sazogadoebrivi gamomcemloba sa.ga.

jibis wignis seria 9

media _ kultura _ sazogadoeba

germane gogitiZe (1886-1960) _ qarTuli

kinowarmoebis erT-erTi pioneri. umaRlesi
ganaTleba miiRo safrangeTSi. 1914 wels
ozurgeTSi Tavisive TanxebiT aaSena Teatri,
romelic Semdeg kinoTeatr iluzionad
gadakeTda. 1916 wels reJisor aleqsandre
wuwunavasTan
erTad
gadaiRo
pirveli
qarTuli mxatvruli filmi qristine. 1921
wlidan saTaveSi Caudga ganaTlebis saxalxo
komisariatTan arsebul kinoseqcias. 1923
wlidan, saxkinmrewvis Seqmnis Semdeg,
iyo misi direqtor-ganmkargulebeli. 1949
wels sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58-a
muxlis (samSoblos Ralati) safuZvelze
daakaves da komis assr-Si mdebare Sromagasworebis banakSi (minlagi) gadaasaxles,
saidanac 1956 wels dabrunda. gogitiZe iyo
reabilitirebuli, Tumca mas Semdeg igi
qarTul kinowarmoebaSi aRar monawileobda.
gogitiZis damsaxurebaa, rom saqarTveloSi
kinowarmoebam instituciuri xasiaTi miiRo.

qarTuli kinos warsulidan

germane gogitiZe

Tbilisi, 2013

saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa

dacvis saministros xelSewyobiT

saqarTvelos Teatris, musikis,

kinosa da qoreografiis saxelmwifo muzeumis xelSewyobiT
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis
xelSewyobiT
naxati garekanze:
q. Nadar-is megobruli SarJi g. gogitiZeze (1925).
Cven roca kinowarmoeba daviwyeT, araferi
ar gagvaCnda garda qalTa texnikumidan mo
parul samelnisa _ g. gogitiZis mier xel. muS. V
yrilobaze warmoTqmuli sityvidan.
rusuli nawilis Targmani: konstantine dumbaZe
samecniero redaqtori:

nino ZanZava

redaqtori:

rusudan asaTiani

gamomcemeli:
soso dumbaZe

pirveli gamocema, 2013
ISBN 978-9941-0-5910-0
yvela ufleba daculia
sazogadoebrivi gamomcemloba sa.ga., 2013
www.sa-ga.org

sarCevi
winasityvaoba .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
biografia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
mogonebebi
cota ram qarTuli kinos warsulidan. . . . . 65
rogor idgmeboda kino-suraTebi:
suramis cixe, sami sicocxle, vin aris
damnaSave? (uaild-vestis mxedari) da
janyi guriaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
ramdenime sityva suraTis
vin aris damnaSave? (uaild-vestis
mxedari) Taobaze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Cemi mivlineba berlinsa da
parizSi, 1925 weli .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
ramdenime sityva Cems mivlinebaze
sparseTSi _ TeiranSi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
qarTuli kinos warsulidan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
* * * (lado mesxiSvili). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
kritikuli werilebi
saxkinmrewvi (p. sayvareliZe) .. . . . . . . . . . . . 173
sayvareliZis statiis gagrZeleba.. . . . . . . 187
5

g. gogitiZis pasuxi p. sayvareliZes. . . . . . 196

saarqivo masalebi
g. gogitiZis werili akaki Cxenkels. . . . . . 213
reJisor al. wuwunavasaTvis
`qristines~ gadasaRebad
nebarTvis gacemis dokumenti .. . . . . . . . . . . 214
g. gogitiZis gancxadeba kavSirTa
kavSiris gamgeobas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
cnoba filmas Sesyidvis Sesaxeb. . . . . . . . 220
moxseneba kinowarmoebis moqmedebis
gafarToebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
1920-1921 wlebis qarTuli
kinowarmoebis xarjTaRricxva. . . . . . . . . . . 234
cnoba g. gogitiZisadmi binis
gadacemis Taobaze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
g. gogitiZis depeSa cekavSirs.. . . . . . . . . . . 251
Txovna iranSi gasamgzavreblad
vizis miRebis Taobaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
ucnobi piris werili g. gogitiZes
Teiranidan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
saZiebeli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

mogonebebi

ase rom, warmomadgenlobaSi gulacruebuli davbrundi.

