Digital

Passport
By Brenna Sanborn

Chapter 25: Varieties of

Imperialism in Africa, India,
Southeast Asia, and Latin
America (1750-1914)

Imperial Africa and Imperial India

CCOT: Imperial Africa

1750-1914 was a period of dramatic change for Africa, especially politically in
which religious and modernizing reforms re-shaped the government; all while the
conquering and reconquering of territories continued throughout this time period
all over Africa. Western Africa's movements to purify Islam of all non believing
persons resulted in the Sokoto Caliphate which lasted for nearly a century. Other
reforms, although not religious, occurring in Egypt and Ethiopia, were
westernization reforms. The government and culture of these areas adopted many
western ideas, beliefs, and morals. The imperialistic idea of expanding power and
influence continued throughout this time period from many nations. Shaka, the Zulu
emperor, used strict military brutality and adopted close-combat warfare to expand
and build the Zulu Kingdom. African powers weren't the only imperialistic forces,
because the Europeans also did this when France took over Algeria after fighting
their resistance for 18 years.

Imperial Africa V.S. Imperial India

Imperial Africa, just like Imperial India, had slaves and began growing new types
of cloth, but differed from imperial India in ways such as want of western culture and
powers occupying these areas. Slave trade was a very present thing in both Africa
and India as it was a main part of their economy. Another part of their economy was
their agriculture which brought in money from trade. Both areas began learning new
crops, which most of the time were harvested from the slaves, and trading those too.
One difference between imperial Africa and imperial India had different wants of
westernization. Africa experienced many westernization reforms and wanted to
adopt western culture; whereas India had little want of western cultures. Another
difference was all the different powers that controlled these regions. In India, the
main powers were British powers and Princely state powers; while in Africa, the
main powers were France, England, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Belgium.

Britains power over other lands

(Politics)

Lots of revolt/rebellion occurs in these nations but

particularly, there was the Rebellion of 1857 (social)

Chapter 26: New Power

Balance (1850-1900)

Map of Japan and China

CCOT Japan
Throughout the period 1850-1900, Japan changed into an imperialistic power
and became much more westernized, but stayed the same in ways such as being
against China, and continued growing and expanding throughout the period. Japan
grew very power hungry and became a very imperialistic state as demonstrated by
their continued conquering of other territories. Japan finally defeated China in the
Sino-Japanese War of 1894, and defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of
1905. European powers attempted to limit Japan's power, and it gained control of
Southern Manchuria and then annexed Korea in 1910, which made Japan an
Imperial Power. Japan's means of westernization resulted in the Japanese to
become more knowledged in industrial and military technology, science,
engineering, and new educational systems,

Japan VS China
These two nations differed greatly in power, because during this period, Japan
grew very strong and China kept becoming more weak; but they were similar in the
fact that European powers were pressuring these nations. China began weakening
starting with the Taiping Rebellion, and gradually throughout 1850-1900, China
continued weakening and Japan continued getting stronger. Japan had defeated
China and Russia in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 and became an imperialistic
power. Both of these nations experienced European pressure. Europeans attempted
to economically control China, after the Taiping Rebellion, British and French forces
demanded that treaty ports be opened. Western powers were pressuring Japan to
become more westernized, but the Japanese didn't try resisting as much as China.

Industrialization spread and became more

modernized (technology).
Nationalism became a prominent cause for the conquering of
territory at this time. This picture in particular depicts Japan,
because they became a very powerful and imperialistic nation
(politics).

Chapter 27: The Crisis of the

Imperial Order (1900-1929)

CCOT RUSSIA
During this period of war, the continuity that Russia faced throughout 19001929 was a series of unstable government leaders, and Russia experienced change
regarding economy. Tsar, a ruler of Russia, was overthrown in 1917 by Alexander
Kerensky, who was also later overthrown later that year by Vladimir Lenins
Bolsheviks. After Lenin died there was a struggle for power, mostly between Leon
Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. Stalin eventually filled the position, later turning his
country into a totalitarian government, and forced Trotsky to flee the country. The
wars put Russia in a state of collapse economic-wise and led to rationing and
poverty. Mismanagement, revolution, and warfare were the leading factors in
Russia's ruined economy. When Lenin was in power he began new economic
policies which helped restore production by relaxing government controls and
allowing a return of market economics. This helped for a little while until the whole
world was put in a Depression.

Russia VS Middle East

From 1900-1929, Russia and the Middle East were similar in ways such as a
collapsing economy and the new kind of government control; but they differed greatly in
who actually held the power in these regions. Warfare resulted in a damaged economy
for both of these areas, but it hit Russia more so. In the Middle East, there was a new
system of government in which mandates were used, while in Russia, the new Provisional
Government was introduced by Alexander Kerensky. After the Provisional Government
was overthrown, soon after, the Soviet Republic of Ukraine and Russia merged to form
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The power in the Middle East were European
nations, who used these mandates to make the Arabs believe they had been given
independence, even though they hadn't. The only Middle Eastern country to be granted
independence was Iraq, but even their military and economy were still influenced by
Europeans. Russia's power holders were Russians and the Soviet Union, and they were
less influenced by the European nations.

