Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
Painting
HowtoMakeCharcoal?
Supplies:
Collectwoodsticks(fromtreebranchestoalreadycutwood)
Aplainpaintcanorcoffeecan(nopaintorstickersonit)
Foil
Hammer
Nail
Kiln(IfhaveaKilninArtDepartment),Canbuildafireormakeapropanehookuptoa
burnerandplaceacharcoalchimneyontop.
VideoInstructionstoMakeCharcoal:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otVhpDSbHZk
(propane)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VB3LUDura0
(buildafire)
StepstoMakingCharcoal:
1. Collectassortmentofwoodbranchesandotherwoodpieceslayingaround.
2. Cutthewoodpiecesdownenoughtofitinthemetalcanyoufoundorbought.
3. Makesureyoutakealltheoutsidepapersadvertisingofftheoutsideofthemetal
can.
4. Useahammerandnailtomakeatleast3to5holesonthetopofthelidofthe
metalcan.
5. Wrapthewoodpiece(youcut)inbundleswithfoilmakingsuremostofthewood
iscovered.
6. Placethefoiledwoodinthemetalcan
7. Securethetopofthemetalcanmakingsureititclosedtight.
8. Placethemetalcaninallreadypreparedfire,propaneburner,orkilnfor45
minutes.
9. Takethecanoutsafelyusingproperprotectivegloveorpotholders(itishot)
10. Letitseeoutforaboutanhourtohourandhalfmakingsureitisfullycooled
down.
11. Takethelidoffandnowyouhavecharcoal.It'stimetodraw!
ColorTheory
ColorTerminology:
Color
thepropertypossessedbyanobjectofproducingdifferentsensationsontheeyeasaresultofthe
waytheobjectreflectsoremitslightlightchangescolorswith
hue
,
shade
,
tint
,
tone
.
Hueagradationorvarietyofacolortint:palehuesLocalcolor
PrimaryColors
Red,Blue,Yellow
SecondaryColors(ComplementaryColors)
Purple,Green,Orange
TertiaryColors
YellowOrange,RedOrange,RedPurple,
BluePurple,BlueGreen,YellowGreen
WarmColors
Red,RedOrange,Orange,YellowOrange,Yellows,YellowGreen
CoolColors
Green,BlueGreen,Blue,BluePurple,Purple,RedPurple
Tone
Atoneisproducedeitherbythemixtureofacolorwithgray,orbyboth
tintingandshading.Mixingacolorwithanyneutralcolor(includingblack,gray
andwhite)reducesthechroma,orcolorfulness,whilethehueremains
Unchanged.
Shade
themixtureofacolorwithblack,whichreduceslightness
Tint
themixtureofacolorwithwhite,butinwatercolorlightingthecolorby
usingthepigmentofthewhitepaperanddilutingcolorwithmorewater,which
makethecolorlighter
AnalogousColorsgroupsofthreecolorsthatarenexttoeachotheronthecolorwheel,withonebeingthe
dominantcolor,whichtendstobeaprimaryorsecondarycolor,andatertiary.Red,orange,andredorange
areexamples
Achromaticmeanslackingcolor.White,blackandgraysmixedfromblackandwhiteareachromatic
Contrastdesignprinciplethatusesoppositesbesideoneanothertocreateinterestandvisualimpact.
