Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of
tools,

machines,

techniques,

crafts,

systems,

and

methods

of

organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution

to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input or output relation or
perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools,
including

machinery,

modifications,

arrangements

and

procedures

(Williams, 2012).
One of the remarkable and much known products of technology
advancement is the conversion of manually-operated system into
automated system. Automation produces a great impact in the lives of
man, particularly in the field of industry, business, medicine, and
education (Williams, 2012).
A scheduling system is usually a form of software that allows
someone to construct schedules in an easier, faster and error minimized

Introduction| 2

way. It is very time consuming and sometimes leads to a disaster if output is not
efficient.
Northern Philippines College for Maritime Science and Technology (NPCMST)
as an educational institution offers services to the clientele more particularly the
students and to the community. The primary operations of the school are non-stop
starting from pre-enrolment up to the post-graduation activities. These activities
require money, labor force and time.
It is a fact that arranging class schedules, instructors load and room
utilization for the students and faculty in every department is one of the many
activities that each department heads must prepare before classes start. But the
school used the manual way of preparing the class schedule. With the manual
system, more time and labor force is required to plot, arrange, and revise the class
schedules, room utilization and instructors load provided by the department heads.
This process is a very large, complex, and time consuming task with many
inputs to take into consideration. The quality of the output has a immense impact
on students, faculty, and the department as a whole. Poorly planned offerings pose a
great impact on students ability to take courses, class utilization, and students
ability to fulfill prerequisites, time to graduation, budget, and more. Poorly assigned

Introduction| 3

faculty has a big impact to the quality of instruction, the satisfaction of faculty
members, student retention, and department policies. Poorly scheduled timetable
can also affect students ability to take courses due to conflict, course utilization, lab
utilization, time to graduation, student satisfaction, faculty satisfaction, department
policies, and it can lead to undesirable last minute changes. This study is proposed
with the aforementioned reasons as stated.
This process partially defines the lives of students and faculty members in
terms of schedule and should not be taken lightly. Because of the impact of this
process, it is important to incorporate individual and group preference into as many
areas of this process as possible and to create a robust process that generates close
to optimal solutions.
There has been a research around course assignment and course timetabling
and many operations research techniques have been utilized to address these
problems, However often the techniques are tested, but rarely implemented as
shown by Carterand Lamporte (1998). While some solutions have been fully
implemented and there area couple products available in the market, those werent
thoroughly investigated due to the software and implementation cost associated with
them. Since much of the research focuses only on generating a feasible schedule and
appears to lack the preference drivers that are valuable in creating a highly desirable

Introduction| 4

schedule I felt there was room for further research in this area. We have taken into
consideration 3 types of preferences in this research: faculty preference to teach a
course, faculty preference for teaching time of day, and student/general department
preference for each timeslot. Additionally, this approach is unique because it takes a
systems approach by looking at the entire process instead of just one piece of the
puzzle.
With these problems, the researchers had come up to an idea of creating an
computerized class scheduling system of NPCMST in a web based form using HTML,
MySQL database PHP programming language. Through this advancement, it is
hoped that errors in operations be minimized and time and manpower be conserved.
Figure1.1
Conceptual Paradigm of the Proposed System
INPUT
PROCESS

OUTPUT

Identifying
Conflicts

. Class Scheduling

Username and
Password.
Class Time, Room

Viewing Student
schedule.

All Users including

Viewing all
subject offerings
for the upcoming
semester.

Administrator must key

in their username and
password to access the
system

System of Northern
Philippines College for
Maritime, Science and
Technology, Inc

Introduction| 5

Figure 1.1illustrate the conceptual paradigm of the proposed system which

serve as a basis for requirements specification and analysis of the existing system for
a more responsive and efficient way of building a system. The system requires users
to login first. The system has two power users, the administrator and the registrar.
The admin controls the accounts of the registrar and the registrar is the one who
enters schedules. The system processes time as specified in a certain subject
determining its conflict.
Statement of the problem
This study aims to design a Class Scheduling System for the Northern
Philippines College for Maritime Science and Technology.
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the existing procedure in the current Class Scheduling System of
NPCMST?

