| INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Worksheets ae ee ANDY and AUDREY JACKSON PSA Te AA TEA ae ede: INTERMEDIATE F GRAMMAR > Worksheets ANDY and AUDREY JACKSON PHOENIXPublished 1995 by Phoenix ELT Campus 400, Spring Way Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshire, HP2 7EZ A division of Prentice Hall International First published 1994 by Prentice Hall International © International Book Distributors Ltd, 1994 ‘All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 9HE. ‘Typeset in 10/12pt Century Schoolbook by Pan Tek Arts, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by Redwood Books, Trowbridge, Wiltshire Illustrations by Harry Venning ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-18-474610-4 8765438 99 98 97 96 95 1) 3 e = a < = eee Tee eeContents v Introduction vi Glossary Worksheet No: (0 1 Grammatical terms 2 Using the tapescripts 3 Adjectival phrases 4 Adjectives: order 5 position 6 ‘compound 7 Adjectives and adverbs: comparative and superlative 8 Adverbials: order” concession and contrast Purpose Ma reason Adverbs of degree: fairly, quite, rather Articl definite/indefinite newspaper headlines with geographical names Nouns: countable and uncountable Prepositional phrases I: at, by, for Prepositional phrases II: in, on, out of to+verb : with gerunds Prepositions of time: at, in, on, from ... to, by Pronouns one Punctuation: ‘apostrophes commas Quantifiers (T] 26 Relative clauses: defining versus non-defining whose 211) 28 Reported speech: passive forms questions reporting verbs 2 31 Subordinate clauses: time T) 82 Time expressions: since, for, in, ago Biss still, yet, already 34 Verbs: conditionals I and IT conditional I When isa verb not a verb? Tm sorry, I'l say that again. ‘The man with the bald head ‘The old grey mare This is something new! A five-day week Which shoes are the cheapest? They left quickly for the station the next morning. Although it was raining, we went for a walk. Tonly did it to please you. ‘The plane was late because of the weather. This is rather too easy for me. Is ita god or the god? Man bites dog. Around the world in 8 days Quiet waters run deep. Will she be at home for a while? He's out of town on business. object to doing this! Please pay before leaving. It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. I prefer the black ones. I can't and I won't, so that's it! If, however, you agree, I'l do it. ‘There's litle tea but lots of coffee Shakespeare, who died in 1616, ‘wrote many plays. ‘The man whose car was stolen ‘Ten men are said to have been killed. He asked me where fish get their money from. He asked her to marry him. Til help you as soon as I've finished this exercise, We've been married since 1973. Haven't you finished yet? Are you still working? Ihe applies, he'll get the job. Twould have called if you had told me.36 conditional (It's time/I'd rather) It’s time you got up! sz conditional revision I would if I could. (1 38 forget, remember, stop, try Let's try doing it this way. +-ing or to from adjectives It’s too Zong — we must shorten it. fature continuous She'll be coming round the mountain when she comes. future perfect We'll have finished by the time they get here. future review What wil! the weather be like tomorrow? Mas get Tye gouta peereniiy infinitive phrases after I don’t know what to do! ‘question words in newspaper headlines Man lands on Mars modals of obligation and advice You should be more careful ella ‘modals of past probability You must have been a beautiful baby. 4s modals of probability ‘You must be the new sales assistant. perception + participle or Tean hear someone coming. | infinitive ell so passive, causative ‘I must get my hair cut. passive, general ‘The record has been broken. } eal se past perfect When I looked up, she had ij ae M53 phrasal verbs I I'm nearly ready — hang on a minute. sa phrasal verbs II Give it up! ss phrasal verbs IIT ‘What does RSVP stand for? 56 phrasal verbs IV Mick's gone down with ‘flu. (0 s7 plus gerund or to+infinitive Do you mind waiting? exit 58 plus object + simple infinitive Please don't make me go home! } @ s9 plus object +o + infinitive I want you to help me. Heo present perfect versus past Have you been there? Yes, 1 went last week. Me present simple versus continuous I know what I'm doing! ez transitive and intransitive He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. (Zl 6s tense revision I Have a nice meal! {1 64 tense revision II She surprised everyone. used to, be/get used to 1 used to enjoy this, but now I hate it! wish Tuwish Thad a car. [1 67 Phrasal verb table ES Worksheets marked with this symbol have accompanying cassette tape drills. The tapescripts for these drills are at the end of the book. They are numbered 1 to 22.Introduction These worksheets form the second part of a structural self-access system. They are intended for