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Definition of Hydrotreating
Driving forces:
Process requirements.
Environmental policies.
Product specifications.
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Hydrotreating
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
Mercaptanes
RSH + H2 RH + H2S
Sulfides
Disulfides
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
Hydrotreating
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
Hydrotreating
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN)
Amines
Pyrrole
Pyridine
Quinoline
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO)
Naphtenic
acids
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
Toluene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
Hydrotreating Catalysts
Co-Mo:
Ni-Mo:
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Chemistry of Hydrotreating
Temporary:
Coke formation:
Irreversible:
Metal deposition:
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Thermodynamics of Hydrotreating
Increasing temperature:
But:
Kinetic rates.
Metal removal.
Equilibrium conversion.
Coke formation.
Aromatic saturation maximum
activity at 385C.
H2 partial pressure.
LHSV.
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A
B
C
Equilibrium data of selected HDS
reactions.
(Fahim
et al, 2010)
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Hydrotreating Processes
Naphtha (vapor).
Heavier residues: gas oil or residue (mixedphase).
Catalytic reactor.
Cooling and
separation steps:
Liquids to
fractionator
Gases to
treatment.
Main elements of Hydrotreating Processes.
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Hydrotreating Processes
Naphtha Hydrotreating
Hydrotreating
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Hydrotreating Processes
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Hydrotreating Processes
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Hydrotreating Processes
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Hydrotreating Processes
Operating Conditions
Feedstock
Naphth
a
Temperature
Hydrogen
VGO*
360380
Residu
e
360380
120160
260-300
pressure
bar
5-10
15-30
15-40
40-70
partial
pressure
bar
10-20
20-31
26-41
50-90
90-200
0.050.10
0.1-0.2
0.3-0.5
0.4-0.7
1.5-2.0
4-10
2-4
1-3
1-2
36-48
3-10
36-48
-
36-48
-
36-48
-
consumption wt%
LHSV
H
/HC ratio
* 2VGO
= Vacuum gas oil
Catalyst life
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Kerosen
Gas oil
e
320300-340
350
hr-1
std m3/m3
years
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0.150.3
12-24
0.5-1
Hydrotreating Processes
Fixed-Bed Reactor
Adiabatic reactor:
Mechanical
catalyst.
over
Reactivity is favored.
Pressure drop is increased.
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the
work
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Hydrotreating Processes
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Closed process.
Hydrotreating reduces SOx and NOx emissions.
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Hydrotreating
Selected References
S. Lee, Ed., Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, New York: Taylor & Francis Group,
LLC, 2006.
V. Ranade, R. Chaudhari and P. R. Gunjal, Reactor Engineering and Applications, Elsevier, 2011.
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HYDROTREATING
Oil Refining Processes
TKP-4150 - Group A
April 8th, 2013