Modeling of Metamaterial Absorber Structures in Ansys HFSS

Tutorial
on
Saptarshi Ghosh, IIT Kanpur, INDIA
Modeling of Metamaterial Absorber Structure

in Ansys HFSS
Saptarshi Ghosh
Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
Presentation Outline
Introduction to Metamaterials
Overview of Metamaterial Absorbers
Modeling of Metamaterial Absorber Structure 1
PEC-PMC modes
Floquet Modes
Modeling of Other Metamaterial Absorber Structures
Conclusion
2
Introduction to Metamaterials
Overview of Metamaterial
Artificial composite materials consisting of structural units smaller than
the wavelength () of the incident radiation.
Controllable electromagnetic properties
(, , n,) at desired frequency.
Conventional material with atoms
Unit-cell driven metamaterial (size < /4)
Historical Overview

1968: Veselago [1] predicted the existence of LHM.

1996: Realization of negative permittivity practically [2] by Pendry.
1999: Experimental verification of negative permeability [3] by Pendry.
2000: First Experimental Demonstration of LHM [4] by Smith.
2001: First realization of Negative Refractive Index [5] by Shelby.
[1] V. G. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of and , Sov.
Phys. Uspekhi, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 509-514, 1968.
[2] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic
microstructure, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 76, No. 25, pp. 4773-4776, June 1996.
[3] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, Magnetism from conductors and enhanced
nonlinear phenomena, IEEE Trans. Micr. Theory. Tech., Vol. 47, No. 11, pp. 2075-2084, Nov. 1999.
[4] D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, Composite medium with
simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 84, No. 18, pp. 4184-4187, 2000.
[5] R. A.Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction,
Science, Vol. 292, pp. 77-79, April 2001.
5
Metamaterial Absorbers
Conventional Absorbers [6]
Salisbury Screen
Pyramidal Absorber
Single-band absorber
Wide bandwidth above 90%

absorption bandwidth
Disadvantage :
large thickness and fragile
[6] P.Saville, Review of Radar Absorbing Materials, Defense R & D Canada-Atlantic, Jan. 2005.
Metamaterial Absorber [7]
Structure is ultra-thin (
0/35) compared to conventional absorbers.
Effective electromagnetic constitutive parameters (eff and eff) have
been tailored using unit cell design.
Absorbers can be made scalable- from microwave, terahertz,
infrared, optical frequency range.
Structures can be easily fabricated using PCB technology.
First experimentally realized by Landy et. al. in 2008 [12].
a1 = 4.2 mm, a2 = 12 mm, W = 4 mm,
G = 0.6 mm, t = 0.6 mm, L = 1.7 mm,
H = 11.8 mm
FR4 substrate thickness = 0.72 mm
Copper thickness = 0.017 mm
[7] N. I. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J. J. Mock, D. R. Smith, and W. J. Padilla, Perfect metamaterial absorber,
Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 100, pp. 207402, May 2008.
Metamaterial Absorber
When the reflected power (|S11|2) and transmitted power (|S21|2) have
been minimized simultaneously, absorptivity (A) will be maximum.
A = 1 | S11 |2 | S 21 |2
At 11.65 GHz,
|S11|2 = 0.01%
|S21|2 ~ 0.9%
A = 1-|S11|2-|S21|2 = 96%
Simulated Absorptivity
What is the reason behind the absorptivity?
Metamaterial Absorber [8]

When the reflected power (|S11|2) and transmitted power (|S21|2)
have been minimized simultaneously, absorptivity (A) will be
maximum.
A = 1 | S11 |2 | S 21 |2
The design is made such a way that the input impedance is
matched exactly with the free space impedance.
2
2
(
1 + S11 ) S 21
Z ( ) = 0
(1 S11 )2 S 21 2
Input impedance can be matched with free space impedance by

controlling the effective material parameters.
0 eff
eff
+ j
Z ( ) =
= 0
= 0
0 eff
eff
+ j
at absorption
frequency
=
=
[8] D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, Th. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from
inhomogeneous metamaterials, Phys. Rev. E 71, pp. 036617, 2005.
10
Effective Material Parameters [9]

eff
2j
= 1+
k0d
1 S 11 S 21
1 + S 11 + S 21
eff
2j
= 1+
k0d
1 + S 11 S 21
1 S 11 + S 21
At
11.65 GHz
Re(eff): 1.04; Re(eff): -1.12
Im(eff): 11.06; Im(eff): 8.86

[9] C. L. Holloway, E. F. Keuster, and A. Dienstfrey, Characterizing metasurfaces /metafilms: the connection
between surface susceptibilities and effective material properties, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol.
10, pp. 1507-1511, 2011.
11
Metamaterial Absorber Structure 1

We are first going to design a single-band metamaterial absorber.
Points to remember:
Metamaterial absorber structures are periodic structures

Since metamaterial absorber structures are resonant structures, there must be
some equivalent capacitances (C) and inductances (L).
Inductance can be realized by any metallic patch
Capacitance can be realized by any gap between two metallic patches
depending on the direction of E-field.
1
2
2
LC
12

t
8 x 8 Array
a = 10 mm, w = 0.4 mm,
l = 6.5 mm, g = 0.2 mm
Copper thickness = 0.035 mm,
FR4 thickness = 1 mm
(r =4.25 & tan =0.02)
Front View of Unit Cell
Side View
Perspective
View
13

