleration of with respect
to
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Ch.12 Kinematics of A Particle

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Engineering Mechanics Dynamics

12. Kinematics of a Particle

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Dynamics is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies

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Sir Isaac Newton

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Consider a particle in rectilinear motion from a fixed origin in

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Displacement is defined as the change in position

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Kinematics: Continuous Motion

An important differential relation involving the displacement,

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Kinematics: Continuous Motion

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Kinematics: Continuous Motion

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Kinematics: Continuous Motion

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Kinematics: Continuous Motion

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