Marcet Boiler Lab Report 2015

TABLE OF CONTENT
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Title
Abstract..
Introduction
Objectives..
Theory
Apparatus & Material.........
Procedures..
Results
Calculations
Discussions.........
Conclusions
Recommendations..
Reference
Appendix
SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT
Pages
2
3
4
56
7
89
10 11
12 16
17 19
20
21
22
23
Page 1
1.0 ABSTRACT
This experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between the pressure and
the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium. Besides that, this experiment was also done to
demonstrate the vapour pressure curve. The marcet boiler was used for this experiment. When
the pressure increases, the pressure also increases. Therefore, the relationship of pressure and
temperature is directly proportional. The derived formulae and the data were used to calculate
the slope. The dT/Dp measured was compared with the data in the steam table. Theoretically, the
values measured should be almost the same with predicted values. However, at a certain points,
the values are not the same. This may because of the errors made in the experiment.
Page 2
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work between a systemand the
surroundings which occurs when the system undergoes a process. Thermodynamics also
concerned about the changes in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substances such as
gases and vapours are often referred as P-V-T substances.
An ideal gas obey the equation of states that relates the pressure, the specific volume or
density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R. However, real
gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications on the ideal gas equation
of state allow its application in the properties of real gas. When energy is added within water, the
increasing of activities among the molecules caused the increase in the number of molecules
escape from a surface until the equilibrium sate is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on
the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the pressure, the easier the
molecules leaving the water surface and thus less energy is required to achieve the state of
equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level
is called saturated temperature. The pressure where equilibrium occurs at a given temperature is
called saturated pressure.
Marcet boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and the
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the
atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The measured value of slope of the graph (dT/dP) obtained
from the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined through the
calculation from the steam table.
Page 3
3.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To study the relationship between the pressure and the temperature steam in equilibrium
with water.
2. To understand the concept of relationship of pressure and temperature steam in
equilibrium with water.
3. To plotted the curve of saturation pressure of the steam.
4. To record the temperature and the pressure of the saturated steam.
5. To list the applications of the saturation steam in equilibrium with water.
Page 4
4.0 THEORY
Marcet Boiler (Model:HE169) has been developed for investigating the relationship between the
pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures between
atmospheric and 10 bar (abs) (150lb/in2).
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics, which deals with the energy, and work of a
system. Thermodynamics deals only with the large-scale response of a system that we can
observe and measure in experiments. Small-scale gas interactions are described by the kinetic
theory of gasses which is compliment to thermodynamics.
An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables :1) Absolute Pressure (P)
2) Volume (V)
3) Absolute Temperature (T)
The relationship between them may be deduced from kinetic theory and is called the Ideal
Gas law. The ideal gas law was originally determined empirically and is simply :-
Where,
If a gas behaves exactly as the ideal gas laws would predict it to behave in terms of the
volume, pressure, moles and temperature, then the gas is said to be an ideal gas. On the other
hand, the gas deviates from Ideal Gas behavior, then the gas is said to be acting like a real gas.
When the energy increases within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules
enables the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until the equilibrium
state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and
steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while less
energy required in achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where the
equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature.
Page 5
The measured value of the slope of the graph ( )
obtained from the practical results
can be compared with corresponding values calculated from the data in steam tables.
Clausius-Clapeyron states:-
When the phase transition of a substance is between a gas phase and a condensed phase (liquid
or solid), and occurs at temperature much lower than the critical temperature of that substance,
the specific volume of the gas phase , greatly exceeds that of the condensed phase .
(
Therefore, one may approximate at low temperature ,
(
)
is like the equation above. Therefore,
As
In which,
Page 6
5.0 APPARATUS & MATERIAL

Material :1. Distilled water
Apparatus :1. SOLTEQ Marcet Boiler (Model:HE169)
1. Pressure Transducer
6. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge
2. Pressure Indicator
7. Temperature Sensor
3. Temperature Controller/Indicator
8. Pressure Relief Valve
4. Control Panel
9. Heater
5. Bench
10. Water Inlet Port & Valve
Page 7
6.0 PROCEDURES
6.1 General Start-up Procedures
1. A quick inspection was performed to ensure that the unit is in proper operating condition.
2. The unit to the nearest power supply connected.
3. The water in the boiler is checked whether it was filled or not. Skip step 4 and 5 skipped
if the boiler already filled.
4. The valves at the feed port and the level sight tube (V1, V2 & V3) was opened.
5. The boiler with distilled water through the feed port was filled and the water level is at
about the half of the boilers height was make sure. Then, the valves (V1) & valves (V2)
at the level sight tube was closed.
6. The power supply switch was turn on.
7. The experiment now is ready to carry on.
6.2 General Shut-down Procedures