Introduction| 6

2. What are the problems encountered in the existing Class Scheduling System of
NPCMST?
3. What are the factors that affect the performance of the Class Scheduling System
of NPCMST in terms of:
a. Speed
b. Accuracy
c. Security
d. Data Handling
Objectives of the Study
This proposed system is pursued in order to fulfill the following specific
objectives:
1.

To identify the existing procedure in the current Class Scheduling System of

NPCMST;

2.

To identify the problems encountered in the existing class scheduling system

of NPCMST and the solutions that will be provided to address these problems;
and

Introduction| 7

3. To identify the factors that affects the performance of the NPCMST Class
Scheduling system in terms of:
a. Speed
b. Accuracy
c. Security
d. Data Handling
Importance of the Study
The implementation of the proposed computerized class scheduling system
would be beneficial for the entire NPCMST community, from Planning and Extension
Office to the Registrars Office and to all Faculty members and Students.
Effective class scheduling is critical to the academic mission of the School. It
enables students to take the classes they need in a timely manner and contributes
to on-going cost containment efforts through efficient space utilization and good
stewardship of our valuable institutional resources.
Throughout the year, general purpose classrooms are used for both classes
and other key academic events, such as thesis defenses, faculty candidate job talks
or department meetings. Both types of classroom uses are important to the

Introduction| 8

academic mission of each unit and the College, and this policy aims to ensure
adequate space for both.
For most departments, class scheduling occurs several months prior to the
start of the term. Class scheduling requires significant advanced planning and
coordination, not only within each department, but also often with other units to
ensure that classes are sequenced appropriately to meet interdisciplinary program
needs.

Introduction| 9

Scope and Delimitation

The Class Scheduling System of NPCMST is broad in terms of areas being
covered. The study to be conducted would limit its scope to the following:
1. Administrator Module. This module handles the accounts of registrar personnel.
2. Registrar Module. This module handles the system scheduling inputs. Detection of
conflicts as well as printing of reports is processed.
The database of the proposed computerized class scheduling system covers
the records of a BS Information Technology subjects only.
The reports module of this proposed computerized class scheduling system
would generate the overall schedule of the BSIT Course, schedule by year and
semester, and individual subject schedule.

Introduction| 10

Definition of Terms
The following terms below provides for an operational definition that would aid
the reader with a greater understanding on this study.
Class Schedule. It refers to a specific time, room, instructor and subject of a certain
class.
Database Management System. It is a software system that manages the storage
and access to data in the database.
Information. It denotes data which is converted into a meaningful and useful
context for specific users.
Instructor's Workload. It signifies the instructor's information and workload with in
semester.
Students schedule. It shows the student's schedule from first year up to fourth year
within the semester.
User. It refers to a person who interacts with the system having their own account
and privileges.

Introduction| 11

Chapter II
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design

This study entitled "Class Scheduling System of NPCMST" is a qualitative

research that attempts to accumulate existing information and data regarding the
current class scheduling of NPCMST. Trochim stated that "a key reason for doing
qualitative research is to investigate and become more experienced with a particular
phenomenon of the researcher's interest in order to deliver a detailed description.
The researcher decided to use the qualitative approach in order to verify current
problems in the class scheduling that has become a big problem for students,
faculties, registrar, and administrations as population of students increases.

Software Development Methodology

The proponents used the Rapid Application Development (RAD) as the

software development methodology for this study and Prototyping as its specific
model. In RAD methodology, development should be done in specified time frame.
RAD methodology is suitable for the small project where all the requirements are
gathered before starting development of the project and no any concrete plan

Introduction| 12

required. Development starts as soon as requirements are gathered and delivered

the initial working prototype to the client to get the feedback. Once client gives the
feedback, revision and changes are done. This process goes parallel with cooperation with client and developers. Each prototype is delivered to the client with
working

functionality

and

changes

made

based

on

the

clients

feedback.