intermediate students of English and deal with a wide range of the grammatical points covered in intermediate course books, from Preliminary English 'Test level, through to the First Certificate and leading towards the Cerlificate of Advanced English. They offer a brief explanation and/or illustration of each point before providing an exercise, with answers given inverted at the bottom of each page for immediate checking. They present broad rules and guidelines, leaving most exceptions and complex explanations to the teacher, grammar or course book. They are not intended as an alternative to any of these, but as a supplement, providing more extensive illustration and practice of individual points. They are designed to be photocopied and placed in self-access or resources centres, and to be written on by students and corrected by themselves. For this reason, they are in A4 format, There are simple line drawings that illustrate the grammatical points and ample space for students to write in their answers. Teachers may also find the sheets useful for follow-up practice of grammar points presented or reviewed in the lesson, either individually or as pai work, with each couple checking answers as they proceed, or as a homework exercise. In this case the teacher may wish to mask the answer section while photocopying the sheet, and go over the answers in class. There is a simple glossary sheot (overleaf) giving illustrations of the terms used in the explanations, which the students should use in association with the worksheets. Worksheet 1 gives practice in recognising these terms, and on sheets 67 and 68 there is a list of the most common phrasal verbs, with example sentences for each, together with the type (see Worksheets 53 to 56). ‘The accompanying cassette provides simple drills, revising the points covered in the exercises, in order to give students the opportunity to listen and pronounce new words or structures in association with the writing exercises. ‘The tapescripts for the cassette are provided at the back of the book. Not all of the Worksheets have accompanying cassette exercises, but those that have are marked with a cassette symbol. Teachers or resources managers are recommended to copy the tapescript onto the reverse of the relevant Worksheet. In order to provide as much material on the cassette as possible, pauses are kept to.a minimum, and students should be trained how to pause the master cassette in order to allow sufficient time to respond. Otherwise pauses ean be added to the cassette according to local requirements. Worksheet 2 gives guidance to students on how to use the cassette. ‘Note that apart from the introductory Worksheets 1 and 2, the Worksheets are arranged in alphabetical order for ease of reference and for filing in the resource centre.Glossary subject verb object adverbial noun phrase verb phrase noun phrase prepositional phrase postasive inte proper aun vada vee ‘te adistive —oun_| proposition ‘ace noun Sohn couldn't. find his pet. dog | im the garden. subject verb object adverbial noun phrase ‘verb phrase subordinate clause somite dette te aun | sin a ae conan pene we | + ‘Most of the new guests| had met him before they left. | adjective adverb adverbial article auxiliary verb conditional demonstrative gerund infinitive: a) simple infinitive b) to- infinitive modal noun passive phrasal verb preposition prepositional phrase Pronoun relative clause tense verb dirty, old, blue, wooden slowly, never, happily, sideways in the morning, when she spoke the, a have, be, do, was, did if, unless these, that walking, singing, laughing make, play to do, to work can, would, must girl, chair, wind, love is made, was mended put up, look after at, beside, in front of, by in the green dress, on his head we, myself, who, that who ran away, that works -0es, went, has gone run, find, give ‘The tall girl wore a new dress. ‘They often fly overhead. He found the mouse under the table. The tea has an excellent flavour. She didn’t listen while they were talking. ‘They won't hear unJess you shout. This picture is nicer than that one. Do you enjoy swimming? Tean't play the piano. She wants fo meet you. You may be right. ‘The room has little furniture. ‘My car has been stolen. ‘What have you been getting up to? ‘They arrived at the party in the evening. ‘The lady in the pink suit is sitting in the shade. ‘She's got the one that you want. The person who spoke was angry. Tl go as soon as they have arrived. She smiled at him,Grammatical terms When Is a verb not a verb? Every word in English can be put into a grammatical category, such as noun, verb, preposition, ete, Some words may belong to more than one category, depending on their meaning and how they are used. Examples: She likes ice-cream (verb). He has many likes and dislikes (noun). ‘You must do it like this (preposition), All good learner's