Examples:rough/smooth,light/dark,warm/coolortheuseofcolorcomplements
Gradationanygradualchangeinhue,value,orcolorintensity
Intensityacolorssaturation,brightnessorstrength
MonochromaticColors
containingorusingonlyonecolor
WatercolorExamples:
Colorwheel
ColorTintingandShading
Drawing
Onepointperspectiveasystemfordepictingthreedimensionaldepthonatwodimensionalsurface,
dependentupontheillusionthatallparallellinesthatrecedeintospaceconvergeatasinglepointonthe
horizon,calledavanishingpoint
Opencompositionavisualcircumstancewhereimagesofformsandstructuresappearunrelatedtothesize
ofthepaperandunlimitedbyitsouteredges,creatingtheimpressionthatthecompositionexceedsthe
boundariesofthepictureplane
Patternarepeatedcompositionalelementorregularrepetitionofadesignorsingleshape
Perspectiveamathematicalmethodofrepresentingformsastheyrecedeinspaceanddiminishinsize
usingconverginglinesthatmeetatacentralvanishingpointonthehorizonline
Reflectedlighttheeffectoflightbouncingbackfromreflectivesurfacesfunctionsasfillinlightmaking
objectsappearroundedbygivingdefinitiontothecoreoftheshadowoneofthevaluegradationsof
chiaroscuro
Shadingacontinuousseriesofgraysthatareusedtosuggestthreedimensionalityandtocreatethe
illusionoflightatypeofgradation
Sketch:Adrawing,oranactofdrawingdonequicklywithminimalornoelaboration,buteffectivelycaptures
theessentialforminspace,withbasiclightandshadow
Space:Thenegativeaspectorcomplementofform,whethertwoorthreedimensional
Stippling:Thebuildingoftonaldescriptionsthroughtheconcentrateduseoftinydotswhenclosertogether
theyproducedarkerpassageswhenfartherapart,lightertones
Stumps:Acylinderthatispointedoneachendconsistingoftightlyrolledpaper,usedwithdrymediafor
blendingtones
Texture:Thesurfacecharacterortactilequalitiesexperiencedeitherthroughthesenseoftouchorthrough
theimagination
Vanishingpoint:Inlinearperspective,thepointonthehorizonlineatwhichrecedingparallellinesappearto
converge
Valueanelementofdesignthatrelatestothelightnessordarknessofacolorortone
ValueScaleRangingfromlighttodark,startingwithwhite,thelightergrays,thedarkergrays,thenblack.
Usuallynumbered010with10representingblackthisscaleisusedtoevaluatecolorstodeterminetheir
value
Viewfinderasmallcardboardorpapersheetwithacutawaysquareorrectangularcenterthroughwithone
lookstoframeacomposition,aswithaviewfinderapparatusinacamera
Volumethequalityofaformthathasheight,width,anddepththerepresentationofthisquality
Graphite
Graphitesoftformofcarbonfoundinnatureandusedasleadinpencils.Itismanufacturedinawiderange
ofverysofttoveryhardstatesandproducesalustrousblack(softstate)orgrayblack(hardstate)mark
whendraggedagainstareceptivesurfacealsoavailableinstick,chunk,orpowderedform
Pencilawoodenorpapercylindricaltoolencasingagraphite,charcoal,crayon,orcoloredpigmentrodofa
widevarietyofhardandsoftgradesthemostversatiledrawinginstrumentsincetheendoftheeighteenth
century,andthemostcommonlyusedwritingimplementuntiltheinventionofthecartridgepen
VariationofGraphitePencilsLeadMarkings
MaterialsforGraphite:
Graphitepencilsassortmentofvariation
Sketchbook
Newspaperprint
Roughpaper
Stumps
Charcoal
Charcoalalight,blackresidue,consistingofcarbonandanyremainingash,obtainedbyremovingwater
andothervolatileconstituentsfromanimalandvegetationsubstances,usuallyproducedbyslowpyrolysis,
theheatingofwoodorothersubstancesintheabsenceofoxygen
Carbonizedwoodcharcoalproducedbyheatingslipsofwood(withoutfire)toremoveorganicmatter
Charcoalpaperatexturedpaperabrasivetocharcoalduetoitshardnessoftoothavailableindifferent
weightsinwhite,graytones,andmutedcolors
Compressedcharcoalpowderedcarbonizedwoodmixedwithabindingmaterialandpressedintochalklike
sticksandlabeledaccordingtohardnessfromHB(hardestandlightest)to6B(softestanddarkest)
Fixativesprayafinegranularmistthatdriesquicklywhileformingaprotective,porouscoatingthatfixesor
holdsthefineparticlesofdrymediainplace
Pressedcharcoalcomesasapencilusefulfordetaileddrawingsbecauseitcanbesharpenedtoafine
point
Stickcharcoalmadebyheatingsticksofwillowwoodaboutonequarterinchindiameterinkilnsuntilthe
organicmaterialshaveevaporated(carbonized)andonlydrycarbonremains
Vinecharcoalthehighestqualitystickcharcoalnamedforplantvinesfromwhichitisextractedthrough
heatingandcarbonization
MaterialsforCharcoal:
Charcoalvine,compressed,made
Eraserspink,white,kneaded
Stumps
Roughpaper
Fixative
ColorPencils/Crayons
ColoredPencilispencilcrayonisanartmediumconstructedofanarrow,pigmentedcoreencasedina
woodencylindricalcasevariationofcolors
Crayonapointedstickorpencilofcoloredclay,chalk,wax,etc.,usedfordrawingorcoloringvariationof
colors
MaterialsforColoredPencils/Crayons:
ColoredPencilsassortmentofcolors
Crayonsassortmentofcolors
Roughpaper
Pastels/Chalk
Pastelsacombinationofchalk,pigmentandabinder,usuallygumtragacanth,asubstancederivedfrom
variousPlants.Theingredientsaremixedandformedintoroundorrectangularsticks.Pastelsareavailable
inthreebasicforms:hardpastel,softpastelandpastelpencils.Hardpastelsareusuallyrectangularand
softpastelsarecylindershapedandcoveredwithpaper.