Development moves faster in RAD methodology with minimum errors.

Prototyping model is best used when you are developing something which is
basically being built upon the foundations of an existing prototype. The reason of
this model is the re-use of prototypes which reduces both the process of software
development and the testing time required.

However it should not be used for new cutting edge functionality which has
not been developed before. It is for this reason that RAD methodology is never used
in New Media or Web 2.0 development projects. Since these usually consist of
completely new functionality requirements. RAD simply wouldnt work. And of
course once a system has been built using say Agile principles, this will always be
the approach used when looking to upgrade the functionality developed further
down the line.

Introduction| 13

The guidelines that will follow in the analysis and implementation of this
study are as follows:
Using analysis and measurement as driers of the enhancement process is one
major difference between iterative enhancement and the current agile development
methods. It provides support for determining the effectiveness of the processes and
the quality of product. It allows one to study, and therefore improve and tailor, the
processes for the particular environment. This measurement and analysis activity
can be added to existing agile development methods.
Figure 2.1
Rapid Application Development Methodology

In figure 4.1, it shows the RAD methodology diagram that is used in the study.
The activities taken in every phase are discussed as follows.

Introduction| 14

Analysis and Quick Design. We the researchers conduct interview to different

personnel in the school whos in charge of the scheduling process specifically the
registrar personnel. Different scheduling system studies from other schools were
also studied to gather more data and as referenced in building the system. Upon
careful analysis of the different data, we formulated a quick design in a form of
prototypes then have it presented to the personnel that are connected to class
scheduling.
Prototyping Cycles. Series of prototypes were presented to the scheduling
personnel and registrar to examine and approve the proposed design. These part
consist of demonstrate, refine and develop that take several loops until the prototype
has been approved.
Testing. Testing of the system was conducted only by the researchers in the
design process.
Since the time allotted in not sufficient enough, not all the phases were used.
The testing phase is very short and the deployment phase was skipped.
In using the prototyping model, the proponents made use of HTML, PHP,
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and MySQL database. These programming language,

Introduction| 15

scripts and database are suitable in this projects making the development process
faster and easier.
Data Gathering Tools
Considering that the Registrar, Planning and Extension Officer, and the Deans
as the vital sources of data and information for this study. Other sources of data or
information include books, published and unpublished researches or studies
conducted, articles or journal published in the internet and the NPCMSTI school
policy handbook or manual.
Data Gathering Techniques
The following data gathering techniques were used in the study as they are
beneficial enough in building the system.
The proponents interviewed all the persons involved in making the class
schedule of subjects. Problems encountered and different suggestions gathered were
carefully analyzed to improve the class scheduling system.
Observation. Other schools have been using semi-automated class scheduling
system already. The researchers went to different schools to observe the flow of their
class scheduling as they prepare for their enrollment.

Introduction| 16

Research and Document analysis. The proponents gathered data from

different books, magazines, published and unpublished materials regarding
scheduling system in different libraries in La Union.
Data gathered were carefully compared and examined to identify its efficiency
in the enrollment process.
Requirements Management
The system requirements by the users and personnel involved in class
scheduling must be monitored using progress reports and the changes of their
project requirements.
It also includes the process of determining and ensuring the effects of the
specifications and diversity on product scope and quality. Allocation and property of
risk factors were also noted.
In the disposition of management processes, precise changes were done in the
performance of the formations and the use of change of control panel.
Schedule Control
The proponents spent their free time building the project before the deadline.
The proponents also spent a lot of effort to achieve their goal but it all depends on

Introduction| 17

the allotted schedule. The proponents mostly focus their time building the system to
be successful.