dictionaries give the category after the headword, before the definition. Example: Biology noun [U] the scientific study of living things Exercise A Choose one of the grammatical terms from the box to describe each of the underlined words or phrases in the following sentences: adverb of frequency | gerund | phrasal verb | adjective | preposition reflexive pronoun | conjunction | present participle | noun | adjective ‘That bull looks friendly enough. jective Which blue do you prefer, the dark one or the light one? Tve just bought a nice blue scarf. I sometimes wonder why I bother. ‘The cat was hiding under the table. ‘My boyfriend hates dancing. ‘He made himself another cup of tea. We'll all go home as soon as the bell rings. Mary really works hard, 10 Last night I dreamed I was an elephant. 11 She has lovely smiling eyes. 12 T'm going to give up smoking next year. Exercise B ‘The verb in English has a tense. It can also be simple or continuous, active or passive, positive or negative. Describe the following verbs. Example: The house was being painted. ast continuous passive ‘The moon had risen when they left. ‘The food will be divided amongst them. She has been sitting here for over an hour. He cut his finger. She won't have heard yet. ‘What's happening? ‘The lights weren't working at the time. ‘This picture wasn't painted by Picasso. ‘ntesod ajduis 350d g ‘ane axneBou snonuuoa sod 4 taapow snonunuoD “qs josoayd gr ‘oxdmred awosead 1 juosoud 9 ‘onnse aanafou ojduntsyoqiad axmyny @ ‘apenue OF ‘qu9Ape @ ‘uoRAUNTUGD g ‘aanae aydwis 7986. leaf" anonTIUES yoo} qUDsAL sunowosd aapeayed £ ‘punso® 9 ‘uoqodaud g ‘usved aduns aumyny g,‘aange dusts payed ed 1 “Aouanbayo qieape y ‘oanpolpe g ‘unow Z ‘ennefpe TY SuaMSNV Andy and ry Skeets Grama Werk Pteopy Mtr © trata ak Dutt a 296 Al gh radUsing the tapescripts EE I’m sorry, I'll say that again. Some of the Intermediate Worksheets (those marked with 4) have accompanying drills on the cassette. These drills take one of the grammatical points from the Worksheet and give a set of sentenc using it with everyday vocabulary and situations. ‘There are always two examples given of the kind of response expected. These are given at the beginning and then repeated, introducing a bell sound to tell you when to respond. Some of the responses may be quite long and complicated. You may be required to change tenses, or nouns to pronouns, etc. Itis difficult at first to remember what to say and how to say it. To get used to using the drills there are a number of things you can do. 1 Listen to the drill all the way through ~ do not try to answer yourself. 2 Listen to the drill and repeat the answer silently with the speaker. 8 Keep your finger on the pause button of your machine, and stop your machine as soon as you hear the bell, to give yourself time to work out and practise the answer silently before you respond. Then start to speak as soon as you release the pause button. 4 Repeat the correct response again, immediately after hearing it, before the next question. This time, try to concentrate on getting the same intonation in your voice as the speaker. 5 Relax and enjoy the drills. You may find some of them silly or stupid, but all the language practised is useful! 6 Try to make up some more drills using the same grammar point, and check them with your teacher to see if they are correct. Here is part of Exercise 1 from the tape. Before you listen to it, try to complete the sentences: Jane: Tve just met aman. He was wearing a pink wig. Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig? Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck. 1 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a film producer. He had a long beard. 2 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a dentist. He was wearing a white coat. ‘3 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a countess. She was wearing a tiara. 4 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a priest. He was carrying a large bible. 5 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a rock singer. He had a ring in his nose. 6 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I woke up! zos0u oy uy But w yy sade yoor BION NOK SIO cata a8sny v Buyeue> word v 9w nog ;Soy_g ZS4BH © BuyZeom ssaqUID © 39m Mog TERE [3809 ATTY eT ISUOD w jou nog A1JOou. cP100q Bu0|w ys ZDoMpoad ww yous oR SON g ZHIWL 20 pls oqeEN eo (HH JUL MOR (ATOM T SUGASNV ody and dco Jets Intrmute Grammar Worst Flay Maer © letra Bok Dar (A 1004 Al gi reT Adjectival phrases BS The man with the bald head To deseribe a noun we can use an adjective (an old woman — see Elementary Worksheet 1), a relative clause (people who are in their eighties — see Elementary Worksheets 31 and 32) or we can use an adjectival phrase, This can be: 1 a preposition plus a noun, usually with an adjective Examples: a dog with a shaggy tail, a news reader with glasses, a doctor in a white coat 2 a present participle plus object or adverbial (active) Examples: a stranger carrying a box, a room smelling of flowers, a plant. growing in the shade 8 a past participle plus agent or adverbial (passive) Examples: a flower worn by the bridegroom, a picture painted by Rembrandt, a giraffe wearing a a bird seen in the spring Sensor. bat, Exercise A Rewrite the pairs of sentences below as one sentence. Examples: The car was taken by the actress, She had a Welsh accent. The car was taken by the actress with a Welsh accent. ‘The notice says the game is cancelled. It is pinned on the board. ‘The notice pinned on the board says the game is cancelled. 