1. The heater was switched off and the boiler temperature was left drop until room
temperature was reached.
NOTE :
Do not open the valve at the water inlet port as it is highly pressurized at high
temperature.
2. The main switch and the main power supply was switched off when it has dropped to
room temperature.
3. The water for next used was retained.
4. The upper part of the level sight tube, V3 was opened to drain the water and then the
vales (V1) and valves (V2) was opened to drain off the water.
Page 8
6.3 Experimental Procedures

1. The general start-up procedures was performed.
2. Initially, the boiler was filed with water, the valves at the level side tube (V2 & V3) were
opened to check the water level. The Distilled water was pour in additional if necessary.
Then the valves closed.
3. The temperature controller was set to 185.0 oC which is slightly above the expected
boiling point of the water at 10.0 bar (abs).
4. The vent valves (V3) was opened and the heater was turn on.
Important :
Always make sure that the valves at the level sight tube are closed before turning on the heater
as the sight tube is not designed to withstand high pressure and temperature.
5. The steam temperature rise observed as the water boils.
6. The steam was allowed to come out from the valves (V3) for about 30 seconds, and then
the valve was closed. This step is important to remove air from the boiler as the accuracy
of the experimental results will be significantly affected when air is present.
7. The steam temperature and pressure was recorded when the boiler is heated until the
steam pressure reaches 10.0 bar (abs). (The intervals of pressure data for 0.1 initially was
made, followed by 0.2 and 0.5 for the following data).
Warning !
Never open the valve when the boiler is heated as pressurized steam can cause severe injury.
8. Then, the heater was turn off and the steam temperature and pressure began to drop. The
steam temperature was recorded when the boiler was cooled until the steam pressure
reached the atmospheric pressure.
9. The boiler was allowed cooled down to room temperature.
10. The steam temperatures was recorded at different pressure readings when the boiler is
heated and cooled.
Page 9
7.0 RESULTS
Pressure, P
(bar)
Gauge
Absolute
Temperature, T
Increase
(C)
Decrease
(C)
0.00
1.1
100.0
118.5
Average
Tavc
(C)
109.3
0.50
2.1
120.0
121.2
120.6
1.00
2.4
122.8
124.6
1.50
2.7
128.4
2.00
3.2
2.50
Measured Calculated
Slope,
Slope,
Average
Tavc
(K)
382.3
0.2659
393.6
0.1130
0.1518
123.7
396.7
0.1033
0.1357
131.6
130.0
403.0
0.2100
0.1239
134.9
136.2
135.6
408.6
0.1400
0.1079
3.6
139.4
141.3
140.4
413.4
0.1200
0.0983
3.00
4.2
143.9
145.6
144.8
417.8
0.0733
0.0868
3.50
4.6
148.4
149.2
148.8
421.8
0.1000
0.0807
4.00
5.1
151.7
153.4
152.6
425.6
0.0760
0.0742
4.50
5.6
155.0
156.9
156.0
429.0
0.0680
0.0688
5.00
6.0
158.2
159.9
159.1
432.1
0.0750
0.0652
5.50
6.6
161.2
162.5
161.9
434.9
0.0467
0.0603
6.00
7.0
164.3
165.7
165.0
438.0
0.0775
0.0576
6.50
7.5
166.9
168.3
167.6
440.6
0.0520
0.0545
7.00
8.0
169.7
170.5
170.1
443.1
0.0500
0.0518
7.50
8.5
172.7
172.9
172.8
445.8
0.0540
0.0494
8.00
9.0
174.6
175.6
175.1
448.1
0.0460
0.0472
8.50
9.5
176.7
178.0
177.4
450.4
0.0460
0.0452
9.00
10.0
178.7
180.1
179.4
452.4
0.0400
0.0434
9.50
10.5
181.2
182.3
181.8
454.8
0.0480
0.0419
10.00
10.9
183.0
184.3
183.7
456.7
0.0475
0.0406
Page 10
Average Temperature against Absolute Pressure

470
Average Temperature, T (K)
460
450
440
430
420
410
400
390
380
370
0
10
12
Absolute Pressure, P (bar)
Measured and Calculated Slope against Absolute

Pressure
0.3
0.25
Slope
0.2
0.15
Measured Slope
0.1
Calculated Slope
0.05
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.2
3.6
4.2
4.6
5.1
5.6
6
6.6
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
10.9
0
Page 11
8.0 CALCULATIONS
Sample Calculation for Average Temperature, Tavg :-
Sample Calculation for dP :-
Sample Calculation for dT :-
Sample Calculation for ( ) :(
Page 12
Calculations for Measured Slope, ( ) :Pressure, Pabs

