1

1. Parts of speech
Presentation
Ah! The foolish wolf fell
into it and had a painful
death.

The cat is trying to divide the words on the signboard into

eight different types according to the work they do in the
sentence. Can you help him?

A word that names a person, place, animal or

thing is a noun.
Seema went to the park with her dog in her car.

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

I will bite him myself.

An adjective tells you what kind, how many,

how much, what colour etc of a noun.
The hungry fox ate five grapes that were
yellow and juicy.

A verb is a word that shows action, being

or possession.
I am the king who has all the power to rule
the jungle.

An adverb is a word that adds to the meaning

of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
They fought very fiercely yesterday.

A preposition shows the relation of a noun

or pronoun to other words in a sentence.
The monkey sits on the branch of a tree.

A conjunction is a joining word.

Sita and Rita love ice cream but Moti doesnt.

An interjection is a word that shows some

sudden or strong feeling.
Wow! What a nice picture.

Practice
A Underline the nouns, circle the adjectives and tick

the pronouns in these sentences.

1. He found a nice book in the new library and took it home
to read.
2. She is wearing a beautiful blue dress that fits her.
3. The big jar on the shelf contained ten sweets.
4. I picked up the large bag on the table and realized that it was not
mine.
5. Nepal is a country rich in natural beauty as it has green forests,
mighty rivers, high mountains, beautiful lakes and many wild
animals.
6. The beautiful queen admired herself in the large mirror.
B Underline the verbs and circle the adverbs in these

sentences.

1. She was running downstairs when she stopped suddenly.

2. She stood there and watched the butterfly very intently.
3. He will certainly come here tomorrow.
4. She cleaned the cupboard carefully and arranged all the things
inside neatly.
5. They welcomed the guests heartily and immediately took them
upstairs for dinner.
6. She received the prize proudly as she had worked hard for it.

Practice
C Underline the conjunctions, circle the prepositions and

tick the interjections in these sentences.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Ouch! You are stepping on my toe and it hurts.

Hurrah! Manish and I have won the first prize in the competition.
Alas! She found her lost purse in the school but it was empty.
Hey! We could shelter under that tree and wait until the rain stops.
Yes! He has come at the right time or he would miss the show.
Oh, no! The cat has jumped over the wall and drowned in the river.

D The same word may be used as a different part of speech.

Look at the sentences and write what part of speech are

the words in bold print.
1. Please give me some water. noun
I water the plants every morning. verb
2. You have a nice watch. ____________
We watch TV in the evening. ____________
3. I went back after sometime. ____________
He used the back door. ____________
4. I go to bed after I revise my lesson. ____________
They ran after the thief. ____________
5. I like to have cold drinks. ____________
She drinks a lot of water. ____________
6. What is your favourite colour? ____________
She will colour the picture. ____________
7. That house is beautiful. ____________
What is that? ____________
8. Which book do you want? ____________
Which is yours? ____________

Production
A Fill in the blanks with suitable words, and write the part of

speech of the word in the given box.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

I love to eat ___________.

They are ___________ at the picnic.
She danced ___________ in the cultural show.
I am wearing a ___________ dress.
The poor girl died ___________ cold.

B Look at the sentences and copy the words from the sentences

into the chart correctly.

1. Ram gave her his address and asked to write to him soon.
2. A truck is very heavy but a feather, on the other hand, is very light.
3. Oh no! I cant have this food since Im on a diet. Sorry!
4. The ice is very thin. You must walk lightly on the ice.
5. In the evening he told his wife he was going out for a short walk
but it was to buy her some flowers.
6. Could you possibly show him the way to the Soaltee
Hotel? You know, the hotel is very luxurious.
7. Really! I can hardly imagine her lying to her own children. This
is unreasonable and intolerable.
No. Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection
1 Ram, her, him his
gave, soon to
and

address
asked,
write

2. Subject-verb
agreement
Presentation

My father are teaching me to jump

from branch to branch. I is small so
I has not learnt to do things well. My
mother know everything about
climbing but I doesnt know much.

What is wrong with what the baby monkey says? Discuss and correct it

In a sentence, the subject should

agree with the verb.

be verb

have verb

Subject

Present

Past

am

was

he/ she/ it/ singular noun

is

was

you/ we/ they/ plural noun

are

were

I/ you/ we/ they/ plural noun

have

had

he/ she/ it/ singular noun

has

had

Practice
A Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of the verbs

in brackets.

1. I (be) good at English only but my brothers (be) good at English

as well as maths.
2. My brother and I (be) watching TV last evening while our sister
(be) revising for her exams.
3. Where (be) you yesterday?
4. He (have) lots of money, so he can buy a new car.
5. Students (have) less time for hobbies because they (have) lots
of homework.
6. It (have) been raining heavily this morning.
7. The teacher (be) teaching and the students (be) listening to her.
8. Where (be) my books?
9. Why (have) she left it?
10. I (have) no doubt that he (have) taken it.

In the simple present tense, singular subjects

take a verb with s/ es and plural subjects
take a verb without s/ es. I and you are
regarded as plural subjects.
I go to school.
He goes to school.
She doesnt go to school.

Practice
B Rewrite the sentences with the correct form (simple

present tense) of the verbs in brackets.

1. Mother (cook) dinner while we (read) our lessons.

2. I (live) nearby where he (live).
3. She (know) that we (work) as hard as she (do).
4. It (rain) a lot in the summer, but it (do) not rain much in the winter.
5. The bear (protect) her babies, and they always (stay) close to her.
C Copy the passages, correcting the mistakes.

1. We doesnt go to school on Saturdays. We is free to do what

we likes. I likes to watch TV. I watches mostly cartoon. My
sister like to read books. She read adventure stories a lot. She
go to the library and bring home books to read. If the library
havent got the books she want, she tell father to buy them
for her. She are always reading whether she am at home or
school. I is not interested in reading except when I has
to prepare for my exams.
2. We went to the zoo last Friday. There was many animals at
the zoo. I saw a tiger and a lion in cages. They was very
beautiful. Many birds was also there. Of all the birds, the
peacock were the most beautiful.

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Production
A What do you think these people have or dont have and what

are they usually doing? The first one is done for you. Do the
rest in a similar way.
1. writers: Writers have talent and creativity .
They are writing stories and novels all the time.
2. a business man___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. tourists__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
4. a thief__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
5. a teacher________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
6. a footballer______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

7. photographers____________________________________________
________________________________________________________
8. a nurse__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
B Write a paragraph telling what you and your family members

do every day. Then read your paragraph out loud to the class.

11

Extension
Subjects joined by and are usually plural.
Rani and Sonia are good friends.
Singular subjects joined by or, either . . . or, neither . . .
nor take a singular verb.
Either Karma or Karna has come here.

Fill in the blanks with correct answers.

1. My friends and my mother _____ each other. (like/ likes)
2. Neither Sam nor Harry _____ excluded from the meeting.
(was/ were)
3. The team and the band _____ in the field. (was/ were)
4. Either Patty or Tom _____ asked to lead the meeting. (was/ were)
5. Studying and reading _____ hand in hand. (go/ goes)

12

3. Verbs
Finite and non-finite
Presentation
I love to climb trees. I like to chatter with
my friends and enjoy eating fruits.
I hate kids teasing me and I dislike being
alone.

What are your likes and dislikes? Share it with your friends.

A verb may be finite or non-finite in

form. A verb that shows tense, person or
number (singular/plural) is finite. A verb
form that is not affected by person or
number is non-finite.
I climb trees.
She loves mangoes.
They went home.
She is eating fruit.
The verbs in bold print above are finite verbs because they change with
the change in tense, person or number.

13

I dislike climbing trees.

She loves to eat mangoes.
Having gone home, he relaxed all day.
Being a good girl, she obeyed her parents.
The verbs in bold print above are non-finite because they dont change
with the change in tense or number.

A non-finite verb may be:

an infinitive to go
perfect infinitive to have gone
present participle going
past participle gone
gerund going

14

Practice
A Look at the verbs in bold print. Write finite or

non-finite in the boxes.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

They want to try a new approach.

Trying is easy.
I try to do my best.
Having tried everything, he gave up.
All I can do is try.
If she tried, she would succeed.

The infinitive is often called the to verb, but

it may be used without to and we call such
infinitive a plain infinitive or bare infinitive.
It started to rain.
You ought to have completed it.
It may rain soon.
She made me complete it.

to infinitive

plain infinitive

We use the plain infinitive with

these verbs.

shall
may
dare

will
might
need

do
could
see

did
must
hear

should
let
watch

would
make
feel

15

Practice
Examples of plain infinitives:
I shall help you.