Introduction| 18

Quality Control
The proposed system is expected to work properly. The proponents will make
sure that there is no error and the system is 100% working. Specifying quality
control activities by knowing the procedures in using the following purposes: To be
able to good stewardship of our valuable institutional resources. Know the
knowledge, skills and experience of the person; To be able to verify if the system is
working properly; and to be able to check the system before it will be deployed in
school.
Reporting
The descriptions which will be used to display the result of the research and
inquiry will be provided together with the project's formal documentation. Records
that are written in the documentation will be comprised of a recognized output and
conclusion. Significant report will also give the proponents an idea about the flow of
the system. The proponents will specify status of each task for the development of
the project management. Analyzing the needed progress for the system is required in
order to accomplish a sufficient report.
Risk Management Plan
The proponents knew that there are some factors that might affect the
proposed system and they understood the collision this may cause. The proponents

Introduction| 19

included in their project schedule, a time to develop an alternative solution if

unwanted problems occur. The proponents gathered lots of information to work on
the proposed system properly. Loosely defined requirements, difficulties in
estimating the time and resources required for the software development, type of
individual skills can be encountered during the project schedule. The quality of the
software being developed by the group, can only assure that the research
proponents all equipped with information and solutions.
The following risks in developing the proposed system are:
Database risk. The records will be saved in the database, but after a year,
unused records must be deleted to prevent database collapse. The records in
database are maintained by saving all the important records only. The proposed
system needs to store great numbers of data, it is utmost important to have a
backup and have secondary storage of data and reports for back up purpose and
safety of records in case of corruption of data happened. Data will be ensured to be
kept safe from corruption and to help ensure privacy.
Personnel risk. The system administrator will train a hired person 2 to 3 days
to familiarize the flow of the system. If this hired person will resign they will find first
a replacement before he/she will permanently resign. The user of the system does

Introduction| 20

not necessarily need to be a technical expert but must have academic experience
about computer. It is a necessity to have an average functional literacy and most
importantly the user should be dedicated to learn how to use the system.
Technology risk. The proponents will continue to update the system and
adding features, regarding on upcoming new version of XAMPP. The proponents
require replacing the existing system and adopting the new version. The proponents
need to adjust for the upcoming software.
Process risk. The system might hang if the user doesnt know what the
process. The proponents provide a user manual to help them how to use the system.
The plan of this proposed system is to have an easy way in evaluating the professors
of the school.
Project Closeout Plan
The proponents will do their best to finish the system. They learned that it
takes months to create a system and difficulties are expected to arise. It is expected
that system will benefit both the students and the school if the proposed Class
Scheduling System of NPCMST is successfully applied.

Introduction| 21

Introduction| 22

Chapter III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter discusses the procedures of the existing class scheduling system
of NPCMST. It also presents the proposed computerized class scheduling system.
The Existing System: Procedure and Problems
The existing Class Scheduling System of NPCMST has been functioning in a
semi-computerized process. The preparation starts six months prior to the start of
enrollment.
In the initial stage of preparation, the Registrars Office provides the initial
input for the Planning and Extension Office and for the HR Department when
necessary. These inputs are the subject offerings for the coming semester.
Other inputs would come from the Heads on the different departments. Only
the Deans or heads the different departments

know the specific subjects with

laboratory attachments, actual number of students within the department, the

number and availability of laboratory rooms to be used in the coming semesters,
and the availability of faculty members qualified to teach on the available subjects.

Introduction| 23

Upon plotting the schedules for general education, the planning office
integrates the schedules plotted by department heads with the corresponding faculty
members assigned on every subject. After the integration, the registrar collects all
the data for initial review and checking for conflicting assignments which is more
common for the higher years due to students with irregular schedules. These
students do not belong to any block section. Most irregular students who enrolled
advance subjects and others might as well be taking these subjects the next
semester.
After the schedules are thoroughly checked for errors, the plotted schedules
would be submitted to the VPAA for rechecking and approval. After it was approved,
the plotted schedules will now be posted on all bulletin boards within the campus. In
the meantime, plotting forms are prepared for students and faculty members to use
during the enrollment.
The widest downside of the manual scheduling approach is that the scheduler
cannot look at every combination of schedules and evaluate which one is the best.
Since the scheduler cannot look at every combination, it is likely that an overlap in
courses is necessary in order to schedule all the courses into the timetable. Some
quarters might work out with minimal overlap at the class level; however other

