arakomerciuli gamomcemloba saga

jibis wignis seria 6

media _ kultura _ sazogadoeba

abas qiarosTami, dabadebuli 1940 wels,

TeiranSi _ iraneli kinoreJisori da mxatvari. swavlobda Teiranis unversitetSi natif xelovnebaTa fakultetis ferweris
ganyofilebaze. swavlis Semdeg muSaobda
ilustraciebze sabavSvo wignebisaTvis, ra
sac dRemde agrZelebs; kinogaqiravebis
Tvis qmnida kinoplakatebs; 1960-69 wlebSi
moamzada 150-ze meti sareklamo rgoli. 1970
wels iranis bavSvTa da mozardTa inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis institutis dakveTiT
gadaiRo pirveli moklemetraJiani filmi puri da viwro Sesaxvevi; 1974 wels _
pirveli srulmetraJiani filmi mogzauri.
1999 wels aqveynebs leqsebis krebuls qaris
mxardamxar (winamdebare gamocemaSi warmodgenili leqsebi). dReisaTvis gadaRebuli
aqvs 38-mde filmi. misi scenarebi da zogierTi filmi sxvadasxva dros akrZaluli iyo
iranis mTavrobis mier iranSi saCveneblad.
misi filmebia: sad aris megobris saxli?
(Khane-ye doust kodjast?, 1987); Close Up (Nemaye Nazdik, 1990); zeTisxilis xeebis qveS (Zire
darakhatan zeyton, 1994); alublis gemo (Tam e
guilass, 1997); qari wagviRebs (Bad ma ra khahad bord, 1999); Ten (Ten, 2002) da sxva.

qaris mxardamxar
abas qiarosTami

Tbilisi, 2010

fotoebi ibeWdeba Semdegi gamocemebis mixedviT:

Abbas Kiarostami, Photographies. Publisher: Hazan (Fernand)
Editions, France 1999. Iranian Photography Now, Publisher:
Hatje Cantz Verlag, Germany 2008.

Targmani sparsulidan:
naxati garekanze:
dakabadoneba da
gamomcemeli:

giorgi lobJaniZe
maia sumbaZe
soso dumbaZe

pirveli gamocema, 2010

ISBN 978-9941-0-1396-6
yvela ufleba daculia
arakomerciuli gamomcemloba saga, 2010
www.sa-ga.org

qaris mxardamxar

rogor SeuZlia arseboba

beber kus samasi weli ise,
rom zecisa araferi ar gaegonos.

39

Semodgomis mze
noxis nakecebze.
fxizeli xvliki.

75

134

majis saaTi Cerdeba

brma kacis
majaze.

gamomcemlis bolosityvaoba
rusi formalitsi viqtor Sklovski Tavis
erT-erT centralur teqstSi xelovneba, rogorc xerxi1 [1916 weli], romelic
xelovnebis mizansa da mis funqcias exeba,
>SemoqmedebiTi Zalis ekonomiis kanonze<2
msjelobs. igi citirebs a.veselovskis azrs:
stilis Rirseba swored imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom rac SeiZleba meti azri gadmoices, rac
SeiZleba naklebi sityvebis meSveobiT3.
am azris gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare
gamocemaSi warmodgenili leqsebi iZleva
SesaZleblobas mkiTxvels gaacnos komprimi1 ,, in Texte der russischen Formalisten Band I, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Mnchen, 1969,
gv. 1-35
2 > <, , iqve,
gv. 8-9
3 ,
. (iqve, gv. 10)

