Power System Protection

F2015

Distance Protection Examples

Problem:
1)

Three-zone mho relays are used for transmission line protection of the power system shown in Figure 1. Positivesequence line impedances are given as follows:
Line
Positive-Sequence Impedance,
12
23
24

6+ j60
4+ j40
5+ j50

Rated voltage for the high-voltage buses is 500 kV. Assume a 1500:5 CT ratio and a
4500: 1 VT ratio at B12. (a) Determine the settings Zt1, Zt2, and Zt3 for the mho relay
at B12. (b) Maximum current for line 12 under emergency loading conditions is 1400 A
at 0.90 power factor lagging. Verify that B12 does not trip during emergency loading
conditions.

FIGURE 1

1
15

a) The settings Zt1, Zt2, and Zt3 for the mho relay at B12 are:
Zone1 Zt1=0.8*Z12=0.8*(6+j60)/15= 0.32+j3.2 secondary
Zone 2 Zt2= 1.2*(6+j60)/15=0.48+j4.8 secondary
Zone 3 Zt3= Z12+1.2*Z23
=(6+j60)/15+1.2*(4+j40)/15=0.72+j7.2 secondary
Or =(6+j60)/15+1.2*(5+j50)/15=0.8+j8 secondary =8.0484.3 secondary
Usually the longest line is chosen
b) The secondary impedance s`een by B!@ during emergency loading is:
Zsec= Zpr*CTratio/VTratio= VLN/IL*(1/15)
( ! ")

=$

%&'
(&

)$ ) = ,
*+

-..
0

*
9 $*+)
*.24 ! 56 7.8

= 13.7025.8

Zsec at emergency loading lies outside the trip region of zone 3. So the moh-relay does not trip.

2)

Line impedances for the power system shown in Figure 2 are Z12 = Z23 =3+ j40, and Z24 = 6+ j80 . Reach for the
zone 3 B12 impedance relays is set for 100% of line 12 plus 120% of line 24.
(a) For a bolted three-phase fault at bus 4, show that the apparent primary impedance seen by the B12 relays is
Zapparent = Z12 + Z24+(I32/I12)Z24
where(I32/I12) is the line 23 to line 12 fault current ratio.
(b) If |I32=I12| > 0.20, does the B12 relay see the fault at bus 4? Note: This problem illustrates the infeed effect. Fault
currents from line 23 can cause the zone 3 B12 relay to underreach. As such, remote backup of line 24 at B12 is
ineffective.

FIGURE 2

a) The apparent primary impedance seen by relay B12 is

B*
E
E
E
EC
*D CF C
*D C

=, 9=
=
F

*C
*C
*C
*C

Since V2=Z24 I24

F
= *C

EC

*C

and I24=I12+I32

C2 ( *C

GC )

C2
*C
b) The apparent secondary impedance seen by relay B12 for fault at bus 4 is :


4 =
F C2
F GC C2

= *C

*C

Zone 3 of relay B12

F
= *C

= H3 F I40 F (6 F I80) F

Zone 3 Zt3= (Z12+1.2*Z24)

MN

%N

(3 F I40 F 1.2(6 F I80))

(0P
When
(6P

Q 0.2

*C

F C2
F
= *C

O!

O!
MN O !

%N

GC

O!

*C

= (10.2 F I136)

GC

(6 F I80)L

MN

%N

O!

O!

Zapp-secQ Zt3 Zapp-sec lies outside the trip reqion ofr a 3-phase fault at bus 4.
Remote backup od line 2-4 us then ineffective.

3)

Consider the transmission line shown in Figure 3 with series impedance ZL, negligible shunt admittance, and a load
impedance ZR at the receiving end.
(a) Determine ZR for the given conditions of VR = 1 per unit and SR = 2+ j0.8 per unit.
(b) Construct the impedance diagram in the R-X plane for ZL = 0.1 +j0.3 per unit.
(c) Find ZS for this condition and the angle d between ZS and ZR.

( ER )C (1)C
=
= 0.431 F I0.1724 UV
EEE
S R (2 D 0.8)
FIGURE 3

The R-X diagram is given in FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4

= F R = (0.1 F 0.431) F I(0.3 F 0.1724) UV = 0710741.66

W = X F XR = 41.66 D

Y4*

0.1724
= 19.66
0.431

FIGURE 5