Introduction| 24

quarters would result in overlaps in critical courses. These overlaps affect the
students ability to take their desired courses.
Proposed Computerized Class Scheduling System
Through the proposed computerized class scheduling system, the class
scheduling would be easily manage and records would be easily tracked, processed
and stored, because the proposed system will provide a module for the Planning and
Extension Office (PEO) and the Registrars Office that allows the personnel in-charge
to generate or create a report or even make the necessary adjustments on specific
records in real time.
For the students, the proposed Class Scheduling System would provide an
easy request for an updated class schedule where he/ she is enrolled. This would be
possible, for the proposed system allows other departments, such as the office of the
Deans and Department Head, to have an access with the system so that they could
generate a copy of the students class schedule from the server. Using any web
browser installed in the computer, personnel can view there students information in
web base format.
The proposed Class Scheduling System was designed and created using the
PHP programming language. On this web based module it allows transactional

Introduction| 25

operations such as database access and interactive web interface. MySQL 5.0 was
used as back-end of the proposed Class Scheduling System because it is one of the
most popular Database Management Tools that can handle billions of records in a
most complicated transactional database operation of many business organizations.
Factors that Affects the Performance of the System
Speed. Speed refers to the capability of the system to handle data in time that
the user is satisfied. Many things must be considered in order to make the system
execute faster. As records increases in the database, the performance of the
computer decreases. In order to solve this problem, database backup must be done
weekly and database cleaning to remove unnecessary records. Previous schedule are
not needed anymore so it must be deleted.
In terms of hardware, using the required computer hardware is necessary.
Server computer must me used and clients must be the latest personal computer
available in the market. Upgrading can be done every five years to level up with the
increasing number of records.
Accuracy. Accuracy refers to the capability of the system to produce desired
output. In order to do this in class scheduling system, data formatting is needed.
Data format sets guidelines for users to enter correct input. Time format must be

Introduction| 26

followed in the system to avoid errors and for the accuracy of the system. The system
has been tested and presented to the registrar several times in order to check for its
accuracy.
Security. This refers to the safekeeping of records as they stayed in the
database. Security is very important in systems. To ensure data security, login forms
must be present. Login form requires users to enter their username and password.
Password must be hidden so as to not be seen or hacked by others.
Using Power Users is also effective security tool. Categorizing accounts and
controlling individual features to ensure that correct functionality is provided.
Database backup is also one way of security in systems. Using incremental or
differential, the system administrator must decide what type of backup to be used.
Data Handling. This refers to the ability of the system to efficiently handle or
manage data as user uses the system. As data increases the computer computers
performance decreases. Handling of data must be taken significantly to ensure the
efficiency of the system. Every data must be categorized in the database together
with its correct format and data types.

Introduction| 27

System Architecture
The proposed Class Scheduling System will be deployed in the registrars
office. Secondary accesses will be at the extension office of the registrar, and in all of
the Deans Offices.
As regards to the controls and security measures, the school LAN should be
set-up as Class C network that would be divided into four (4) sub-networks or
subnets. One of the four subnets should be dedicated to the server and all
workstations that would be allowed to access the proposed class scheduling System.
Figure 3.1
Class Scheduling System of NPCMST Architecture
Client (Registrar Extension)

Server(Main Registrar)

Client 1

Server
Xampp Server

Client 2

MySQL
PHP

Client 3

Client 4
Hub

Introduction| 28

System Requirements
For the system to be able to maximize its performance, it requires some
hardware and software specifications.
Hardware Specifications: Server Side (CPU Specifications)
Hardware