227

rebuli leqsis formati, romelic mogvagonebs haikusa Tu minimalisturi leqsis formas. Tavad avtoris damokidebulebas poezi-
isadmi erT-erTi interviudan vigebT. igi
prozas, gansxvavebiT poeziisagan, adarebs
induri kinoproduqciis bolivudis fil
mebs4, sadac, misi azriT, mayurebels yvela228 feri daReWilad miewodeba. filosofiasa
da prozas ar vkiTxulob, mxolod _ poezias.
ubralod ver vitan, rodesac mTeli gverdebi sWirdebaT imis asaxsnelad, rom zamTari
gavida, Semdeg kidev erTi amdeni, rom miTxran, axla gazafxuli movidao. CemTvis sruliad sakmarisia sityva gazafxulis pirveli aso amis gasagebad. vkiTxulob dedis
pirvel asoebs da vici, rom dedazea laparaki.
ar mWirdeba aTasgverdiani axsna-ganmarteba.
amitomac CemTvis rTuli asatania romanebi.5
am sakmaod Tamami gancxadebiT irkveva, rom
avtoris subieqturi damokidebuleba literaturis prozauli formisadmi negatiuri da
originaluria. igi iqve agrZelebs: iranSi
xarveziani satelefono saubris dros xSirad
ori ucxo molaparake CairTveba xolme. rodesac es xdeba, me saaTobiT SemiZlia maTi smena. me var uneblie mowme, Tu rogor saubrobs
4 ix. Jurnali Revolver Heft 10, Verlag der Autoren, 2004, gv.
18
5 iqve.

ori adamiani. amaSi ufro met dros vatareb,

vidre romanebis kiTxvaSi. aseTi satelefono CarTva gamogacocxlebs. amiT adamiani
swavlobs bevrs, swavlobs adamianebze _ romanebi ki amis sawinaaRmdegod Seuracxmyo
felni arian, marTlac rom adamianis Rirsebis Seuracxmyofelni. isini gvixsnias erT patara sulelur detals, TiTqos Cven briyve- 229
bi viyoT da amas Tavad ver mivxvdebodiT.6
qiarosTamis leqsis forma filmis kadrirebas waagavs, sadac winadadeba da sityva
kinematografiuli kadris msgavsia, maTi
urTierT ganlageba-TamaSi ki kinomotaJs
SegviZlia SevadaroT. amdenad gaxda Cem
Tvis saintereso abas qiarosTamis leqsebis
krebulis qaris mxardamxar gamocema da
farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis gacnoba.
gamocemis Sinaarsi ki ambivalenturia:
erTi mxriv, oportunistuli saxelwodeba
qaris mxardamxar, migvaniSnebs subieq
tis (avtoris) fatalistur TviTdamkvidre
bul poziciaze _ qari, romelic, vin icis,
saiT dauberavs _ neitralur-pacifisturi
poziciis gamoxatulebaa.
6 iqve.

meore mxriv, avtori, msgavsi leqsebiT:

arc aRmosavleTi,
arc dasavleTi,
arc CrdiloeTi,
230

arc samxreTi
iq, sadac me vdgavar.
_ migvaniSnebs sakuTari poziciis principulobaze.
misi ZiriTadi filmebi (ix. mokle biografia, gv. 2) sinTezia dokumentalisturi da
fiqcionaluri kinosi. franguli Nouvelle
Vague-is wevrebs miznad hqondaT dasaxuli
aRekveTaT zRvari am or kinokategorias
Soris _ qiarosTamis filmi amas yovel
gvari Zaldatanebis gareSe aRwevs. amis
udavod erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia
filmi Nema-ye Nazdik dasavleTis bazarze
cnobili rogorc Close-Up [axlo xediT
1990 weli]. filmis mTavari gmiri atyuebs
erT SeZlebul ojaxs, rom aris gavleniani
kinoreJisori, islamisti mohsen maxmalbafi, da sargeblobs ra misi reputaciiT,
saxldeba am ojaxSi da ojaxis wevrebis

keTilganwyobis fonze moixmars maT qonebas. Sedegad policia mas akavebs da imarTeba sasamarTl
o, sadac qiarosTami, rogorc
subieqti, Tavisi kinokameriT aqtiurad
monawileobs procesSi da dokumenturi
filmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xerxiT aR
wers am fiqciur ambavs.
iranis socialuri siduxWire Tanamedrove
iranuli kinosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, ukve
tradiciad qceuli, Tematikaa, romelic
ase Zalian uyvars dasavleTis mayurebels.
magram aqve ismis kiTxva _ mizanmimarTuli
da saTanadod gaazrebulia es socialuri
kritika? mcdari mimarTulebiT xom ar
xdeba gasrola? iranis politikuri reJimi,
romelic pasuxismgebelia qalTa masiuri
diskriminaciis, adamianTa represiebis da
uflebebis Selaxvis gamo, da amasTanave,
am kritikuli filmebis realuri instituciaa, sinamdvileSi ver da ar iqceva iranul
filmebSi obieqturi kritikis sagnad. amave
dros, e.w. SeniRbuli socialuri Tematika
filmebSi kritikis mxolod warmosaxviT suraTebs gvTavazobs. Tu ratom aris ase _ amis
erT-erT pasuxs SeiZleba gavecnoT gamocemis bolos darTul statiaSi, romelic kinomcodne tobias ebrexts ekuTvnis.