didxans ar mifiqria, TbilisSi ganaTlebis
saxkom kandelaks saswrafo depeSa gavugzavne;
daxmarebas vTxovdi, radgan suraTs Cavar
dna emuqreboda; vTxovdi, rom Camosuliyo.
moulodnelad viReb sapasuxo Setyobinebas
amiragovisgan (Cemi uSualo ufrosisagan):
kandelaks Camosvla ar SeuZlia, miaRwie sta
linTan Sexvedras.
advili iyo amgvari depeSebis gagzavna da
amgvari rCevis micema. Tumca isic unda iTqvas,
rom im dros masTan moxvedra SedarebiT ioli
iyo.
maSin gadavwyvite beso lominaZesTan wavsuliyavi, vicodi ra misi stalinTan kargi
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. avuxseni mas, Tu rogori iyo viTareba, rom lunaCarskis sakiTxi
ck-Si gadahqonda da saqmis garTulebis Tavidan asacileblad umjobesi iqneboda, stalinis
Tvis gveTxova Careva. beso lominaZem, raime
garTulebis gareSe, Cemi TandaswrebiT daureka stalins da auwya, rom lunaCarskisTan
erTad naxa suraTi da is maT Zalian moewonaT,
magram repertkomi arTulebda mis gamoSvebas
da lunaCarskis surviliT is ck-s kultpropagandis ganyofilebas gadaegzavneboda gansa
xilvelad. lominaZem stalins am saqmeSi Careva
sTxova. ar vici, ra upasuxa mas stalinma, mag
94

ram amis Semdeg man miTxra: wadi axla kremlSi,

iq saSvs dauSveben da is Sen migiRebs.
raRa Tqma unda, kremlisken gaveqane. saSvi
daSvebuli iyo da man marTlac mimiRo.
axla Temidan mcireodeni gadaxveva.
erTxel TbilisSi telefoniT mirekavs
ck-s erT-erTi mdivani, levan RoRoberiZe, da
mTavazobs, dauyovnebliv gavemgzavro zahesSi operatorTan erTad, raTa iq movZebno da
piradad Sevxvde mas _ RoRoberiZes. mec rac
SeiZleba swrafad gavemgzavre da Seveswari
aseT suraTs: amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos
mTel mTavrobas iq moeyara Tavi. me imwamsve
movZebne levan RoRoberiZe, romelmac mauwya,
rom Camosuli iyo i. b. stalini da saWiro iyo
misi gadaReba.
zahesis mSenebloba jer ar iyo dasrulebuli. levans vkiTxe, Tu sad imyofeboda is,
visi gadaRebac iyo saWiro. man mimaniSna pirTa jgufze, romelic kaSxlis daTvalierebis
Semdgom ukan brundeboda. me maT win gadasaRebi aparati Sevagebe, magram stalinma gadaRebas Tavi aarida. maSin RoRoberiZem SemomTavaza gameSva operatori, Tavad ki maTTan
davrCeniliyavi.
garkveuli xnis Semdeg Cven romeliRac
ficrulSi Segviyvanes, sadac sauzme gveloda.
aq iyvnen mTavrobis wevrebi; maT Soris aRmovCndi mec.
95

simarTle giTxraT, Tavs uxerxulad vgrZnobdi. stalins pirvelad vxedavdi. is CeqmebSi

da sezonur paltoSi iyo. magidasTan Zveli
bolSevikis, giorgi CxeiZis, gverdiT ijda.
Tamadad anastas ivanes Ze miqoiani iyo. sxva
sadRegrZeloebTan erTad Cemi sadRegrZeloc Seisva. sityva-sityviT iTqva ase: axla
ki saqarTvelos kinpromis warmomadgenlis,
amx. gogitiZis sadRegrZelo SevsvaT, da ramdenime sityviT damswreT Cemi Tavi warudgina;
gansakuTrebiT, kinosuraT wiTeli eSmakunebis dadgma aRiniSna.
i. b. stalinma Wiqa awia da Semdegi sityvebiT mommarTa: amxanago, Cven pativs gcemT
imis gamo, rom Tqven es saqme SeasruleT, Tqven
ki pativi unda gvceT imitom, rom am saqmis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba mogeciT.
sapasuxod Wiqa avwie da vTqvi: Tu partia
da mTavroba Cven daxmarebas gagviwevs, maSin
wiTel droSas, romelic Cven ivanovo-voznesenskis muSebma gadmogvces, RirsebiT da maRalaweuls daviWerT. (wiTeli droSa Cven gadmogvca ivanovo-voznesenskis fabrika-qarxnebis muSaTa delegaciam). Semdeg davamate: me
vici, Tu rogor unda Tamasuqebis wardgena.
amaze i. stalinma mipasuxa: Tu Tamasuqi sworad iqneba Sedgenili _ Cven mas angariSSi gaviTvaliswinebT (es Tqva wminda sabanko eniT).
axla ki, davubrundebi zemoTqmuls.
96