1 The treasure has been identified as Roman. It was discovered last week, 2 The children must have seen it. They were playing outside. 3 You'll find it on the table. The table is in the living room. 4 Judith has just shown me a blackbird’s nest. It has six eggs in it. 5 They're looking for a graduate. He or she must have a degree in Sociology. 6 Anew play has just started in London. Arthur Daley wrote it. 7 A soldier was first on the scene. He was wearing full dress uniform. 8 That special sign means this antique is genuine. It is printed on the bottom, 9 A tall, dark girl opened the door. She had shoulder-length hair. 10 The green leather jacket would look rather good on me. It’s on display in the window. Exercise B IB Do Exercise 1 on the cassette. "24 uo pood 4001 nom mopuLA, 24 us So|daqp uo oxo0f sourv9] uaa GL OT “400P ays pauodo stoy yPBUEL-s9prHOUE YN HIB HAND “IIH YG “SUIMUDS st fonbrur s1yy eusau uosiog ayn wo panud uBIS eds You, g “BUISEaMp Ho yxy Sem MUTI SEBUP | BuLzBOM .qPION YL ‘uopuor ut payseis yen! sey A9[ocr IMA Aq UONK Key iu YB “KBo[o1IOG UT DadOp B WES ayENpIT 20} SuryOO] aasouy, @ "yur sia es yn you sppngyperg ¥ aut umoys snl sey yap y woos Buia ayy Uw xqED 9M LOH! PUY TLAOA "i daos aaey emus apinjno Surkeyd uaupiya ay, K “KEMCY Fe pOYHUOPL Ua9q HRY YOM e8] PALBAOONIP amneEaLT AL, TY SUaMSNV ‘niyo rey Sacto Inert rammarWenahewts Phtcnpy Maser ©ntertora ok Dur a 08 Al ghtina f Adjectives: order Be The old grey mare ‘When we use more than one adjective with a noun, there is a general rule for the order in which we use them. This rule says that the more specific or objective the adjective, the closer to the noun. Adjectives expressing opinion (wonderful, horrible) usually come first: | a beautiful black leather handbag a big fat French chef aifierct black German dog ‘We can also use certain guidelines to help us decide how specific an adjective is: Material is closer to the noun than nationality an Egyptian stone statue Nationality is closer than colour: a green Australian lizard Colour is closer than shape: a thin white line Shape is closer than age: an old round table ‘Age is closer than size. a large young elephant Opinion comes first: a magnificent old Chinese vase Exercise A Put the adjectives given in the correct order. Example: a bag (plastie/small/black) small black plastic bag 1 a grapefruit (pink/delicious) 2 a motorbike (Japanese/white/noisy) 8 many buildings (new/concretefhuge) 4 amouth (widerbig) 5 some spiders (African/red/tiny) 6 a meal (Mexican/hot/tasty) 7 a jacket (blue/leather) 8 lots of men (fat/short) 9 a trunk (old/tin/fascinating) 10 some students (young/Italian/nice) Exercise B ‘Now list all the adjectives used in the exercise above into their categories. opinion size age shape colour nationality material small black plastic © Exercise C Do Exercise 2 on the cassette. pee eon osandog Bayete erry ong, soe we on weary pat uno ay, se aewgesy ue anys "1 ple aq fsi0u syassuc —esoundep =u opm sou any snopnp [euayew —Ayyfeuonea — nojos——aduys oe one uomde g ‘quapms ueyeyy Bunod aay owos gy "YUNA UR plo TuRCURSES eG “veer 28 Hoyo so] g “IerDWT soy] ang w Z SYwou! WNDKK 104 Kise B 9 ‘ssapuds EDU pas Kun aWOS g “INOUE see Bg y ‘SBU;pUNG ew1ourD mau any Kuew g ‘oxQuOU avouUdup any AOU D | HiRapoduAd ud NORIO eT SUSMSNV 5 Schon: elt Danmar Worthet Phtopy Master © ltt ak Dubs a 604 Allg eevedAdjectives: position This is something new! A number of adjectives are not usually used in the normal position before a noun, but are only found after the noun and a link verb such as be or fee: Here is a list of the most common ones: afraid / alive / alone / asleep / awake / due / glad / ill / ready / sorry / sure / well Exercise A Choose the correct adjective from the list above to complete these sentences. 1 The money is at the end of the month. Don't forget to send a cheque. I missed the end of the programme because I fell She went to see the doctor because she was feeling Don't be = this won't hurt! We're leaving in five minutes. Are you 2 My sister believes that Elvis Presley didn’t die from drugs and is still ‘You don't look - Don't you think you should see a doctor? love company. Ijust hate to be Tthink I know the answer but I'm not really ___. He was so tired that he could hardly keep during the party. 