Oilpastelscolorinstickform,similartopastelsbutwithoilandwaxingredientsinplaceofthegumfoundin
regular(dry)pastels.Oilpastelsmakenodust.Oilpastelsmaybemoistenedandbrushedwithturpentineor
ormineralspiritstomakeawash
Chalkawidevarietyofeasilycrumbleddrawingmaterialsproducedineitherroundedorsquaresticks
rangingfromcoarsetofine,hardtosoft,ordrytogreasy,originallyobtainedfromnaturalcoloredearths.
Fabricatedchalkismadewithpastesofwatersolublebindingmediamixedwithdrypigments,sometimes
withadditionalinertclays,thenrolled,pressedintosticks,anddried
ConteCrayonsemihardchalksoffinetextureandvarioussizescontainingasufficientoilinthebinderto
adheremoreorlesspermanentlytosmoothpaper
MaterialsforPastels/Chalk:
Pastels,Chalkassortmentofcolors
RoughPaper
Ink
Inkblackand
coloredliquidthatisusedfordrawing,writingorprinting
Ballpointpenapenwithatinyballasitswritingpoint.Theballtransfersinkfromacartridgetothepaper
Calligraphyavisualartrelatedtowritingitisthedesignandexecutionofletteringwithabroadtip
instrument,dippen,orbrush,amongotherwritinginstrumentsacontemporarycalligraphicpracticecanbe
definedas,"theartofgivingformtosignsinanexpressive,harmonious,andskillfulmanner"
Calligraphiclinefreeflowinglinethatresembleshandwriting,makinguseofgradualandgracefultransitions
inlineweight
Finepointpenapeninwhichthepointisafineballbearingthatrotatesagainstasupplyofsemisolidinkin
acartridge
Pennibtheparticularpointofapenavailableindifferenttypesandsizeswhetherquill,reed,bamboo,or
steelthatcontrolsthecharacterofaline
Sharpieapenwithindelibleinkthatwillwriteonanysurface
MaterialsforInk:
Inkblackandblue,othercolor
Assortmentofdifferentpens,calligraphy,ballandfinepoint,sharpiesbigand
fineblack,blueandred,othercolors
PaintBrush
RoughPaper
Painting
GeneralPaintingTerminology:
Paintingtheprocessorartofusingpaint,inpicture,asaprotectivecoating,orasdecoration
Binderthemediumthatholdspigmentparticlestogetherinpaint
Blendingtheactofblurringthelinesbetweenpaintcolours,allowingonetograduallyflowintotheother
withnoclearseparationbetweenthetwo
Brushes(Basic)
Roundorpointedtipgoodfor:sketching,outlining,detailedwork,controlledwashes,fillingin
smallareascreatesthintothicklinesthinatthetip,becomingwiderthemoreitspresseddown
usedwiththinnedpaintratherthanpaint
PointedRoundnarrowerthantheroundpaintbrush,hassharplypointedtipgoodfor:fine
detailsandlines,delicateareas,spottingandretouching
Flatsquareend,withmediumtolonghairsgoodfor:boldstrokes,washes,fillingwidespaces,
impasto,canuseedgeforfinelines,straightedgesandstripes,longhairedflatbrushesareideal
forvanishing
Brightflatwithedgescurvedinwardattip,withshorthairsgoodfor:shortcontrolledstrokes
thick,heavycolorbetterforworkingupcloseratherthanholdingthebrushatadistancefromthe
canvas
Filbertflatandovalshapedendwithmediumtolonghairsgoodfor:blending,softroundededges
likeflowerpetalsthisbrushissortofacombinationoftherounds(becausetheycanbeusefor
detail)andflat(becausetheycancovermorespacethanround)
Fanflat,spreadhairsgoodfor:naturalhairsaregoodforsmoothing,blending,andfeathering
synthetichairsarebetterfortexturaleffects,clouds,andleavesontreesforacrylics,usedstrong