rodesac erTi Tu ori wlis Semdeg stalinis kabinetSi aRmovCndi, man danaxvisTanave
aseTi sityvebiT mommarTa: aba miTxariT, Tamasuqi sworadaa dawerili? vfiqrob, rom
sworad _ vupasuxe me (gamaoca misma mexsierebam). ramdenime sityviT avuxseni saqmis
arsi. SabaTs, sam saaTze me TviTon vnaxav am
suraTs _ miTxra man. madloba gadavuxade da
gamovedi.
gamosvlisTanave, imwamsve TbilisSi depeSa
vaelve:
`stalinTan Sexvedra Sedga, SabaTs, 3 saaTze dagegmilia suraTis Cveneba misi TandaswrebiT. saxkom kandelakisagan viReb aseT pasuxs: movdivar.
pasuxi moulodneli da ucnauri momeCvena.
roca gamoviZaxe da Camosvlas vTxovdi, man
uari miTxra, xolo roca saqme xelsayrelad
Semobrunda, man Camosvla gadawyvita. xdeba
aseTi kazusebic.
me mas sadgurze davxvdi. pirdapir sadgu
ridan, reJisor perestianTan erTad, Cven
kremlisken gaveSureT.
kremlSi Sedga suraTis demonstrireba
kremlis yvela TanamSromlis TandaswrebiT.
mas iseTive udidesi warmateba xvda wilad,
rogoric saqarTveloSi pirveli Cvenebisas.
Cvenebas Tan sdevda mquxare aplodismentebi.
Tu ras ganvicdidi me piradad _ sityvebiT ver
97

gadmovcem. Cvenebis Semdeg Sedga suraTis Sefasebis komisiis sxdoma.

TviTon stalini arc Cvenebas da arc suraTis Sefasebas ar daswrebia. Tavmjdomareobda
umaRlesi sabWos maSindeli mdivani _ abel
enuqiZe. rogorc Cans, es saqme mas Caabares.
komisiaSi monawileobda agreTve ck-s
kultpropagandis mdivani sircovi. pirveli
gamovida a. v. lunaCarski. man giorgi wereTlis nawarmoebis winasityvaoba warmoadgina.
gasaocrad kargad gakeTda im literaturuli
masalis analizi, romelic suraTs safuZvlad daedo. xatovnad da mkafiod gadmosca man
saqarTvelos feodalizmidan kapitalizmisa
ken gadasvlis istoriuli faqtebi. Semdeg detalurad ganixila da Seafasa TviT suraTis
dadgma.
me aRtacebuli viyavi. im momentSi dama
viwyda suraTis Semdgomi bedi. aRtacebuli
viyavi gamomsvlelis SesaniSnavi metyvelebiTa da erudiciiT. unda iTqvas, rom a. v.
lunaCarski erT-erTi uganaTlebulesi da
uganswavlulesi adamiani gaxldaT sabWoTa
kavSirSi.
Tavisi sityvis dasasruls man ganacxada,
rom suraTi yovelgvar qebas imsaxurebs, goskinpromi ki, suraTis gamoSvebis gamo _ madlobas. suraTma kultpropis sircovis Seqebac
daimsaxura.
98

saarqivo masalebi

19 I 1920
noemberi

15

tfilisis qalaqis
mouravs

mimdinare wlis seqtembridan ganaTlebis

saministros gamgeblobaSi gadmosuli sa
xelmwifo kino-atelies xelmZRvanel-direqtorad mowveulia b. g e r m a n e g o g i t i Z e , romelic binis uqonlobis gamo didad Seviwroebulia.
gauwyebT ra amas, gTxovT b. mouravo, gasceT gankarguleba, raTa b. g o g i t i Z e s saswrafod mieces bina winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
uxelmZRvanelod darCenil kino-atelies
warmoeba Seferxdeba.
ganaTlebis ministri

amxanagi

direqtori

mdivani

15 19.11.1920 weli. nabeWdi. qarTul enaze. 1 gv.

saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis saistorio centraluri arqivi. f. 1935, an. 1, saqme 894. furc. 17.