11 Tm terribly ‘but I cannot accept your invitation, 12 Tm you enjoyed the film. BSoorannen Most adjectives can also come after compounds with some-, no- or any- , as in: somebody/nobody/anybody somewhere/nowhere/anywhere } interesting, new, ete. something/nothing/anything Examples: something wonderful/nobody different/anything interesting/somewhere nice Exercise B Rearrange the following phrases and choose a suitable adjective from the list given to complete these sentences. suspicious / new / alive / exciting / cold / stupid / quiet / strong to help push my car/someone/I'm looking for! anywhere/for your holidays?/Did you go asked if we had noticed/anything/The police officer/last night, ‘would play/such a crazy trickl/Only somebody but it had nothing/It was/in it/the latest sportswear catalogue 0 we can talk/It's too/Let’s go somewhere/noisy in here. to find anyone/They didn’t expect/after the explosion. to drink/something/I could just do with “x81 01 pos Bunrowon ym Op TENE pyned | g -UorsoydeD o4y aaye one euoKue pry o}yeduo yUPIP KOU, 2 "WEY ued a6 co yb auaynousos 08 «7 “azay ut Setoe on 831 9 “IF ue Mat HuOG pey Hn aNROLEIED aM TIN] OGY FEO I, S i9Pu) Azes> © ons kod plnom pide époqatos Slug p "WyslU yey] wnoDIdeNs JunyAsuW paorou puy om jt poysE =>40 soyod au, g gsXepyo sno 30) Junyons asoycur oF WOK pig. g “489 Kuk ysnd dog on Buoays auodtes Jo} Huo] wT He Moopee g ‘onp 1 sromsuy OB gr :Au08 LY ‘oyOMW OF ‘AINE g LaUOTE @ “IO L sone g ‘ApEax g "PIE F ‘Ayan dre Jhon Istria Grammar Workahet Ftc Mater tration uk Dlr 904. Al ight sre! T Adjectives: compound | = | A five-day week i fa gq ~~ ly ee a five-man team carrying a four-hundred-pound box across an eight-foot bridge When we want to describe something precisely, and give its height, weight, length, etc., we often use a compound adjective, with the amount and the unit. The unit is always in the singular, for example: DISTANCE: 2 five-mile walk: TIME: three-hour exam WEIGHT: asix-pound fish ‘NUMBER: a four-man team HEIGHT: a ten-foot wall LENGTH: a six-inch nail Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences using a compound adjective on the model above. Example: He took off on a balloon flight which took six hours. He took off on a six-hour balloon flight, || 1 Mary gave birth to a beautiful baby weighing four kilos. 2 T've just had an interview with the boss which lasted twenty minutes. 3 Acaravan which measures seven metres is suitable for a family of four. 4 The crew, consisting of eight men, was rescued by helicopter. 5 The architect wants to erect a block rising to 150 feet in the centre of the town. 6 The walk, which covers ten kilometres, is one of the most exhausting events. 7 On 11 November every year, people observe a silence lasting two minutes. 8 Because of the lack of orders, the company now works a week of only three days. 9 The bridge was damaged by a juggernaut weighing 38 tonnes. 10 She was wearing a coat worth 600 dollars and a hat which cost 200 dollars. © Exercise B Do Exercise 3 on the cassette. “ye sor ong © neem top onG Bu NM ea aus OT INPUAREN|auUE-g w Aa PoRELNP sea AAPG UL & “youn dep ansin © sso mod feo om ‘sanpu0 Joe] ah Jo BheaNg GUMS aMUTU- aN] Banas opdood oN6 fA quay, 11 00 "tan Snes outa uo stage EIN MIL DN OME MUNDY UE HHL OST ‘onshore beneam gy. sco ponosns stm na ete, boo say wa) ge sees annpssuon geo in atsoyl anusaa © peg anf an QHG PON NENG wo EG ane Ce TY SUaMSNY dy ad dey Saka: nariat reas Worst Pot Matar ftrotn Rok Db Li 604 al ge raaAdjectives and adverbs: comparative and superlative Which shoes are the cheapest? eS Look at the shoes in the shop window and then at these example sentences, ADJECTIVES gp AY 1 COMPARATIVE (Look at Elementary Worksheet 2.) mm One syllable The slippers are (much) cheaper than the boots. ‘Two syllables The slippers are prettier than the trainers. Three syllables The boots are more comfortable than the high-heeled shoes but more expensive. a NOTE Adjectives ending in -ed, -ing, -ful, less or -nt take more/most not -er/-est. Examples: more pleased, the most tiring, more useful, the most distant, ete as ‘The boots are as practical as the trainers, but they are not nearly as expensive, ‘The high-heeled shoes are not as dear as the trainers. 2 SUPERLATIVE The trainers are (by far) the most expensive shoes. ‘The slippers are the least expensive. /the cheapest 3 IRREGULAR good/better/best bad/worse/worst far/farther (further)/farthest (furthest) Example: Tes the worst headache she's ever had. ADVERBS 1 COMPARATIVE ‘You walk more quietly in slippers than in boots. 2 SUPERLATIVE Of all the girls in the group, she danced the most elegantly. 3 IRREGULAR wellbetter/best badly/worsetworst _little/less/least Example: I play tennis better in trainers than boots. 4 LIKE ADJECTIVES late; hard; fast; slow; early Example: Tean run faster in boots than in high-heeled shoes. Exercise A Find and mark the errors in each of the following sentences and correct them. Example: It’s the more boring book I've ever read. most 1 He's not as good-looking than I thought. 2 This year’s rainfall is the heaviest than last year’s. 8. He was a brave man the city had ever seen. 4. The days become more long as the sun moves more high in the siky. 5 ‘The Sunflowers’ is one of the more beautiful painting I have ever seen. 6 [think women work more hardly than men. 7 This competition was not as nearly difficult than the last one. 8 Agassi played much more well than the last time I saw him. Exercise B Do Exereise 4 on the cassette. oy four osow @ ‘S050 Sou smoUSe- y “opreY FipuRKSHOUE 9 ‘UL T ‘SUaMSNV ‘oy an Arey Jacks: Interdit Grapear Workahet Pte Matera ©Ilreatona ok abl a 1904 Al ght seAdverbials: reason The plane was late because of the weather. ADVERBIALS OF REASON can be grouped into: 1 PHRASES These are introduced by words such as: because of +NOUN due to+ NOUN owing to+NOUN thanks to + NOUN NOTES a) Due to is normally found after the verb be. Example: The failure was due to poor maintenance. b) Due to and owing to are more common with things we don't want to happen Thanks to is usually used with things we want to happen. 2 CLAUSES These are introduced by words such as: as+CLAUSE — because +CLAUSE _ since + CLAUSE NOTES a) As and since are more common at the beginning of a sentence. Examples: Since you insist, we will take a vote. As no-one has objected, we will proceed as planned. b) Because does not normally start a sentence unless it is answering a question Why? Examples: Why did you do that? Because I wanted to! Twent home because I was tired. Link the two halves of the sentences below to make the best sense. 1 Robert entered the competition a) thanks to the recent rains. 2 Since you are doing nothing, b) he couldn't join the police force. 3 Owing to lack of ticket sales, ©) because of his criminal record. 4 There is now plenty of water 4) since I've been invited. 5 He was refused a visa ) could you give me a hand? 6 As you are a guest, £) the féte was a great success. 7 Because of his height g) because he hoped to win a car. 8 Due toa signal failure, h) Tinsist on paying. 9 I suppose I shall have to attend i) the trains are running half an hour late. 10 Thanks to all your hard work, 4) the concert has been cancelled. FOr PEXSRLMODSUHTEoeet SUaMSNV ‘Any en eye Invarmaite Grammar Woche Pty Master ternal Pk Debtor i 984 Alig rered| (T] Adverbs of degree: fairly, quite, rather | ome | This is rather too easy for me. ‘This box is rather heavy! 1 The words fairly, quite and rather are used with adjectives or adverbs to indicate a certain degree — more than slightly but not as much as very. 2 They mean almost the same, but fairly and quite suggest a positive idea (fairly /quite good), while rather suggests a negative idea (rather poor, rather too easy). 3 Only rather can be used with comparatives (rather slower, rather more quickly), where the idea can be positive or neg Exercise A ‘Add fairly, quite or rather, indicating the correct place in the following sentences. Example: Um | tired —TI think I'l go to bed. eather ___ 1 Don't worry, we're close to home now. ‘This material is light ~ I think it'l do for the summer. Tthink you've had too much to drink. new Don't you think he’s young for such a senior position? E We must be off - it’s getting late. Have you seen the new play? It’s popular. T'm really pleased with the ear — it’s more economical than the old one. The house is large, so we can all fit in. The house is large, so itl be expensive to heat. 10 ‘The food was good but the floor was dirty. (2) a) by © Exercise B Do Exercise 5 on the cassette. cones (q ‘aybykney (© “Ap ‘904 aooy 42 ang pood 7 Sem poos 24, OF “ayrEL “Hoy. sasUEdxD 2q AF 08"aBue] 7st IsNOY| UL, @ “PHMbyAHES UII je ue9 9m oF “i ¢ st aenoy ay g ‘i0yReA “aUO plo oNn Loy feoHUIOUEDDaxOU 7 89} ~ sto MOU oY DL Pree Seas uy Z ‘aumbAprey “zendod 7 $31 ;4e|d mou otf uo98 nos axe g “aqyEs “e] SupIAH gat gYo-q yen 9M g “OTRO _guonrsod zoras w Yons ay Burk $94 HUI NOK yuo HOYAES “ULI m Yau oo + poy asinag HUN Tg Sousa {BUULiNs 9) 20 op (38 NUN T— WA 7 91 BUEN ST, Z faNb/ATE “MoU aug. o80p F 249M “KOM yO TY SUBASNV yan day Sch arts Cram Wabi a) Marana Hak Dat TA 9 A hi re] 3 Articles: definite/indefinite Is it a god or the god? DEFINITE ARTICLE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 1 Information already known or mentioned 1 New information The man in the car is my father. Aman in a car waved at me this morning. 2 Describing a group of people 2 With professions the rich, the poor, the unemployed She's a doctor and he's a bus driver. 