WW1 (politics)

After WW1, European powers heavily influenced or

controlled the Middle East in ways such as
economy and military. (Economy)

Chapter 28: Revolutions in

Living, 1900-1950

Map of India and Sub-Saharan Africa

CCOT Sub-Saharan Africa

The continuity most impactful is the aspect of politics, in which Europeans
continued to hold power over Africa in economics and society; while some changes
would be in the aspect of religion in which Africans began drifting to Christianity and
Islam. European presence was small in Africa, but their power still dominated Africa
and developed them as exporters of raw materials and forced Africans to work as
slaves to export these materials. The switch in religion is due to the Christian
missionaries and the spread of Islam by influence and African traders. Western
control over Africa also contributed to this spread in religion, specifically
Christianity, because European powers brought this over.

Comparison: Sub-Saharan Africa VS India

Some similarities between Sub-Saharan Africa and India include the spreading
belief in nationalism as well as British control over government; and some
differences include the religious preference majority as well as Indias rebellion
against British rule. Nationalism is a belief of superiority of your nation, which
became a more popular belief in both of these countries during the time period of
1900-1950. Both of these nations are under control of British power, which mainly
controls the economy, military, and social structure. This also brings major
westernization to these regions. The religious preference in Africa turned more
towards Christianity and Islam during this period while the majority of the Indian
population practices Hinduism, and about a quarter of India practices the Muslim
faith. After India became aware of the Europeans unfair and imperialistic rule, they
began rebelling and leading to a full blown revolt that gained independence in India.
Whereas Africa didn't rebel against the European rule during this time period.

The Partition of India (politics)

The revolution in Mexico (politics)

The Great Depression

hits Latin America
(economics)

Chapter 29: The Collapse of

Old Order (1929-1949)

Map of Russia and Germany

Comparison: Russia VS Germany

From the time period of 1929 to 1949, the Soviet Union and Germany were
similar in their totalitarian leaders who rose as well as the economic downfall due to
the Great Depression; but differed in ways such as the specific government Stalin
and Hitler ran. Both Stalin and Hitler instilled fear in their citizens and were harsh
leaders. Stalins policies of industrialization and collectivism could only be carried
out by threats and force. Hitler killed many jews, socialists, and other foreigners, or
put them in internment camps where many were killed as well. The Great
Depression hit all parts of the world, specifically in Germany, the U.S. had to recall
their loans. Stalin was a skillful administrator who rose to the leader of the
communist party, whereas Hitler was a German army veteran who became the
leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis).

The holocaust (politics)

The Great Depression heavily
impacts the world.( economics)

Chapter 30: The old War and

Decolonization (1945-1975)

CCOT Africa

In Africa, from 1945-1975, Africas economy continued to be controlled by

European nations, and racial discrimination also continued throughout this time
period; while some differences include the places in Africa that were granted
independence from the French colonies. European nations still had control over
most of Africa, and although Africa began with independence movements, some
African leaders were reluctant to participate because they realized that some of the
colonies had bleak economic prospects and they were aware of French investment.
Decolonization in Africa proved to involve struggles because the European powers
fought against African resistance against them to gain personal privileges, control of
resources, and political power. Racial discrimination was severe in southern parts of
Africa, brought on by the European nations. Eventually, after many independence
movements, some parts of Africa were granted independence, such as Tunisia,
morocco, and Algeria.

Cold War brings out nationalism (political)

The African Independence Movements (social)

Chapter 31: The End of the

Cold War and the Challenge
of Economic Development
and Immigration (1945-2000)

Map of Asia

CCOT Latin America

The continuities that Latin America experienced from 1975-2000 includes the
revolutionary movements occurring all over Latin America, and some changes
include more military dictatorships and influence in Latin America. After the Cubans
had success with their revolution, many other parts in the Middle East, such as
Nicaragua, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, etc.. Many of these areas were ruled by a military
dictatorship, such as Brazil when it was introduced in 1964. Military dictatorships
that were established in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina all ended between 1983-1990.
By the year 2000, the United States had gained more influence over Latin America
rather than the European nations that previously had influence over them. The
United States was able to have a neoliberal influence over Latin America where it
influenced Latin America to reduce state involvement in economy. After Hugo
Chavez, who was elected president in 1998, began rolling back the neoliberal
reforms.

China rejoins world economy (economics)

War between Soviet Union and Afghanistan (politics)