248

1.06.1920. nabeWdi. qarTul enaze. 1 gv. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis

uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi. fondi 371, anaweri 1, saqme
219. gv. 33.

germane gogitiZis mier operatoris gamoZaxeba _ depeSa.

depeSa
telegrafi
Tbilisi cekavSiri didubeSi

16

Tbilisi ozurgeTi 612, 13, 30, 20, 33.

1/VII-20.
Zlier saWiroa gamogzavneT operatori baTomi Txovilobs
misi gamosvla midepeSeT. gogitiZe

16 1.06.1920. nabeWdi. qarTul enaze. 1 gv. saqarTve

los erovnuli arqivis uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi. f. 371, an. 1, saqme 219. gv. 33.

251

sa.ga.s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!

Ziga vertovi _ adamiani kinoaparatiT

sabWoTa avangardistis, kinodokumentalistisa
da dokumenturi kinos Teoretikosis, Ziga vertovis (1896-1954) teqstebis krebuli adamiani kinoaparatiT aerTianebs vertovis mier daarsebuli
SemoqmedebiTi jgufis kinokebis manifests _
Cven. manifestis varianti (1922), kino-Teoriul statiebs _ kinokebi. gadatrialeba (1923),
kinoTvalidan radioTvalamde (1929) da
sascenaro variants filmisaTvis adamiani kinoaparatiT (1929). vertovis filmi adamini kinoaparatiT Tavisi novatoruli koncefciiT dResac dokumenturi kinos praqtikul nimuSad rCeba.
wigns darTuli aqvs
germaneli profesoris, sabWoTa kinoavangardis specialistis,
oqsana bulgakovas wi
nasityvaoba.

toria sergei
levari, gerlgakova.

sabWoTa kinematografistisa da xelovnebis mkvlevris sergei eizenSteinis kinomontaJis Teoriis

fundamenturi teqstebis winamdebare krebuli
aerTianebs mis adreul manifests atraqcionebis
montaJi (1923) da eizenSteinis kinoTeoriis inteleqtualuri montaJis centralur naSromebs
_ kadrs miRma (1929), meoTxe ganzomileba kinoSi (1929) da kinoformis dramaturgia (1929).
eizenSteinis revoluciuri kinotrilogia da misi
mTavari filmi javSnosani potiomkini (1925)
aris mcdeloba inteleqtualuri montaJis praqtikuli realizaciisa da dResac kinorefleqsiis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan magaliTad rCeba.

sergei eizenSteini

inteleqtualuri
montaJi

sergei eizenSteini

da xelovneteinis kinoturi teqsterTianebs mis

onebis montakinoTeoriis
centralur
929), meoTxe
a kinofornSteinis remisi mTavari
kini (1925)
ualuri monciisa da dReT mniSvnelo-

sergei eizenSteini _ inteleqtuluri montaJi

gamocemis winasityva
obis avtoria sergei
eizenSteinis Semoqme
debis mkvlevari, germaneli profesori oq
sana bulgakova.

hans beleri _ kinomontaJis aspeqtebi

dasavleTSi farTod gavrcelebuli, Sesavali
xasiaTis mqone kinosamontaJo saxelmZRvanelo
teqsti, sadac gaanalizebulia aqtualuri samontaJo modelebi, cnebebi da reJisorTa spe
ci
fikuri stilebi: eizenSteini, bunueli, hiC
ko
ki, godari, tarkovski, kubriki, jarmuSi da sxva.
gamocemas axlavs kinosamontaJo cnebebis ganmart
ebiTi leqsikoni; kadris sidideTa maCvenebeli da 180 gradusis principis amsaxveli sqemebi.

rezo kveselava _ mogonebebi qarTvel

kinematografistebze
qarTveli kinodramaturgis rezo kveselavas
samemuaro werilebis krebulSi mogonebebi qa
rTvel kinematografistebze avtori ixsenebs:
Tengiz abulaZes, akaki baqraZes, suliko JRents,
mixeil kveselavas, mixeil kobaxiZes, kote miqaberiZes, aleqsandre rexviaSvils, sergo farajanovs,
oTar ioselians, dore xinTibiZesa da sxvebs.
gamocemaSi warmodgenelia qarTvel kinematogra
fistTa unikaluri fotoebi avtoris piradi arqividan da kinostudia qarTuli filmis orasamde
TanamSromlis mokle
biografiuli mona
cemebi.