(bar)
dP
(kPa)
Average Tavc ,
(K)
dT
(K)
1.1
382.3
2.1
100
393.6
11.30
0.1130
2.4
30
396.7
3.10
0.1033
2.7
30
403.0
6.30
0.2100
3.2
40
408.6
5.60
0.1400
3.6
40
413.4
4.80
0.1200
4.2
60
417.8
4.40
0.0733
4.6
40
421.8
4.00
0.1000
5.1
50
425.6
3.80
0.0760
5.6
50
429.0
3.40
0.0680
6.0
40
432.1
3.10
0.0750
6.6
60
434.9
2.80
0.0467
7.0
40
438.0
3.10
0.0775
7.5
50
440.6
2.60
0.0520
8.0
50
443.1
2.50
0.0500
8.5
50
445.8
2.70
0.0540
9.0
50
448.1
2.30
0.0460
9.5
50
450.4
2.30
0.0460
10.0
50
452.4
2.00
0.0400
10.5
50
454.8
2.40
0.0480
10.9
40
456.7
1.90
0.0475
)(
Page 13
Sample Calculation for
:-
:-
:-
Sample Calculation for Enthalpy,
:-
Sample Calculation for Calculated Slope, (

(
) :-
Page 14
Calculation for Calculated Slope , (
Pressure,
P
(bar)
Temperature
,T
(K)
Gauge Absolute
Average Tavc
) :-
Specific Volume,
Enthalpy,
(m3/kg)
(kJ/kg)
Calculated
Slope,
(
(K/kPa)
0.00
1.1
382.3
0.001045
1.56646
1.565415
2250.7
0.2659
0.50
2.1
393.6
0.001062
0.84878
0.847718
2197.4
0.1518
1.00
2.4
396.7
0.001066
0.74855
0.747484
2185.1
0.1357
1.50
2.7
403.0
0.001069
0.66960
0.668531
2173.8
0.1239
2.00
3.2
408.6
0.001075
0.57076
0.569685
2157.0
0.1079
2.50
3.6
413.4
0.001080
0.51106
0.509980
2144.8
0.0983
3.00
4.2
417.8
0.001086
0.44302
0.441934
2128.2
0.0868
3.50
4.6
421.8
0.001090
0.40610
0.405010
2117.8
0.0807
4.00
5.1
425.6
0.001094
0.36839
0.367296
2105.7
0.0742
4.50
5.6
429.0
0.001098
0.33721
0.336112
2094.4
0.0688
5.00
6.0
432.1
0.001101
0.31560
0.314499
2085.8
0.0652
5.50
6.6
434.9
0.001105
0.28864
0.287535
2073.6
0.0603
6.00
7.0
438.0
0.001108
0.27278
0.271672
2065.8
0.0576
6.50
7.5
440.6
0.001111
0.25552
0.254409
2056.4
0.0545
7.00
8.0
443.1
0.001115
0.24035
0.239235
2047.5
0.0518
7.50
8.5
445.8
0.001118
0.22690
0.225782
2038.8
0.0494
8.00
9.0
448.1
0.001121
0.21489
0.213769
2030.5
0.0472
8.50
9.5
450.4
0.001124
0.20411
0.202986
2022.4
0.0452
9.00
10.0
452.4
0.001127
0.19436
0.193233
2014.6
0.0434
9.50
10.5
454.8
0.001130
0.18591
0.184780
2007.1
0.0419
10.00
10.9
456.7
0.001132
0.17914
0.178008
2001.1
0.0406
Page 15
Sample Calculation of Percentage Error, % :-
Calculated Slope,
(
Measured Slope
(
)(
Percentage Error
(%)
(K/kPa)
0.2659
(K/kPa)
-
0.1518
0.1130
-34.34
0.1357
0.1033
-31.36
0.1239
0.2100
41.00
0.1079
0.1400
22.93
0.0983
0.1200
18.08
0.0868
0.0733
-18.42
0.0807
0.1000
19.30
0.0742
0.0760
2.37
0.0688
0.0680
-1.18
0.0652
0.0750
15.03
0.0603
0.0467
-29.12
0.0576
0.0775
25.68
0.0545
0.0520
-4.81
0.0518
0.0500
-3.60
0.0494
0.0540
8.52
0.0472
0.0460
-2.61
0.0452
0.0460
1.74
0.0434
0.0400
-8.50
0.0419
0.0480
12.71
0.0406
0.0475
14.53
Page 16
9.0 DISCUSSION
Before the experiment is conducted, it is vital to remove the air from the boiler. This is
because , air might affects the accuracy of the experimental results. If the air is not removed, the
correct equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling water will not be obtained.
Due to the partial pressure of air , a lower water temperature will be required to raise the
pressure. Besides, the air trapped in the boiler could lead to boiler failure.
Average Temperature, T (K)
Average Temperature against

