AGMA STANDARD System Design of General Industrial Coarse-Pitch Cylindrical Wormgearing Published bye AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1901 North Fort Myer Orive Arlington, Virginia 22208Number AGMA 110.03, AGMA 112.04 AGMA 124,01 AGMA 211.02 AGMA 215.01 AGMA 221.02 } AGMA 225.01 AGNA 234,01 AGMA 241,02 AGMA 243,51 AGMA 243.61, AGMA 243.71 AGMA 250,02 AGMA 255,03 AGMA 290,01 AGMA 291,01 AGMA 342,02 AGMA 390.02 AGMA 440.03 The user ofthis Standard (AGMA. 341. 02) may find these other AGMA Standards of value as reference data; Title Geae-Tooth Wear atid Failuce .. Terms, Definitions, Symbols and Abbreviations Wormgear Hobs «evan ee ‘Surface Durability (Piccing) of Helical and Herringhoa Information Sheet for Surface Dusability (Pitting) of Spus, Helical, Hercingbone and Bevel Gear Teeth .. Ratiag the Steeagth of Helical aad Heningbone Gear Tests, Infornation Sheet for Seengrh of Spue, Helical; Hezzinghone and Bevel Gear Teeth e:cesssesesunen Inspection of Coarse-Pitch Cylindrical Vorns aad Worageats Specification for Genecal Industrial Gear Materials — Steel (Drawn, Rolled and Forged) : Specification for Vormgear Bronze .. 1¢ Gear Teeth,, Specification for Aluminum Bronze (Castings, Barstock, and Forgings) Specification for Manganese Bronze (Castings, Barstock, and Forgings) oe -Lubsication of Industrial Enclosed Gearing, includes Appendix Sheet 250.02A, Typical Manufacturee's Oils Meeting Standard AGMA 250.02 . Bolting —~ Allowable Tensile Stress ... Matking for Enclosed Geat Drives sivrsncncsc, Taformation Shee: —Reducer Assembly Designations Design of General Industrial Double-Enveloping Wompears Gear Classification Manual etait Practice for Single and Double-Reduction Cplindsical-Worn and Helical-Worn Speed Reducers A ore complete list of AGMA Standaeds published by the American Geac. Manufacturers Association is available upon request, ** PustisHeo ay AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1901 NORTH FORT MVER DRIVE, ARLINGTON, VinGiNiA 72209 PRICE $5.00Vv AGMA STANDARD DESIGN OF GENERAL INDUSTRIAL COARSE-PITCH CYLINDRICAL WORMGEARING 1, Scope. 1a This standard covers the design of cylindtical ‘warns and throated gears mounted with axes at a 90 degree angle aad having axial pitches of 3/16 inch and larget. 1.2 No limitation is placed on the method of pro- ducing the worms and gears, but che cooth form of the gear must be conjugace to the thread form of the worm. Available tools and means for pcocessing will determine, to a large degree, the eype of form produced by az individual manufacturer. For these reagons the obtaining of worms and matiag gears sources is nor recommended. 1.3 A wide range of satisfactory desiga is recog nized aad ie is aot the incencioa of this standard co present rules which aust be cigidly followed. The penctices recommended are based on many years of experience and are therefore offered as a guide ro successful design. Design Procedure 2k Desiga data is presented in this standard in the steps which a designer would normally cake in cal- culating dimeaeions of the gearing. I is recognized that these steps will aot always be followed in the same sequence dependent on the knowa factors and requicenents for the gearing. It is assumed that ratio and center distance are known prict to the start of design. 2.2 Because of the broad range of satisfactory de- sign and the many considerations goveming the deternination of basic dimensions, ic is often de sirable co work backward and make revisions afeer the design has been partially or totally completed. 2.3 Since’ the hob used in cutting the gear must be escentially similar ia size and form co the worm, attention is invited to the fact that cooling costs may be reduced of eliminated by utilizing a worm design for which a comparable hob exisss. 3, Number of Teeth in Gear BA The minimum aumber of teeth permissable for to a lacge extent by center The cecommended minigum number of the gear is influence: distance. teeth for vatious center discances is listed in Table 1, Should special considerations indicate a require- mene for fewer teeth it is advisable to consult = manufacturer of this type of gearing before com pleting the design. ‘Table 1 Recommended Minimum Numbers of Gear Teeth for General Design — Center Distance ‘Minimum Number (Inches) of Teeth 2 20 3 25 ’ 25 0 29 15 35. 