valter beniamini _ xelovnebis nawarmoebi

misi teqnikuri reproducirebadobis epoqaSi | istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb
mkiTxvels pirvelad eZleva saSualeba gaecnos qarTul enaze cnobili ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli
filosofosisa da kulturis mkvlevris, valter
beniaminis (1892-1940), or umniSvnelovanes naSroms:
xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuri reproducirebadobis epoqaSi (1935-1936) da istoriis
cnebis Sesaxeb (1940).
pirveli werili xelovnebis nimuSis auris dakargvis axsnas gvTavazobs da am movlenas teqnikuri reproducirebis pirobebiT gansazRvravs.
am teqstma gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba SeiZina
1960-ian wlebSi da is
faqtobrivad iqca mo
wodebad
xelovneba
gamoeyenebinaT
ara
faSisturi, aramed socialur-politikuri
emansipaciis mizniT.
Tezisebi istoriis
cnebis Sesaxeb Tavi
seburad ajamebs msje
lobas
istoriuli
materializmis daniSnulebaze imdroindeli araorTodoqsuli
marqsizmis farglebSi.

abas qiarosTami _ qaris mxardamxar

Tanamedrove iraneli kinoreJisorisa da xelovnis
abas qiarosTamis minimalisturi stilis leqsebis
krebuli qaris mxardamxar.
krebulSi agreTve ixilavT avtoris mier gadaRebul iranis landSaftis amsaxvel fotoebsa da germaneli kinomcodnis tobias erbrextis kritikul
teqsts iranul kinoze: evropuli natvrebi da
iranuli kulturis eqsporti.

maqs horkhaimeri da Teodor v. adorno _

ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika. filosofiuri fragmentebi
ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika (1944/47-1969)
frank
furtis skolis kritikuli Teoriis yve
laze didi gavlenis mqone naSromia. wignSi mocemulia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Zireuli kritika.
civilizaciis ganviTarebis fundamenturi ana
lizis safuZvelze gamokvleulia miTosidan ganmanaTleblobis warmoSoba da ganmanaTleblobis
miTosiskenve Semobruneba. naSromi warmoadgens
Tanamedrove subieqtis, misi TviTis, formirebis
filosofiur Tavdapirvel istorias da ganixilavs
zneobriobisa da uzneobis Tanxvedras Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. am wignSi ganxilulia kulturis industriis meSveobiT adamianTa masobrivi
motyuebis meqanizmebi.
aseve, gaanalizebulia
ganmanaTleblobis saz
Rvrebi, romlebsac, na
cional-socializmSi
ganxorcielebuli ka
tastrofis Sedegad,
antisemitizmis
elementebi warmoadgenen.
pirvel qarTul Targmans Tan axlavs devi
dumbaZis narkvevi imis
axsnis mcdelobiT, Tu
ratom rCeba ganmanaT
leblobis dialeqtika
dResac aqtualuri.

fsiqiatriasTan gamocdilebis mqone pirTa germanuli asociacia _ rCevebi da xerxebi _ rogor

vmarToT SeSlil-oba?
megzuri gankuTvnilia fsiqiatriasTan ga
moc
dilebis mqone adamianebisa da maTi axloblebisaTvis, romlebic krizisis dros da mis Semdeg
mxarSi udganan am pirovnebebs. aq mocemuli rCe
vebi saSualebas gvaZlevs individualurad da Sina
urulad movekidoT am mdgomareobas; gvexmareba,
SeZlebisdagvarad fsiqotropuli wamlebis gareSe,
organizmisadmi zianis miyenebis gverdis avliT,
movlenebis marTvasa da myudroebisa da stabilu
robis mopovebaSi.
teqsts axlavs fsi
qiatr Temur iosebaZis bolosityvaoba da
damxmare
organiza
ciaTa sakontaqto informacia.

aka morCilaZe _ kagdata in jorjia

calke gamocemis saxiT pirvelad ibeWdeba Tanamed

rove qarTveli mwerlis, aka morCilaZis, eseisturi
teqstebi: kagdata in jorjia (2008) da piradi
enciklopedia (2007).

sa.ga.s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!

sa.ga.s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!