HFSS Insert the Design Draw a 3-D rectangular box
3D box
Project manager
Properties window
Message manager
Progress window
14
Project Variables
Project variables are applicable
to a particular project
Prefixed with $ sign
Project variable is applied to all
the designs inside a project
15
Design Variables
Design variables are applicable
to a particular design
Independent from one design to
another design
16
Square Metal Ground Plane

Positional coordinates : 0,0,0
X-size: 10 mm; Y-size: 10 mm; Z-size: 0.035 mm
Assign material: copper
FR-4 Dielectric Substrate
Positional coordinates : 0,0,0

X-size: 10 mm; Y-size: 10 mm; Z-size: 0.035 mm
17
Top Metallic Patch

First draw a square box
Then, draw a middle line and add it to the square loop
Lastly, subtract a small gap from the middle line
Air Box
An air box needs to be provided for providing boundary condition
Assign material: vacuum
18
PEC/PMC Boundary condition
Opposite Current : PEC
Same Current : PMC
Same Current : PMC
PEC: Opposite Current
19
PEC/PMC Boundary condition
PEC boundary
PMC boundary
Assigning Wave ports
Since back side is full metal plane, transmission (S21) is zero

No need to put wave port 2 at the back
Deembedding is not necessary, as we are interested in magnitude of
reflection coefficient (|S11|2) only.
21
Analysis
Solution Frequency: 6 GHz

Maximum delta S (S): 0.02
Frequency range: 2 GHz 10 GHz
Sweep type : Fast/ Interpolating/ Discrete
It is the difference in
error between two
consecutive passes
Sweep type
Solution time
Comments
Fast
7 min 10 sec
Quickest, but most inaccurate
Interpolating
10 min 12 sec
Not the quickest, not the most accurate
Discrete
16 hours
Slowest, but most accurate
Results
Since only 1 port, only 1 S-parameter is available

Reflection coefficient: S(1,1) in dB or in mag
Reflection coefficient : -24 dB at 6.07 GHz
Absorptivity: {1- (mag(S(1,1))2)}*100
Surface Current Distributions
Top surface
Bottom surface
Current is flowing in circulating loop around the incident magnetic field

24
Some Common Questions
What if the PEC/PMC boundary conditions will be interchanged ?
PEC boundary
PMC boundary
Reflection dip will change to 7.42 GHz instead of 6.07 GHz

Reflection coefficient (S11) will decrease to -9.03 dB instead of -24 dB
Some Common Questions
Will this PEC/PMC boundary condition be valid if the structure is

complicated ?
Will this PEC/PMC boundary condition work when the current flow
will not be as simple as this ?
How to measure the oblique incidence measurement ?
How to measure the reflectivity when the structure is rotated ?
Solution
Use Floquet Ports
Floquet Ports
Used exclusively with planar periodic structures
Example : Planar phased array, frequency selective surface (FSS)
The analysis of the infinite structure is then accomplished by analyzing a
single unit cell by providing periodic boundary conditions (PBC).
PBC
PBC
PBC
PBC
Periodic in x-y plane
Master/ Slave Boundary Condition
Master 2
Slave 1
Master 1
Slave 2
No change in reflection coefficient or reflection dip under normal

incidence even if there is reversal of master 2 and slave 2 directions
Assigning Floquet ports

No need to put floquet port 2 at the back
Deembedding is not necessary, as we are interested in magnitude of
reflection coefficient (|S11|2) only.
We have to provide lattice vectors a and b to define the
periodicity in x-y plane
Periodic in x-direction
Periodic in y-direction
29
Analysis and Results
Fast sweep is not available in lower versions of HFSS (upto HFSS 13)
Result remains almost same
Absorptivity: {1- (mag(S(1,1))2)}*100
Any Other advantage ?
Angle variation
There is a phase delay between the Master and Slave boundary

The default value is zero
Assign some variables in place of scan angles
Polarization Angle variation
When phi scan angle is varied from 0o to 90o, the incident wave is
polarized keeping the incident wave propagation direction constant
Since the structure is asymmetrical, reflection dip will change
Oblique Incidence
Floquet port has the extra advantage of modal decomposition

During assigning floquet port, the default number of modes is : 2
These number of modes and type of modes can be manually controlled
TE mode
TM mode
Variation of theta scan angle () from 0o to 90o
TE Polarization
When mode is TE (0,0)
TM Polarization
When mode is TM (0,0)
Some Other Examples
1
2
1
L 2C
Resonant frequency will decrease to 4 GHz whereas the early

presented structure has a reflection dip at 6 GHz
However, the structure is still asymmetrical w.r.t. field vector directions
Some Other Examples (contd.)

Structure is symmetrical w.r.t.
incident field vector directions.
Structure is four-fold symmetrical
Structure is polarization-insensitive
The structure exhibits reflection dip at close to 6 GHz

Small deviation in frequency from the initial proposed structure is due
to difference in gap (g) value
Conclusion
A brief introduction about metamaterial and metamaterial absorber has been
discussed.
A single-band metamaterial absorber structure has been studied in detail.
Different boundary conditions and modes have been investigated to analyze the
structure.
Some other examples have also been discussed.
37
Thank You
38

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Saptarshi Ghosh, IIT Kanpur, INDIA