2 40 Py 45 “Lower numbers of teeth are permissable for specific applications. AGMA 341,02 —Narch, 1965AGMA STANDARD DESIGN OF GENERAL INDUSTRIAL COARSE-PITCH CYLINDRICAL WORMGEARING 2 The mexinun aumber of teeth selected will be iwerned by high ratios of reduction and considera~ jos of strength and load canying capacity, 4, Number of Threads in Worm 1 The misimum oumber of teeth in the gear and je reduction ratio will determine the aumber of reads for the worm. Generally, one to ten threads je used. In special cases a laeger aumber of reads may be required, 5. Gear Ratio Gear ratio is the quotient of the number of teeth | the gear and che aunber of threads in the worm. ther peime or even ratios may be used; however, the gear teeth are ea be generated by a single Joth “fly-curtae”” the use of a prime ratio will make te need for indexing the curter unnecessary. 6. Pitch 11 It is recommended that pitch be specified in the lal plane of the worm and that it be a simple frac fon to permit accurate factoring for change gear ttios, The axial pitch of the worm is equal to the feeulac pitch of the gear. 7, Worm Piteh Diameter A The pitch diameter of the worm for calculation ‘poses is assumed to be at the mean of the Dorking depth, Aw 2 tue pitch, lamecer until maced with a gear at a epecific center ‘stance. If the actual addendum and dedendum of m does act h the worm are equal respectively to the addendum and dedendum of che gear, the nominal and actual picch diameters of the worm are the same, However, a5 ia dicated in paragraph 8.2, it is not essential that this condition exise for 5: factory operation of the gearing. 7.2 Although a relatively large variation in worm it should be held within certain Limits if the power capacity ie not to pitch diameter ie permissible, be adversely affected. Therefore, when selecting a worm pitch diameter the following factors should be considered: 1 Smaller pitch diameters provide higher effi mney and reduce the magnitude of tooth loading. 1.22 The toot diameter which results feom selec~ tion of a pitch diameter must be sufficiently large to prevent undue deflection and stress under load. 7.2.3 Larger worm pitch diameters permit utiliza tion of larger gear face widths, providing big! strength for the gear set. 1.24 For low ratios the minimum pitch diameter is govemed to some degree by the desizability of a voiding too high 2 lead angle. Generally, the lead is Limieed co a maximum of 45 degrees. However, lead angles up to 50 degrees are practical. 8. Gear Pitch Diameter 8.1 The selection of an approximate worm pitch diameter permits che determination of a come sponding approximate gear pitch diameter, In che normal case where the addendum and dedendum of the worm are to be equal respectively to & dam and dedendum of the gear e trial value of gear pitch diameter may be found by subtracting the ap- CAGMA STANDARD DESIGN OF GENERAL INDUSTRIAL COARSE-PITCH CYLINDRICAL WORMGEARING proximate worn pitch diasessr from tvice the center Bald Smallee values of pressure angie decrease the discance of the worm and gear. Having selected the separating forces, extend the line of action and re- umber of cecth foc the geaz, ie is desisable co arrive ult in less backlash change with change in center ac aa exact gear pitch diameter by selecting for the distance. gear ciccular pitch a fraction, which can be conven Bee aceced h eee ‘Table 2 Recommended Values of jenely factored into a gear tain for processing pur Walaa itacecs Susie poses, and calculating gear pitch diameter from formals ia Table 5. Should the actual value of geaz Nees picch diameter differ from the trial value, the worm anele, Lead Angle, A pitch diameter must be adjusted accordingly disough a the use of formula ia Table 4, ay ieee ane 1 25° 30° co 45° YF g2 Ie is not essential chat the pitch circle of che EE ree eee wear be at the mean of the working depth. Where : 7 te he ae stronger gear teeth and assist in preventing under ‘sore angle is high enough to prevear undercutting, Se ier eas the piteh line can be anyxhere beeween the mean of ee eee the depth and the ehioat diameter of che gear, ot Tele prec ca gute ne poo even outside the throat, This results in a shore | addendum for the gear teeth and lengthens the angle T of recess. It is also practical for the gear pitch % of Depth Lead Angle, & diameter 0 be located somewhat below the mean of the working deprh. 90 30° co 34° 59° 80 35° to 399597 0 40° 20 45° 9. Worm Thread and Gear A luibettenen NOTE: Other systems for stubbing gear teeth such 5 as ceducing the depth by 2 per cent per de- ~*< 9.1 Pressure Angle. Several factors desezve con gree of lead angle over 30 degree are also sideration ia the selection of the pressure angle. in prevalent use. " Van My FiG.