He will come soon.

Do I sit here?

I didnt see her.

You should read it.

You mustnt go there.

It might be OK.

They could help you.

He let me go home.

I made him pay it.

She dared not disobey it.

You neednt do it.

I heard him cry.

We saw them go that way.

I felt the building shake.

With dare and need, use to infinitive

in positive sentences and plain
infinitive in negative sentences.

You need to read this, but you neednt read that.

She dared to fight with her brother, but she dared not fight with
her father.

16

Practice
We use the plain infinitive after the
expressions had better, would rather,
rather than and but (only when but
means except). Look at these examples.
You had better go to sleep.
She would rather kill herself.
Hed walk home rather than wait for the bus.
He did nothing more than sit there.
You do nothing but eat ice cream. (Here, but means except.)
B Fill in the blanks with the correct infinitive form of

the verbs in brackets.

1. He decided . his job.(change)

2. You need . more time.(take)
3. He taught me how . a car.(drive)
4. The leaders did nothing but . speeches. (give)
5. Do you dare . the rules? (disobey)
6. I neednt . during the holidays. (read)
7. You had better . a jacket. (wear)
8. Id like . your childhood photo. (see)
9. Let me . you what to do. (show)
10. I saw them . your book. (take)

17

Practice
We use to infinitive with too and enough.
My house is too small for you to live in.
It isnt big enough for you to live in.
C Join the pairs of sentences using too or enough together with

to infinitive. First look at the two examples.

It is very dark. You cant see anything.
It is too dark to see anything.
You arent so tall. You cant join the army.
You arent tall enough to join the army.
1. The tea is very hot. She cant drink it.
2. The door isnt very wide. The table cant be brought in.
3. He is very late. He cant enter the class.
4. They arent so rich. They wont buy a car.
5. You arent very strong. You cant climb the hill.
When we add ing to a verb, it may act as
a noun (subject or object of a sentence) and
we call it a gerund. It may also act like an
adjective. If it acts as an adjective, it is
called a participle.
Cycling is her hobby. (gerund)
I am tried of complaining. (gerund)
I met a cycling tourist there. (participle)
I dont like complaining children. (participle)

18

Practice
D Underline the gerunds and circle the participles in

these sentences.
1. The barking dog scared the child.
2. He heard something howling in the forest.
3. I prefer reading to anything else.
4. She is often called the dancing queen.
5. Dancing is a good exercise.
When a noun or pronoun is placed
before a gerund, a living being must be
in the possessive case.
I was worried about Salu coming late. O
I was worried about Salus coming late. P
I was worried about she coming late.O
I was worried about her coming late. P
When it is a non-living thing, we
dont use the possessive case.
I was worried about the train coming late. P
I was worried about the trains coming late. O
I was worried about it coming late. P
E Fill in the blanks with the help of the words in brackets.
Look at the example first.
We heard of . the principal. (he, become)
We heard of his becoming the principal.
1. I read of . the first prize. (she, win)
2. There is no hope of . on time. (the bus, leave)
3. Mother insisted on . to America. (Seema, go)
4. I disliked . me. (they, cheat)
5. Father doesnt like . to the cinema. (I, go)

19

Production
A Complete the following on your own to make sensible

sentences.
1. _______________ is bad for your teeth.
2. I like _______________ on Saturdays.
3. They are happy about Ritimas _______________.
4. It is too difficult for me _______________.
5. You are old enough _______________.
6. Teachers dislike _______________.
7. Theres little hope of _______________.
8. He dared _______________.
9. You neednt _______________.
10. I dont like your _______________.
B

Use each of the following verbs in two sentences,

first as a finite verb and then as a non-finite verb.
An example is given for you.
help
He helps his father.
He wants to help others.
stand
shout

receive
understand

sow
remember

think
keep

20

4. The phrase
A nice fruit.

Presentation
I need some rest.

Where is the monkey?

Without them.

Jungle life.

Look at what the animals say. Decide whose saying makes complete
sense. Decide whose saying makes some sense but not complete sense.

A group of words that makes complete

sense is a sentence. A group of words
that makes sense but not complete sense
is called a phrase.
I can fly. (sentence)
four legs (phrase)

21

Practice
A Decide whether each of these groups of words is

a sentence or a phrase and write it in the box.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

In the morning.
That picture looks good.
She will go home.
Flying kites.
A teacher with experience.

A phrase that acts as a noun (subject or

object of a sentence) is called a noun phrase.
They love to cook .
Understanding people is difficult.
B Find out the noun phrases in these sentences

and underline them.

1. We enjoy reading books.
2. Helping your neighbour is good.
3. She was interested in climbing mountains.
4. I like to listen to music.
5. Drawing beautiful pictures was his hobby.
A phrase that acts as an adjective in a
sentence is called an adjective phrase.

He wore a dress with the colour of the sky.

He had a knife made of gold.
The phrase with the colour of the sky tells us what kind of dress.
The phrase made of gold describes the knife.

22

Practice
C Pick out adjectives from the box that are closest in

meaning to the adjective phrases used in the sentences.

Then write the adjectives after each sentence.
muddy
experienced beautiful
professional memorable humorous

popular
Nepalese

woolen
promising

1. Some customs followed in Nepal are very interesting. ...............

2. She was a woman of great beauty. ...............
3. Shakti Gauchan is a cricket player of great promise. ...............
4. The sweater made of wool was nice. ...............
5. The pilot with lots of experience landed the plane safely. .............
6. It is a story to make you laugh. ...............
7. The actor was liked by many people. ...............
8. The road looked full of mud. ...............
9. It was a party to be remembered. ...............
10. She is a dancer by profession. ...............
You should be careful to put an adjective
phrase close to the noun it describes.
I bought a dining table from the shop with six legs.
(It means the shop has six legs, which is wrong.)
I bought a dining table with six legs from the shop.
(It means the table has six legs, which is right.)
D Rewrite the sentence by placing the adjective phrases at

the correct position.

1. There was a glass on the table filled with milk.
2. I met a lady in the house with long hair.
3. I found a bag in the bus full of money.
4. They wanted a nurse to look after a baby of twenty years old.
5. This car is driven by my friend with an open roof.

23

Practice
If a phrase acts as an adverb (shows where,
when and how an action is done), we call
it an adverb phrase.
He worked in a careless manner.
We searched it at every nook and corner.
Dinosaurs lived long time ago.
E Rewrite the sentences using suitable adverbs given in

the box instead of the adverb phrases in bold print.

skillfully
hurriedly

slowly
cleverly

violently
soon

everywhere
heartily
immediately noiselessly

1. She left the room in a great hurry.

2. He drove at a slow speed.
3. She can play the guitar with lots of skill.
4. You will see trees at all places in the countryside.
5. The lions fought with violence in the jungle.
6. I with all my heart welcome you to the party.
7. Get out at this very moment!
8. She fooled us in a clever way.
9. He sneaked in to the house without any noise.
10. The train will arrive in a short time.

24

Practice
F Complete the following paragraph with suitable adverb phrases.

along the cliffs

to look at the whale

every weekend

last saturday
with a rolling motion

I go running .......... with my friends from the jogging club.

........., we were doing a five-kilometre run as usual. As we were
running .......... at the edge of the sea, someone shouted, "Look!"
There was a grey whale out in the ocean, about a hundred metres
from the shore. We all stopped running ......... It was swimming
..............., its tail flipping out of the water every few seconds.

Production
Use each of these phrases in a sentence of your own.
around the world
before the holidays
for fun
listening to music
swimming on a hot day
to buy a car
with a hammer
with lots of colours
with great care

25

5. Clauses
Presentation
Some animals are having a conversation. Read what they are saying.
Bear:
Jackal:
Monkey:
Rabbit:

The lion has ordered the animals to attend the meeting.

Which lion ordered it?
Which animals??
Which meeting???

Can you help clarify to the animals which lion, which animals and
which meeting the bear is talking about? Discuss.

A clause is a group of words containing

a subject and a finite verb.

But that is a sentence!

Well, a sentence is also a clause in itself.

However, there can be two or more clauses
within a sentence.

26

I met a friend yesterday and we went hunting together.

This is a sentence with two clauses joined by and.