andsturdy,otherwisethehairswillclumpwhenpaintisadded
AngularFlatflatwithangledhairsatendgoodfor:curvedstrokesandfillingcornerscanreach
smallareaswithtipalsocanbeusedtocoverlotsofspace,similartoflatbrushesDetailRound
hairsshorterinlengthshorterhandlegoodfor:detailsandshortstrokesholdsmorecolorthanyou
mightthink
Canvasthefabricthatisstretchedonawoodenframewhichoilpaintingsandacrylicpaintingsaredone
ColourBlockingtheactoflayingoutallmaincoloursinapaintinginaflatcolourwash.Mostofthislayer
willbepaintedover,itisjusttogivetheartistagoodideaofhowtheoverallpaintingwillcometogether
Compositiontheessentialstructureofapictureseparatefromsubject,style,andmeaningfundamental
abstractdesigncastingline,shape,value,pattern,texture,andcolorthroughtheprinciplesofbalance,
harmony,rhythm,repetition,variation,dominance,subordination,andfocus
DryBrushTechniquetheprocessofusingadrypaintbrush,orbarelywetpaintbrush,toapplysmall
amountsofpainttothesurface.Thismustbedoneinascrubbytypemotion
DryBrushTechniquetheprocessofusingadrypaintbrush,orbarelywetpaintbrush,toapplysmall
amountsofpainttothesurface.Thismustbedoneinascrubbytypemotion
Frescoatechniqueofpaintingonalayerofwetplaster.Theplasterabsorbsthepigmentsandthepainting
becomespartofthewall.
FlatColourpaintappliedinasolidmotion,withnovariationincolour.Thisishowwepaintourwallsinour
homes
FlowReleaseanadditiveusedtoincreasethewateryqualityofthepaint,allowingforthinnerapplications
GelMediumavarietyofgellikemediumsusedtoincreaseordecreasetheconstancyofthepaint,allowing
thepainttogofartherwhilealsoincreasingtheworkingtimeofthepaintbeforeitstartstodry.
Gessoprimerusedtoprepsurfacestoacceptacrylicpaintgessoincreasesthetoothofthesurface,giving
thepaintsomethingtograbontoandstick
Glazingtheprocessofapplyingthin,transparentlayersofcolouroverexistingdrypaintcolours,allowing
someoftheoriginallayertoshinethroughthenewglazelayer.
Groundanopaque,flatcolourappliedtoablankcanvastosetthetoneofthepaintingandtoallowmore
accuratecolourdecisionstobemade.(Neverstartpaintingoverbrightwhite!)
Highlightthelightestpartsofthepainting.Itisgenerallyrecommendedtopaintyourabsolutehighlights
(especiallypartsthatarepurewhite)attheveryendofyourpainting
Impastoapaintingtechniqueusingthickpaintapplicationsandhardlines,eitherwithpaintbrushesthat
showbrushstrokes,orwithpaletteknivesthatleavevarioustextures
Lighttheilluminationofanobjectmakingsightpossibleamajorcomponentofchiaroscurohelpingto
defineformsinspacewithinacomposition
Masstonetheperceivedcolourofthepaintasitlookscomingdirectlyoutofthetube
Mediumasubstanceusedwithacrylicpaintsforvariouseffects,includingincreasingordecreasingthe
thicknessofthepaint,oraddingspecialeffectslikegrainy,roughtextures,ortheabilitytostanduphighoff
thecanvaswithoutfallingover
Opaquefinishthatisnottransparent.Lightcannotbeseenthroughitanddoesnotallowwhatis
underneathtoshowthrough
Overlapplacingonecoatofpaintalongsideanother,onepartlyextendingovertheother
Pigmentaninsolublefinelygroundpowder,eithernatural,synthetic,inorganicororganic.Itprovidescolor,
hardness,durability,hidingandcorrosionresistancetopaint.