231

erTi mxriv, leqsebis mTargmneli b-ni giorgi lobJaniZe bolosityvaobaSi simpaTiebiT gviyveba iranuli leqsis tradiciaze
da mis aqtualobaze.
meore mxvriv, kinomcodne b-ni tobias eb
rextis kritikuli teqsti mogviTxrobs,
232 Tu ratomaa, rom qiarosTami, da zogadad
iranuli kino, 1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dasavleTSi (da saqarTveloSic) aseTi
popularuli da dafasebulia, da ratomaa,
rom saerTaSoriso festivalebze iraneli
kinoreJisorebi upirobod sasurveli stumrebi arian. ratom aris, rom zogierTi kinofestivalis xelmZRvaneli, magaliTad, berlinis dRevandeli kinofestivalis _ berlinales _ direqtori b-ni kozliki piradi
simpaTiiTa ganwyobili iraneli kinoreJisorebis Semoqmedebis mimarT? swored am
politikur fons aanalizebs ebrextis teqsti evropuli natvrebi da iranuli kulturis eqsporti.
winamdebare gamocema mzaddeboda iranSi saprotesto gamosvlebis fonze. am movlenebma,
iranis saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebidan
gamomdinare (2009 weli), represiebi gamo
iwvia. daiRupa mravali moqalaqe, dRemde
dakavebulia araerTi aqtivisti. es movlenebi kidev erTxel gvafiqrebinebs, Tu ram-

denad rTul pirobebSi uwevs moqalaqeebs

am reJimis qveS cxovreba. mosaxleobis
garkveuli nawili Tavs sazRvargareT emig
raciiT Svelis, bevri ki ewireba kidec mas.
statia: evropuli natvrebi da iranuli
kulturis eqsporti SemTxveviT ar qveyndeba winamdebare gamocemaSi. Cven gvsurs 233
visargebloT beWduri mediumis sivrciT da
erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli Tanamedrove
iraneli xelovnis Semoqmedebis gamoqveynebis paralelurad, erTgvar sadiskusio platformad vaqcioT winamdebare gamocema;
gvsurs win wamovwioT Tanamedrove iranis islamuri respublikis kulturis ideologiis
problemebi, romelebic samwuxarod (ara mxo
lod saqarTveloSi) xSirad zedapirulad aris
danaxuli da Selamazebuli. gamocemis mizania,
am patara wignis saxiT qarTul sajaro sivrceSi kidev erTxel sadiskusiod wamoiwios fundamentalisturi iranis Tema, romelsac, samwuxarod, nel-nela saqarTvelos sekularistuli saxelmwifos saxiTac, Tavisi eklesiuri
TematikiT, provincialur doneze paralelebi
ukve moeZebneba; gamocemis mizania, agreTve,
iranuli xelovnebiT tkbobis fonze mkiTxvels
saRi azri ar daakargvinos mis avtoritarul
mTavrobaze da amiT mokrZalebuli wvlili
Seitanos iranis islamuri respublikis represiuli reJimis kritikaSi.