Main clause and subordinate clause

A clause that can stand by itself and can give a complete meaning is
called the main clause or independent clause. In other words, an
independent clause is a sentence by itself.
The book was interesting.
This is an independent clause.
A clause that cant stand by itself and is part of a longer sentence is
called a subordinate clause or dependent clause. Although it has a
subject and a finite verb, it cant give a complete meaning alone.
that he bought.
This is a subordinate clause.
The book that he bought was interesting.
This is a sentence that contains both types of clauses.

A subordinate clause provides additional

information to the idea expressed by the main
clause. In the sentence about the book, the
main idea is The book was interesting. The
clause that he bought tells us more about the
book. It says which book we are talking about.

27

Practice
An adjective clause describes a noun. We use who,
whose, which and that to introduce an adjective
clause. Which is used only for animals and things.
People who dont understand you cant be your friends.
The book that I left on the table is missing.
A In the following sentences, the adjective phrase is

given in bold print. Rewrite each sentence by changing

the phrase into an adjective clause. First look at the
example.
The man standing at the door is my uncle.
The man who is standing at the door is my uncle.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The books on the table are written by Devkota.

People living in the villages enjoy fresh food.
I was woken up by the noise made by the dog.
The book in your hand belongs to Sangita.
The bus on the way to Hetauda met with an accident.

B Supply suitable adjective clauses in the blanks to

complete the sentences.

1. A student . will be rewarded.
2. Water . should be boiled first.
3. I dislike people .
4. My dog . is liked by everyone.
5. I enjoy an activity.

28

Practice
An adverb clause modifies a verb. It may tell us
the time, place or manner of the action; it may
tell the cause, purpose or effect of the action; it
may compare, contrast or set a condition

We use when, whenever, before, after, till, since,

while and as with an adverb clause of time.

He got the message when he returned home.

I saw it while I was going to school.
We use where and wherever to introduce
an adverb clause showing place.
The car stopped wherever there was red light.
He got killed where he was sleeping.

Use because, since and as for reason;

and that and so that for purpose.

I will take it because it belongs to me.

I will take it so that I can use it myself.

29

Practice
Use if or unless for condition and
as.as and than for comparison.
I will have to help everyone if I help you.
He walked as slowly as a tortoise does.

Use though, even if and even though

with an adverb clause of concession
or contrast.
I will do it even if I lose my life.
He failed though he tried hard.
C Rewrite each of the following sentences replacing the

adverb phrase in bold print with an adverb clause.

First see the example.
She is proud because of her wealth.
She is proud because she has lots of wealth.
OR She is proud because she is wealthy.
1. Because of his illness, he couldnt attend the party.
2. He took the photograph at sunrise.
3. You cant succeed without hard labour.
4. In case of winning the first prize, Ill throw a party.
5. He did the work according to the advice.

30

Practice

A clause that acts as the subject or the

object in a sentence is a noun clause.
That he will come here is certain.
You should pay attention to what she says.

A noun clause is usually introduced by that,

if or whether and question words like why,
what, how and when.
He said that he was happy.
She wanted to know if I agreed.
They knew where he was hiding.
Why he said it is important.
D Replace the words in bold print by suitable noun

clauses.
1. Tell me the reason of your failure.
2. We want an immediate reply.
3. He doesnt remember the place of his birth.
4. Nobody believes her saying.
5. Are you sure of your victory?

31

Production
Complete the sentences using suitable clauses.
1. The bus stopped..................................................
2. You should see a doctor.............................................
3. He sent for a taxi....................................................
4. A dog is useful.......................................................
5. She wrote..................................................................
6. Can you guess......................................................?
7. He cant explain....................................................
8. .............................................................is impossible.
9. Id like to know.....................................................
10. ............................................is not what they want.

Extension
Underline the clause in each sentence and write what kind
of clause it is (noun, adjective or adverb) in the box.
I will read what he has written.
noun
The story that he wrote is interesting. adjective
adverb
I will read because I like the story.
1. What you say seems interesting.
2. He acted as if he was mad.
3. He will go when he has time.
4. The matter that we discussed is quite serious.
5. If you succeed, you will win a cash prize.
6. Sarita dreamt that she was a bird.
7. He was asleep while the thief ransacked his house.
8. That she is rich is evident from her dress.
9. He attended the meeting although he was unwell.
10. I met him so that we could discuss the problem.

32

6.

Sentences

Simple, compound and complex

Presentation
The tiger sits under
the tree all day long.

The good-for-nothing
monkey sits on the
branch of the tree all
day long noticing me
and fearing to come
down.

The monkey sits on the

branch and the tiger waits
under the tree all day.
A simple sentence is one that contains only one finite verb (one
clause). Discuss whether each of the statements made by the animals
above is a simple sentence or not.

33

No matter how long a sentence is, if theres

only one finite verb, its a simple sentence. The
monkeys sentence is a simple sentence because
theres only one finite verb sits, with tiger as a
subject. The tigers sentence is also a simple
sentence with one finite verb sits. The other
verbs (noticing and fearing) are non-finite
verbs.
The hares sentence is not a simple sentence
because it has two finite verbs sits and waits.
Oh! I thought a simple sentence
means a short sentence!

A compound sentence is a sentence

having two or more independent (main)
clauses. This means there are two or
more finite verbs making different
sentences that are joined to make a single
sentence. The hares statement-The
monkey sits on the branch and the tiger
waits under the tree all day is a
compound sentence where two
independent clauses are joined by and.

A sentence that contains one or more

subordinate clauses (dependent clauses) is
called a complex sentence. This means a
sentence made up of a main clause and one or
more noun clauses, adjective clauses or adverb
clauses is a complex sentence.

34

Practice
A Put a tick against the simple sentences and a cross

against those that are not simple sentences.

1. I bought a book.
2. He bought a pen, a pencil, an eraser and some interesting books.
3. Playing with a new idea, he started writing a wonderful play.
4. Mama found a nice dress and she bought it for Nitu.
5. He reads the newspaper while I am watching TV.
6. She knows what to do.
7. I understand that he has poor eyesight.
8. He lied to the court pretending to be innocent.
9. He was taking rest reclining on the sofa.
10.It is true but he doubts it.
B Write C for a compound sentence and S for a simple

sentence in the box. Circle the conjunction in the

compound sentence.
It was getting late, so we went home. C
Ranju and Saroj liked my idea. S
1. We planned to take the car but it broke down.
2. The old man seems to be in good health.
3. You can read or you can watch TV.
4. He took out ten rupees and gave it to the beggar.
5. The old woman watched the boys and the girls playing.
6. She didnt know the answer, so she kept silent.
7. The cat and the monkey live as friends.
8. He gets up early, but Shila doesnt.
9. Youd better stop talking and start eating.
10.We can go fishing.

35

Practice
C

Join the following pairs of simple sentences to make

compound sentences. Use conjunctions but, or, and or so
whichever suitable.
1. We could take a taxi. We could walk.
2. Manju works hard. Suman is lazy.
3. They sold their land. They bought a car.
4. These animals cant see well. They have powerful sense of smell.
5. I forgot my umbrella. I had to wait for the rain to stop.

D Find the subordinate clauses in the following complex

sentences and underline them.

1. The book that I read yesterday is interesting.

2. People who live in cities have to endure pollution.
3. That is the table that we bought.
4. I helped him because he needed my help.
5. I will plant a flower where you are standing.
6. If she agrees, we will sell the house.
7. He said that he was feeling uneasy.
8. What he said seems to be important.
9. I want to know whether he is fine or not.
10. Nobody knows why he killed himself.

36

Practice
E Make complex sentences by combining the main clause in Column A

with a suitable subordinate clause in Column B.

Column A

Column B

1. He explained

where she planned to build her house.

2. I hate children

whether it was in the news.

3. He lost the election

unless you finish the work.

4. Give me some water

that he couldnt solve the problem.

5. She needs a walking stick

while we were walking to school.

6. I wont pay you the money

although he was a popular leader.

7. I asked them

who are noisy.

8. We witnessed a road accident

that is boiled.

9. She showed me the spot

why they looked so sad.

10. He read the newspaper to find out because she is too old.

37

Production
A Complete the compound sentences by adding suitable

independent clauses.

1. He opened the window, and ............................

2. They found the lost bag, but ...........................
3. He couldnt walk all the way, so .......................
4. She worked very hard, yet ........................
5. You can keep the money or ..........................
B Add a suitable clause in each of the blanks to make complex

sentences.

1. The boy who ................... was punished.

2. I want to keep a dog that ...................
3. She recovered from her illness as ...................
4. If ..................., you will catch a cold.
5. When ................... , he left the house.
6. I didnt enjoy the film much although ...................
7. He is afraid of his father, so ...................
8. Wherever ................... , he creates problems.
9. I study hard so that ...................
10. As soon as ................... , she left for Pokhara.