Reducerasolventusedtolowertheviscosityofanenamelorurethane.
SolventCleanersolventbasedcleaningmaterialusedtoremovecontaminationfromsurfacespriorto
refinishing,mineralspirits
Thinnersolventmaterialusedtoreducetheviscosityoflacquers,turpentine
OilPaint
OilPaint
atypeofslowdrying
paint
thatconsistsofparticlesof
pigment
suspendedina
dryingoil
,
commonly
linseedoil
Canvasthefabricthatisstretchedonawoodenframewhichoilpaintingsandacrylicpaintingsaredone
Gessoprimerusedtoprepsurfacestoacceptacrylicpaintgessoincreasesthetoothofthesurface,giving
thepaintsomethingtograbontoandstick
LinseedoilThebinderusedinartistsoilpaints,alsoasaningredientinsomevarnishesandinks.Canbe
usedtomakeoilpaintmoretransparent.Itwillcauseyellowingwithage
MineralSpirits
avolatile,colorlessliquiddistilledfrompetroleum,usedasapaintthinnerandsolvent
Paletteknifeablunttoolusedformixingorapplyingpaint,withaflexiblesteelblade.Itisprimarilyusedfor
mixingpaintcolors,paste,etc.
Turpentineafluidobtainedbythedistillationofresinobtainedfromlivetrees,mainlypines.Itismainlyused
asasolventandasasourceofmaterialsfororganicsynthesis
Solventaliquidmaterialthatisusedtothinthebinderinapaint
Tooththetextureofthepaintingsurfaceverysmoothsurfacelikewoodhaslittletooth,whileacanvashas
moretooth
MaterialsforOilPaint:
OilPaintsassortmentofcolors
Brushesassortmentofsizes,andtypes
PaletteKnifesassortmentofsizes,andtypes
Palette
LinseedOil
Turpentine
MineralSpirits
Canvas
WoodPanel
Gesso
RagorOldTShirt
SmallLightPlasticToolbox(holdssomesupplies)
2plasticsjars
AcrylicPaint
Acrylicpaintafastdryingpaintmadeofpigmentsuspendedinacrylicpolymeremulsionacrylicpaintsare
watersoluble,butbecomewaterresistantwhendry
AdditiveAsubstanceaddedtoacrylicpainttochangeitschemicalproperties
Canvasthefabricthatisstretchedonawoodenframewhichoilpaintingsandacrylicpaintingsaredone
Curing(orCureTime)Theactoftheacrylicpaintfullydrying,orthetimeittakesfortheacrylicpainttobe
fullysetandpermanent
Gessoprimerusedtoprepsurfacestoacceptacrylicpaintgessoincreasesthetoothofthesurface,giving
thepaintsomethingtograbontoandstick
OpenTimetheperiodoftimeinwhichtheacrylicpaintremainsworkableandwet,leavingnohardedges
andstillpossessingtheabilitytoblend.Usingcertainadditivesandmediumscanextendtheopentimeof
acrylicpaint(examplesincluderetarderandGoldensOPENmedium).
RetarderAnadditiveusedtoincreasetheopen,workabletimeofacrylicpaint
Tooththetextureofthepaintingsurfaceverysmoothsurfacelikewoodhaslittletooth,whileacanvashas
moretooth
MaterialsforAcrylicPaint
AcrylicPaintassortmentofcolors
Brushesassortmentofsize,andtypes
Palette
PaletteKnife
Canvas
WoodPanel
Gesso
WaterContainers
Rag
Watercolor
Blotting
liftingawaymoistureandpigmentwithanabsorbentmaterial(facialtissue,papertowelorsponge)
usedtolightenareasinapaintingortocreatespecialeffects
Buckingthewrinklingandbendingcausedbyexpansionwhichoccurswithwatercolorpaperwhenwet(also
calledcockling)
Caseinafastdrying,watersolublepaintderivedfrommilkprotein,orcasein
Chargingtechniquethatinvolvesmixingtwoormorecolorsdirectlyonthepaperinsteadofpremixingona
palette
Coldpressedpaperlightlytexturedpaperthatabsorbspaintandwater
Drybrushtechniquebrushworkdoneonthedrysurfaceofthepaper
Flatwashbrushingsuccessivestrokesofcoloronawetordrysurface,witheachstrokeplacednexttothe
other,tocreateanevenlayerofcolor
FlatWash
anareaofevenlydistributedcolor."Flat"meaningthecolorremainsthesamehue,value(or
intensity)andtexturalquality.Nobrush
strokesshowing.