marqsma Tqva, rom revoluciebi msoflio

istoriis lokomotivebi arian. magram iqneb
es sul sxvagvaradaa. iqneb revoluciebi
am matarebelSi mjdom adamianTa modgmis
avariuli muxruWis qanCia.7 [1940 weli] _ ase
mxatvrulad ganmartavs valter beniamini
revolucias, romelic ase Zalian sWirdeba
234 nebismier Caketil sazogadoebas.
madloba abas qiarosTams saavtoro uflebebis gadmocemisaTvis, romelic winamdebare leqsebis mTargmnels eqskluziurad
ekuTvnis. (gamocemas agreTve axlavs avtorisve sxvadasxva dros gadaRebuli iranis
landSaftis amsaxveli ori foto). madloba kinomcodne tobias ebrexts, romelmac
usasyidlod gadmogvca saavtoro uflebebi
Tavisi teqstisa. madloba devi dumbaZes,
germanuli teqstis qarTulad usasyidlod
TargmnisaTvis.
soso dumbaZe
aprili 2010

7 valter beniaminis xelnaweri naSromisaTvis istoriis

cnebis Sesaxeb (xelovnebis nimuSi, arakomerciuli
gamomcemloba saga, Tbilisi, 2010), romelic sabolood
ar Sevida am Tezisur krebulSi.

evropuli natvrebi da
iranuli kulturis eqsporti
(damateba)

rodesac1 iranul kulturaze Camovardeba 255

saubari, dasavleTis kulturis kritikosebi,
TviT feletonistebic ki, erTi meoreze aRtacebul da dadebiT reaqciebs ver malaven. isini
SeiZleba eTanxmebodnen kidec imas, rom iranis
prezidenti, ahmadineJadi, ukulturo proletaria, magram mas Turme araferi hqonia saerTo dRevandeli iranis kulturasTan. arada,
iranuli kulturis nawarmi pluralisturad
da kritikulad swored evropidan warmoCndeba _ TviTgamoxatvis subversiuli saSualebebis gaSmagebuli Zieba Tavad evropuli natvrebis Sedegia da igi, Tavis mxriv, ukve karga xania,
rac iqca iranuli kulturis eqsportis strategiis zedmiwevniT gaTvlil elementad.
evropuli natvrebi
2007 wlis dekembers berlinis erT-erT ubanSi, berlin-miTeSi, ciceros galereaSi ga1 statia gamoqveynda JurnalSi Extrablatt, Nr. 3, 2008.

marTulma gamofenam saxelwodebiT meid in

Teheran swored msgavsi reaqciebi gamoiwvia. eqvsma axalgazrda iranelma fotografma qalma warmoadgina Tavisi naSromebi am
politikur galereaSi. gamofenis anonsSi
xelovan qalebs mravalmniSvnelovnad islamuri revoluciis pirmSoebad ixsenieb256 dnen; pirmSoebad, romlebic am ukanasknels
(islamur revolucias) ki ar Seusanslavs,
aramed, piriqiT _ rogorc gvamcnobs broSura _ swored iranuli kulturis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris safuZvelze miscemiaT maT
saSualeba Teiranis universitetis xelovnebis fakultetze SeeqmnaT da gamoefinaT
TavianTi naSromebi. marTalia, anonsi axsenebs, rom ramdenime naSromi mxolod germaniis kulturul metropolSi gamoifineba,
magram is, Tu romeli da ramdeni xelovnebis
nimuSia iseTi, romliTac tkboba islamur
respublikaSi mxolod saseminaro oTaxebSia
SesaZlebeli, miTiTebuli aRaraa. germanuli
kulturis sferos korespondentebs martooden is aocebT, Tu rogor waradgenen saku
Tar Tavs revoluciis es pirmSoni: uTxelesi
mosasxamebi ufro udardelad Tu faraven maT
lamaz muq Tmebs. maT acviaT jinsebi an muxlebamde mokle Sarvlebi, Savi abreSumis windebi
da maRali Ceqmebi. dasavluri perspeqtividan
gasaocaria, Tu raoden Tavdajerebulad da