38

7. Modal verbs
Presentation

Monkey
Lion
Bear
Snake
Tortoise
Bear

: I can climb any tree in the world.

:Could someone bring a deer for me, please?
: I may find some honey here.
: You shouldnt step on my tail.
: Can I take off my coat?
: Dont. Its very cold.

Can you match each animal to the attitude it expresses?

Column A

Column B

snake
tortoise
lion
monkey
bear

possibility
ability
permission
advice
request

39

A verb that expresses attitude is

called a modal verb. A modal verb
is followed by a plain infinitive
(main verb) to give meaning.

The most commonly used modal verbs

are can, could, will, would, may, might,
must, shall, should and ought to.

Modal verbs express attitudes such as,

request, advice, compulsion,
permission, prohibition and possibility.

40

Practice
May, can and co uld are used for permission.
May is polite, could is more polite (formal)
and can is informal (you use it with friends
and people who are close to you).
Can I use your
pen, Raj?

May I go to the
library, sir?

Sir, could you

give me three
days leave?

Yes, you can.

You may, but

come back soon.

You may take

only two days
leave.

A Fill in the blanks with may, could or can to complete

the sentences.
1. ___________ I use the telephone, sir?
2. ___________ I use your phone, Gopi?
3. ___________ I see you tomorrow? (to your officer)
4. ___________ I see you tomorrow? (to your cousin)
5. ___________ I answer that question? (to your teacher)

41

Practice
B Rewrite the sentences using may, can or could.

1. You are allowed to go home. (Formal)

2. You are allowed to eat the biscuits. (Friendly)
3. Do I have permission to go home? (Formal)
4. Do I have permission to go home? (Friendly)
5. It is all right for you to sit on that chair. (Formal)

Can, could and be able to express ability.

While can is for ability in the present
and future, could is for ability in the
past. We use be able to for all tenses.
He can sing well.
He is able to sing well.
He will be able to sing well.
He was able to sing well.

42

Practice
C Rewrite the sentences using can or could instead of

be able to.

1. Mohan was able to lift the heavy box.

2. I will not be able to help you next week.
3. Is she able to finish the typing?
4. They were able to walk long distances.
5. You are not able to do this easily.

May, might and could express

possibility. May suggests a good
possibility, might suggests a
weaker possibility. Could is
used for a very weak possibility.

43

Practice
D Rewrite the sentences using may, might or could.

First look at the example.

It is possible for us to catch the fox. (could)

We could catch the fox.
1. It is possible for her to get the license. (might)
2. It is possible for them to arrive soon. (may)
3. It is possible for me to be absent tomorrow. (might)
4. It is possible for him to fail the test. (could)
5. It is possible to rain today. (may)

Must and have to suggest necessity

or compulsion.
We use must for present and future.
Have to is used in all tenses.
I must finish this today.
I had to do it last week.
You will have to see him tomorrow.

44

Practice
Theres a difference between must
and have to. Must is used when it
is the speakers view. Have to is
used when theres an external
compulsion. Had to is the past
form for both

You must wear this shirt. (I think it looks good on you.)

You have to wear uniform. (Theres a rule here.)
E

Complete these sentences using must or have to

appropriately.
1. You ___________ see that film. Its very nice.
2. You ___________ stand in queue here.
3. I ___________ stay indoors yesterday because of the rain.
4. She is angry because she ___________ show her driving
license at every traffic check point.
5. This is a really good book. We ___________ buy it.

45

Practice

Mustnt suggests a rule that you dont

do something. Dont have to suggests
that theres no need to do something,
but you can do it if you like.

You mustnt feed the animals at the zoo.

(The rule doesnt allow you)
You dont have to feed the beggar.
(Its not necessary by rule, but its up to you to feed him or not)
F Fill in the blanks with mustnt or dont/doesnt have to.

1.The sign says No parking. We _________________ park

the car here.
2.He understands Nepali. You _________________ speak in
English.
3.Doctor: You _________________ miss a single dose of this
medicine.
4. He can pay by cheque also. He _________________ give cash.
5.I can make breakfast. Mother _________________ get
up early.

46

Practice
We use should and ought to for
suggestion and advice. Ought to
is strong and it suggests that
something is the right thing to do
(a sense of duty).

You should reduce your weight. (advice)

You ought to wash your hands before eating. (Thats the right
thing to do)
G Fill in the blanks with should or ought to.

1. Its about time to go to school. We ___________ get ready.

2. You ___________ ask me before taking my book.
3. Your parents are old. You ___________ look after them.
4. You ___________ read good books.
5. You ___________ consult a doctor before taking those
medicines.

47

Practice

We use can, will, could and would

for request. Could and would are
regarded more polite than will or can.

H Here are some commands. Use can, will, would or

could to make them polite requests. First have a look

at the example.
Dont make a noise here!
Could you stop talking, please?
Would you be less noisy, please?
Will you speak softly?
1. Get me a packet of biscuits!
2. Dont make the room crowded!
3. Get out!
4. Open that door!
5. Give me some money!

48

Production
A Write down five rules to be followed at school and five

rules to be followed at home.

B Write a short conversation between a doctor and a patient.

The patient is suffering from common cold and the doctor

is giving him or her advice. Then practise the conversation
with a classmate.

Extension
There are many ways of making requests.
Can you help me, please?
Could you tell me where the station is?
Would you pass me the salt, please?
Would you mind helping me?
Would you mind if I opened the window?
Can I speak to you one moment, please?
Could I ask you a question?
Now go around the class making requests to your classmates.

49

8. Tense
Simple present and present continuous
Presentation

1st monkey:
2nd monkey:
3rd monkey:
4th monkey:

What is that bat doing?

It is sleeping.
Does it always sleep?
It sleeps during the day but it flies at night.

What other facts do you know about bats? Share it with your classmates.

You use the simple present tense

to express a fact, a routine or a habit.
He smokes a lot.
You use the present continuous
tense to express something thats
happening at the time of speaking.
Look! He is lighting another
cigarette again.

50

Practice
A

Add one sentence to say what is happening.

1. Mr. Thapa teaches history.
He is teaching the history of Nepal at the moment.
2. Mina reads a lot.
3. They watch TV till late night.
4. I enjoy cooking.
5. He is an artist.
6. Manisha is a doctor.

We may use expressions such

as always, never, sometimes,
often, usually, every, once a
year and twice a day with the
simple present tense.

51

Practice
B Write two sentences of your own using the words

in bold print in each of the sentences given.

1. He always works alone.
2. I never talk while eating.
3. She seldom gets up before 8 on Saturday.
4. We usually go to school on foot.
5. They go to the cinema once a month.
6. You arrive home late everyday.
7. Mohan often thinks about his future.
8. We generally spend free time at home.
9. She takes bath three times a week.
10. You normally see a doctor when you are unwell.

52

Practice

We may use expressions such as now,

always, at present, at this moment,
these days and nowadays with the
present continuous tense.

C Write two sentences of your own using the expressions

in bold print in each of the sentences given.

1. She is always making noise.

2. I am having breakfast now.

3. He is talking on the phone at this moment.

4. I am living with my uncle at present.

5. She is learning to play the guitar nowadays.

6. What are you doing these days?

53

Production
A Imagine this is your usual routine. Fill in suitable

expressions and verbs.

I ________ ________ up at ________. I ________ ________ my

teeth. Then I ________ ________ a bath. Before I go to school, I
________ ________ my parents. I ________ ________ to school by
bus. After reaching school, I ________ the morning assembly for
prayers. I ________ ________ my homework, so I ________ it to
my teacher. I ________ ________ part in class discussions. I ________
________ lunch at school. Our classes ________ at ________ pm.
Then I ________ ________ straight home.
B Ask one of your classmates what his or her routine is.

Write it in a paragraph and read it out to the class.

C Look around the classroom and outside. What do you

see happening? What are the people doing? Tell your

teacher.

D After you reach home from school today, sit near the

window and observe what is happening outside. Write at

least ten sentences using the present continuous tense
describing what you see.

54

9. Tense
Simple past and present perfect
Presentation
I have seen the city too. I went to
the city last year. There were many
people and lots of cars and buses. I
saw tall buildings everywhere. There
were very few trees. I know you
have never been to the city, so you
will find it very hard to believe what
I say.

The old monkey is sharing his experience of visiting the city.

Do you have any experience to share with the class?

55

We use the present perfect tense to

talk about experience, to express a
recently completed action or to talk
about an action that happened in the
past when the result of that action is
seen or felt at present.

I have been to Pokhara. (experience)

I have just arrived from school. (recently completed action)
I have done my homework. Look, here it is. (an action that happened in
the past, maybe yesterday, with its result seen now)

We use the simple past tense simply to

express an action that happened before
the time of speaking.

We went to the zoo yesterday.

We saw many animals there.

56

Practice

You may use ever when you ask about

experience. You may use never, twice,
several times etc to tell about your
experience.

Have you ever been to the zoo?

I have never been there.
A The following sentences express experience.

Complete them using the present perfect tense

of the verbs in brackets.
1. Mr. Sharma (teach) English for ten years.
2. I (see) a lion only on TV once.
3. We (never learn) to play the guitar.
4. She (swim) across the river several times.
5. My father (travel) to Europe twice.

57

Practice
B Complete these questions. You could ask a friend about

his or her experience. Use the prompts to help you.

You (go) to Sri Lanka?
Have you ever been to Sri Lanka?
Have a look here!
Have you gone to .? O
Have you been to ..? P
I have gone to .. O
I have been to .. P
1. You (climb) a mountain?
2. You (fight) with your brother?
3. You (go) to Namche bazaar?
4. You (spend) a sleepless night?
5. You (prepare) breakfast yourself?
You use the present perfect tense to
express an action that is completed.
You may use just and already to show
when it was completed.
He has just arrived here.
I have already cleaned the room.

58

Practice
You normally use yet in questions
and negatives.

Has he arrived yet?

I havent cleaned the room yet.

C Complete the sentences with the correct form of the

verb in brackets along with just, already or yet.

1. I have been to most parts of Nepal but I.
the far western region.(not visit/yet)
2. When is the night bus leaving? It.
(leave/already)
3. The baby. walking. (start/just)
4. .. you ...the letter? (write/yet)
5. Oh, I . it. (write/already)
6. The principal . his office. (enter/just)

59

Practice
We also use the present
perfect tense for an action
that happened some time in
the past, but its result is seen
or felt at present.

I have caught
a deer.

D Complete these sentences using the Present Perfect

form of the verbs in brackets.

1. The principal is not in his office. He (go) out.
2. Her hair is short now. She (cut) it.
3. My room looks neat. I (clean) it.
4. I (write) the letter; I will post it on my way to school.
5. She is wearing a different dress today. She (buy) a new
dress.

We use the simple past tense to express

an action that happened before the
time of speaking. It doesnt have any
relation to the present.
He went to his village yesterday.
She prepared the breakfast this morning.
They visited Lumbini in 2004.

60

Practice
If a past action has some relation with
the present, we normally use the
present perfect tense.
He is not here now. He has gone to his village.
Breakfast is ready. She has prepared it.
I know about Lumbini. I have visited that place.
C Complete the following using the simple past or

present perfect form of the verb correctly.

1. Her grandpa (die) many years ago.
2. His grandpa (die), so everyone is sad.
3. I (meet) the Prime Minister once.
4. I (meet) the PM when I was in Kathmandu last month.
5. She (leave) the TV on. It is still on.
6. She (leave) for school this morning.
7. My friends (go) to play football. They are not in the room.
8. She (go) to America last year.
9. Bhagawati is a good teacher. She(teach) for many years.
10. She (start) teaching in 2001.
We should not use any time expression
denoting the past time with the present
perfect tense.
He has gone to his village yesterday. (incorrect)
He has gone to his village.(correct)
He went to his village yesterday. (correct)

61

Production
Sit in pairs and take turns asking and answering these
questions.
Have you ever been to any interesting place?
Tell me about it.
Have you done your maths homework?
When did you do it?
What did you have for breakfast this morning?
How was it?
Tell me about your favourite TV programme.
Did you watch it yesterday?
What happened in yesterdays show?
What about your achievements?
Have you ever done something that you feel proud of?

62

10. Future tense

Will and going to

Presentation

1st bat : It will be night soon.

2nd bat : Yes, the sun will set now and it will get dark.
3rd bat : I am going to fly to the woods near the river. There are
lots of ripe bananas there. Im going to eat heaps of them
tonight.
th
4 bat : Hey! I will also come with you.
Discuss about next Saturday with your friends. Say what will happen, what
you will do and what you are going to do.

63

Normally, we use will to talk about

a future action over which we have
no control. The negative is wont.

You will grow old one day.

Take a torch; you wont see in the dark.

We use going to form to

express intentions and plans
to do something in the future.

I am going to shift to a new tree next week.

He is going to buy a car. (He has the money ready)
We also use going to form to predict a future action
when there are clear signs that it will happen.

Look at the sky. It is going to rain soon

You use will when you decide to
do something for the first time,
but you use going to for something
thats already decided, and is on
your mind.

I am going to buy some vegetables in the market. (I decided this at home.)

It is so hot; I will take off my coat. (Im just thinking of this.)

64

Practice
A Put the verbs in brackets in the future tense (use

will or going to appropriately)

1. It is about to be 4. The bell (ring) soon and we all (go) home.

2. She has booked the ticket. She (fly) to America this week.
3. We forgot the umbrella; we (get) wet in the rain and mother
(chide) us when we get home.
4. I am not prepared for the exam. I (not pass) it this time.
5. Father has bought paint and brush. He (paint) the house.
He (not go) to office today.
B What will you do and not do in the following

situations? Write your decisions for each.

1. You have eaten lots of apples already, and your friend offers
you more.
....................................................................................................
2. Your clothes are dirty.
....................................................................................................
3. Its Saturday and theres no school.
....................................................................................................
4. You are very angry with your sister.
....................................................................................................
5. You need a new dress, but you have no money for it.
....................................................................................................

65

Practice
C Look at the situations and complete the sentences

to say what is going to happen.

1. Rani has passed the grade four final exams.
She ..............................................
2. Mohan has fallen off his bicycle and got badly hurt.
People ............................................... hospital.
3. He has sold his old car.
He ...............................................
4. Mr. Thapa has a cinema ticket in his pocket.
He ............................................... film.
5. Rupa likes the red sweater on display at the shop.
She has enough money for it. She .
D Fill in the blanks with will or going to.

1. It seems I have got fever. I ...... consult

a doctor tomorrow.
2. There are too many passengers in the bus.
The journey ....... be uncomfortable.
3. If you walk in the rain, you ....... fall ill.
4. Sharan does lots of mischief at school.
The principal ..... write to his father.
5. He is taking off his clothes. He ....... swim
in the pool.

66

Production
A Sit in pairs and have conversations about the future.

You may base your conversation on any of the following

topics:
1. Your own future
2. The future of Nepal
3. The world in the future

B Write a few paragraphs about the things you discussed.

67

11. The conditional

Presentation

If you see a tiger, run for your

lives. You wont be safe unless
you run very fast.

If I were a tiger, I
wouldnt kill deer.

If you could be an animal, what would you want to be? Why? Discuss
A sentence with a conditional
clause is called a conditional
sentence. The conditional clause
may begin with if or unless.

The snake will catch me if I dont stay alert.

The snake will catch me unless I stay alert.

68

Practice
The first conditional type is used to show
something that is likely to happen or to
give a warning. The first type has the
present tense in the if clause, and
will/can/may and verb in the main clause

If you step on me, ....

If you step on me, I will bite you.
A Complete the following conditional sentences. Use

the verb in brackets.

The plants will die unless you water them. (water)

1.The dog will bite you _________________________. (tease)
2.If you cant solve the problem, ____________________. (help)
3.If it rains, _____________________________. (wear)
4.You wont pass the exam ________________________. (study)
5.If she plays with the knife, _______________________. (cut)
B Rewrite the following first conditional sentences using

the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1.If it (begin) to snow, I (wear) warm clothes.
2.Unless she (save) money, she (not buy) a new bike.
3.She (gain) weight if she (eat) so much.
4.They (do) that work if he (tell) them to do it.
5.Father (be) angry unless we (get) home on time.

69

Practice
The second conditional type is used to
talk about impossible or possible but
unlikely situations. The second type has
a past tense verb in the if clause and
would +verb in the main clause.
If I had wings, I would fly.
C Complete the following second conditional sentences

using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. If (know) how to drive, I would buy a car.
2. He (swim) across the river if he swam like a fish

3. If god (appear) before me, I would ask him to make me the

PM of Nepal.
4. You (be) famous if you wrote a great book.
5. She (not talk) to us if she was a princess.