Glazingapplyingthin,transparentwashesofonecoloroveranothercolor
gradatedwash:awashinwhichthevaluegraduallychangesfromdarktolight
Gradedwashawashthatsmoothlychangesinvaluefromdarktolight.Mostnotedinlandscapepainting
foropenskywork,butanessentialskillforwatercolorpaintingingeneral.
Granulationspeckledeffectwhencoarsepigmentsettlesintothepaperindentationsasthepaintdries
Hotpressedpapersmooth,slickpaperthatdoesnteasilyabsorbpaintandwater
Layeringapplyingpremixedcolorsoveranotherwashtochangeitsvalueorintensity
Liftingpaintatechniqueforremovingpaintfromasurfacewithabrush,papertowelortissueinorderto
correctmistakes,developtextures,createhighlightsorchangevalues
Panpaintsmallcakesofwatercolorpaintthatcomeinhalfpanorwholepansizes
pigment:drycoloringmatter,usuallyaninsolublepowder,thatsmixedwithwaterandgumArabictocreate
paint
Washathinfluidapplicationofwatercoloroneitherwetordrywatercolorpaper.Awashusuallyimplies
layingdowncoloronabroadareaofpaper
Washouttoremovepaintfromapaintedareaofthepaintingusingasponge,brush,ordampcloth
Watermediaanypaintthatiswatersoluble,orwaterbased.Alsocalledaquamedia
Wetintodrywashknownasaglazeorlayeringwashawashthatsappliedtoadrysurface
Wetintowetwashpaintingonawetsurfaceandlettingcolorsblendastheymaylooksstrongandvibrant
whilewetbutlosesintensitywhenthecolorsdry
BasicWatercolorSupplies:
WatercolorPaintsassortmentofcolors
Brushesassortmentofsizes,andtypes
Palette
WatercolorPaper
Watercontainers
Watercolormaintenance:
Washingbrushes,dryingetiquette,storingartworks?
Howtoblendyourcolors:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jU7rMHNGYYI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awDM1weRP3E
TemperaPaint
Tempera(Italian:[
t
mpera]),eggtempera,isapermanent,fastdryingpaintingmediumconsistingof
coloredpigmentsmixedwithawatersolublebindermedium(usuallyaglutinousmaterialsuchaseggyolk
orsomeothersize)
MaterialsforTemperaPaint:
TemperaPaintassortmentofcolors
PaintBrushesassortmentofsize,andtypes
Palette
Paletteknife
Roughpaper
Rag
WaterContainers
WatercolorCombinedwithCharcoal
PlacingWatercolordownbeforecharcoalmakingthebeforelook:
1. Laydownwatercolorasifmakingawashofcolorsfor10to15on8.5x11onto
watercolorpaper.
2. Letitthoroughlydryovernightortakeablowdryertoit.
3. Afteritisfullydrystart,pick3to4piecesofthewatercolorpaperyouhadwash
overon.
4. Gooutsideandlookatthingsthatinspireyoutodraw
5. Drawwithcharcoalontopofthewatercolorwash,trytoutilizethewatercolor
paintalreadyplacebeforehandtocreatetheform
Examples:
PlacingCharcoaldownbeforewatercolormakingtheafterlook:
1. Gooutsideandlookatthingsthatinspireyoutodraw
2. Drawwithcharcoalabout3to4on8.5x11ontowatercolorpaper
3. Whenfinishedusefixativeoneachdrawing,sprayatleast2timesforeachone
4. Letitdrawingdryafewminutes
5. Addwatercolorafterontopofthecharcoalutilizingtheemptyspacetodevelop
theform
Examples: