06 Short Circuit - IEC

Short-Circuit Analysis
IEC Standard
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
Verify protective device close and latch capability
Verify protective device interrupting capability
Protect equipment from large mechanical forces

(maximum fault kA)
I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)
Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination
Slide 2
Types of Short-Circuit Faults

l3
l2
l1
,.._
_,
.....
_..,
......
.....
t-.....
,, l. l' r
L3
......
L2
.......
......
L1
,.._
......
.....
.....,.
.!.ik.S
,, J
.::JQ
-L3
.....
,_
.....
_.,
IL3
- L2
....
......
- -
IL2
-L1
,_
.....,.
_.,
..,...,
IL 1
....
....
b2E:L3
<l----t...,.~-
,.._
~~------------------<~~---
e>~------------------~<J~---
,, ~
,,
"
.fu::2r:
______,[:>
S h ort- c ir cuit c urtr en t
<lf-----
______,t>
----(:::;-- Parti a l short~circuit curre n t s

in oon ductors an d earltl relu m
Slide 3
Types of Short-Circuit Faults

Types of SC Faults
Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault

Three-Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Ground Fault
Fault Current
IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all
faults).
In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
.87 * I3-phase
Typically IL-G
In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition

is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
Slide 4
Short-Circuit Phenomenon
i(t)
v(t)
v(t) Vm Sin( t
)
Slide 5
v(t)
i(t)
di
v(t) Ri L
Vm Sin( t
) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
i(t)
R
- t
Vm
Vm
sin( t
- )
sin( - ) e L
Z
Z

Steady State
Transient
(DC Offset)
Slide 6
AC Current (Symmetrical) with

No AC Decay
DC Current
Slide 7
AC Fault Current Including the

DC Offset (No AC Decay)
Slide 8
Machine Reactance ( = L I )
AC Decay Current
Slide 9
Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

3
AC current+ Ide (offset)+ lAC (decay)
titnl! (seconds)
Slide 10
IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation (IEC 909)
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I"k)
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current
(Ib)
Steady-State Short-Circuit Current (Ik)
Slide 11
IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation Method
Ik = Equivalent V @ fault location divided by
equivalent Z
Equivalent V is based bus nominal kV and c
factor
XFMR and machine Z adjusted based on
cmax, component Z & operating conditions
Slide 12
Transformer Z Adjustment
KT -- Network XFMR
KS,KSO Unit XFMR for faults on system
side
KT,S,KT,SO Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary
system, not between Gen & XFMR
K=1 Unit XFMR for faults between Gen &
XFMR
Slide 13
Syn Machine Z Adjustment

KG Synchronous machine w/o unit XFMR
KS,KSO With unit XFMR for faults on
system side
KG,S,KG,SO With unit XFMR for faults in
auxiliary system, including points between
Gen & XFMR
Slide 14
Types of Short-Circuits
Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition to which at least
one synchronous machine contributes a
prospective initial short-circuit current which is
more than twice the generators rated current, or
a short-circuit condition to which synchronous
and asynchronous motors contribute more than
5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
( I"k) without motors.
Slide 15
Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
Current
,
Top envelope
'
',,~
d.c. component id.c. of the short-circuit current
'
',, ,~ __ .u_ __ ]l___
,1/_-~_'1
'---JI---~--- ---~-./
~m f'!nvP.InpP.
Time
ICC 1263!2000
1: = ini tial symmetr ical short -circuit current

rp
=peak sho rt-circuit curren t
h = steady-s tate
id.c.
sho rt-circui~
cu rrent
= d.c. component of short-circui t current
A = initia l value of the d .c. component
id.c.
Figu r e 2 - Sh o r t-ci rcuit cu r r en t of a nea r -to-ge n en. to r short circu it

wi t h d ec ayin::: a. c. com110nen t (schema tic dia:::ram)
Slide 16
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition during which the
magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of
available short-circuit current remains essentially
constant.
Slide 17
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
Current
~:.:::~~: -- --- ---t; = initial S)mmetric<ll short-cirCLtit cum:m

ip
= peak short-circui~
=steady-state s hort-circuit curreo:m
id.c. =
curr~nt
d.c. component of short-circuit current
../ = initial , aJue of the d.c. component id.c.

Fig ure I - Sbort-ci n uit rurren r of a far-from -generator s hort r inui t
Slide 18
Factors Used in If Calc

calc ip based on Ik
calc ib for near-to-gen & not meshed network
q calc induction machine ib for near-to-gen & not

meshed network
Equation (75) of Std 60909-0, adjusting Ik for
near-to-gen & meshed network
min & max calc ik
Slide 19
IEC Short-Circuit Study Case

~l~~~~~-~~-~~~~ll~~UI~ll.~~~r~~~=-==============================~~
I Standard IArc Flash ~ Adjustment ~
1 1nfo
Alert
Short-Circuit Current
Standard
Calculation Method
@ Max.
G) IEC
O ANSI
0
0
X/R for Peak kA

0 Method A
0 Method B
User-Defined c Factor
Min. [Exclude Duty Calcl
c Factor
Include
~ BranchY &
Static Load
Breaking kA
vI
1.1
1001 to 35000 V
1.1
> 35000V
1.1
< 1001
Zero Sequence Mdl
Protec~ive Device Duty
@ Method C
No Motor Decay
Include Motor Decay
LV CB Breaking
@ Based on Total Bus Fault Current
Based on Max Through Fault Current
~ Report Breaking Duty vs. CB Time Delay
Based on Total Bus If
Based on Max Through If
Use lcs
Use leu
Slide 20
When these options
are selected
Maximum voltage factor is used
Minimum impedance is used (all negative
tolerances are applied and minimum
resistance temperature is considered)
Slide 21
When this option is
selected
Minimum voltage factor is used
Maximum impedance is used (all positive
tolerances are applied and maximum
resistance temperature is considered)
Slide 22
Voltage Factor (c)

Ratio between equivalent voltage &
nominal voltage
Required to account for:
Variations due to time & place
Transformer taps
Static loads & capacitances
Generator & motor subtransient behavior
Slide 23
Calculation Method
Breaking kA is more
conservative if the option
No Motor Decay is
selected
Slide 24
IEC SC 909 Calculation
t-
Ul
eta
""'~"o:"'-p
CB3
Busl
115 kV
CB4
. 084kA
CB7
Tl
T2
'f)
CBS
LUMPl
Genl
CB6
Network2
Slide 25
Device Duty Comparison

Element
Current Rating
Bus
Making
HVCP
Symmetrical Breaking
Asymmetrical Breaking
Making
LVCP
!~
!n
DC Component (%)
lb. s.v m
~
!n
!~
lh . asvm
Making
Fuse
Du!Y
!n
lb. svm
Slide 26
Mesh & Non-Mesh If

ETAP automatically determines mesh & nonmeshed contributions according to individual
contributions
IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination
Method 0, 1, or 2 (default)
Slide 27
L-G Faults
Slide 28
L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components
Slide 29
Sequence Networks
Negative
Positive
Zero
Slide 30
L-G Fault Sequence

Network Connections
If
3 Ia 0
If
3 VPrefault
Z1 Z 2 Z0
if Zg
Slide 31
L-L Fault Sequence Network

Connections
Ia 2
I a1
If
3 VPrefault
Z1 Z 2
Slide 32
L-L-G Fault Sequence

Network Connections
Ia2
If
I a1 I a 0
VPrefault
Z0 Z2
Z1
Z0 Z 2
if Zg
0 Ia
Slide 33
Transformer Zero Sequence Connections

H
-e -----~1
...
~ r---~1 ZT ~-I----~-
-e ---~1
I - I_
ZT
I --- ~
ZT ....
H---. . .------41 ZT
~L
I - I- -
.....
Slide 34
Solid Grounded Devices

and L-G Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1
Z2 & Z0
Z1
If this conditions are true then :

I f3
I f1
This may be the case if Generators or

Y/ Connected transform er are solidly
grounded.
Slide 35
Zero Sequence Model

Branch susceptances and static
loads including capacitors will be
considered when this option is
checked
Recommended by IEC for
systems with isolated neutral,
resonant earthed neutrals &
earthed neutrals with earth fault
factor > 1.4
Slide 36
Unbalanced Faults Display

& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults
One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages
Slide 37
Transient Fault Current

Total Fault Current Waveform
Slide 38

Percent DC Current Waveform
Slide 39

AC Component of Fault Current Waveform
Slide 40

Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform
Slide 41

Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform
Slide 42
IEC Transient Fault Current