The third conditional type is used to talk

about past events that are no longer
possible to be fulfilled. The third type has
past perfect tense (had + past participle)
in the if clause (and would/could/ might
+ have + past participle), in the main
clause

70

Practice
A Complete the following third conditional sentences

using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. If she (work) hard, she could have a got a better result.

2. If you (call) me, I might have helped you.
3. If they had run fast, they (catch) the bus.
4. If you had tried, you (solve) this problem.
5. If we (think) of it, we would have done it easily.
B Complete the following conditional sentences using

the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Unless she (practise) harder, she wont win the match.

2. If she (cross) the road five minutes earlier, the car would
have run over her.
3. If I (have) eyes at the back, I would see what you were doing.
4. What would you do if you (be) the wisest person in the world?
5. He (score) a goal if the goalkeeper had dived to the right.
6. If I (find) a thousand rupee note, I would buy you a gift.
7. She (not get) well unless she takes the medicines regularly.
8. If elephants (climb) trees, it would be great fun to see them.
9. She wont go to bed unless she (watch) her favourite
programme.
10. If the firemen hadnt come on time, the house (burn) to ashes.

71

Production
A Complete these sentences on your own.

1. If I find time, ______________________________.

2. If I were a bird, ______________________________.
3. If I had studied harder, ______________________________.
4. If you heat water to 100 degrees, ____________________________.
5. ______________________________, I wont talk to her.
6. ______________________________, I would definitely give it to you.
7. ______________________________, the teacher wouldnt have
punished us.
8. ____________________________, we would have caught the thief.

B Write a paragraph on the topic:

If I were the richest person on earth.

72

12. Voice

Active and passive

Presentation

Brothers and sisters, this

meeting has been called to
discuss the problems being
faced by all animals. Trees
are being cut down. Water has
been polluted. Life is made
difficult

Discuss the problems people are facing today.

You may express an action using the
verb in active or passive form. If the
actual doer of the action is placed
before the verb, the sentence is in the
active voice. If the bearer is put before
the verb, it is in the passive voice.
The boy is eating the mango. (Active)
The mango is being eaten by the boy. (Passive)

73

Most of the verb tenses have passive forms.

The verb is always in the past participle
form in passive. Look at the table.

ACTIVE

TENSE

(Doer before the verb)

eat/eats
is/am/are eating
ate

PASSIVE
(Bearer before the verb)

(simple present)

is/am/are eaten

(present continuous) is/am/are being eaten

(simple past)

was/were eaten

was eating

(past continuous)

was/were being eaten

has/have eaten

(present perfect)

has/have been eaten

had eaten

(past perfect)

had been eaten

will eat

(simple future)

will be eaten

will have eaten

(future perfect)

will have been eaten.

74

Practice
A Say whether the sentence is active or passive.

1. English Grammar is taught by Miss Kattel.

2. We play games.
3. They are building a house.
4. The windows have been cleaned.
5. The roof is being repaired.
6. Sharan will buy a goat.
7. My book was torn by my sister.
8. An announcement will be made in the afternoon.
9. A tree was being felled.
10. He had been informed by the peon.

When you make an active sentence

passive, you bring the bearer (object) in
the subjects place. Remember to make
changes in the verbs too.
They broke the window.
The window was broken by them.
Raj reads lots of books.
Lots of books are read by Raj.

75

Practice
B Change the following active sentences to passive.

1. She will take a photograph.

2. They are baking cakes.
3. The teacher will give homework.
4. The old women were discussing the matter.
5. Susmita has bought new shoes.
6. The big monkey plucked the mangoes.
7. We write funny poems.
8. You understand my problem.
9. She told many lies.
10. The poor man was carrying a torn bag.
C Rewrite the sentences in the active voice.

The record has been broken by the athletes.

The athletes have broken the record.
Dhaka Topis are worn by the Nepalese people.
The Nepalese people wear Dhaka topis.
1. A new sari is being worn by Rupa.
2. The car has been sold by my father.
3. Coffee will be prepared by Bunu.
4. His mother is loved by him.
5. Sandwiches are being bought by us.
6. The gates had been opened by the gatekeeper.
7. My name is written by me in all my books.
8. The message was given by Roshan yesterday.
9. The students were punished by the teacher.
10. Nothing was being done by my brother.

76

Production
A Make two sentences using each of these words.

Use the passive form. See the example first.

rice: Rice is grown in Nepal.
Rice is eaten in many countries around the world.
grass
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
houses
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
photographs
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
food
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
Mt Everest
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
B Sit in pairs. You say an active sentence and your

friend changes it into passive. Then it is your turn

to change the active sentence said by your friend into
passive.

77

13. Questions
Presentation

Lion: Now, Mr Bear, since you want to be my secretary, you

have to answer my questions satisfactorily. Are you ready?
Bear: Yes, sir.
Can you guess the different questions the lion might ask the
bear? Discuss.

78

When a verb is made of two parts

(auxiliary or modal + main verb) then
we usually make a question by putting
the auxiliary or modal before the subject.
Such a question is called a yes/no
question.
He is sitting in the sun.
Is he sitting in the sun?
She could lift the box.
Could she lift the box?
When the verb is in the
simple present, the
auxiliary is do or does.
They go to school.
Do they go to school?
She goes to school.
Does she go to school?
When the verb is in the simple
past, the auxiliary is did.
They closed the door.
Did they close the door?
He wrote a letter.
Did he write a letter?

79

Practice
A Rewrite the following statements as Yes/No

questions.

1. They will be arriving shortly.

2. Monica dances beautifully.
3. He spoke in a strange language.
4. You live near the bridge.
5. They wanted to buy the gift.
6. He has been working hard.
7. You wont go to the library.
8. She is a doctor.
9. She had enough money.
10. They cant live there.
11. You have a headache.
12. There wasnt enough sugar.
13. She has gone home.
14. It has a long tail.
15. The teacher likes you.
16. They had rice for dinner.
17. We have known it for some time.
18. Suresh has a sweet voice.
19. They had decided to go away.
20. You have the courage to do it.

80

Practice
We also use question words such as what,
when, where, why, how, who and whose
to ask questions. Such a question is called
an information question or wh question.

What do you eat for breakfast?

When is the bus leaving?
Where is your school?
How did they open the door?
Who broke the glass?
Who did you meet?
Whose book is this?
B Write questions beginning with the question words given in
brackets so that the words in bold print may be the answers.

My father is a teacher. (What)

What is your father?
Mr. Thapa is the principal. (Who)
Who is the principal?
She wept because she lost her purse. (Why)
Why did she weep?
1. He works in the hospital. (Where)
2. He is twenty years old. (How)
3. They have bought the red car. (Which)
4. He was working slowly. (How)
5. She will go to office at 9. (When)
6. Raman saw the accident. (Who)
7. You asked Moti for help. (Who)
8. Those books are hers. (Whose)
9. His dog bit her. (Whose)
10.They cancelled the match as it rained. (Why)
11.She has three sisters. (How)
12.There is enough sugar. (How)

81

Practice
A short question asked at the end of a statement is
called a question tag. We ask such a question to
see whether the listener agrees with the speaker.

You are a student, arent you?

She doesnt see well, does she?
Remember! The tag is negative if the
statement is positive and the tag is
positive for a negative statement.
Seema isnt going, is she?
Rajesh is going, isnt he?
The tag for I am is arent I?
I am your friend, arent I?
The tag for Im not ..is am I?
I am not a fool, am I?
C Add question tags to these statements.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

You can come with me.

Im safe here.
All the students are bright.
Mohan paid the bill.
Amrita lives here.
Those birds cant fly.
You will be happy.
He doesnt like it.
They didnt go there.
Parents love their children.
They shouldnt agree
Im not going to agree.
She has three sisters.
You had lots to eat.
They have travelled a lot.

82

Production
A Write down a question beginning with each of the

following question words. The questions must be on

general knowledge. Then sit in pairs and take turns
asking and answering each others questions.
What is the capital of Nepal?
It is Kathmandu.
What__________________________________________________?
When________________________________________________?
Where________________________________________________?
Why__________________________________________________?
How__________________________________________________?
Who__________________________________________________?
How many___________________________________________ ?
How much_____________________________________________?
Whose_________________________________________________?
B Would you like to know more about your teacher?

Complete the questions below and ask your teacher.

You may also add other questions of your own.
When_________________________________________________?
Where________________________________________________?
Have_________________________________________________?
Did__________________________________________________?
Can___________________________________________________?
Are___________________________________________________?