Minimum

Recommended

Processor

I3 Second Generation

I5 or higher

RAM

3 GB

4 GB or Higher(8 GB
max)

Hard Drive

100 GB of available

1 TB of available hard

hard disk space

disk space

At Least 4 ports USB

6 or more ports USB

2.0

3.0(FireWire support)

Motherboar

Compatible with 750

Intel motherboard

MHz processor

USB port

800 MHz Front Side

Bus Support
2 X DDR/SDR

1333 MHz Front Side

Bus Support or Higher
4 X DDR2 or higher
speed memory slot

Introduction| 29

memory slot

On-Board LAN
100Mbps/1Gbps or

On-Board LAN

Higher

10/100 Mbps
AGP 8X slot (for video

higher (for video card)

card)

4 or more PCI Slot

4 PCI Slot
Video Card

PCI express 16X or

AGP 8X (256 MB;64

PCI express 16X or

bits)

Higher (1 GB or higher;
128 bits)

Casing

Mid-Tower
Desktop

300

Front

Server Box Type

350

Watts

(Power Supply)

Front panel USB

panel

4 in 1 Card
Reader

or

Higher (Power Supply)

USB 2.0 ports

Watts

2.0

ports

(FireWire

Support)
8
Reader

in

Card

Introduction| 30

Workstation Side (CPU Specifications)

Hardware

Minimum

Recommended

Processor

Dual Core (750MHz)

I3 (2.0 GHz) or Higher

RAM

2GB (400 MHz)

4 GB or more(800 MHz)
or Higher

Hard Drive

80 GB (7200rpm)

500 GB or Higher

USB port

At Least 4 ports USB

6 or more ports USB 2.0

2.0

(FireWire support)

Motherboar

Compatible with 750

Intel motherboard

MHz processor
800 MHz Front Side
Bus Support
2 X DDR/SDR
memory slot

Video Card

1333 MHz Front Side

Bus Support or Higher
4 X DDR2 or higher
speed memory slot
On-Board LAN

On-Board LAN

100Mbps/1Gbps or

10/100 Mbps

Higher

AGP 8X slot (for video

PCI express 16X or

card)

higher (for video card)

4 PCI Slot

4 or more PCI Slot

AGP 8X (256 MB;64

PCI express 16X or

bits)

Higher (1 GB or higher;

Introduction| 31

128 bits)
Casing

Desktop Type

Mini-Tower Type

300 Watts

350 Watts or

(Power Supply)
Front panel

Higher (Power Supply)

USB 2.0 ports

2.0 ports (FireWire

4 in 1 Card

Reader
Other Peripherals Specifications
Hardware

Minimum

Monitor

18

LED

Front panel USB

Support)

8 in 1 Card Reader

Recommended
Display 21 LED (Wide Screen)

Screen
Mouse

Optical Mouse (USB)

Keyboard

Standard

Printer

Optical Mouse (USB)

Keyboard Multimedia

(USB)

(USB)

LX-300+

Ink Jet Printer

Keyboard

Network Devices Specifications

Hardware

Minimum

Switch

24

ports

Mbps

Recommended
10/100 24

ports

10/100Mbps/1Gbps

or

Introduction| 32

Higher
Cable

UTP cable CAT 5

UTP cable CAT 5e or

Higher Category

Software Specification
Some software needs to be installed for the proposed Class Scheduling.
This softwares are needed to perform its functions to control the flow of
operations and provide secured access to the database.
On the server , Windows Server 2003 and XAMPP Server (latest version)
for Windows must be installed.
On the client side of the proposed system, Windows 7 professional
service pack 2 with Web Browser (Chrome/ Mozilla/ Opera), must be installed.
Anti-virus must be installed also for security purposes from viruses.