Riad muSaobs es eqvsi xelovani qali da rogor wardgebian isini publikis winaSe iseT
sferoSi, romelic sul ramdenime wlis win
mxolod mamakacTa sauflod gvevlineboda.
unda vivaraudoT, rom yovelive es mTavrobasTan SeTavsebadi unda iyos.2
ase, an daaxloebiT ase, JRers nebismieri re- 257
portaJi iranuli kulturis Sesaxeb evropul
gazeTebSi, sadac TiTqmis yovelTvis qalis
mdgomareobaze akeTeben aqcents da ZiriTadad
garegnulobidan gamomdinare afaseben viTa
rebas _ Tavsafari xom (zemoT uTxeles mosasxamad moxseniebuli) is kritikuli barometria, romlis mixedviTac, rogorc isini varaudoben, unda izomebodes represiis maCvenebeli islamizmis skalaze. is, rom germaniis kulturis muSakebs ukve saerTod aRar ainteresebT qalTa Seviwrovebis realuri viTareba
iranSi da sanacvlod viTomda simboluri
konfliqtis farglebSi arsebul xelovanTa
gansxvavebul poziciebze saubroben, ukve
gulisxmobs xelovnebis mimarT nebismieri
kritikuli Sinaarsis ukugdebas.
iranis kulturis polotikosebs ki zustadac rom awyobT amgvari reportaJebi. evro2 Welt Kompakt 2007: Made in Teheran: Sechs Fotografinnen zeigen
ihre Welt, in: Welt Kompakt, 3.12.2007.

puli suraTi pluraluri da samyarosadmi

Ria sazogadoebisa, sadac disidenturoba
stilisturi Tu sareklamo niSnis saxiT mWid
rodaa integrirebuli, zustad Seesabameba
iranuli kulturis eqsportis marketingul
strategias. magram, sanam iranuli kultura
revoluciis pirmSoebTan da ara mis mowi258 naaRmdegeebTan _ magaliTad, sazRvargareT
devnil opoziciur jgufebTan da maT arsebiTad ufro naklebad yuradRebul naSromebTan _ igivdeba, manam iranis kulturuli
politika warmatebuli darCeba.
kulturis eqsporti molaTa reJimis erTerTi centraluri iaraRia, ramdenadac is,
rom sasicocxlod aucilebeli evropuli
Semwynarebluri politika ar wydeba, swored
rom kulturis warmatebuli transferis
Sedegicaa. gasul wlebSi evropis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani kinofestivalebis TiTqmis
yvela konkursSi kvlav da kvlav geqnebodaT
saSualeba islamuri respublikis mier warmodgenili namuSevrebiT damtkbariyaviT.
kinofilmebi xom uaRresad warmatebuli
propaganda SeiZleba iyos dasavleTSi, ramdenadac maTi saSualebiT dasavluri publika nabij-nabij imuSavebs imunitets islamuri respublikis barbarosuli sinamdvilis
Sesaxeb im codnis pirispir, romelic ukva-

lod ganidevneba. kinofilmebi Seesabameba

im survilebis proeqciebs, romlebic Tavad
dasavleTs gaaCnia iranuli sazogadoebis
Taobaze. martoxela iraneli gmirebi Tu
Raribebisa da mdidrebis dapirispireba dasavleTis TvalSi proeqciulad upirispir
deba civilizacias, xolo urbanuloba da
modernuloba sakuTari regresiuli natvris 259
sapirispiro principis adgils ikavebs: modernuli subieqturobisagan gaqcevis princips.
kino islamur respublikaSi
is, rom swored kino da misi gamoyenebis mravalferovani saSualebebi iqceoda islamuri respublikisaTvis warmatebul modelad
integraciisa da propagandis saqmeSi, 1979
wels srulebiTac ar iyo TavisTavad cxadi.
rodesac TeiranSi 1904 wels pirveli kinoTeatrebi daarsda, aman islamuri klerikalebis protesti gamoiwvia.3 islamuri revoluciis periodSi ki kinos, rogorc dasav3 maT gakicxes es axali xelovneba rogorc gamxrwneli
dasavluri zegavlena da RmerTis gamowveva, radganac igi
Seuburvel qalebs aCvenebda da lasciuri cxovrebis wesis
propagandas eweoda, Ebbing, Martin 2007: Keine Krawatten! Sie
sind westlich und dekadent!, in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschehen, www.
bundestag.de/cgibin/druck.pl?N=parlamannt, 12.1.2008.