83

14. Speech

Direct and indirect

Presentation

Why are you trying to

kill him?

Please forgive me!

Say it in your own words.

1. What did the monkey ask the lion?
2. What did the lion tell the monkey?
3. What did the mouse request the lion?

He was running over me

while I was asleep.

84

I forgave the mouse.

We may report what somebody said in two ways:

1.by quoting the actual words of the speaker
The lion said, I forgave the mouse.
(This is direct speech.)
2.by reporting what the speaker said in our words
The lion said that he had forgiven the mouse.
(This is indirect speech.)

Know the person

1st person

I, my, me, mine, myself, we, our, us, ours, ourselves

2nd person
you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves
3rd person

he, his, him, himself, she, her, hers, herself, it, its,
itself, they, their, them, theirs, themselves

85

Normally, pronouns and possessives

may change in indirect speech.

1st person changes according to the subject or speaker.

2nd person changes according to the object or listener.
3rd person remains unchanged.
Gopal said to Sita, I will help you if they want.
Here I is first person and it reflects the speaker, Gopal.
you is 2nd person and it reflects the listener, Sita.
they is 3rd person and it reflects neither the speaker nor the listener.
The indirect speech would be:
Gopal

Sita

3rd person

Gopal told Sita that he would help her if they wanted.

Now, if Sita is the speaker and Gopal is the listener, the indirect speech
would be:
Sita

Gopal

Sita told Gopal that she would help him

3rd person

if

they

wanted.

86

Practice
A Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the pronouns

or possessives in the indirect speech.

1. Sunita said to me, I will do my best to get him on your side.
Sunita told me that ________ would do ________ best to get
________ on ________ side.
2. He said to them, Your idea impresses me.
He told them that ________ idea impressed ________.
3. He said to her, It is impossible for me to believe you.
He told her that ________ was impossible for ________ to
believe ________.
4. We can understand your problems, said the teachers to us.
The teachers told us that ________ could understand ________
problems.
5. I and you can help her if you want.
He told me that ________ and ________ could help ________
if ________ wanted.
The verb between the speaker and the
listener is called the reporting verb.

She said to me...

Here the reporting verb is said.
He tells them that....
Here the reporting verb is tells.

87

Practice
If the reporting verb is in the present or
future tense, the tense in the indirect speech
doesnt change.

He says to her, I am your friend. (Present tense)

He tells her that he is her friend. (Present tense)
They will say. We were the best. (Past tense)
They will say that they were the best. (Past tense)
Now lets see how the verb changes if you use a past
reporting verb for the statements above.
He told her that he was her friend.
They told us that they had been the best.
Theres a difference between say and
tell. We say something but we tell
someone something.

She said me that she was fine. O

She said that she was fine. P
She told to me that she was fine. O
She told me that she was fine. P

88

Practice
Remember!
Present tense changes to past tense.
Was/were changes to had been.
Simple past changes to past perfect (had + past participle)
Will/shall changes to would/should.
May/can changes to might/could.
However, past perfect doesnt change.

When the reporting verb is in the

past tense, certain expressions
denoting nearness of time and place
also change to denote remoteness or
distance.

Direct speech

Indirect speech

this, these
here, now
today, tonight
ago
yesterday
tomorrow
last
next

that, those
there, then
that day, that night
before
the day before/the previous day
the next day/the following day
the previous
the following

89

Practice
B Change the following into indirect speech.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Ravi said to Shila, I can tell you all about him tomorrow.
They say to her, You ruined your health last year.
He said to me, I visited Japan with your uncle last year.
Father will say to her, I am giving you time until
tomorrow.
5. Ramesh said, Mira, I may phone you tomorrow.
6. The doctor said to me, You have to take this medicine for
the next three weeks.
7. My friends said to her, Your dog was with us yesterday.
8. The beggar was saying to the tourists, God will bless
you if you give me something to eat.
9. Sharada said to him, This was the letter they wrote to me
a long time ago.
10. They will say to you, If you see this, you will be surprised

Production
Sit in pairs. Whisper a sentence into your friends ears.
Your friend will report to the class what you said. Remind
your friend to use reported speech. Then it is your friends
turn to whisper into your ears.

90

15. Phrasal verbs

Presentation
This calls for an attack!

Monkey one: Why are the bees breaking into an attack?

Monkey two: Oh! A bear called on them. He broke into their
storeroom and made away with all their honey.
Look at the phrases in bold print in the monkeys conversation.
What do they mean?

91

A phrasal verb is a verb plus a

preposition or adverb, which
creates a different meaning from
the original verb.

call for
call in
call off
call on
call up
call back

require, ask for something to be done

ask some one to come and help you
cancel
visit someone for a short time
telephone someone
telephone someone again

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive

verb cant be followed by an object.
He suddenly showed up.
Show up means appear or arrive and it cant take an object.
Some phrasal verbs are transitive.
They take an object.

He made up the story.

Make up means create by yourself and it has an object, the story.
Sometimes, the object can be placed between
the verb and the preposition or adverb.
He talked them into helping him.
She looked the phone number up in the directory.

92

Practice
A Fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs from

the box.

disapproves of
ran out of
moved out of
carried out
depends on

put away
burnt down
calls for
blew up
turn down

1. He doesnt work. He _______________ his father for

everything.
2. They _______________ the old house last month. They live
in the new house now.
3. The enemy _______________ the bridge with a powerful
bomb.
4. We _______________ the work on time.
5. You must _______________ the toys and start doing your
homework now.
6. The fire _______________ the house completely.
7. My teacher likes hard work. He _______________ laziness.
8. Harish likes to work alone. He will _______________ your
offer of helping him.
9. We have won the match. This _______________ a celebration.
10. My pen _______________ ink, so I had to use a pencil.

93

Practice
B In the following conversation, the phrasal verbs are

in bold print. Match each phrasal verb with its

meaning in the box by writing the letter of the
meaning in the box.
a. visit a place
b. visit briefly
c. require
d. telephone

e. greet from a distance

f. visit to collect
g. visit; expecting to stay for sometime
h. cancel

Sunil and Suman see their games teacher and they call out
to him.

Sunil and Suman: Hello, sir!

Teacher: Hello, boys. Did you see Gopi? I called at
house, but he wasnt there.

his

Sunil: We called for

him too, but he had already left his
house. We had arranged to call in at
his place, and then
come here together.
Suman: Why did you call on

him, Sir?

Teacher: I wanted to call off

the football match.

Sunil: That calls for

informing him about it.

Suman: I know what to do. You could call up

mobile phone.
Teacher: Oh, yes! Why didnt I think of it before?

on his

94

Practice
C Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions to complete

the phrasal verbs in these sentences.

1.

I am proud .. being a Nepali.

2.

We take pride .. our country.

3.

The police charged him .. murder.

4.

I am anxious .. my exam.

5.

She dreams .. becoming a nurse.

6.

He aimed .. becoming a doctor.

7.

I dont agree .. you.

8.

We all agreed .. the plan.

9.

Our country is rich .. natural resources.

10. The teacher was satisfied .. my answers.

11. Dont be jealous .. others success.
12. We hope .. a good result.
13. She is hopeful .. getting the prize.
14. She begged .. help.
15. She apologized .. her friend .. her bad behavior.
16. The old man died .. cancer.
17. Nepal is famous .. Mt.Everest.
18. Dont interfere .. my work.
19. I am waiting .. my friend.
20. The nurse is waiting .. the patient.

95

Production

Given below are some commonly used phrasal verbs with their
meanings. Make sentences using the phrasal verbs.
break down
go out of order; go wrong
break out
begin suddenly; spread (of disease, fire etc)
break up
come to an end
come across
meet someone or find something by chance
come by
obtain; get (something)
get at
reach (something)
get away
escape
give away
distribute
give in
surrender
give up
leave; quit
keep back
hide
keep off
remain at a distance
keep on
continue
look after
take care of
look forward to wait eagerly for
look into
examine
look up
search for
put off
postpone
put on
wear
put out
extinguish
put up with
bear
set out
begin (a journey etc)
set up
establish
take after
resemble
take down
write down
take off
remove
take place
happen
turn down
reject
turn up
come; arrive
pass away
die
run out of
have no more of something

96

16. Punctuation
Presentation

What is the tiger

looking for Miss
Monkey?

What do you think Mr Monkey meant to say?

Is it:
What is the tiger looking for, Miss Monkey?
Is it:
What is the tiger looking for? Miss Monkey?
Or, is it:
What! Is the tiger looking for Miss Monkey?
Discuss why it is difficult to make out what Mr Monkey meant.