| TYPICAL SECTION THRU GEAR RIMSrc t AGMA STANDARD DESIGN OF GENERAL INDUSTRIAL COARSE-PITCH CYLINDRICAL WORMGEARING |g The recommended pressuce angles ace listed “able 2. These, used with the system for phing ceeth (Table 3) and the secommendations minimum umber of teeth (Table 1), will avoid fercusting- “a Alshough ies use is discouraged, a Li-1/2 de- ip normal pressure angle may be used for lead les up t0 17 degrees. is A derailed study of gear tooth action is em iyed by some designers in order to utilize pres- je angles less than 25 degrees where worm lead les ace above 30 degrees. } Tooth Depth Proportions. The choice of tooth pth proportions is govemed to a great extent by } seed co avold undezcutting of the gear teeth. 2a Commonly used tooth depth proportions for Mi angles 10, but aot including, 30 degrees are weed ia Table 6. However, other acceptable peace ves are used by several manufaenicers. 22 Table 3 presents a system for stubbing teeth be used in conjunction with pressure angles in ble 2 for lead angles 30 degrees and above. {3 Tooth Thickness. The gear tooth normal thick= ss preferably should not be less than half the dena pitch at the mean of che working depth. In lew of the lower strength matedal normally used de the gear i is the peactice of some manufgemarers b make the goat tooth appreciably thicke? fran the fora thread, ‘The extent to which this’ procedure a be followed is limieed by che necessity for pro- ‘iting adequate land thickness at the thread peaks. 14 Tooth or Thread Fors, The most ingortant letail of che worm thread form is that it must be joajugace to that of the gear tooth. The thread form ies with individsal sanuéaceuce’s peactices and fay be anything beimeen the extemes of a straight lide in the novmal section to an involute helicoid. inchs 10, Gear Blank Dimensions 10.1 Face Width, The effective face of a wormgear varies with the nominal pitch diameter of the worm aad the depth of thread. ‘The formula for gear fa given in Table 5 is baced on the maximum effective face of a worngea: being the length of a tangent £0 the mean worm dianeter, Between the points where ie is intersected by she outside diameter of the Any additioaal face is of very Ucele value and is wasteful of matecial. 10.2 Diameter Increment. This is che amount that ia added eo the theoat diameter of the gear co obtain the outside diameter. The magninde of this incre ment is aot critical and may vary with manufactures practice, Normal practice is to use approximately one addendum. It is general practice to sound out the outside diameter to the aearest f ction of an 10.3 The shazp comers at the point where gear face and outside diameter intersect should be re~ moved by the use of either 2 chamfer or radius as shown in Figure 3. 10.4 Figure 1 illustrates chree types of gear blanks with the recommended thickness of material beneath the root of the teeth indicated. AL, Worm Face 11d The face of length of the worm should be such that it extends beyoad the point where contact be~ tween its threads aad the teeth of the gear begin. Valike spar and helical gears, the pressure angie of ‘a wormgear varies along the length of the tooth and bacomes quite low os the leaving side. This causes contact to occus on the worm almost out to the poiat where the outside diameter of the worm intersects the throat diameter of the gear. 114.4 The formule in Table 4 provides a conserva tive value of worm face width and is based on inter- section of worm outside diameter with gear throat diameter. oae AGMA STANDARD DESIGN OF GENERAL INDUSTRIAL COARSE-PITCH CYLINDRICAL WORMGEARING 11.1.2 More exact worm face widths may be detes- mined by detailed calculations or layouts which 0 consideration the face width of the gear and fix more definitely the extent of contact along the worm theads. take 11.2 Good practice includes the breakiag or 8 off of the sharp edge of the worm threads at the end of the worm face. This procedure is patticularly important where the worm face is less than provided for in the formula in Table 4, 12, Bored Worm Blanks 12.1 Where it is necessary to use a bored worm the blank is normally designed with a keyseat for Griving purposes. Figure 2 shows the recommended amount of material to be provided between the root This is a general recommendation which will be govemed to some extent by whether the blank is hacdened of unbardened, An increase in this amount may be necessary if the blank is hardened, particularly if a case-haréening process is used. of the worm threads and the keysear, FIG.2 TYPICAL SECTION THRU WORM 13. Design for SelfLocking 13.1 A wormgear is said to be self-locking or irse- le when the gear cannot drive the worm. This condition is obtained if the