8 Specifying something with a following 3. Expressing frequency phrase twrice a week, £1000 a year, once a day He's the man I love. 4 Expressing ‘only one’ when there are many 4 With unique objects Tit have a sandwich please. the earth, the moon, the stars 5 General statements 5 Specifying a group of people or things ‘A washing machine is essential The modern woman is more independent. ‘Who invented the telephone? 6 With superlatives NO ARTICLE ‘the smallest coin, the most expensive car 7 With musical instruments 1 General statements She plays the piano and the violin. Washing machines are essential. 8 With names of nationalities Modern women are more independent. The French eat a lot of cheese. 2 Abstract ideas 9 With most geographical names (see Beauty is only skin-deep. Elementary Worksheet 9) 3 Days of the week, months, names of shops ‘the Alps, the United States, the Red Sea Monday, April, Harrod’s 10 Names of places with of 4 Names of people: ‘the Bank of England, the Tower of London Charles, Diana, Lovejoy In the following passage, write a, the or (-) as necessary: ()___ ancient Roman god, (2)__ Janus, was (3)_ god who protected (4) beginning of (5)__ things. He guarded (6)__ spring planting of (7)__ wheat, (8) time of leaving on (9)__ journey, and (10)_ entrances, like (11)____ doorways and (12)_ city gates. So that he could be wise, (13)___ Janus had two faces, one to look, backward into (14)___ past and(15)___ other to look. forward into (16), (17)_____ first month of (18)__year is (19), entrance to (20), ‘year just past and ahead to(24) future, new year. It is (21). time when (22). year to come, When our modern people look back at (23) calendar was put together, this first month was named (25), January after (26)_ two-faced Roman god, (27). Janus. ‘Three other months that were named after (28). famous Roman gods and citizens are (29)__ March, (30)___ July and August. ~ 08 = 68 = 8a = ue 9H 98 = 9 "Fe OM ee Be NIE IB > OF 9 BIN SE GL 21 oy OF Joy ST OM BE EL aE TT Or 6 Oe LK Gs Ny NE = gM T ‘SUSMSNV a Grama Warahngs Pty Maar ieratnal Bok Dr La O84 AW ight rdir] 1 f Articles: newspaper headlines MAN BITES DOG. ‘Newspaper headlines often miss out articles to save space. Verbs are often put into the simple present instead of the past (see Intermediate Worksheet 45). Example: QUEEN GIVES PRESENT TO ITALIAN AMBASSADOR (The Queen has given a present to the Italian Ambassador.) ‘When we expand the headline, we use the articles as normal, ‘The definite article is used for unique references, when the reader knows who or what is being referred to, or specific groups. Examples: the Queen, the Moon, the Chinese ‘The indefinite article is used when new information is given Examples: a present, an earthquake, a discovery No article is used for new information which is plural or uncountable Examples: snow, riots, inflation, boredom MAN BITES DOG (Aman has bitten a dog.) (See Intermediate Worksheet 13.) Look at the following collection of headlines and make complete sentences for each one, putting in articles where necessary. 1 VILLAGER CALLS FOR ACTION AT ROAD JUNCTION 2 QUEEN GOES TO CHANNEL ISLES 8 FOOTBALL FAN FALLS OUT OF 125 MPH TRAIN 4 CHANCELLOR OF EXCHEQUER RAISES TAXES HOUSE IS BLASTED AS COUPLE SLEEPS 6 MINISTER IS GUEST AT OPENING OF NEW SUPERMARKET BOREDOM MAKES JOBLESS TURN TO CRIME 8 FLOODS ARE EXPECTED ON EAST COAST AS MOON APPROACHES EARTH 9 MAN GETS SECOND LIFE SENTENCE 10 LABOUR PARTY ATTACKS GOVERNMENT POLICY ON SCHOOLS ‘sjooyos uo Kod yuouuxaR08 (94) (PORDERW SEY) SHOEI ANA INOqeT YZ OT “sOUN}UOS ag puooos » (8 soy) 08 uous Vg "yazEa ays eaypeaidde woot: 2y) $v 3sEeD Ye00 2y9 UO PO;odD Oxe spooi g “BUILD OY vam ssoqgof ays sayeus wopaiog 1 “yaysBULLAdAs mod 2 yo Buruoda ay) ye sand (se) sf IOSTUTUE ¥ g (Ada) Sdod}sa|dnoD v xe patseya (sea) stasnow y 9 “sexy (pases sey) sosver zonboymre 97 soreouEYD ayy y “UE Yds eT 950 700 UD] SOHN 5H) THe TeGIOGS YG "ATE UL 277 0 (OLDS sey S208 UDoNg ayy, % “wOH}oUN! peor De UONDe 0p (pote> sum) ¥|\e98FE IE YL SUaMSNV, Andy a Ate Jekn: Interdit raear Worahets Phy Matera Hak Dott Li 1, Al ii rads] 5 Articles: with geographical names Around the world in 8 days Intermediate Worksheet 13 deals with the general rules for the use of articles. There are also specific rules for their use with geographical names. With the Without the RIVERS the River Danube/the Danube CONTINENTS Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia SEAS the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea COUNTRIES Italy, Brazil, Germany OCEANS the Atlantic Oceamthe Atlantic STATES California, Ontario, Bavaria CANALS: the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal COUNTIES Yorkshire, Kent, Fife CHANNELS the English Channel crTles BAYS the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal TOWNS GULFS the Gulf of Mexico VILLAGES —Sawston, Gretna Green STRAITS the Straits of Hormuz STREETS Oxford Street, 5th Avenue MOUNTAIN GROUPS