97

It is difficult to make out the

meaning of what is written without
the proper use of punctuation
marks.

Marks of punctuation
full stop (.)
interrogation mark (?)
exclamation mark (!) comma (,)
colon (:)
semi-colon(;)
apostrophe ( ` )
hyphen (-)
dash()
inverted commas ( )

Use a full stop after a complete

sentence or a command.

He arrived late.
Dont touch that.
Use a mark of interrogation (question mark)
after a question.
Where is he?
He said it, didnt he?

98

Practice
Use the exclamation mark after
an exclamatory sentence. Use
the exclamation mark with
interjections.
What a shot!
Wow! Its great.
A Punctuate the following sentences using a full stop, a mark
of interrogation or an exclamation mark where necessary.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Such a noisy room

Do you know where the files are
Let the old man sit here
They will come, wont they
Mr GB Thapa is the president

We often join two complete sentences with a conjunction. To

make it compound. We usually place a comma before the
conjunction.

However, if the sentence after the conjunction is not a full

sentence, we dont need a comma.
Compare the sentences in the two boxes below.
He worked hard all day, but he couldnt complete the work.
She entered the kitchen, and she started cooking dinner.
He worked hard all day but couldnt complete the work.
She entered the kitchen and started cooking dinner.

99

Practice
We use the comma to separate items,
words or phrases and clauses in a
list or series.

She bought apples, grapes, guavas, oranges and pineapples.

Hari, Mani, Mohan, Rita and Suni were present.
This car is fast, comfortable, modern and safe.
God belongs to all kinds of people, rich or poor, young or
old, high or low, black or white.
Use the comma to set off a person or
people addressed. Use the comma to
separate expressions such as yes, no,
oh, well, in fact, of course, however and
nevertheless.

Meena, this is my new house.

Where did you put it, boys?
Salim, please pass me the book.
Yes, that will be fine.
Of course, he has said it.
Use the comma to separate the
question tag.
She speaks Nepali, doesnt she?
You can do it, cant you?

100

Practice

Use the comma to separate the parts

of a date from one another and other
words from a date. Commas also
separate parts of an address.

Baisakh 8, 2063
Finally, on July 10, 2004, he breathed his last.
He was born on the 7th of August, 1987, in Pokhara,
Kaski, Nepal.

Use comma to separate

clauses when the subordinate
clause comes first.

Ill go home if I feel bored.

If I feel bored, Ill go home.
He left home when he was sixteen.
When he was sixteen, he left home.

101

Practice
B

Place commas where necessary in the following

sentences.
1. Unless you tell me the truth you will be punished.
2. Sujan your breakfast is ready.
3. The letter is addressed to Chitwan Resort Hotel Chitwan
National Park Sauraha Chitwan Nepal.
4. Could you repeat the question Madam?
5. He is rather dull heavy lazy and incompetent.
6. She is intelligent but her health is rather delicate.
7. She had a bath ironed her clothes dressed up smartly
and went out.
8. The plane touched down at Heathrow Airport London
UK on the 7th of April 2002.
9. In fact he was a great man.
10. I needed advice so I went to see the principal.
11. You will lift the box wont you?
12. Before going to bed he always says a prayer to God.

102

Practice
We use a colon to introduce
a word, a phrase, a
sentence, a quotation or a
list after a sentence.
I have only one thing on my mind: mice.
I have one thing on my mind: a fat mouse.
Cats always think of this: Can I catch a mouse today?
Most cats like three things: mice, milk and napping.
C Punctuate the following sentences by using the

colon where needed:

1.
2.
3.
4.

I have three good friends Sumi, Bunu and Deepa.

Joe has one bad habit he smokes.
I know why he works so hard he is highly ambitious.
Get these things immediately a notebook, a pen and a
pencil.
5. Name the following the longest river, the highest
mountain, and the largest desert.
We use the semicolon to
connect two related sentence
without using a conjunction.
Sarala is a good typist; she makes few mistakes.
Jimmy is hard working; Preeti is rather lazy.
We really enjoyed the picnic; it was fun.

103

Practice
When expressions like however,
nevertheless, therefore, then, thus, for
instance, as a result, consequently etc
come between two independent clauses,
put a semicolon before them.
She didnt help me when I was in need; nevertheless, I will help her.
They worked really hard; therefore, they have succeeded.
He always drove carelessly; consequently, he met with an accident.
She is very boastful; however, she helps the poor.
D Use the semicolon where necessary in the following

sentences.

YouLneg
H
an
rE
esrL
'LG
ORAMMAR

1.
2.
3.
4.

He was really thirsty he drank five glasses of water.

She never worked hard as a result, she failed miserably.
They packed all their belongings then, they left in a hurry.
You could do something to help the poor for instance,
you could provide them food.
5. I couldnt get enough sleep the noise next door disturbed
me.
6. What youve done is all wrong nevertheless, you could
correct it.
7. It might rain anytime its good to carry an umbrella.
8. She got stuck in a traffic jam thus, she missed her class.
9. He is very generous he always helps others in need.
10. It was a long way however, he decided not to take a taxi.

104

Practice
We use the apostrophe in
contractions.
cannot cant
he is hes
will not wont
they are theyre
We use the apostrophe to
form possessives.
of the boy the boys
of the man the mans
belonging to Meena Meenas
of teachers teachers
for children childrens
We use an apostrophe when we
make letters and numerals plural.
There are two Os in the word moon.
Six 5s make thirty.
E Use the apostrophe where necessary in the

following.
1. The girls hostel is on the top floor.
2. He didnt say where hes kept the money.
3. Rubinas dog went missing.
4. It is a months work.
5. Youre going to see what shes done.
6. A dogs bite can cause rabies.
7. He hit three 4s and two 6s in the match.
8. How many Es are there in the word elephantine?

105

Practice
We use the hyphen to show that part of
a word of more than one syllable is
carried over to the next line.
Nepal is a very beautiful country.
The hyphen is also used to join the
elements of some compound nouns.
great- grandparent
son-in-law
twenty-one
ninety-nine
a two-hour meeting.
F Rewrite the following sentences putting a hyphen

where necessary.

1. The man was ninety six years old.

2. My great grandfather owned this land.
3. They wanted to reach the top of the mountain in a three hour
climb.
4. His father in law gave him fifty five dollars.
5. She often visits the town library to get books for her son.

106

Practice
A dash is used to introduce an
explanation in the middle of a sentence.
It is also used after a list of items when
the list is followed by an explanation.
Miss Thapa the prime ministers personal secretary has
resigned.
Everybody the judges, the players, the spectators liked
her performance.
A revolver, some papers, a knife these were the things found
in her bag.
Parents, friends and relatives everyone was against him.
G Use a dash where necessary in the following.

1. The book one of the best of its kind gave me all the
knowledge on the subject.
2. Painting, music, literature none interested her.
3. Your work you have to open the gates at 6 demands
punctuality.
4. The snow- capped mountains, the green forests, the
mighty rivers, the birds, the animals all fascinated them.
5. This cloth its made of the best cotton is very
expensive.
We use the inverted commas to quote a direct
speech. We should take care to place the full
stop and question mark inside the inverted
comma when writing a direct quotation.

He said, I will do my best. O

He said, I will do my best. P

107

Practice
study how interrupted speech is
punctuated using inverted commas.

Mohini said, I am sorry to have forgotten it.

I am sorry, said Mohini, to have forgotten it.
Same sentence continues
Comma
Small letter
I am sorry, said Mohini. We forgot it.
New sentence
Full stop
Capital letter

H Punctuate the following direct speeches correctly

1. i will call you said Rohan if i have time

2. the teacher said this will take a long time
3. he is not at home said his mother he has gone to school
4. the beggar said can you give me some food
5. i am working hard said she in order to get a good result

108

Production
Put in correct punctuation marks wherever necessary in the
following text.
1. Its such a hot day Ill have an ice cream would you like to have one too
2. There were four items in the mans bag a camera a digital radio a map
and a guide book
3. Sunayana the dogs owner says shell be here tomorrow however I think
she wont come
4. You understand what I mean dont you
5. At 3 30 on 12 December 2006 they met at Central Hotel Thamel
Kathmandu Nepal
6. My books my bag my tie I cant find anything Where have you put them
7. Ouch said Bina youre stepping on my toe
8. The book written by LB Tamang Mountains of Peace won the prize of
the year
9. Im tired Ill go to bed early
10. The boys questions really annoyed the teacher keep quiet he said put
your questions one by one you morons