luri dekadenturobis instituts, Zveli

reJimis simbolod miiCnevdnen, romelsac
aucileblad Zvelive saSualebebiT unda
SebrZolebodnen. swored kinoTeatrebi
iyo im pirvel obieqtebs Soris, romlebic _
bankebTan erTad _ islamuri saTnoebis darajTa ngrevis risxvas Seewira: isini dawves
4
saerTo ra260 da daxures. kinoTeatrebis
odenoba 1976-1979 wlebis periodSi 112-dan
89-mde Semcirda. kinos mepatroneebs qoneba CamoarTves da zogierTs Sahis reJimTan TanamSromlobisa da uzneo filmebis
Cvenebis sababiT uCivles kidec. mravali
kinoTeatri islamis ganviTarebis xelovnebis centrad gadakeTda. Tumca, opozicia
ara imdenad TavisTavad kinos institutis,
ramdenadac im zneobrivi saxis winaaRmdeg
iyo mimarTuli, romelsac Sahis mmarTvelobis periodSi warmatebuli film farsi
(sparsuli kino, mTargmn. Sen.) da holivudidan importirebuli filmebi amkvidrebdnen.
amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom imave reJimma,
romelic ebrZoda kinos, xuravda saproeqcio darbazebs da iranul kinoproduqcias
miwasTan asworebda, sabolood kino farTomasStabiani saxelmwifo mxardaWeris meSveobiT aqcia rogorc Tavad iranSi xelovnebis
4 Mirbakhtyar, Shahla 2006: Iranian Cinema and the Islamic Revolution, London 2006, S. 103.

warmatebul formad, ise msoflioSi gavrcelebul saeqsporto produqtad.5

ukve revoluciis periodSi islamis zogierTma aqtivistma kargad gaacnoebira, rom
kino ara marto dasavluri dekadenturobis mauwyebeli iyo, aramed islamuri saqmis
propagandis iaraRadac SeiZleba gamoyene- 261
buliyo. aiaTola homeinim ganacxada, rom
igi srulebiTac ar iyo kinos winaaRmdegi,
igi mxolod da mxolod im meZaveobas upirispirdeboda, rasac kinoSi uCvenebdnen.6
Tavis pirvelsave sityvaSi aiaTola kinos
aRmzrdelobiT funqciaze msjelobda. legendis Tanaxmad, kinomediumis mimarT homeinis dadebiTi ganwyoba gamoiwvia erT-erTma kinofilmma, romelic iranSi revoluciamde arsebul socialur siRatakes aRwerda.7
ukve 1974 wels iranis axali islamuri kinos
erT-erT mTavar gmirad aqtiuri islamisti
mohsen maxmalbafi gvevlineba. misi TqmiT,
kinos saSualebiT unda momxdariyo revoluciis idealebis araislamuri zegavlenebisgan dacva. misi filmebi socialur-ideologiur Temebs exeba. magaliTad, arusi-e xu5 iqve.
6 iqve, gv. 106.
7 Ebbing, 2007.

ban (rCeulTa qorwili, 1989) mogviTxrobs,

Tu rogor brundeba omSi daWrili iraneli
erayidan saxlSi da rogor aRmoaCens, rom
idealebi, romlebisTvisac is ibrZoda, sazogadoebaSi aRar fasdeba.8 cxadia, filmis
kritikis sagani aris ara Tavad es idealebi,
aramed postrevoluciur iranul sazoga262 doebaSi maTi ganuxorcielebloba. 80-iani
wlebis Sua periodSi gaCaRebuli religiuri
omi erayis winaaRmdeg swored is istoriuli momentia, rodesac iranis islamisturi
moZraoba revoluciis monapovris maradiuli damkvidrebis gadawyvetilebas iRebs
da amis saSualebad mTeli saxelmwifos islamuri gziT mowyobas acxadebs. islamistebi
iwyeben socialur problemebze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas, upirispirdebian korufciasa
da siRaribes; politikuri funqcionerebis
kritikas isini islamze kidev ufro metad
radikalizebuli dayrnobis saSualebiT mimarTaven. amave moZraobis wevria dRevandeli prezidenti ahmadineJadic. maxmalbafis
socialuri kritika sruliad emTxveva iranis
islamur ideologias.
amitomac iqca maxmalbafi islamuri respublikis erT-erT samagaliTo reJisorad da
mis saerTaSoriso sareklamo abrad. gansa8 iqve.