the Alps, the Rocky Mountains MOUNTAINS Mount Everest, Kilimanjaro ISLAND GROUPS, the British Isles, the West Indies ISLANDS —_Bali, Jersey, Majorea DESERTS the Sahara Desertthe Sahara LAKES: Lake Victoria, Lake Michigan UNIONS the United States, the United Kingdom PLURAL PLACE NAMES the Netherlands, the Tropics REGIONS the Antarctic, the Costa Brava Read the following holiday advertisement, putting in the when necessary, or leaving blank. AROUND THE WORLD IN 8 DAYS WITH RUNWAY TOURS We start our exciting tour in (1)___ London, (2)_ capital city of (3)_ England. Then we fly over (4)___ English Channel to (5)__ France where we can admire the magnificent view of (6)____Alps before landing in (7)____ Geneva for our first night. From (8)___ Switzerland we fy south to (9)_ Mediterranean Sea, (10)__ Suez Canal and (11)__ Red Sea, before heading east over (12) __Saudi Arabia and the rest of (13)__ Middle East. Our second night is spent in (14)____exotie Madras, where you will taste a real curry! Then over (15)___ Bay of Bengal to (16)___ Thailand where (17)___ Bangkok, on (18)__ Gulf of Siam, awaits all those who like shopping! On the fourth day we fly south over (19)___ Malaysia and spend a romantic night on (20)____ Bali Island. (21)____ Timor Sea separates us from (22)__ Australia, where we spend our fifth day, gazing down on (23)___ Great, Sandy Desert and (24)_ magnificent Macdonnell Ranges ‘as we cross over to (25)_ Great Barrier Reef on the east coast, and then south to (26)__ Sydney and (27)___ Canberra. The sixth day takes us across (28)__ Tasman Sea to (29)__ New Zealand, and then over (30)__ Pacific Ocean to the great continent of (31)_ North America. The exciting city of (32)___ San Francisco is where we spend our seventh and penultimate night. Finally it’s off to (83)___ majestic Rocky Mountains and over (34)__ Great Plains to (35)__ Lake Erie and (86)___ Lake Ontario in (37)_ Canada where our last night will be spent in (38), fascinating Quebec, on (39)_ St Lawrence River. Don't delay — book today to see (40)_ rivers, seas and mountains of our wonderful earth! ‘ut oF Sn 6E ‘= aE 46 se ‘oq ve ‘oun se '~ ae Te ‘om OF ~ 6x ‘Om Sz 2a 96 om 9a > Fa om ex ' Be UL TE OF oq) T= 21 = 91H er = HEM eT = SEO TT OH OF NE =~ 8 LMG = SH PE OM GT SUaNSNV ‘Aol an Bae Shonen Grammar Weck Pcp Marr © Inara ook Dare i B64 Allright[I] ] 6 Nouns: countable and uncountable Quiet wafers run deep. All English nouns can be categorised as either countable or uncountable. Some can be classified as both, although they change their meaning slightly, depending on which category they are being used in. ‘Most English learning dictionaries indicate which category by placing [C}, [U] or [C/U] after the headword. COUNTABLE nouns ean be counted. They can be either singular or plural. Examples: @ flower /six flowers, a bird |ten birds, a theory/a thousand theories A few nouns are only found in the plural, or with a plural verb. Examples: clothes, belongings, goods, remains, people, police, cattle Aagirl wearing jeans drinking milk ‘Some nouns are always plural, and must be used with the phrase a pair of to describe one. Examples: trousers, jeans, shorts, dungarees, braces, pants, tights, glasses, scissors UNCOUNTABLE nouns never use the article a(n) or a plural. They use some or a unit noun such asa bit Of... piece of... cup of... @ loaf of... ete Examples: a piece of news, a loaf of bread, some milk, some cheese Some nouns are usually uncountable, but can have a countable form which means ‘one unit or specific example of...” Examples: ike chocolate. Would you like a chocolate? Cheese is made from milk. Camembert is a French cheese. ‘The present was wrapped in paper. The Times is a right-wing paper. Delete the wrong alternative in the following sentences. In the column on the right mark if the noun is. countable (C), uncountable (U) or always plural (PL) in this context. Category Example: Ihave e-good-news/some good news for you. u ‘She was wearing a tight blue jean/tight blue jeans. Thave just bought a new furniture/some new furniture. Do you like it? ‘Would you like a wine/some wine? I have just opened this bottle. Ineed an information/some information about my examinations. 1 2 3 4 5 He always eats a bread/bread with his soup. 6 He was wearing a silk pyjama/silk pyjamas when they arrived 7 She has made good progress/good progresses in her studies, 8 I'm really thirsty. I'd like another beer/beer. 9 Let me give you some advice/an advice: don't make him angry. 10 I've got some pairv/a pain in my stomach. That food was bad. (9) We w7eed ouoe 01 (9) sompeAso;pE aN @ (9) soqjoaq Zo_IONE g Hq) emrOAON pooeroidONd ool 1 id) sere sewed gt 9 (q) PeaNPeNAe = A) HORNER MING OREN “iq) oun suosjaeere gq) sumuuny mou stiosaunaany-moere (4) sue ony WawoF one SUASNV ‘yen Ady Sakon IntermetteGramiar Worabat Poop Maar Iran ak Diba 04 AI igh seed