Introduction| 33

Chapter IV
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study is intended to design and develop a Class Scheduling System of
NPCMST. It sought to find answers to the following specific problems: What is the
existing procedure in the current Class Scheduling System of NPCMST? What are
the problems encountered in the existing Class Scheduling System of NPCMST?
What are the factors that affect the performance of the NPCMST Class Scheduling
system in terms of: Speed, Accuracy, Security and Data Handling.
Findings
NPCMST uses the manual way of making class schedule. First, the registrar
gets the previous schedule for revision. They revised it believing that, this is the
fastest way of making a schedule. Adding schedules of another section is what they
are doing. One error can lead to lot of problems if not seen by the registrar.
Class schedule usually took two to three weeks to make the temporary
schedule. The class schedule done is still temporary since alterations is done during

Introduction| 34

and after enrollment. This is due to inefficient scheduling. Rooms and instructors
are changed due to conflicts and unavailability of instructors. Sometimes it is due to
conflict in schedule itself that is not seen before the enrollment. Human error
contributes a lot in this error. Rooms are not also used efficiently due to wrong
scheduling. Rooms are not fully occupied during the day leaving spaces that no one
uses it.
The following are the factors that affect the performance of the system that
can lead to system error if not considered significantly. In terms of speed, the system
is programed in a web based form to increases the speed of transactions. Network
configurations are managed by the operating system and not by the system. User
training must also be conducted to familiarize user about how to use properly the
system. In terms of accuracy, the system uses time format to ensure the correctness
of output. In terms of security, the first page that will appear in the system is the
login page. Username and password must be provided to access the content of the
system. Two power users are presented to the system in order to restrict and divide
functionalities. The administrator controls user accounts. In case the registrar
forgets his/her username and password, the administrator can retrieve and show it.
A hidden and fixed emergency username and password can show the username and

Introduction| 35

password of the administrator in case the he/ she forget it. PHP programming was
also used in the system thus hiding codes if anyone wants to view the source code.
In terms of data handling, records have been accessed using Standard Query
Language (SQL). This is the fastest and most efficient way of data handling. With the
use of PHP programming, data are also executed the fastest way.
Conclusions
The manual system is surely a traditional way of making schedules. However,
the automated class scheduling system is more efficient because of the distinctive
performance in the aspect of speed, project design, accuracy and stability of the
system in the preparation of class schedules, room schedules and instructors load.
With these features, the automated system can really solve the primary problems
being encountered during the class schedule preparation.
Recommendations
With the foregoing conclusions, the researchers recommend the following:

1. Using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) has to be implemented to improve the existing
class scheduling system of NPCMST.

Introduction| 36

2. Security policies and other control measures must be adopted to ensure the security
of confidential records.
3. An in depth training has to be given to the Registrar and all concerned employees
directly involved in the usage of the CSS so that they will be oriented with the proper
use of the proposed system.
4. Migration for the existing records to the proposed system has to be performed.
5. Implementation and maintenance of the proposed CSS should be in coordination
with the IT department.
6. Assessment of the proposed system has to be conducted regularly.
7. Hardware and software specifications based on the system recommendation must be
adopted for better performance.

Introduction| 37
Appendix D
Questions
1. What are the problems
that you encountered in
the manual Class
Scheduling System of
NPCMST?
1.1What are the actions or

Answers
a. Conflict of schedule of
student, instructor and
rooms.
b. Lack of rooms.
c. Lack of teachers.
d. Changes in schedules.
Immediate change in schedule.

solutions did you do to

Transfer of rooms, additional

solve these problems?

teachers. Re-scheduling students.

3.

What are the materials

Pen and Paper, computer for

do you use in the

encoding of schedules, printer.

present scheduling
4.

5.

6.

system?
How many persons are

Four to five personnel in the

involved or in charge

registrar.

of the system?
How many days are

2 to 3 weeks to create a

needed for you to

temporary schedule and changes

finish the scheduling

were done during the enrolment

of students and

process.

instructors?
What are the

See next page for the enrolment

processes involved in

procedure.

the running of the

system you are using?