kuTrebiT es ganapiroba iman, rom swored mis

saxels ukavSirdeba samagaliTo gardasaxva
islamisti revolucionerisa socialuri
kritikis gamaJRerebel kinoxelovnad. Tavad
maxmalbafi am gansakuTrebul pozicias imas
umadlis, rom igi islamist-revolucionerTa wreebidan gamovida. igi aqtiurad monawileobda islamuri respublikis ideologiu- 263
ri orientirebis SemuSavebis saqmeSi _ faqti,
romelsac dasavlur recefciaSi siamovnebiT ugulebelyofen.
iranuli kulturuli produqciis cenzura da saxelmwifo mxardaWera
imisaTvis, rom kino revoluciis idealebis
propagandis warmatebul mediumad damkvid
rebuliyo, iranSi ori dawesebuleba daarsda: hoze honari sazrman-e TabliRad-e
islami (islamuri propagandis organizaciis xelovnebis ganyofileba) da boniad-e
sinemaie farabi (farabis kinos fondi). maT
patronaJs uwevs kulturisa da islamuri
winamZRolobis saministro, romelic mizan
mimarTulad uWers mxars axal iranul kinos ara mxolod iranSi, aramed saeqsporto
produqtad warmodgenis kuTxiTac.9 orive
9 Mirbakhtyar 2006, S. 109.

instituti finansuradac da ideologiuradac aris CarTuli kinofilmebis warmoebis mxardaWeraSi. ZalaSia winapiroba, rom
reJisorebi islamuri reJimis ideologiis
fundamentze unda idgnen.10 Tumca, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom islamuri propagandis organizaciebSi momuSave reJisore264 bi TavianTi Temebisa Tu mxatvruli gamoxatvis xerxebis da formebis SerCevis
TvalsazrisiT farTo TavisuflebiT sargeb
loben. cenzura iranSi ar niSnavs imas, rom
xorcieldeba mudmivi da yovelmxrivi diqtati, aramed igi zogadi islamuri miznebis farglebSi xelovnebis garkveul Tavisuflebas
iZleva; am islamuri fundamentis sazRvrebs
miRma ki profesionaluri kinowarmoba iranSi saerTod SeuZlebelia.
amdenad, damuSavebuli masalisa da kinoproduqciis yoveli safexuris kontrolis
paralelurad, cenzuris iseTi formac moqmedebs, romlis sazRvaric _ kinoindustriis
mxardaWeris sistemis CarCoebis farglebSi
_ aramkafioa. Tuki filmi ideologiurad
misaRebia, aseTi privilegiis miniWeba iseve,
rogorc misi mizanmimarTuli Cveneba specifikuri mayureblisaTvis, garantirebulia;
gansakuTrebiT es exeba mis sxvadasxva fes10 iqve, gv. 108.

tivalebze wardgenas. iranSi SeuZlebelia

kinoTeatrebSi filmis gaSveba, Tuki is winaswar ar iqneba naCvenebi faJris kinofestivalze. es festivali 1981 wels, revoluciis
Semdeg daarsda da 1984 wlidan iranis umniSvnelovanes kinofestivals warmoadgens; rogorc aseTi, igi boniad-e farabis kontrolis qveS imyofeba. dafinansebis da kontro- 265
lis meore mimarTulebas warmoadgens iranuli kinofilmebis monawileoba saerTaSoriso
kinofestivalebis konkursebSi. aq pirvel
planzea iranis, rogorc kinos mwarmoebeli
qveynis, reputaciis damkvidreba. garda amisa, marTva xorcieldeba kinofilmebisa da
kinoTeatrebis klasifikaciis meSveobiTac,
ris Sedegadac konkretul filmebs mxolod
konkretuli mayurebeli naxulobs. am klasifikaciis meSveobiT regulirdeba aseve ma
yurebelTa absoluturi raodenobac.11
ormagi referencia: evropa da iranuli
kino
xSirad amtkiceben, rom swored amgvari saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sedegad izrdeba kinofilmebis mxatvruli done.12 aseTi midgo11 iqve, gv. 114.
12 iqve, gv. 108.