Absolute Pressure
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
0
10
12
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Measured Slope
10.9
10
5.1
4.2
3.2
Calculated Slope
2.4
Slope
Measured and Calculated Slope

against Absolute Pressure
Based on the graph, the relationship between the average temperature, Tavg against the
absolute pressure , Pabs is directly proportional while there is small deviation between the
measured slope and the calculated slope.
Page 17
The error percentage should not cross or exceed 10% as the experiment was done in
enclosed surface and no volume of experimenting samples are allowed to escape from the
system. However, based on the data obtained from experiment, the percentage of errors is within
the range of -35 % 41 %. The percentage error for the experiment shows that the experimental
yield was too much when the percentage error is negative. Differ when the percentage of error is
positive, it shows that the experimental yield less than the theoretical yield. This might happen
due to the present of air in the boiler and the measurements reading errors that happen during the
experiment.
There are several sources of error of the experiment:1)
2)
3)
4)
Measurement reading accuracy.

Room temperature and pressure.
The stability of the material.
The calculations of the data obtained.
In order to make sure the accuracy of the data obtained, we must avoid the measurements
reading errors.
When the water in the boiler is heated up, the liquid molecules started to gain heat and
move faster. As they move around so fast that they can not even hold on to each other anymore,
all the molecules started to flying apart and becoming gas. As the liquid absorbed enough heat
energy, it changes from liquid form to vapour form. However, as the steam is not allowed to exit,
the pressure in the boiler increases. Thus, causing the temperature rise. The liquid (water)
undergoes evaporation and becomes gas (steam).
The application of boilers in industries includes :1) Power Plant Boiler
The boiler generates high pressure steam by transferring heat of combustion in
various heat transfer sections. Volume of one unit mass of steam is thousand times
that of water. When water is converted to a steam in a closed vessel, the pressure will
increase. Heating the water from cold condition to boiling point or saturation
temperature. Water boils at saturation temperature to produce steam. Heating steam
from saturation temperature to higher temperature called superheating to increase the
power plant output and efficiency.
Page 18
2) Food Steamer used by Food Industries