Calculation
Slide 43
Unbalanced Faults Display

& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults
One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages
Slide 44
Line-To-Ground Fault
% Voltage a.t From Bus
Va
Current a.tFrom Bus (kA)
Vb
Vc
Ia
lc
lb
Sequence Current (kA:
II
12
10
0.00
179.1
1.00 -114.5
1.00
114.5
30.939
-88.7
0.000
0.0
0.000
0.0
10.313
10.313
10.:
65.65
-55.0
65.78 -124.9
107.69
90.0
0.372
-87.2
0.186
92.8
0.186
92.8
0.186
0.186
0.(
67.80
-50.7
67.87 -129.3
105.00
90.0
1.730
-88.5
0.582
-88.6
0.582
-88.6
0.382
0.382
0.!
2.61
8.1
100.44 -114.9
100.13
115.0
0.090
-80.5
O.D28
100.8
O.D28
102.0
0.039
0.039
0.(
105.00
0.0
105.00 -120.0
105.00
120.0
28.748
-88.7
0.369
90.0
0.369
89.9
9.706
9.706
9.:
Line-To-Line Fault
% Voltage a.t From Bus
Va
Mag.
Current a.tFrom Bus (kA)
Vb
A.g.
Mag.
Vc
A.g.
Mag.
Ia
A.g.
Mag.
lc
lb
A.g.
Mag.
A.g.
Mag.
Sequence Current (kA)
Ang.
II
12
10
52.50
180.0
0.000
0.0
24.254 -178.7
24.254
1.3
14.003
14.003
0.000
9387.80
-6.3 9377.51 -173.7 2053.52
90.3
0.000
-65.6
0.438 -177.2
0.438
2.8
0.253
0.253
0.000
9216.89
-9.3 9211.61 -170.7 2977.94
90.1
0.000
-68.2
0.899 -178.5
0.899
1.5
0.519
0.519
0.000
105.00
0.0
52.50
180.0
10498.58
0.0 5215.94 -177.1
5296.05
177.1
0.000
112.9
0.092 -169.9
0.092
9.8
0.053
0.054
0.000
10500.00
0.0 10500.00 -120.0 10500.00
120.0
0.000
-67.1
22.826 -178.7
22.826
1.3
13.179
13.178
0.000
Slide 45
Line-To-Line- To- G1'0 und Fault

%Voltage at From Bus
Va
Mag.
92.72
6310.16
6586.22
9359.59
10500.00
Current at From Bus (kA)
Vb
Ang.
0.0
Mag .
Ang.
Mag.
Ib
Ia
Vc
Ang.
Mag.
Ang.
Ic
Mag .
Ang.
Mag.
Sequence Current (kA)

Ang.
II
12
IO
0.00
-129.8
0 .00
129.8
0.000
0.0
29.772
145.9
29.787
36.8
19.763
8.244
0.000
-9.3 6301.67
- 170.6
2053.52
90.3
0.208
-87.3
0.450
169.4
0.450
16.1
0.357
0.149
0.000
-13.0 6582.50 -166.9
2977.94
90.1
0.651
91.4
1.573
126.3
1.575
56.6
0.733
0.306
0.000
288.33
118.9
0 .03 1
-78.8
0 .098
169.3
0.099
30.3
0075
0.031
0 .000
0.0 10500.00 -120.0 10500 .00
120.0
0.413
-90.0
27.790
146.5
27.788
36.0
18.599
7 .758
0.000
0.1
283.76
-1 02.1
Genl
Slide 46

06 Short Circuit - IEC

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

06 Short Circuit - IEC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Short-Circuit Analysis

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Protect equipment from large mechanical forces

Types of Short-Circuit Faults

S h ort- c ir cuit c urtr en t

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

----(:::;-- Parti a l short~circuit curre n t s

Types of Short-Circuit Faults

Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault

In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

AC Current (Symmetrical) with

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

AC Fault Current Including the

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

AC current+ Ide (offset)+ lAC (decay)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Syn Machine Z Adjustment

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

d.c. component id.c. of the short-circuit current

',, ,~ __ .u_ __ ]l___

1: = ini tial symmetr ical short -circuit current

=peak sho rt-circuit curren t

= d.c. component of short-circui t current

A = initia l value of the d .c. component

Figu r e 2 - Sh o r t-ci rcuit cu r r en t of a nea r -to-ge n en. to r short circu it

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

~:.:::~~: -- --- ---t; = initial S)mmetric<ll short-cirCLtit cum:m

=steady-state s hort-circuit curreo:m

d.c. component of short-circuit current

../ = initial , aJue of the d.c. component id.c.

Factors Used in If Calc

q calc induction machine ib for near-to-gen & not

IEC Short-Circuit Study Case

X/R for Peak kA

Zero Sequence Mdl

Protec~ive Device Duty

Include Motor Decay

@ Based on Total Bus Fault Current

Based on Max Through Fault Current

~ Report Breaking Duty vs. CB Time Delay

Based on Total Bus If

Based on Max Through If

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Voltage Factor (c)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

IEC SC 909 Calculation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Device Duty Comparison

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Mesh & Non-Mesh If

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

L-G Fault Sequence

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

L-L Fault Sequence Network

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

L-L-G Fault Sequence

',, ,~ __ .u_ ]l_