sagas sxva gamocemebi:

hans beleri _ kinomontaJis aspeqtebi

dasavleTSi farTod gavrcelebuli, Sesavali
xasiaTis mqone kinosamontaJo saxelmZRvanelo
teqsti, sadac gaanalizebulia aqtualuri samontaJo modelebi, cnebebi da reJisorTa spe
ci
fikuri stilebi: eizenSteini, bunueli, hiC
ko
ki, godari, tarkovski, kubriki, jarmuSi da sxva.
gamocemas axlavs kino
samontaJo cnebebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni;
kadris sidideTa maCvenebeli da 180 gradusis
principis amsaxveli sqemebi.

valter beniamini _ xelovnebis nimuSi

mkiTxvels pirvelad eZleva saSualeba gaec
nos
qarTul enaze cnobili filosofosisada kul
turis mkvlevris, valter beniami
nis (1892
-
1940), or naSroms: xelovnebis nimuSi misi te
q
ni
kuri reproducirebadobis epoqaSi (1935-36)
da istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb (1940).
pirveli werili xelovnebis nimuSis auris da
kargvis axsnas gvTavazobs. man gans
akuTrebuli
aqtualuroba SeiZina
60-ian wlebSi, roca
iqca mowodebad, xelovneba gamoeyenebinaT socialur-politikuri emansipaciis
mizniT. Tezisebi istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb ajamebs avtoris
Tanamedrove priodis
bWobas istoriuli materializmis daniSnulebaze.

fsiqiatriasTan gamocdilebis mqone pirTa germanuli asociacia _ rCevebi da xerxebi _ rogor

vmarToT SeSlil-oba?
megzuri gankuTvnilia fsiqiatriasTan ga
mo
c
dilebis mqone adamianebisa da maTi axloblebisaTvis, romlebic krizisis dros da mis Semdeg mxar
Si udganan am pirovnebebs. aq mocemuli rCevebi
saSualebas gvaZlevs individualurad da Sinaurulad movekidoT am mdgomareobas; gvexmareba,
SeZlebisdagvarad fsiqotropuli wamlebis gareSe,
organizmisadmi zianis
miyenebis gverdis avliT, movlenebis marTvasa da myudroebisa
da stabilurobis mo
povebaSi.
teqsts axlavs fsi
qiatr Temur iosebaZis bolosityvaoba da
damxmare
organiza
ciaTa sakontaqto informacia.

rezo kveselava _ mogonebebi

kinematografistebze

qarTvel

qarTveli kinodramaturgis rezo kveselavas samemuaro werilebis krebulSi mogonebebi qarTvel

kinematografistebze avtori ixsenebs: Tengiz
abulaZes, akaki baqraZes, suliko JRents, mixeil
kveselavas, mixeil kobaxiZes, kote miqaberiZes,
aleqsandre rexviaSvils, sergo farajanovs, oTar
ioselians, dore xinTibiZesa da sxvebs.
gamocemaSi warmodgenelia qarTvel ki
n em a t o g r a f i s t T a
unikaluri
foto
ebi avtoris pira
di
arqividan da ki
nostudia qarTuli filmis orasamde Ta
namSromlis
mokle
biografiuli mona
cemebi.

aka morCilaZe _ kagdata in jorjia

calke gamocemis saxiT pirvelad ibeWdeba Tanamed

rove qarTveli mwerlis, aka morCilaZis, eseisturi
teqstebi: kagdata in jorjia (2008) da piradi
enciklopedia (2007).

male sagasagan:
n sabWoTa avangardistis, kinodokumentalistis
da dokumenturi kinos Teoretikosis Ziga vertovis teqstebis krebuli: adamiani kinoaparatiT (manifesti, statiebi, sascenaro
variantebi); devi dumbaZis Se
saval werilTan
erTad: arasa
albaTo Tvalis

poezia _ kinoglazis koncefcia Ziga vertovis filmSi

adamiani kinoaparatiT.

ikiTxeT wignis maRaziebSi

damatebiTi informacia: www.sa-ga.org

sagas wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!

sagas wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!