There are two types of food steamers used by the food industry to heat food in
large quantities. The traditional design uses steam trays connected to a central
boiler. Newer technology uses individual heating systems to create the steam on each
set of steam trays. The newer technology offers significant advantages in both energy
and water efficiency. The boiler-based steamers utilize a boiler to inject (through
pipes) steam into the heating compartment containing the food trays. Steam that does
not condense on the food product escapes as a mixture of steam and hot condensate
through a drain at the bottom of the set of steam trays. Not only is water wasted in the
rejected steam, but also a substantial amount of additional water is required to
condense this steam and cool the condensate water to an acceptable temperature
before it enters the sewer system
3) Fluidized Bed Reactor
The fuel is fluidized in oxygen and steam or air. The ash is removed dry or as
heavy agglomerates that defluidize. The temperatures are relatively low in dry ash
gasifiers, so the fuel must be highly reactive; low-grade coals are particularly suitable.
The agglomerating gasifiers have slightly higher temperatures, and are suitable for
higher rank coals. Fuel throughput is higher than for the fixed bed, but not as high as
for the entrained flow gasifier. The conversion efficiency can be rather low due to
elutriation of carbonaceous material. Recycle or subsequent combustion of solids can
be used to increase conversion. Fluidized bed gasifiers are most useful for fuels that
form highly corrosive ash that would damage the walls of slagging gasifiers. Biomass
fuels generally contain high levels of corrosive ash.
4) Steam Engines
Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is
separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar
power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic
cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is
heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When
expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure
steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.
Page 19
10.0 CONCLUSION
Marcet boiler is the device which we use to study the relation in between pressure and
temperature for a water at saturated liquid phase. As we did in the laboratory, we started heating
water with constant pressure until it reached boiling point. Then, closing the valve which created
a constant volume system. Forcing the pressure to increase as the temperature rises. And thus
studying the direct relation between pressure and temperature for water at that point.
We notice that it is essential to close the valve as we reach boiling point to make sure we
are now in a constant volume process, otherwise pressure would have never increased. causing
the experiment to be useless.
We also notice that we closed the valve exactly when we reached boiling temperature (95
c at 0.9 bar pressure) and thus keeping water at saturated liquid phase.
After studying the results and plotting the diagram we find that the relation in between
pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The difference between the theoretical values
and the actual values is caused by errors with certain calculated acceptable percentages. In this
experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be directly
proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope shows a small
deviation between them because of certain errors.
Page 20
11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to get accurate data and result, we should repeat the experiment about 2 to 3
times with hope we can get the most accurate data by getting the average reading from the
experiments. We also need to mastered the data taking techniques to avoid failure in reading the
data. Besides, before doing the experiment, we need to learn how to use the equipment to avoid
failure in completing the experiment. We also need to becareful to not doing the same mistakes
over and over again.
Page 21
12.0 REFERENCE
1) Marcet Boiler. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://www.slideshare.net/ShwanSarwan/marcet-boiler .
2) Why there should not be air in the boiler. Answer.yahoo.com. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111012064442AAfAPTF .
3) Marcet Boiler Lab Report. Scribd.com. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/51634867/Marcet-Boiler-Lab-Report#scribd .
4) Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach,
3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.
5) Lab2E5 Marcet Boiler. Academia.edu. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
https://www.academia.edu/9474636/Lab2E5_Marcet_Boiler .
6) Food Steamer. Wikipedia.org. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_steamer .
7) Food Steamers Introduction. allianceforwaterefficiency.org. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/1Column.aspx?id=642 .
8) Steam Engine. Wikipedia.org. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine#Boilers .
Page 22
APPENDIX
Pressure, P
(bar)
Gauge
Absolute
Temperature, T
Increase
(C)
Decrease
(C)
0.00
1.1
100.0
118.5
Average
Tavc
(C)
109.3
0.50
2.1
120.0
121.2
120.6
1.00
2.4
122.8
124.6
1.50
2.7
128.4
2.00
3.2
2.50
Measured Calculated
Slope,
Slope,
Average
Tavc
(K)
382.3
0.2659
393.6
0.1130
0.1518
123.7
396.7
0.1033
0.1357
131.6
130.0
403.0
0.2100
0.1239
134.9
136.2
135.6
408.6
0.1400
0.1079
3.6
139.4
141.3
140.4
413.4
0.1200
0.0983
3.00
4.2
143.9
145.6
144.8
417.8
0.0733
0.0868
3.50
4.6
148.4
149.2
148.8
421.8
0.1000
0.0807
4.00
5.1
151.7
153.4
152.6
425.6
0.0760
0.0742
4.50
5.6
155.0
156.9
156.0
429.0
0.0680
0.0688
5.00
6.0
158.2
159.9
159.1
432.1
0.0750
0.0652
5.50
6.6
161.2
162.5
161.9
434.9
0.0467
0.0603
6.00
7.0
164.3
165.7
165.0
438.0
0.0775
0.0576
6.50
7.5
166.9
168.3
167.6
440.6
0.0520
0.0545
7.00
8.0
169.7
170.5
170.1
443.1
0.0500
0.0518
7.50
8.5
172.7
172.9
172.8
445.8
0.0540
0.0494
8.00
9.0
174.6
175.6
175.1
448.1
0.0460
0.0472
8.50
9.5
176.7
178.0
177.4
450.4
0.0460
0.0452
9.00
10.0
178.7
180.1
179.4
452.4
0.0400
0.0434
9.50
10.5
181.2
182.3
181.8
454.8
0.0480
0.0419
10.00
10.9
183.0
184.3
183.7
456.7
0.0475
0.0406
Page 23

Marcet Boiler Lab Report 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

The measured value of the slope of the graph ( )

obtained from the practical results

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

5.0 APPARATUS & MATERIAL

6. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge

8. Pressure Relief Valve

10. Water Inlet Port & Valve

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

6.2 General Shut-down Procedures

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

6.3 Experimental Procedures

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

Average Temperature against Absolute Pressure

Absolute Pressure, P (bar)

Measured and Calculated Slope against Absolute

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

Sample Calculation for dP :-

Sample Calculation for dT :-

Sample Calculation for ( ) :(

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

Calculations for Measured Slope, ( ) :Pressure, Pabs

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

Sample Calculation for

Sample Calculation for

Sample Calculation for

Sample Calculation for Enthalpy,

Sample Calculation for Calculated Slope, (

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

Calculation for Calculated Slope , (

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

Sample Calculation of Percentage Error, % :-

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

Average Temperature, T (K)

Average Temperature against

Absolute Pressure, P (bar)

Measured and Calculated Slope

Absolute Pressure, P (bar)

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

Measurement reading accuracy.

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

2) Food Steamer used by Food Industries

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

SOLTEQ MARCET BOILER LAB REPORT

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