lead angle of the worm is less than the friction angle, and as a conse- queace the efficiency for reversed driving is zero, The friction angle for static conditions will vary with su h factors as: surface finish and lubrication. Furthermore, the friction angle decreases rapidly with the start of motion, and vibrations from nearby sources quite oftea upsee the static condition of a locked set of gearing, reducing the friction angle to 1 point where motion occurs. Fat these ceasons, each application must be studied carefully, and in general, it is not accepted practice to consider worngeating for self-locking service ualess the lead angle of che worm is less than 5 degrees. For com plese assurance of iereversibility, itis advisable to resort co the use of a brake rather tha to rely on the self-locking chacacteristics of the geacing. 14, Symbols LLL The symbols used conform co Seandaid AGMA 111.03, “Leer Symbols for Gese Engineering”, (ASA BG. 5-1954), and ASA Z10, 3-1948, “Lee Symbols for Mechanics of Solid Bodies’. They are given below: @ © addendum, inches C = Center distance, inches 4 = nominal pitch diameter worm, inches 4, = outside diameter of worm, inches D = diameter of gear ia central plane, at mid- working depth, inches D, = outside diameter of gear, inches Dy = cheoat diameter of gear, inches F, = effective face width of gear, inches F = face width of worm, inches bg = working depth, inches >, = whole depth, inches lead number of teeth in gear umber of threads ia worm normal pitch of worm and gear axial pitch of worm lead angle of worn, degrees normal pressure angle of worn, degrees AGMA 341.02 —March, 1965AGMA STANDARD DESIGN OF GENERAL INDUSTRIAL COARSE-PITCH CYLINDRICAL WORMGEARING c ‘Table 4 Worm Dimensions ‘Table 6 Dimensfons Common to Both sooty - Worm and Gear Ce Dianna | Fol neat ral * "Addendum (For lead ie | = angles less thaa 30°) «| 3183, i Picch Diameter a **Whole Depth (For lead 1 : angles lese than 30°) , 6866 P, Ouiside Diameter. |, "Forking Depth (Fos lead Siciteeaee ee angles less than 30°) by 6366 Pe Lead Angle Jor Liem “Recommended values where lead angle is less chan Normal Pitch Pn 30 degrees. Sec Section 9.2 for proposed sysiems : ff scubbing ceech where lead angle is 30 degrees Normal Pressuse or mere. : Angle (see Table 2)) dq For use where addendum and dedendum of werm equal respectively addendum and dedendum of gear. *For use where addendum and dedeadum of worm ‘equal respectively addendum aad dedendum of gear. ‘Table 5 Gear Dimensions Dineaion ae Fatal ‘Theoat Diamecer 7 rapius Effective Face ver tort C FIG. 3 TYPICAL SECTION OF WORM & GEAR i -10~ober IMA 110.03, 1A 13.01 IMA 114.02 IMA 116.01 MA 118.01 ua 120.01 ik 201.02 1A 207.06 vA 208:02 (209.03 (211.02 215.01 Nia 221.02 ia 225.01 226.01 is 240.01 ja sn0.01 4360.02 A370 {4390.03 The user of this Standard (AGMA 112.03) may find these a other AGMA Standards of value as reference data: Tite Price® Gear-Tooth Wear and Failure (ANSI 86.12-1964) . $4.00 Reference Information — Gear-Specifcation Drawings » : 4.00 Information Sheet — Formats for Fine-Pitch Gear Specification Data 8.00 Glossary — Terms Used in Gearing : eee 3.00 Information Sheet — Gear Tooth Surface Textuce for Aerospace Gearag (Surface Roughness, Waviness, Form and Lay) settee 5.00 Fine- and Coarse-Pitch Hobs Sie : : 5.00 ‘Tooth Proportions for Coarse-Pitcn Involute Spur Gears (ANST B6.(-1968) 4.00 ‘Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Involute Spur and Helical Gears... 5.00 ps System for Straight Bevel Gears (ANSI B6.13-1965) ..,..... 4.00 € System for Spiral Bevel Gears aes te 4.0 Surface Durability (Piting) of Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth re 7.00 Information Sheet for Surface Durability (Fitting) of Spur, Helleal, Herringbone and evel Gear Teeth .....cecsocse ese, . 8.00 Rating the Strength of Helical and Herringbone Gear Tests 8.00 Information Sheet ior Strength of Spur, Helical, Heningbone and Bevel Gear Teeth... 8.00 Information Sheet — Geometry Factors for Determinin: Herringbone and Bevel Gear Teeth Gear Materials Manual Design Manual for Bevel Gears Manual for Machine Tool Gearing . Design Manual for Fine-Pitch Gearing 7 ‘i AGMA Gear Handbook — Volume 1 — Gear Classification, Materials and Measuring Methods for Unassembled Gears "50% Discount to AGMA Members A more complete list of AGMA Standards published by the American Gear Manufacturers Association is available upon request. . Pusuisneo By AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCATION + ‘aid MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, 0.0, 20008 PRICE $10.00